US20040119008A1 - Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface - Google Patents
Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface Download PDFInfo
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- US20040119008A1 US20040119008A1 US10/248,154 US24815402A US2004119008A1 US 20040119008 A1 US20040119008 A1 US 20040119008A1 US 24815402 A US24815402 A US 24815402A US 2004119008 A1 US2004119008 A1 US 2004119008A1
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- Prior art keywords
- optically coupled
- window
- scintillator
- elastomeric pad
- photo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V5/00—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
- G01V5/04—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V5/08—Prospecting or detecting by the use of nuclear radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/2002—Optical details, e.g. reflecting or diffusing layers
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to well logging apparatus, and more particularly to well logging apparatus that include a gadolinium optical interface.
- Oil well logging has been known for many years as a technique for providing information to a driller regarding the particular earth formations being drilled.
- a probe or sonde housing information sensors is lowered into a bore hole after some or all of the well has been drilled, and is used to determine certain characteristics of the formations traversed by the bore hole.
- the sonde is supported by a conductive wireline, which attaches to the sonde at the upper end. Power is transmitted to the sensors through the conductive wireline. Also, the instrumentation in the sonde communicates information to the surface by electrical signals transmitted through the wireline.
- One known method of oil well logging includes a fast neutron source in the logging tool. Neutrons from this source are scattered and absorbed in the well bore environment producing gamma rays. These gamma rays are detected by Nal scintillation crystals in the tool and give information on physical traits of the well bore environment. Light produced from scintillations in Nal is transmitted through an optical interface to a photo-multiplier tube. Despite shielding the surfaces of the Nal scintillator that do not couple to the photo-multiplier tube, neutrons can enter through the optical interface. Thermalized neutrons activate the iodine in the Nal scintillation crystals, which then decays with a half life of 25 minutes. As these decays occur, the Nal scintillator detects the radiation emitted and an elevated background count is created. This background count disturbs and skews the measurements of interest.
- a well logging apparatus includes a probe having a detector assembly.
- the detector assembly includes a scintillator having a scintillation crystal capable of producing light when exposed to gamma rays, a photo-multiplier, and an optical interface positioned between the scintillator and the photo-multiplier.
- the optical interface optically couples the scintillator and the photo-multiplier.
- the optical interface includes a gadolinium doped filter glass.
- a detector assembly for a well logging tool includes a scintillator having a scintillation crystal capable of producing light when exposed to gamma rays, a photo-multiplier, and an optical interface positioned between the scintillator and the photo-multiplier.
- the optical interface optically couples the scintillator and the photo-multiplier.
- the optical interface includes a gadolinium doped filter glass.
- a well logging apparatus in another aspect, includes a probe housing and a detector assembly positioned in the probe housing.
- the detector assembly includes a scintillator having a scintillation crystal capable of producing light when exposed to gamma rays, a photo-multiplier, and an optical interface positioned between the scintillator and the photo-multiplier.
- the optical interface optically couples the scintillator and the photo-multiplier.
- the optical interface includes a gadolinium doped filter glass.
- FIG. 1 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- the logging probe includes a fast neutron source that produce neutrons that are scattered and absorbed in the well bore environment producing gamma rays.
- the detector assembly includes an optical interface positioned between and optically coupling a scintillator and a photo-multiplier tube.
- the scintillator includes a scintillation crystal, for example a Nal scintillation crystal, that produce light when exposed to gamma rays.
- the optical interface includes a gadolinium (Gd) doped filter glass which prevents neutrons from entering the detector through the optical interface and activating the iodine in the Nal crystal, which then decays.
- Gd gadolinium
- Any iodine decay emits radiation which is detected by the scintillator and produces a elevated background count. This elevated background can skew the measurements of gamma rays by the detector.
- the elimination of neutron activation of iodine by the Gd doped filter glass facilitated the production of accurate measurements by the well logging probe.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a well logging probe 10 having a detector assembly 12 coupled to a probe housing 14 .
