US20100178633A1 - Apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth Download PDFInfo
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- US20100178633A1 US20100178633A1 US12/354,107 US35410709A US2010178633A1 US 20100178633 A1 US20100178633 A1 US 20100178633A1 US 35410709 A US35410709 A US 35410709A US 2010178633 A1 US2010178633 A1 US 2010178633A1
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- enamel
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C3/00—Dental tools or instruments
- A61C3/06—Tooth grinding or polishing discs; Holders therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C7/00—Orthodontics, i.e. obtaining or maintaining the desired position of teeth, e.g. by straightening, evening, regulating, separating, or by correcting malocclusions
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to dentistry and orthodontics and in particular to an apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth.
- Interproximal Enamel Reduction is the clinical act of removing part of the enamel from an interproximal contact area of a person's tooth.
- IER Interproximal Enamel Reduction
- an orthodontist or other clinical professional manually or mechanically files down the interproximal contact area of the tooth with a metallic strip or disk.
- IER may be used to alter the size and shape of a person's teeth. Accordingly, IER often contributes to an improved finishing of orthodontic treatment and dental aesthetics. Because debris from the IER procedure accumulates around the interproximal contact area, the procedure must be interrupted and the interproximal contact area cleaned periodically during the procedure, adding to the length and cost of the procedure. Additionally, tools used for IER are typically constructed from multiple pieces of metal coupled together using welds, rivets, or other means and can be expensive. For economic reasons, these tools typically must be reused a number of times and therefore must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized between IER procedures, further increasing costs associated with these procedures. Such tools are also typically constructed using molded sheet metal, which results in poor structural integrity, negatively impacting their ability to couple to an associated driver mechanism and reducing their useful life.
- an apparatus for removing enamel from a person's tooth includes a blade portion and a handle portion.
- the blade portion includes an abrasive surface adapted to remove enamel from the tooth in response to reciprocating movement of the abrasive surface against the enamel.
- the handle portion is coupled to the blade portion and includes first and second regions, the first region is proximal and the second region is distal to the blade portion.
- the first region includes a substantially solid cross-section with a substantially circular perimeter.
- the second region includes a substantially solid cross-section with at least a substantially semi-circular perimeter, the solid cross-section defining a notched region.
- the apparatus is adapted to be inserted via a pressure fit into a corresponding opening in a driver mechanism adapted to drive reciprocating movement of the blade portion and the abrasive surface.
- Particular embodiments of the present invention may provide one or more technical advantages.
- Various embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus or method for removing enamel from one or more of a person's teeth. The removal of enamel from one or both of two adjacent teeth may create space, or additional space, between the adjacent teeth.
- an IER procedure may be performed to prevent or treat the overcrowding of teeth associated with malocclusion and avoid the need for one or more tooth extractions.
- an IER procedure may be used to recontour or otherwise alter the size and shape of one or more of the person's teeth to provide a more aesthetically pleasing result.
- the apparatus may include a frame with a blade portion having an abrasive surface and a tang portion, preferably metal, that provides strength and rigidity and is unlikely to break or otherwise fail during use.
- portions of the apparatus, including at least the tang portion are enveloped or otherwise covered by a body, which may be made of plastic, polymer, or composite and may also be integrally-formed.
- the resulting handle may be manually gripped by an orthodontist or other clinical professional when using the apparatus to remove enamel from a person's tooth.
- the apparatus is lightweight and may be easily positioned and manipulated by the clinical professional.
- a driver mechanism may be used in cooperation with the frame to drive reciprocal motion of the abrasive surface of the blade portion of the frame against the enamel of a person's tooth.
- one or more apertures formed through the blade portion of the frame channel debris away from the interproximal contact area as an IER procedure is being performed.
- bits of removed enamel, saliva, blood and any liquids, chemicals, or pastes used in the IER procedure and present at the interproximal contact area may be channeled away from the tooth through the one or more apertures and the area kept cleaner and visibly unobstructed during the procedure, reducing or eliminating the need to interrupt the procedure to clean the interproximal contact area.
- the apparatus may be inexpensively mass manufactured such that it is economically practical to dispose of the apparatus after a single use, eliminating the need for cleaning and sterilization between uses.
- the handle contains at least two regions, the first with a substantially solid cross-section and the second with at least a semi-circular cross-section that defines a notched region, and is adapted to be inserted via a pressure fit into a corresponding opening in a driver mechanism that is adapted to drive reciprocating movement of the blade portion to provide the reciprocating movement of the abrasive surface.
- Certain embodiments may utilize materials with advantageous properties, including advantageous stiffness, strength, durability, stability, and/or chemical resistance.
- Certain embodiments may provide all, some, or none of these advantages. Certain embodiments may provide one or more other advantages, one or more of which may be apparent to those skilled in the art from the figures, descriptions, and claims included herein.
- FIG. 1A provides a cut-away view of an example apparatus for removing enamel from a person's tooth
- FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate two views of the example apparatus from FIG. 1A with a fully formed body
- FIG. 1D illustrates an example cross-section of proximal region of the handle
- FIG. 1E illustrates an example cross-section of the distal region of the handle
- FIGS. 1F through 1J illustrate additional example alternative cross-sections of distal region
- FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an example driver mechanism configured to couple to an example apparatus for removing enamel
- FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate examples of an apparatus for removing enamel from a person's tooth
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate example upper and lower arches of a person's mouth and example interproximal contact areas from which enamel may be removed;
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for removing enamel from a person's tooth.
- an apparatus and method are provided for removing enamel from one or more of a person's teeth.
- the removal of enamel from one or both of two adjacent teeth may create space, or additional space, between the adjacent teeth.
- an IER procedure may be performed to prevent or treat the overcrowding of teeth associated with malocclusion and avoid the need for one or more tooth extractions.
- an IER procedure may be used to recontour or otherwise alter the size and shape of one or more of the person's teeth to provide a more aesthetically pleasing result.
- FIG. 1A illustrates an example apparatus 10 for removing enamel from a person's tooth.
- Apparatus 10 includes a frame 12 and a body 14 .
- frame 12 is a one-piece frame, integrally-formed from a single piece of material.
