US20070086123A1 - Reconfigurable power distribution network - Google Patents
Reconfigurable power distribution network Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20070086123A1 US20070086123A1 US11/544,035 US54403506A US2007086123A1 US 20070086123 A1 US20070086123 A1 US 20070086123A1 US 54403506 A US54403506 A US 54403506A US 2007086123 A1 US2007086123 A1 US 2007086123A1
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- network
- switches
- switch
- short
- circuit
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
- H02H7/261—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations
- H02H7/262—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured involving signal transmission between at least two stations involving transmissions of switching or blocking orders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/10—Parallel operation of dc sources
- H02J1/102—Parallel operation of dc sources being switching converters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a reconfigurable power distribution network.
- Power distribution networks comprising a number of electric lines (BUSES), and a number of switches interposed between the electric lines and a number of electric user devices.
- Networks of this sort are normally equipped with protection devices which, on detecting anomalous current, normally caused by a short-circuit or overload in the network, cut off the whole network, thus cutting off power to all the electric user devices.
- FIG. 1 shows an electric power generating system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention
- FIG. 2 shows a reconfigurable power distribution network in accordance with the teachings of the present invention
- FIG. 3 shows an operating flow chart of the FIG. 2 network
- FIG. 4 shows a variation of the FIG. 2 network.
- Number 1 in FIG. 1 indicates as a whole an electric power generating system connected to a reconfigurable power distribution network 3 .
- System 1 and network 3 may conveniently, though not exclusively, be used to advantage for generating and distributing electric power on naval vessels, e.g. system 1 may be installed on a warship (not shown), and network 3 used to distribute the power generated locally by system 1 to a number of electric user devices 5 (shown schematically in FIG. 1 ).
- System 1 comprises a number of alternators 10 , each driven by a respective internal combustion (e.g. diesel) engine 11 to generate an alternating output voltage.
- alternators 10 are shown schematically as single-phase, but may obviously be other types, e.g. three-phase.
- the alternators are driven by engines controlled by electronic central control units 13 , which run the engines at normally different speeds ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , . . . ⁇ n, so that the alternating output voltages v( ⁇ 1 ), v( ⁇ 2 ), V( 107 n) of the alternators have different frequencies.
- each internal combustion engine 11 is conveniently selected by electronic central control unit 13 on the basis of the technical operating characteristics of engine 11 , so as to maximize efficiency and/or reduce wear and/or minimize consumption of the engine in relation to the power demanded of the engine.
- System 1 comprises a number of rectifiers 14 , each of which receives a respective alternating output voltage V( ⁇ 1 ), V( ⁇ 2 ), . . . , V( ⁇ n), and generates a rectified voltage v(r 1 ), V(r 2 ), . . . , V(rn).
- closed-loop control devices 16 are provided, each of which determines the rectified voltage at the output of a respective rectifier 14 , and acts on respective alternator 10 to keep the respective output voltage V(r 1 ), V(r 2 ), . . . , V(rn) close to a common target value, so that all the output voltages are substantially equal.
- Each control device 16 may conveniently operate by regulating excitation 17 of respective alternator 10 .
- System 1 also comprises a number of circuit breakers 20 , each interposed between the output of a respective rectifier 14 and a common adding node 22 defining an output of the electric power generating system.
- Number 3 in FIG. 2 indicates a reconfigurable direct-current power distribution network in accordance with the teachings of a further aspect of the present invention.
- Network 3 only represents the positive pole of a direct-current system, and is therefore shown schematically as single-pole; the same diagram also, or alternatively, applies to the negative pole of the distribution network.
- network layout shown (in this case, an H network) is purely indicative to illustrate operation of network 3 , and may be any of various widely differing layouts, such as the loop layout ( FIG. 4 ) described in detail later on.
- the example shown comprises a first electric power line (BUS) 30 and a second electric power line (BUS) 32 , both of which may be supplied, for example, by the output of generating system 1 .
- Network 3 comprises a first one-way switch 40 having a first terminal 40 a connected to line 30 , and a second terminal 40 b connected to a first terminal 41 a of a second one-way switch 41 also forming part of network 3 and having a second terminal 41 b powering an electric load 5 a.
- Network 3 comprises a third one-way switch 42 having a first terminal 42 a connected to line 32 , and a second terminal 42 b connected to a first terminal 43 a of a fourth one-way switch 43 also forming part of network 3 and having a second terminal 43 b powering an electric load 5 b .
- Network 3 also comprises a two-way switch 49 interposed between terminals 40 b , 41 a and 42 b , 43 a , and which permits current (and power) flow in opposite directions between its two terminals 49 a , 49 b.
- Network 3 comprises at least one electronic control unit 50 for each switch in the network, to safety control the switches ( 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 49 in FIG. 2 ) and reconfigure network 3 , when a short-circuit or overload is detected, on the basis of signals from units 50 of adjacent switches, and regardless of control by a higher network monitoring system ( 50 b ).