- detector assembly 12 includes a scintillator 16 and a photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by an optical interface 20 .
- Scintillator 16 , photo-multiplier tube 18 and optical interface 20 are hermetically sealed inside a detector housing 22 .
- Optical interface 20 includes a window 24 hermetically sealed into detector housing 22 .
- window 24 is gadolinium doped filter glass.
- a detector cable 26 connects detector assembly 12 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown).
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a well logging probe 10 having a detector assembly 12 coupled to a probe housing 14 .
- detector assembly 28 includes scintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by optical interface 20 .
- Scintillator 16 and optical interface 20 are hermetically sealed inside a detector housing 22 .
- Optical interface 20 includes a window 24 hermetically sealed into detector housing 22 .
- window 24 is gadolinium doped filter glass.
- a detector cable 26 connects detector assembly 12 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown).
- FIG. 3 is schematic representation of well logging probe 10 having a detector assembly 30 coupled to probe housing 14 .
- detector assembly 30 includes scintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by an optical interface 32 .
- Scintillator 16 and optical interface 32 are hermetically sealed inside detector housing 22 .
- Optical interface 32 includes window 24 hermetically sealed into detector housing 22 and a gadolinium doped filter glass 34 embedded inside an elastomeric pad 36 .
- Window 24 can be fabricated from any suitable material, for example sapphire.
- a first side 38 of window 24 is optically coupled to photo-multiplier 18 and a second side 40 of window 24 is optically coupled to a first side 42 of elastomeric pad 36 .
- a second side 44 of elastomeric pad 36 is optically coupled to scintillator 16 .
- Any known method of optically coupling the components together can be used.
- oil is used to optically couple components together. Oil permits good optical contact between components.
- Detector cable 26 connects detector assembly 30 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown).
- FIG. 4 is schematic representation of well logging probe 10 having a detector assembly 50 coupled to probe housing 14 .
- detector assembly 50 includes scintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by an optical interface 52 .
- Scintillator 16 and optical interface 52 are hermetically sealed inside detector housing 22 .
- Optical interface 52 includes window 24 hermetically sealed into detector housing 22 , a gadolinium doped filter glass 54 optically coupled to window 24 , and an elastomeric pad 56 optically coupled to gadolinium doped filter glass 54 .
- First side 38 of window 24 is optically coupled to photo-multiplier 18 and second side 40 of window 24 is optically coupled to a first side 58 of gadolinium doped filter glass 54 .
- a second side 60 of gadolinium doped filter glass is coupled to a first side 62 of elastomeric pad 56 .
- a second side 64 of elastomeric pad 56 is optically coupled to scintillator 16 .
- Any known method of optically coupling the components together can be used.
- oil is used to optically couple components together. Oil permits good optical contact between components.
- Detector cable 26 connects detector assembly 50 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown).
- FIG. 5 is schematic representation of well logging probe 10 having a detector assembly 70 coupled to probe housing 14 .
- detector assembly 70 includes scintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by an optical interface 72 .
- Scintillator 16 and optical interface 72 are hermetically sealed inside detector housing 22 .
- Optical interface 72 includes window 24 hermetically sealed into detector housing 22 , elastomeric pad 56 optically coupled to window 24 , and gadolinium doped filter glass 54 optically coupled to elastomeric pad 56 .
- First side 38 of window 24 is optically coupled to photo-multiplier 18 and second side 40 of window 24 is optically coupled to first side 62 of elastomeric pad 56 .
- Second side 64 of elastomeric pad 56 is optically coupled to first side 58 of gadolinium doped filter glass 54 .
- Second side 60 of gadolinium doped filter glass is coupled to scintillator 16 .
- Any known method of optically coupling the components together can be used.
- oil is used to optically couple components together. Oil permits good optical contact between components.
- Detector cable 26 connects detector assembly 70 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown).