- Frame 12 may be made of steel or another metal.
- Body 14 is formed around frame 12 to envelop or otherwise cover appropriate portions of frame 12 .
- body 14 may be a one-piece body integrally-formed of plastic or another suitable material.
- body 14 may be formed of a thermoplastic material, such as for example a composite thermoplastic material.
- Apparatus 10 may be used to remove enamel from a person's tooth.
- apparatus 10 may be used to remove enamel from one or both of two adjacent teeth in an IER procedure to create space, or additional space, between the adjacent teeth to prevent or treat overcrowding associated with malocclusion.
- apparatus 10 may be used to remove enamel from a tooth in an IER or other procedure to recontour the tooth to provide a more aesthetically pleasing shape. Accordingly, the recontouring of a tooth using apparatus 10 may contribute to an improved finish of orthodontic treatment. After portions of the enamel are removed at an interproximal contact area, the teeth may be polished and a protective treatment applied.
- the present invention contemplates any appropriate use of apparatus 10 according to particular needs.
- frame 12 includes a blade portion 16 , a tang portion 18 , and a stabilizer portion 20 .
- Blade portion 16 extends in a first direction from a first end 22 to a second end 24 .
- Blade portion 16 includes one or more abrasive surfaces 26 adapted to remove enamel from a person's tooth when an abrasive surface 26 of blade portion 16 is repeatedly moved over, through, or otherwise against the enamel of the tooth.
- abrasive surface 26 may be repeatedly advanced in generally opposing directions with respect to the person's tooth in a manner that causes abrasive surface 26 to gradually remove enamel from the tooth. Such movement is referred to herein as “reciprocating” movement.
- abrasive surface 26 may extend between two edges 28 of blade portion 16 and may be used to “file” or otherwise remove enamel from the person's tooth. In certain other embodiments, instead or in addition, abrasive surface 26 may lie along edge 28 b of blade portion 16 and may be used to “saw” or otherwise remove enamel from the tooth.
- blade portion 16 includes one or more apertures 30 for channeling debris away from the tooth.
- apertures 30 may comprise substantially circular openings.
- the accumulated debris may include, for example, bits of removed enamel, saliva, blood and any liquids, chemicals, or pastes used in the IER procedure.
- Apertures 30 of blade portion 16 may act to channel such debris away from the interproximal contact area such that abrasive surface 26 remains against the interproximal contact area for more accurate enamel removal. Additionally, the patient's mouth may be kept cleaner as the IER procedure is being performed, without undue interruption.
- frame 12 also includes tang portion 18 and stabilizer portion 20 .
- Tang portion 18 extends from second end 24 of blade portion 16 in generally the same direction as abrasive surface 26 .
- Stabilizer portion 20 operates to stabilize apparatus 10 during use. Although desirable for stability, the present invention contemplates apparatus 10 lacking stabilizer portion 20 .
- stabilizer portion 20 is substantially U-shaped and includes a first portion 32 , a second portion 34 , and a third portion 36 .
- First portion 32 may extend from first end 22 of blade portion 16 in a first direction that is generally perpendicular to the direction of abrasive surface 26 .
- Second portion 34 of stabilizer portion 20 may extend from second end 24 of blade portion 16 in a second direction that is also generally perpendicular the direction of abrasive surface 26 .
- Third portion 36 extends between and couples first portion 32 and second portion 34 .
- Stabilizer portion 20 cooperates with blade portion 16 to define an opening 38 . Similar to apertures 30 of blade portion 16 , opening 38 may channel the debris away from the tooth as the IER or other procedure is being performed.
- apparatus 10 includes a one-piece integrally-formed body 14 that envelops or otherwise covers appropriate portions of frame 12 .
- body 14 may be formed plastic, including thermoplastic material, such as for example a composite thermoplastic material.
- the plastic forming body 14 may include a mostly synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization product that may be molded or extruded in the desired form.
- body 14 may be formed of glass-fiber reinforced thermoplastic material, including material formed from a combination of semi-crystalline polyamide with partially aromatic copolyamide (e.g. GRIVORY GV-5 FA NATURAL made and sold by GRIVORY EMS of Germany).
- Such materials may provide advantageous properties for body 14 , including, for example, high stiffness, strength, durability, stability, and/or chemical resistance.
- Body 14 may be produced by a polymerization process that includes melting the polymer, placing frame 12 into a mold of the desired shape of body 14 , allowing the melted polymer to envelop or otherwise cover appropriate portions of frame 12 inside the mold, and allowing the polymer to cool and harden to form body 14 .
- body 14 may fully or partially envelop or otherwise cover tang portion 18 and stabilizer portion 20 , leaving at least a portion of abrasive surface 26 of blade portion 16 exposed. Additionally, the molding of body 14 around frame 12 may operate to couple body 14 to frame 12 .
- frame 12 may include one or more apertures 40 through tang portion 18 and stabilizer portion 20 . During the formation of body 14 , the material forming body 14 may be allowed to flow through apertures 40 to improve the coupling of body 14 to frame 12 . Although apertures 40 may facilitate the coupling of body 14 and frame 12 , other suitable coupling mechanisms may additionally or alternatively couple body 14 to frame 12 . For example, one or more rivets, screws, bolts, or other coupling mechanisms may couple body 14 to frame 12 .
- handle 42 includes a notch portion 44 .
- Handle 42 may be understood to have at least two regions described in further detail below, a proximal region 46 and a distal region 48 that includes notch portion 44 .
- Notch portion 44 may be formed at the same time using the polymerization process described above.
- notch portion 44 may be formed by removing material from handle 42 in order to create notch portion 44 .
- handle 42 may be gripped manually or mechanically by a clinical professional to perform IER or any other suitable procedure.
- An orthodontist or other clinical professional may use handle 42 to manually position apparatus 10 proximate the interproximal contact area of a person's tooth.
- the clinical professional using apparatus 10 may supply and control the force and motion necessary to advance abrasive surface 26 of blade portion 16 in opposing directions against the tooth.
- FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate two views of an example apparatus 10 from FIG. 1A with a fully formed body 14 .
- FIG. 1B illustrates an embodiment where stiffener 49 is provided.