- Units 50 conveniently communicate with one another over a high-speed communication system; and each unit 50 may be integrated in the respective switch to reduce sensitivity to electromagnetic noise.
- FIG. 3 flow chart shows operation of each electronic control unit 50 .
- an initial block 100 monitors current flow in each of the switches in network 3 to determine short-circuiting/overloading of network 3 .
- a short-circuit/overload can be determined in known manner by determining when the current Iswitch flow in each switch exceeds a threshold value Ilim, i.e. Iswitch>Ilim (1)
- a short-circuit/overload can be determined when the derivative of the current Iswitch flow in each switch exceeds a threshold value Dlim, i.e.: d (Iswitch)/ d ( t )>Dlim (2)
- a block 110 downstream from block 100 , sends a lock signal to all the switches upstream, with respect to the power flow direction, from the selected switch on which the fault has been detected.
- switches 40 - 43 are all one-way, the power flow direction through each switch 40 - 43 is predetermined, so control unit 50 of each one-way switch knows which one-way switches are located upstream from its own position. For example, switches 40 and 42 are located upstream from switch 41 or 43 . Power flow in two-way switch 49 on the other hand is determined by a current sensor (Hall-effect sensor) 52 cooperating with unit 50 of switch 49 .
- a current sensor Hall-effect sensor
- the lock signal results in locking by all the units 50 of the upstream switches, i.e. the switches for which a lock signal has been generated are maintained in the (open/closed) position preceding generation of the lock signal.
- Block 110 is followed by a block 120 , which determines:
- switches 41 and 43 are located downstream from switch 40 or 42 .
- a block 130 downstream from block 120 , opens the selected switch—since there are no other switches closer to the short-circuit/overload, i.e. downstream from the selected switch—and then goes back to block 100 .
- a block 140 downstream from block 120 , maintains the preceding status of the selected switch, since at least one switch has been found closer to the short-circuit/overload, i.e. downstream from the selected switch.
- Block 140 then goes back to block 100 .
- Electronic units 50 of switches 41 , 40 , 42 , 49 therefore detect a fault, emit lock signals for the switches upstream from the switch (in this case, switches 40 , 42 , 49 ), and switch to standby awaiting lock signals from the downstream switches.
- switch 41 is opened at the end of the standby period.
- electronic unit 50 of switch 40 On detecting the fault, electronic unit 50 of switch 40 sends a lock signal to the switches immediately upstream from the selected switch (in the example shown, there are no upstream switches) and then switches to standby to await a lock signal from other switches downstream from switch 40 .
- a lock signal is received from switch 41 downstream from switch 40 , so switch 40 is kept closed at the end of the standby period.
- switches 42 and 49 if the short-circuit current also flows through switches 42 and 49 to switch 41 ; in which case, switches 42 and 49 are kept closed when the short-circuit occurs.
- alternators 10 , engines 11 connected to them, and rectifiers 14 may be formed into two or more groups, each supplying a respective output adding node 22 by means of a circuit breaker of the type indicated 20 in FIG. 1 .
- one output node may supply electric power line 30 in FIG. 2 , and the other may supply electric power line 32 .
- the reconfigurable network comprises the same switches 40 , 42 , 49 , 41 , 43 as in FIG. 2 , and the same loads 5 a and 5 b .
- the switches have the same layout as before, and therefore not described in detail.
- a second two-way switch 71 is provided, with a first terminal connected to the common terminals of switches 40 , 41 , and a second terminal connected to a loop bus 70 .
- a third two-way switch 73 is provided, with a first terminal connected to the common terminals of switches 42 , 43 , and a second terminal connected to a loop bus 72 .
- Loop buses 70 , 72 are connected to other networks of the type shown in FIG. 2 .
- the network may thus comprise a number of H networks 3 interconnected by loop buses 70 , 72 , in turn protected by two-way switches 71 and 73 .
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a reconfigurable power distribution network.
- Power distribution networks are known comprising a number of electric lines (BUSES), and a number of switches interposed between the electric lines and a number of electric user devices.
- Networks of this sort are normally equipped with protection devices which, on detecting anomalous current, normally caused by a short-circuit or overload in the network, cut off the whole network, thus cutting off power to all the electric user devices.
- This is done by opening one or more circuit breakers between an electric power generating system and the network input. Though normally “saving” the network, such drastic measures also cut off power to all the electric user devices, i.e. even those not close to or associated with the short-circuit or overload.
- It is an object of the present invention to provide a network designed to permit selective opening of the switches to cut off power to the user devices selectively.
- According to the present invention, there is provided a reconfigurable power distribution network as claimed in attached Claims.