- Exemplary embodiments of the detector assembly for a well logging probe are described above in detail.
- the configurations are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of the configuration may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein.
- Each detector assembly component can also be used in combination with other detector assembly components.
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates generally to well logging apparatus, and more particularly to well logging apparatus that include a gadolinium optical interface.
- Modern petroleum drilling operations require large quantities of information relating to geological formations and conditions through which the drill is passing. This collection of information is commonly referred to as logging and can be performed by a number of methods. Oil well logging has been known for many years as a technique for providing information to a driller regarding the particular earth formations being drilled. In conventional wireline logging, a probe or sonde housing information sensors is lowered into a bore hole after some or all of the well has been drilled, and is used to determine certain characteristics of the formations traversed by the bore hole. The sonde is supported by a conductive wireline, which attaches to the sonde at the upper end. Power is transmitted to the sensors through the conductive wireline. Also, the instrumentation in the sonde communicates information to the surface by electrical signals transmitted through the wireline.
- One known method of oil well logging includes a fast neutron source in the logging tool. Neutrons from this source are scattered and absorbed in the well bore environment producing gamma rays. These gamma rays are detected by Nal scintillation crystals in the tool and give information on physical traits of the well bore environment. Light produced from scintillations in Nal is transmitted through an optical interface to a photo-multiplier tube. Despite shielding the surfaces of the Nal scintillator that do not couple to the photo-multiplier tube, neutrons can enter through the optical interface. Thermalized neutrons activate the iodine in the Nal scintillation crystals, which then decays with a half life of 25 minutes. As these decays occur, the Nal scintillator detects the radiation emitted and an elevated background count is created. This background count disturbs and skews the measurements of interest.
- One known approach to exclude neutrons from the optical end of the Nal scintillator is to wrap the entire photo-multiplier tube in cadmium. This approach has several disadvantages. Cadmium has only moderate capability at absorbing thermal neutrons. Therefore, the detector must be reduced in length to provide space for the amount of cadmium needed to effectively shield neutrons. Also, cadmium is a known carcinogen and is toxic. The cadmium wrapping is external to the detector thereby limiting the space available for the sensor in the logging tool.
- In one aspect, a well logging apparatus is provided that includes a probe having a detector assembly. The detector assembly includes a scintillator having a scintillation crystal capable of producing light when exposed to gamma rays, a photo-multiplier, and an optical interface positioned between the scintillator and the photo-multiplier. The optical interface optically couples the scintillator and the photo-multiplier. The optical interface includes a gadolinium doped filter glass.
- In another aspect, a detector assembly for a well logging tool is provided. The detector assembly includes a scintillator having a scintillation crystal capable of producing light when exposed to gamma rays, a photo-multiplier, and an optical interface positioned between the scintillator and the photo-multiplier. The optical interface optically couples the scintillator and the photo-multiplier. The optical interface includes a gadolinium doped filter glass.
- In another aspect, a well logging apparatus is provided. The well logging apparatus includes a probe housing and a detector assembly positioned in the probe housing. The detector assembly includes a scintillator having a scintillation crystal capable of producing light when exposed to gamma rays, a photo-multiplier, and an optical interface positioned between the scintillator and the photo-multiplier. The optical interface optically couples the scintillator and the photo-multiplier. The optical interface includes a gadolinium doped filter glass.
- FIG. 1 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is schematic representation of a well logging probe having a detector assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- A detector assembly for a well logging probe is described in detail below. The logging probe includes a fast neutron source that produce neutrons that are scattered and absorbed in the well bore environment producing gamma rays. The detector assembly includes an optical interface positioned between and optically coupling a scintillator and a photo-multiplier tube. The scintillator includes a scintillation crystal, for example a Nal scintillation crystal, that produce light when exposed to gamma rays. The optical interface includes a gadolinium (Gd) doped filter glass which prevents neutrons from entering the detector through the optical interface and activating the iodine in the Nal crystal, which then decays. Any iodine decay emits radiation which is detected by the scintillator and produces a elevated background count. This elevated background can skew the measurements of gamma rays by the detector. The elimination of neutron activation of iodine by the Gd doped filter glass facilitated the production of accurate measurements by the well logging probe.