- Stiffener 49 is coupled to body 14 and acts as additional structural support for body 14 in order to create additional stability and/or prevent breakage of stabilizer portion 20 .
- Stiffener 49 may be formed using the plastic molding or extrusion method described above or via any other suitable method.
- example apparatus 10 is illustrated with blade portion 16 containing abrasive surface 26 and apertures 30 .
- handle 42 includes a proximal region 46 and a distal region 48 .
- Proximal region 46 nearer to blade portion 16 , has a substantially solid circular cross-section. This cross-section is described in greater detail in relation to FIG. 1D .
- Distal region 48 further from blade portion 16 includes notched region 44 .
- Distal region 48 may have a substantially solid cross-section that is at least substantially semi-circular in shape. This cross-section is described in greater detail in FIG. 1E .
- Example alternative cross-sections are described in relation to FIGS. 1F-1J .
- Tang portion 18 may extend from proximal region 46 into distal region 48 that includes notched region 44 .
- FIG. 1D illustrates an example cross-section of proximal region 46 of handle 42 .
- the perimeter of the cross-section is substantially circular and continuous.
- Tang portion 18 is enveloped by body 14 .
- Body 14 may also have enveloped or flowed through the space created by apertures 30 .
- the cross-section is substantially solid and comprises tang portion 18 , which may be made of a metal, and body 14 , which may have been formed using, for example, one of the polymerization methods described above.
- FIG. 1E illustrates an example cross-section of the distal region 48 of FIG. 1C .
- the cross-section is of at least a substantially semi-circular shape.
- This particular illustrated cross-section of distal region 48 has a perimeter with a first portion that defines approximately three-quarters of a circle with the radius of handle 42 and a second portion corresponding to notched region 44 that defines an arc with a radius that is less than the radius of handle 42 .
- Further examples of cross-sections of the distal region 48 of FIG. 1C are illustrated below.
- FIGS. 1F-1J illustrate additional example alternative cross-sections of distal region 48 .
- FIG. 1F illustrates a cross-section where notched region 44 is defined by a 90 degree wedge that extends to the center of substantially circular perimeter of the cross-section of distal region 48 .
- FIG. 1G illustrates a cross-section where notched region 44 is defined by a 90 degree wedge that extends slightly beyond the center of the substantially circular perimeter the cross-section of distal region 48 .
- FIG. 1H illustrates a cross-section where notched region 44 is defined by a 90 degree wedge where the corners and the point of the wedge have a rounded shape.
- notched region 44 is defined by a 30 degree wedge that does not extend fully to the center of the substantially circular shape defined by handle 42 .
- FIG. 1J illustrates a cross-section where notched region is defined by an open trapezoidal shape. Accordingly, notched region 44 may be of any appropriate shape including shapes that do are not polygonal in nature.
- distal region 48 may be adapted to use a compression fit into a driver mechanism as illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B .
- a compression fit may be achieved by using a slightly flexible material for all or a portion of handle 42 .
- Distal region 48 may compress slightly or flex inward as it is inserted into a driver mechanism 50 . The material then returns to its normal state to create the compression fit in driver mechanism 50 .
- the perimeter of the cross section of distal region 48 may define a circular arc in the range from 180 degrees to 330 degrees.
- handle 42 has been illustrated with two distinct regions, additional regions may be provided without departing from the scope of the invention.
- an intermediate region between proximal region 46 and distal region 48 could be provided.
- distal region 48 has been illustrated with a uniform cross-section, distal region 48 could have a non-uniform cross-section.
- notched region 44 could taper as it approaches proximal region 46 .
- handle 42 may be configured to coupled to a driver mechanism.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an example driver mechanism 50 adapted to couple to an example apparatus 10 for removing enamel from a person's tooth.
- Driver mechanism 50 may include a recess 52 adapted to receive and secure handle 42 .
- handle 42 may be force fitted into recess 52 .
- handle 42 may be inserted into recess 52 and secured using a set screw or otherwise.
- Driver mechanism 50 may be operable to mechanically advance abrasive surface 26 in opposing directions against the tooth.
- driver mechanism 50 may be operable to mechanically move abrasive surface 26 in a substantially linear reciprocating motion.
- driver mechanism 50 may be operable to mechanically move abrasive surface 26 in a substantially elliptical reciprocating motion, with the elliptical path being in a plane substantially parallel to abrasive surface 26 .
- driver mechanism 50 may translate rotational movements, such as in a conventional dental drill, to reciprocating movements through appropriate gearing or other mechanisms.
- gearing or other mechanisms are well known to persons in the art.
- driver mechanism 50 may be configured to interchangeably receive and secure apparatus 10 and also other tools used in orthodontic or other clinical procedures.
- driver mechanism 50 may be configured to also receive and secure a drill, polishing brush, or other tool.
- handle 42 has at least two distinct regions, a proximal region 46 with a substantially circular cross-section with a substantially continuous circumference and a distal region 48 that includes notched region 44 .
- the material of distal region 48 may compress slightly or flex inward as it is inserted into a driver mechanism 50 . The material then returns to its normal state to create the compression fit in the driver mechanism.
- handle 42 may be fitted to into or otherwise coupled to recess 52 of driver mechanism 50 using a compression fit.
- handle 42 may have two regions that are substantially solid in cross-section including a portion of frame 12 covered by a portion of body 14 .
- handle 42 may be formed solely by a portion of frame 12 or a metal, plastic, or other component coupled to frame 12 .
- These embodiments may be distinguished from tools formed from molded sheet metal having thin-walled handles with C-shaped cross-sections. Such handles may be compressed and permanently or temporarily deformed when force-fitted into recess 52 of driver mechanism 50 . Such deformation often results in permanent changes to the cross-sectional dimensions that may prevent the tools from properly and securely coupling to driver mechanism 50 , especially after a number of uses. After repeated uses, such deformation may lead to material fatigue and, ultimately, failure.
- stabilizer portion 20 may be formed in a shape other than the shape illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 3A .
- FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate examples of alternative configurations of apparatus 10 .
- stabilizer portion 20 may be substantially rectangular and formed by two posts that are perpendicular to blade portion with a third portion joining the two posts.