- The invention will be described with particular reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 shows an electric power generating system in accordance with the teachings of the present invention; -
FIG. 2 shows a reconfigurable power distribution network in accordance with the teachings of the present invention; -
FIG. 3 shows an operating flow chart of theFIG. 2 network; -
FIG. 4 shows a variation of theFIG. 2 network. -
Number 1 inFIG. 1 indicates as a whole an electric power generating system connected to a reconfigurablepower distribution network 3. -
System 1 andnetwork 3 may conveniently, though not exclusively, be used to advantage for generating and distributing electric power on naval vessels,e.g. system 1 may be installed on a warship (not shown), andnetwork 3 used to distribute the power generated locally bysystem 1 to a number of electric user devices 5 (shown schematically inFIG. 1 ). -
System 1 comprises a number ofalternators 10, each driven by a respective internal combustion (e.g. diesel)engine 11 to generate an alternating output voltage. InFIG. 1 ,alternators 10 are shown schematically as single-phase, but may obviously be other types, e.g. three-phase. - The alternators are driven by engines controlled by electronic
central control units 13, which run the engines at normally different speeds ω1, ω2, . . . ωn, so that the alternating output voltages v(ω1), v(ω2), V(107 n) of the alternators have different frequencies. - The speed of each
internal combustion engine 11 is conveniently selected by electroniccentral control unit 13 on the basis of the technical operating characteristics ofengine 11, so as to maximize efficiency and/or reduce wear and/or minimize consumption of the engine in relation to the power demanded of the engine. -
System 1 comprises a number ofrectifiers 14, each of which receives a respective alternating output voltage V(ω1), V(ω2), . . . , V(ωn), and generates a rectified voltage v(r1), V(r2), . . . , V(rn). According to one aspect of the present invention, closed-loop control devices 16 are provided, each of which determines the rectified voltage at the output of arespective rectifier 14, and acts onrespective alternator 10 to keep the respective output voltage V(r1), V(r2), . . . , V(rn) close to a common target value, so that all the output voltages are substantially equal. - Each
control device 16 may conveniently operate by regulatingexcitation 17 ofrespective alternator 10. -
System 1 also comprises a number ofcircuit breakers 20, each interposed between the output of arespective rectifier 14 and a common addingnode 22 defining an output of the electric power generating system. -
Number 3 inFIG. 2 indicates a reconfigurable direct-current power distribution network in accordance with the teachings of a further aspect of the present invention. -
Network 3 only represents the positive pole of a direct-current system, and is therefore shown schematically as single-pole; the same diagram also, or alternatively, applies to the negative pole of the distribution network. - It should be pointed out that the network layout shown (in this case, an H network) is purely indicative to illustrate operation of
network 3, and may be any of various widely differing layouts, such as the loop layout (FIG. 4 ) described in detail later on. - The example shown comprises a first electric power line (BUS) 30 and a second electric power line (BUS) 32, both of which may be supplied, for example, by the output of
generating system 1. -
Network 3 comprises a first one-way switch 40 having afirst terminal 40 a connected toline 30, and asecond terminal 40 b connected to afirst terminal 41 a of a second one-way switch 41 also forming part ofnetwork 3 and having asecond terminal 41 b powering anelectric load 5 a. - Current, and therefore also power, can only flow in
switches -
Network 3 comprises a third one-way switch 42 having afirst terminal 42 a connected toline 32, and asecond terminal 42 b connected to afirst terminal 43 a of a fourth one-way switch 43 also forming part ofnetwork 3 and having asecond terminal 43 b powering anelectric load 5 b. - Current, and therefore also power, can only flow in
switches -
Network 3 also comprises a two-way switch 49 interposed betweenterminals terminals -
Network 3 comprises at least oneelectronic control unit 50 for each switch in the network, to safety control the switches (40, 41, 42, 43, 49 inFIG. 2 ) and reconfigurenetwork 3, when a short-circuit or overload is detected, on the basis of signals fromunits 50 of adjacent switches, and regardless of control by a higher network monitoring system (50 b).Units 50 conveniently communicate with one another over a high-speed communication system; and eachunit 50 may be integrated in the respective switch to reduce sensitivity to electromagnetic noise. - The
FIG. 3 flow chart shows operation of eachelectronic control unit 50. - As shown in
FIG. 3 , aninitial block 100 monitors current flow in each of the switches innetwork 3 to determine short-circuiting/overloading ofnetwork 3. - A short-circuit/overload can be determined in known manner by determining when the current Iswitch flow in each switch exceeds a threshold value Ilim, i.e.