- Referring now to the drawings, like reference numerals have been used to refer to like parts in FIGS.1 -5. FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a well
logging probe 10 having adetector assembly 12 coupled to aprobe housing 14. In an exemplary embodiment,detector assembly 12 includes ascintillator 16 and a photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by anoptical interface 20. Scintillator 16, photo-multiplier tube 18 andoptical interface 20 are hermetically sealed inside adetector housing 22.Optical interface 20 includes awindow 24 hermetically sealed intodetector housing 22. In this exemplary embodiment,window 24 is gadolinium doped filter glass. Adetector cable 26 connectsdetector assembly 12 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown). - FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a well
logging probe 10 having adetector assembly 12 coupled to aprobe housing 14. In an exemplary embodiment,detector assembly 28 includesscintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together byoptical interface 20. Scintillator 16 andoptical interface 20 are hermetically sealed inside adetector housing 22.Optical interface 20 includes awindow 24 hermetically sealed intodetector housing 22. In this exemplary embodiment,window 24 is gadolinium doped filter glass. Adetector cable 26 connectsdetector assembly 12 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown). - FIG. 3 is schematic representation of
well logging probe 10 having adetector assembly 30 coupled to probehousing 14. In an exemplary embodiment,detector assembly 30 includesscintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by anoptical interface 32.Scintillator 16 andoptical interface 32 are hermetically sealed insidedetector housing 22.Optical interface 32 includeswindow 24 hermetically sealed intodetector housing 22 and a gadolinium dopedfilter glass 34 embedded inside anelastomeric pad 36.Window 24 can be fabricated from any suitable material, for example sapphire. Afirst side 38 ofwindow 24 is optically coupled to photo-multiplier 18 and asecond side 40 ofwindow 24 is optically coupled to afirst side 42 ofelastomeric pad 36. Asecond side 44 ofelastomeric pad 36 is optically coupled toscintillator 16. Any known method of optically coupling the components together can be used. In the exemplary embodiment oil is used to optically couple components together. Oil permits good optical contact between components.Detector cable 26 connectsdetector assembly 30 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown). - FIG. 4 is schematic representation of
well logging probe 10 having adetector assembly 50 coupled to probehousing 14. In an exemplary embodiment,detector assembly 50 includesscintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by anoptical interface 52.Scintillator 16 andoptical interface 52 are hermetically sealed insidedetector housing 22.Optical interface 52 includeswindow 24 hermetically sealed intodetector housing 22, a gadolinium dopedfilter glass 54 optically coupled towindow 24, and anelastomeric pad 56 optically coupled to gadolinium dopedfilter glass 54.First side 38 ofwindow 24 is optically coupled to photo-multiplier 18 andsecond side 40 ofwindow 24 is optically coupled to afirst side 58 of gadolinium dopedfilter glass 54. Asecond side 60 of gadolinium doped filter glass is coupled to afirst side 62 ofelastomeric pad 56. Asecond side 64 ofelastomeric pad 56 is optically coupled toscintillator 16. Any known method of optically coupling the components together can be used. In the exemplary embodiment oil is used to optically couple components together. Oil permits good optical contact between components.Detector cable 26 connectsdetector assembly 50 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown). - FIG. 5 is schematic representation of
well logging probe 10 having adetector assembly 70 coupled to probehousing 14. In an exemplary embodiment,detector assembly 70 includesscintillator 16 and photo-multiplier tube 18 optically coupled together by anoptical interface 72.Scintillator 16 andoptical interface 72 are hermetically sealed insidedetector housing 22.Optical interface 72 includeswindow 24 hermetically sealed intodetector housing 22,elastomeric pad 56 optically coupled towindow 24, and gadolinium dopedfilter glass 54 optically coupled toelastomeric pad 56.First side 38 ofwindow 24 is optically coupled to photo-multiplier 18 andsecond side 40 ofwindow 24 is optically coupled tofirst side 62 ofelastomeric pad 56.Second side 64 ofelastomeric pad 56 is optically coupled tofirst side 58 of gadolinium dopedfilter glass 54.Second side 60 of gadolinium doped filter glass is coupled toscintillator 16. Any known method of optically coupling the components together can be used. In the exemplary embodiment oil is used to optically couple components together. Oil permits good optical contact between components.Detector cable 26 connectsdetector assembly 70 to data processing equipment (not shown) and a power source (not shown). - Exemplary embodiments of the detector assembly for a well logging probe are described above in detail. The configurations are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein, but rather, components of the configuration may be utilized independently and separately from other components described herein. Each detector assembly component can also be used in combination with other detector assembly components.