- stabilizer portion may be formed in the shape of an arc.
- apparatus 10 may be formed without stabilizer portion 20 .
- handle 42 may extend from stabilizer portion 20 .
- apparatus 10 may include multiple blade portions 16 .
- apparatus 10 may include first and second blade portions 16 offset in opposite directions from an axis through the length of handle 42 .
- blade portion 16 may be oriented relative to handle 42 at any suitable angle, including angles greater than or equal to zero degrees.
- blade portion 16 may extend to substantially fill the area defined by stabilizer portion 20 .
- enamel 110 is a protective layer important to the structure and function of tooth 104 , the amount of enamel 110 that may be removed during the IER procedure must be carefully controlled. In certain embodiments, approximately 0.85 mm to approximately 1.13 mm of enamel 110 may be safely removed from each interproximal area 114 of upper arch 100 without producing chronic sensitivity or pain. For example, approximately 1.13, 1.10, 0.91, 0.85, 0.91, 1.10, and 1.13 mm of enamel 110 may be removed from interproximal contact areas 114 a - g, respectively. As a result, five medial spaces may be created at interproximal contact areas 114 b - f, and a total of approximately 4.87 mm of medial space may be created.
- the total medial space created in upper arch 100 may be approximately 7.13 mm.
- approximately 0.75 mm to approximately 1.00 mm of enamel 110 may be safely removed from each interproximal area 114 of lower arch 102 without producing chronic sensitivity or pain.
- approximately 1.00, 0.82, 0.75, 0.75, 0.75, 0.82, and 1.00 mm of enamel 110 may be removed from interproximal contact areas 114 h - n, respectively.
- five medial spaces may also be created at interproximal contact areas 114 i - n, and a total of approximately 3.89 mm of medial space may be created.
- the total medial space created in lower arch 102 may be approximately 5.89 mm.
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for removing enamel from a person's tooth 104 .
- the method may include some or all of an IER procedure.
- apparatus 10 is positioned proximate a particular tooth 104 of a person's upper or lower arch 100 or 102 .
- abrasive surface 26 may be positioned proximate an interproximal contact area 114 of tooth 104 .
- apparatus 10 is repeatedly advanced in opposing directions with respect to tooth 104 .
- Apparatus 10 may be advanced in opposing directions with respect to tooth 104 in a first direction towards the labial surface of tooth 104 and in a second direction towards the lingual surface of tooth 104 .
- the debris present at interproximal area 114 may include, for example, bits of removed enamel, saliva, blood, and any liquids, chemicals or pastes used in the IER procedure. As a result, such debris may be readily removed from the interproximal area and the area kept cleaner and visibly unobstructed during an IER procedure, without undue interruption.
- the space created between adjacent teeth 104 is measured.
- the amount of space to be created depends on the amount of overcrowding, the desired shape and size of the tooth, and other factors particular to the person.
- the clinical professional determines whether additional space is needed. If additional space is needed, the method returns to step 200 for removal of additional enamel 110 . The method may continue by repeating steps 200 - 210 on the same tooth 104 or on an adjacent tooth 104 until the desired amount of space is created. When it is determined at step 210 that additional space is not needed, the method ends.
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Abstract
Description
- This invention relates generally to dentistry and orthodontics and in particular to an apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth.
- Many people experience adverse conditions resulting from the overcrowding of teeth associated with malocclusion. To avoid the need for one or more tooth extractions, such conditions have been treated effectively by removing enamel from one or more teeth in the person's mouth to create space or additional space. Interproximal Enamel Reduction (IER) is the clinical act of removing part of the enamel from an interproximal contact area of a person's tooth. To perform IER, an orthodontist or other clinical professional manually or mechanically files down the interproximal contact area of the tooth with a metallic strip or disk. Typically, over seven millimeters of space may be created between teeth in a person's upper arch, and over five millimeters of space may be created between teeth in a person's lower arch. In addition to creating space for orthodontic and other treatments, IER may be used to alter the size and shape of a person's teeth. Accordingly, IER often contributes to an improved finishing of orthodontic treatment and dental aesthetics. Because debris from the IER procedure accumulates around the interproximal contact area, the procedure must be interrupted and the interproximal contact area cleaned periodically during the procedure, adding to the length and cost of the procedure. Additionally, tools used for IER are typically constructed from multiple pieces of metal coupled together using welds, rivets, or other means and can be expensive. For economic reasons, these tools typically must be reused a number of times and therefore must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized between IER procedures, further increasing costs associated with these procedures. Such tools are also typically constructed using molded sheet metal, which results in poor structural integrity, negatively impacting their ability to couple to an associated driver mechanism and reducing their useful life.
- The apparatus and method of the present invention may reduce or eliminate certain problems and disadvantages associated with previous dental devices.
- According to one embodiment, an apparatus for removing enamel from a person's tooth includes a blade portion and a handle portion. The blade portion includes an abrasive surface adapted to remove enamel from the tooth in response to reciprocating movement of the abrasive surface against the enamel. The handle portion is coupled to the blade portion and includes first and second regions, the first region is proximal and the second region is distal to the blade portion. The first region includes a substantially solid cross-section with a substantially circular perimeter. The second region includes a substantially solid cross-section with at least a substantially semi-circular perimeter, the solid cross-section defining a notched region. The apparatus is adapted to be inserted via a pressure fit into a corresponding opening in a driver mechanism adapted to drive reciprocating movement of the blade portion and the abrasive surface.
- Particular embodiments of the present invention may provide one or more technical advantages. Various embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus or method for removing enamel from one or more of a person's teeth. The removal of enamel from one or both of two adjacent teeth may create space, or additional space, between the adjacent teeth. Thus, an IER procedure may be performed to prevent or treat the overcrowding of teeth associated with malocclusion and avoid the need for one or more tooth extractions. Additionally or alternatively, an IER procedure may be used to recontour or otherwise alter the size and shape of one or more of the person's teeth to provide a more aesthetically pleasing result.