Iswitch>Ilim (1) - Alternatively or in parallel with the above, a short-circuit/overload can be determined when the derivative of the current Iswitch flow in each switch exceeds a threshold value Dlim, i.e.:
d(Iswitch)/d(t)>Dlim (2) - When short-circuiting/overloading of a switch is detected, a
block 110, downstream fromblock 100, sends a lock signal to all the switches upstream, with respect to the power flow direction, from the selected switch on which the fault has been detected. - Since switches 40-43 are all one-way, the power flow direction through each switch 40-43 is predetermined, so
control unit 50 of each one-way switch knows which one-way switches are located upstream from its own position. For example,switches switch way switch 49 on the other hand is determined by a current sensor (Hall-effect sensor) 52 cooperating withunit 50 ofswitch 49. - The lock signal results in locking by all the
units 50 of the upstream switches, i.e. the switches for which a lock signal has been generated are maintained in the (open/closed) position preceding generation of the lock signal. -
Block 110 is followed by ablock 120, which determines: - 1) whether a standby period has elapsed since the lock signal was generated; and
- 2) whether, during the standby period, no further lock signals have been generated from switches downstream from the selected switch (with respect to the power flow direction).
- For example,
switches switch - In the event of a positive response, a
block 130, downstream fromblock 120, opens the selected switch—since there are no other switches closer to the short-circuit/overload, i.e. downstream from the selected switch—and then goes back toblock 100. - In the event of a negative response, a
block 140, downstream fromblock 120, maintains the preceding status of the selected switch, since at least one switch has been found closer to the short-circuit/overload, i.e. downstream from the selected switch. -
Block 140 then goes back toblock 100. - The following is an example to explain the above operations more clearly.
- Assuming a short-circuit CC (shown by the dash line) occurs close to switch 41, between
switch 41 andload 5 a. - In this case,
electric line 30 being grounded directly, the current inswitches switches -
Electronic units 50 ofswitches - In the example shown, there being no more switches between
switch 41 andload 5 a,switch 41 is opened at the end of the standby period. - On detecting the fault,
electronic unit 50 ofswitch 40 sends a lock signal to the switches immediately upstream from the selected switch (in the example shown, there are no upstream switches) and then switches to standby to await a lock signal from other switches downstream fromswitch 40. - In the example shown, a lock signal is received from
switch 41 downstream fromswitch 40, so switch 40 is kept closed at the end of the standby period. - The same also applies to
switches switches - Only switch 41 closest to the short-circuit is therefore opened, and power is only cut off to
electric user device 5 a, whereaselectric user device 5 b can be kept supplied byswitches - Even in the presence of a short-circuit, therefore, power is cut off from a minimum number of electric user devices, but is maintained to the electric user devices not close to the short-circuit.
- The same also applies in the event of a short-circuit or anomalous absorption by
electric user device 5 a, in which case too, only switch 41 is opened. - In an alternative embodiment (not shown),
alternators 10,engines 11 connected to them, andrectifiers 14 may be formed into two or more groups, each supplying a respectiveoutput adding node 22 by means of a circuit breaker of the type indicated 20 inFIG. 1 . - For example, assuming two groups, one output node may supply
electric power line 30 inFIG. 2 , and the other may supplyelectric power line 32. - In another embodiment shown in
FIG. 4 , the reconfigurable network comprises thesame switches FIG. 2 , and thesame loads - In addition, a second two-
way switch 71 is provided, with a first terminal connected to the common terminals ofswitches loop bus 70. - Similarly, a third two-
way switch 73 is provided, with a first terminal connected to the common terminals ofswitches loop bus 72. -
Loop buses FIG. 2 . - The network may thus comprise a number of
H networks 3 interconnected byloop buses
Claims (7)
Iswitch>Ilim (1)
d(Iswitch)/d(i t)>Dlim (2)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT000711A ITTO20050711A1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2005-10-07 | RECONFIGURABLE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK |
ITTO2005A000711 | 2005-10-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20070086123A1 true US20070086123A1 (en) | 2007-04-19 |
Family
ID=37685209
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/544,035 Abandoned US20070086123A1 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2006-10-06 | Reconfigurable power distribution network |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20070086123A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1772938A3 (en) |
IT (1) | ITTO20050711A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20070086132A1 (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2007-04-19 | Claudio Ravera | Electric power generating system |
US9876356B2 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2018-01-23 | Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. | Dynamic and adaptive configurable power distribution system |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8270136B2 (en) * | 2008-04-15 | 2012-09-18 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker zone selective interlock for differentiated faults and method of operation |
CN102214922B (en) * | 2011-06-27 | 2014-02-12 | 山东电力研究院 | Evaluation system of power network planning scheme |
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US20070086132A1 (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2007-04-19 | Claudio Ravera | Electric power generating system |
US7642756B2 (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2010-01-05 | Ansaldo Energia S.P.A. | Electric power generating system |
US9876356B2 (en) | 2014-10-02 | 2018-01-23 | Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. | Dynamic and adaptive configurable power distribution system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ITTO20050711A1 (en) | 2007-04-08 |
EP1772938A3 (en) | 2008-07-09 |
EP1772938A2 (en) | 2007-04-11 |
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