- In certain embodiments, the apparatus may include a frame with a blade portion having an abrasive surface and a tang portion, preferably metal, that provides strength and rigidity and is unlikely to break or otherwise fail during use. In certain embodiments, portions of the apparatus, including at least the tang portion, are enveloped or otherwise covered by a body, which may be made of plastic, polymer, or composite and may also be integrally-formed. In certain embodiments, the resulting handle may be manually gripped by an orthodontist or other clinical professional when using the apparatus to remove enamel from a person's tooth. In certain embodiments, the apparatus is lightweight and may be easily positioned and manipulated by the clinical professional. In certain embodiments, a driver mechanism may be used in cooperation with the frame to drive reciprocal motion of the abrasive surface of the blade portion of the frame against the enamel of a person's tooth. In certain embodiments, one or more apertures formed through the blade portion of the frame channel debris away from the interproximal contact area as an IER procedure is being performed. As a result, bits of removed enamel, saliva, blood and any liquids, chemicals, or pastes used in the IER procedure and present at the interproximal contact area may be channeled away from the tooth through the one or more apertures and the area kept cleaner and visibly unobstructed during the procedure, reducing or eliminating the need to interrupt the procedure to clean the interproximal contact area. In certain embodiments, the apparatus may be inexpensively mass manufactured such that it is economically practical to dispose of the apparatus after a single use, eliminating the need for cleaning and sterilization between uses. In certain embodiments, the handle contains at least two regions, the first with a substantially solid cross-section and the second with at least a semi-circular cross-section that defines a notched region, and is adapted to be inserted via a pressure fit into a corresponding opening in a driver mechanism that is adapted to drive reciprocating movement of the blade portion to provide the reciprocating movement of the abrasive surface. Certain embodiments may utilize materials with advantageous properties, including advantageous stiffness, strength, durability, stability, and/or chemical resistance.
- Certain embodiments may provide all, some, or none of these advantages. Certain embodiments may provide one or more other advantages, one or more of which may be apparent to those skilled in the art from the figures, descriptions, and claims included herein.
- For a more complete understanding of the present invention and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1A provides a cut-away view of an example apparatus for removing enamel from a person's tooth; -
FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate two views of the example apparatus fromFIG. 1A with a fully formed body; -
FIG. 1D illustrates an example cross-section of proximal region of the handle; -
FIG. 1E illustrates an example cross-section of the distal region of the handle; -
FIGS. 1F through 1J illustrate additional example alternative cross-sections of distal region; -
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an example driver mechanism configured to couple to an example apparatus for removing enamel; -
FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate examples of an apparatus for removing enamel from a person's tooth; -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate example upper and lower arches of a person's mouth and example interproximal contact areas from which enamel may be removed; and -
FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for removing enamel from a person's tooth. - According to the present invention, an apparatus and method are provided for removing enamel from one or more of a person's teeth. The removal of enamel from one or both of two adjacent teeth may create space, or additional space, between the adjacent teeth. Thus, an IER procedure may be performed to prevent or treat the overcrowding of teeth associated with malocclusion and avoid the need for one or more tooth extractions. Additionally or alternatively, an IER procedure may be used to recontour or otherwise alter the size and shape of one or more of the person's teeth to provide a more aesthetically pleasing result.
-
FIG. 1A illustrates anexample apparatus 10 for removing enamel from a person's tooth.Apparatus 10 includes aframe 12 and abody 14. In certain embodiments,frame 12 is a one-piece frame, integrally-formed from a single piece of material.Frame 12 may be made of steel or another metal.Body 14 is formed aroundframe 12 to envelop or otherwise cover appropriate portions offrame 12. In certain embodiments,body 14 may be a one-piece body integrally-formed of plastic or another suitable material. In particular embodiments,body 14 may be formed of a thermoplastic material, such as for example a composite thermoplastic material.Apparatus 10 may be used to remove enamel from a person's tooth. For example,apparatus 10 may be used to remove enamel from one or both of two adjacent teeth in an IER procedure to create space, or additional space, between the adjacent teeth to prevent or treat overcrowding associated with malocclusion. As another example,apparatus 10 may be used to remove enamel from a tooth in an IER or other procedure to recontour the tooth to provide a more aesthetically pleasing shape. Accordingly, the recontouring of atooth using apparatus 10 may contribute to an improved finish of orthodontic treatment. After portions of the enamel are removed at an interproximal contact area, the teeth may be polished and a protective treatment applied. The present invention contemplates any appropriate use ofapparatus 10 according to particular needs. - In certain embodiments,
frame 12 includes ablade portion 16, atang portion 18, and astabilizer portion 20.Blade portion 16 extends in a first direction from afirst end 22 to asecond end 24.Blade portion 16 includes one or moreabrasive surfaces 26 adapted to remove enamel from a person's tooth when anabrasive surface 26 ofblade portion 16 is repeatedly moved over, through, or otherwise against the enamel of the tooth. For example,abrasive surface 26 may be repeatedly advanced in generally opposing directions with respect to the person's tooth in a manner that causesabrasive surface 26 to gradually remove enamel from the tooth. Such movement is referred to herein as “reciprocating” movement. In certain embodiments,abrasive surface 26 may extend between two edges 28 ofblade portion 16 and may be used to “file” or otherwise remove enamel from the person's tooth. In certain other embodiments, instead or in addition,abrasive surface 26 may lie alongedge 28 b ofblade portion 16 and may be used to “saw” or otherwise remove enamel from the tooth. - In certain embodiments,
blade portion 16 includes one ormore apertures 30 for channeling debris away from the tooth. For example,apertures 30 may comprise substantially circular openings. Asblade portion 16 is advanced against the tooth and enamel is gradually removed, the IER procedure may result in the accumulation of debris in and around the interproximal contact area. The accumulated debris may include, for example, bits of removed enamel, saliva, blood and any liquids, chemicals, or pastes used in the IER procedure.Apertures 30 ofblade portion 16 may act to channel such debris away from the interproximal contact area such thatabrasive surface 26 remains against the interproximal contact area for more accurate enamel removal. Additionally, the patient's mouth may be kept cleaner as the IER procedure is being performed, without undue interruption. - As described above, in
certain embodiments frame 12 also includestang portion 18 andstabilizer portion 20.Tang portion 18 extends fromsecond end 24 ofblade portion 16 in generally the same direction asabrasive surface 26.Stabilizer portion 20 operates to stabilizeapparatus 10 during use. Although desirable for stability, the present invention contemplatesapparatus 10 lackingstabilizer portion 20. In certain embodiments,stabilizer portion 20 is substantially U-shaped and includes afirst portion 32, asecond portion 34, and athird portion 36.First portion 32 may extend fromfirst end 22 ofblade portion 16 in a first direction that is generally perpendicular to the direction ofabrasive surface 26.Second portion 34 ofstabilizer portion 20 may extend fromsecond end 24 ofblade portion 16 in a second direction that is also generally perpendicular the direction ofabrasive surface 26.Third portion 36 extends between and couplesfirst portion 32 andsecond portion 34. Although a particular configuration ofstabilizer portion 20 and itsportions blade portion 20 is primarily described, the present invention contemplatesstabilizer portion 20 having any suitable configuration with respect toblade portion 20.Stabilizer portion 20 cooperates withblade portion 16 to define anopening 38. Similar toapertures 30 ofblade portion 16, opening 38 may channel the debris away from the tooth as the IER or other procedure is being performed. - As described above, in
certain embodiments apparatus 10 includes a one-piece integrally-formedbody 14 that envelops or otherwise covers appropriate portions offrame 12. In particular embodiments,body 14 may be formed plastic, including thermoplastic material, such as for example a composite thermoplastic material. Theplastic forming body 14 may include a mostly synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization product that may be molded or extruded in the desired form. In particular embodiments,body 14 may be formed of glass-fiber reinforced thermoplastic material, including material formed from a combination of semi-crystalline polyamide with partially aromatic copolyamide (e.g. GRIVORY GV-5 FA NATURAL made and sold by GRIVORY EMS of Germany). Such materials may provide advantageous properties forbody 14, including, for example, high stiffness, strength, durability, stability, and/or chemical resistance. -
Body 14 may be produced by a polymerization process that includes melting the polymer, placingframe 12 into a mold of the desired shape ofbody 14, allowing the melted polymer to envelop or otherwise cover appropriate portions offrame 12 inside the mold, and allowing the polymer to cool and harden to formbody 14. - In certain embodiments,
body 14 may fully or partially envelop or otherwise covertang portion 18 andstabilizer portion 20, leaving at least a portion ofabrasive surface 26 ofblade portion 16 exposed. Additionally, the molding ofbody 14 aroundframe 12 may operate to couplebody 14 to frame 12. In certain embodiments,frame 12 may include one ormore apertures 40 throughtang portion 18 andstabilizer portion 20. During the formation ofbody 14, thematerial forming body 14 may be allowed to flow throughapertures 40 to improve the coupling ofbody 14 to frame 12. Althoughapertures 40 may facilitate the coupling ofbody 14 andframe 12, other suitable coupling mechanisms may additionally or alternativelycouple body 14 to frame 12. For example, one or more rivets, screws, bolts, or other coupling mechanisms may couplebody 14 to frame 12. - In certain embodiments, handle 42 includes a
notch portion 44.Handle 42 may be understood to have at least two regions described in further detail below, aproximal region 46 and adistal region 48 that includesnotch portion 44.Notch portion 44 may be formed at the same time using the polymerization process described above. In certain embodiments,notch portion 44 may be formed by removing material fromhandle 42 in order to createnotch portion 44. - In certain embodiments, handle 42 may be gripped manually or mechanically by a clinical professional to perform IER or any other suitable procedure. An orthodontist or other clinical professional may use handle 42 to manually position
apparatus 10 proximate the interproximal contact area of a person's tooth. As a result, the clinicalprofessional using apparatus 10 may supply and control the force and motion necessary to advanceabrasive surface 26 ofblade portion 16 in opposing directions against the tooth. -
FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate two views of anexample apparatus 10 fromFIG. 1A with a fully formedbody 14.FIG. 1B illustrates an embodiment wherestiffener 49 is provided.Stiffener 49 is coupled tobody 14 and acts as additional structural support forbody 14 in order to create additional stability and/or prevent breakage ofstabilizer portion 20.Stiffener 49 may be formed using the plastic molding or extrusion method described above or via any other suitable method. - In
FIG. 1C ,example apparatus 10 is illustrated withblade portion 16 containingabrasive surface 26 andapertures 30. In the embodiment shown, handle 42 includes aproximal region 46 and adistal region 48.Proximal region 46, nearer toblade portion 16, has a substantially solid circular cross-section. This cross-section is described in greater detail in relation toFIG. 1D .Distal region 48, further fromblade portion 16 includes notchedregion 44.Distal region 48 may have a substantially solid cross-section that is at least substantially semi-circular in shape. This cross-section is described in greater detail inFIG. 1E . Example alternative cross-sections are described in relation toFIGS. 1F-1J .Tang portion 18 may extend fromproximal region 46 intodistal region 48 that includes notchedregion 44. -
FIG. 1D illustrates an example cross-section ofproximal region 46 ofhandle 42. In the embodiment shown, the perimeter of the cross-section is substantially circular and continuous.Tang portion 18 is enveloped bybody 14.Body 14 may also have enveloped or flowed through the space created byapertures 30. In the illustrated example, the cross-section is substantially solid and comprisestang portion 18, which may be made of a metal, andbody 14, which may have been formed using, for example, one of the polymerization methods described above. -
FIG. 1E illustrates an example cross-section of thedistal region 48 ofFIG. 1C . The cross-section is of at least a substantially semi-circular shape. This particular illustrated cross-section ofdistal region 48 has a perimeter with a first portion that defines approximately three-quarters of a circle with the radius ofhandle 42 and a second portion corresponding to notchedregion 44 that defines an arc with a radius that is less than the radius ofhandle 42. Further examples of cross-sections of thedistal region 48 ofFIG. 1C are illustrated below. -
FIGS. 1F-1J illustrate additional example alternative cross-sections ofdistal region 48.FIG. 1F illustrates a cross-section where notchedregion 44 is defined by a 90 degree wedge that extends to the center of substantially circular perimeter of the cross-section ofdistal region 48.FIG. 1G illustrates a cross-section where notchedregion 44 is defined by a 90 degree wedge that extends slightly beyond the center of the substantially circular perimeter the cross-section ofdistal region 48.FIG. 1H illustrates a cross-section where notchedregion 44 is defined by a 90 degree wedge where the corners and the point of the wedge have a rounded shape.FIG. 1I illustrates a cross-section where notchedregion 44 is defined by a 30 degree wedge that does not extend fully to the center of the substantially circular shape defined byhandle 42.FIG. 1J illustrates a cross-section where notched region is defined by an open trapezoidal shape. Accordingly, notchedregion 44 may be of any appropriate shape including shapes that do are not polygonal in nature. - Regardless of the shape of the cross-section,
distal region 48 may be adapted to use a compression fit into a driver mechanism as illustrated inFIGS. 2A and 2B . A compression fit may be achieved by using a slightly flexible material for all or a portion ofhandle 42.Distal region 48 may compress slightly or flex inward as it is inserted into adriver mechanism 50. The material then returns to its normal state to create the compression fit indriver mechanism 50. In certain embodiments the perimeter of the cross section ofdistal region 48 may define a circular arc in the range from 180 degrees to 330 degrees. - Additionally, although handle 42 has been illustrated with two distinct regions, additional regions may be provided without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, an intermediate region between
proximal region 46 anddistal region 48 could be provided. Further, althoughdistal region 48 has been illustrated with a uniform cross-section,distal region 48 could have a non-uniform cross-section. For example, notchedregion 44 could taper as it approachesproximal region 46. - In certain embodiments, handle 42 may be configured to coupled to a driver mechanism.
FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate anexample driver mechanism 50 adapted to couple to anexample apparatus 10 for removing enamel from a person's tooth.Driver mechanism 50 may include arecess 52 adapted to receive andsecure handle 42. For example, handle 42 may be force fitted intorecess 52. As another example, handle 42 may be inserted intorecess 52 and secured using a set screw or otherwise.Driver mechanism 50 may be operable to mechanically advanceabrasive surface 26 in opposing directions against the tooth. As an example,driver mechanism 50 may be operable to mechanically moveabrasive surface 26 in a substantially linear reciprocating motion. As another example,driver mechanism 50 may be operable to mechanically moveabrasive surface 26 in a substantially elliptical reciprocating motion, with the elliptical path being in a plane substantially parallel toabrasive surface 26. For example,driver mechanism 50 may translate rotational movements, such as in a conventional dental drill, to reciprocating movements through appropriate gearing or other mechanisms. Such gearing or other mechanisms are well known to persons in the art. In certain embodiments,driver mechanism 50 may be configured to interchangeably receive andsecure apparatus 10 and also other tools used in orthodontic or other clinical procedures. For example,driver mechanism 50 may be configured to also receive and secure a drill, polishing brush, or other tool. - In certain embodiments, handle 42 has at least two distinct regions, a
proximal region 46 with a substantially circular cross-section with a substantially continuous circumference and adistal region 48 that includes notchedregion 44. The material ofdistal region 48 may compress slightly or flex inward as it is inserted into adriver mechanism 50. The material then returns to its normal state to create the compression fit in the driver mechanism. As a result, handle 42 may be fitted to into or otherwise coupled to recess 52 ofdriver mechanism 50 using a compression fit. As shown inFIGS. 1A , 1B, and 1C, handle 42 may have two regions that are substantially solid in cross-section including a portion offrame 12 covered by a portion ofbody 14. Alternatively, handle 42 may be formed solely by a portion offrame 12 or a metal, plastic, or other component coupled toframe 12. These embodiments may be distinguished from tools formed from molded sheet metal having thin-walled handles with C-shaped cross-sections. Such handles may be compressed and permanently or temporarily deformed when force-fitted intorecess 52 ofdriver mechanism 50. Such deformation often results in permanent changes to the cross-sectional dimensions that may prevent the tools from properly and securely coupling todriver mechanism 50, especially after a number of uses. After repeated uses, such deformation may lead to material fatigue and, ultimately, failure. - In certain embodiments,
stabilizer portion 20 may be formed in a shape other than the shape illustrated inFIGS. 1A and 3A .FIGS. 3A-3E illustrate examples of alternative configurations ofapparatus 10. As shown inFIG. 3A , in certain embodiments,stabilizer portion 20 may be substantially rectangular and formed by two posts that are perpendicular to blade portion with a third portion joining the two posts. As shown inFIG. 3B , stabilizer portion may be formed in the shape of an arc. As shown inFIG. 3C , in certain embodiments,apparatus 10 may be formed withoutstabilizer portion 20. As shown inFIG. 3D , in certain embodiments, handle 42 may extend fromstabilizer portion 20. Although not shown, in certain embodiments,apparatus 10 may includemultiple blade portions 16. For example,apparatus 10 may include first andsecond blade portions 16 offset in opposite directions from an axis through the length ofhandle 42. In any of these embodiments,blade portion 16 may be oriented relative to handle 42 at any suitable angle, including angles greater than or equal to zero degrees. As shown inFIG. 3E , in certain embodiments,blade portion 16 may extend to substantially fill the area defined bystabilizer portion 20. -
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate example upper and lower arches of a person's mouth and example interproximal contact areas from which enamel may be removed.FIG. 3A illustrates a portion of an exampleupper arch 100, andFIG. 4B illustrates a portion of an examplelower arch 102.Upper arch 100 andlower arch 102 includeanterior teeth 104. Eachtooth 104 includes a protrudingportion 106 and aroot portion 108. Protrudingportion 106 at least partially protrudes from the gum tissue covering the mandible.Root portion 108 extends into the mandible and securestooth 104 in place. -
Tooth 104 includes at least two layers.Enamel 110 forms an outer layer oftooth 104 and is comprised of a hard calcareous substance. Aninner layer 112 is comprised of dentin and is very sensitive to decay, disease, and temperature. As described above, however, portions ofenamel 110 may be removed from one or moreinterproximal contact areas 114 using an IER procedure. The removal of portions ofenamel 110 frominterproximal contact areas 114 may create space, or additional space, between twoadjacent teeth 104. Accordingly, the IER procedure may be performed to prevent or treat the overcrowding ofteeth 104 associated with malocclusion and avoid the need for tooth extractions. The IER procedure may also be used to recontour one ormore teeth 104 to provide a more aesthetically pleasing shape. After portions ofenamel 110 are removed atinterproximal contact areas 114,teeth 104 may be polished and a protective treatment applied. - Because
enamel 110 is a protective layer important to the structure and function oftooth 104, the amount ofenamel 110 that may be removed during the IER procedure must be carefully controlled. In certain embodiments, approximately 0.85 mm to approximately 1.13 mm ofenamel 110 may be safely removed from eachinterproximal area 114 ofupper arch 100 without producing chronic sensitivity or pain. For example, approximately 1.13, 1.10, 0.91, 0.85, 0.91, 1.10, and 1.13 mm ofenamel 110 may be removed frominterproximal contact areas 114 a-g, respectively. As a result, five medial spaces may be created at interproximal contact areas 114 b-f, and a total of approximately 4.87 mm of medial space may be created. Ifenamel 110 at interproximal contact areas 114 a and 114 g is also reduced, the total medial space created inupper arch 100 may be approximately 7.13 mm. In certain embodiments, approximately 0.75 mm to approximately 1.00 mm ofenamel 110 may be safely removed from eachinterproximal area 114 oflower arch 102 without producing chronic sensitivity or pain. For example, approximately 1.00, 0.82, 0.75, 0.75, 0.75, 0.82, and 1.00 mm ofenamel 110 may be removed from interproximal contact areas 114 h-n, respectively. As a result, five medial spaces may also be created at interproximal contact areas 114 i-n, and a total of approximately 3.89 mm of medial space may be created. Ifenamel 110 at interproximal contact areas 114 h and 114 n is also reduced, the total medial space created inlower arch 102 may be approximately 5.89 mm. -
FIG. 5 illustrates an example method for removing enamel from a person'stooth 104. The method may include some or all of an IER procedure. Atstep 200,apparatus 10 is positioned proximate aparticular tooth 104 of a person's upper orlower arch abrasive surface 26 may be positioned proximate aninterproximal contact area 114 oftooth 104. Atstep 202,apparatus 10 is repeatedly advanced in opposing directions with respect totooth 104.Apparatus 10 may be advanced in opposing directions with respect totooth 104 in a first direction towards the labial surface oftooth 104 and in a second direction towards the lingual surface oftooth 104. As a result, atstep 204,abrasive surface 26 may file, saw, or otherwise removeenamel 110 fromtooth 104.Enamel 110 may be removed in a similar manner from anadjacent tooth 104. As a result ofenamel 110 being removed from one or bothadjacent teeth 104, a space or additional space is created betweenadjacent teeth 104 to prevent or treat overcrowding ofteeth 104 associated with malocclusion and avoid the need for tooth extractions. Alternatively or additionally,enamel 110 may be removed fromtooth 104 to provide a more aesthetically pleasing shape. - At
step 206, asenamel 110 is removed fromtooth 104, in certain embodiments debris is channeled away fromtooth 104 through one ormore apertures 30 formed throughblade portion 16 offrame 12. The debris present atinterproximal area 114 may include, for example, bits of removed enamel, saliva, blood, and any liquids, chemicals or pastes used in the IER procedure. As a result, such debris may be readily removed from the interproximal area and the area kept cleaner and visibly unobstructed during an IER procedure, without undue interruption. - At
step 208, the space created betweenadjacent teeth 104 is measured. The amount of space to be created depends on the amount of overcrowding, the desired shape and size of the tooth, and other factors particular to the person. Atstep 210, the clinical professional determines whether additional space is needed. If additional space is needed, the method returns to step 200 for removal ofadditional enamel 110. The method may continue by repeating steps 200-210 on thesame tooth 104 or on anadjacent tooth 104 until the desired amount of space is created. When it is determined atstep 210 that additional space is not needed, the method ends. - Although example steps are illustrated and described, the present invention contemplates two or more steps taking place substantially simultaneously or in a different order. In addition, the present invention contemplates using methods with additional steps, fewer steps, or different steps, so long as the steps remain appropriate for removing enamel from a person's tooth to create additional space in the person's mouth to treat or prevent malocclusion, to recontour the tooth to create a more aesthetically pleasing shape, or to treat any other condition that may be improved through the reshaping or resizing of the person's tooth.
- Although the present invention has been described above in connection with several embodiments, changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications may be suggested to one skilled in the art, and it is intended that the present invention encompass such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, transformations, and modifications as fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims (36)
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US20100279252A1 (en) * | 2009-01-15 | 2010-11-04 | Navarro Carlos F | Apparatus and Method for Removing Enamel from a Person's Tooth |
US8382479B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2013-02-26 | Carlos F. Navarro | Apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth |
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US20120258425A1 (en) * | 2011-04-05 | 2012-10-11 | Sdc Switzerland Sa | Apparatus for removing enamel or debris from a tooth |
US8915734B2 (en) * | 2011-05-26 | 2014-12-23 | José Lisandro Deleo{grave over (n)} | Dental sanding device |
US20140308627A1 (en) * | 2013-04-16 | 2014-10-16 | Hugh James Howard | Proximal tooth separator |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8382479B2 (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2013-02-26 | Carlos F. Navarro | Apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth |
US20070100510A1 (en) * | 2005-10-25 | 2007-05-03 | Denso Corporation | Method and system for application control |
US20100279252A1 (en) * | 2009-01-15 | 2010-11-04 | Navarro Carlos F | Apparatus and Method for Removing Enamel from a Person's Tooth |
US8187001B2 (en) | 2009-01-15 | 2012-05-29 | Navarro Carlos F | Apparatus and method for removing enamel from a person's tooth |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US7758343B1 (en) | 2010-07-20 |
US20100279252A1 (en) | 2010-11-04 |
US8187001B2 (en) | 2012-05-29 |
JP2012515046A (en) | 2012-07-05 |
CA2749740C (en) | 2016-11-22 |
AU2009337102A1 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
EP2387371A1 (en) | 2011-11-23 |
WO2010082997A1 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
CA2749740A1 (en) | 2010-07-22 |
JP5519704B2 (en) | 2014-06-11 |
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