- While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.
Claims (23)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/248,154 US6872937B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2002-12-20 | Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface |
IT002336A ITMI20032336A1 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-11-28 | WELL PROSPECTION EQUIPMENT WITH INTERFACE |
CA002452889A CA2452889A1 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-11 | Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface |
GB0329148A GB2397880B (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-16 | Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface |
JP2003421870A JP2004205512A (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2003-12-19 | Well logging inspection device having gadolinium optical interface |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/248,154 US6872937B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2002-12-20 | Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US20040119008A1 true US20040119008A1 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
US6872937B2 US6872937B2 (en) | 2005-03-29 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US10/248,154 Expired - Lifetime US6872937B2 (en) | 2002-12-20 | 2002-12-20 | Well logging apparatus with gadolinium optical interface |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6872937B2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2004205512A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2452889A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2397880B (en) |
IT (1) | ITMI20032336A1 (en) |
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US20100072398A1 (en) * | 2008-09-19 | 2010-03-25 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | Method of forming a scintillator device |
US20100327153A1 (en) * | 2009-06-29 | 2010-12-30 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Use of solid crystals as continuous light pipes to funnel light into pmt window |
WO2014045058A1 (en) * | 2012-09-21 | 2014-03-27 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Photomultiplier apparatus and radiation detector incorporating such apparatus |
WO2014178938A1 (en) * | 2013-05-01 | 2014-11-06 | Schlumberger Canada Limited | Method of making a well-logging radiation detector |
US20190154853A1 (en) * | 2017-09-08 | 2019-05-23 | Institute Of Geology And Geophysics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Integral Packaging Device for Acoustic Receiving Transducers While Drilling |
CN110988965A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-04-10 | 中国辐射防护研究院 | Miniature gamma ray detector based on MPPC module |
CN112888966A (en) * | 2018-10-23 | 2021-06-01 | 赛默飞世尔科学测量技术有限公司 | Gamma ray and neutron dosimeter |
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US7154098B2 (en) * | 2004-02-19 | 2006-12-26 | General Electric Company | Ruggedized scintillation detector for portal monitors and light pipe incorporated therein |
US7365333B1 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2008-04-29 | Radiation Monitoring Devices, Inc. | LuxY(1−x)Xa3 scintillators |
US7544928B2 (en) * | 2007-10-17 | 2009-06-09 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | High resolution gamma measurements and imaging |
WO2012170390A2 (en) | 2011-06-06 | 2012-12-13 | Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc. | Scintillation crystal including a rare earth halide, and a radiation detection system including the scintillation crystal |
EP2912143B1 (en) | 2012-10-28 | 2019-11-27 | Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen | Scintillation crystal including a rare earth halide, and a radiation detection apparatus including the scintillation crystal |
US10279064B2 (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2019-05-07 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Low voltage electron beam dosimeter device and method |
US9575207B1 (en) | 2016-03-07 | 2017-02-21 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Nanostructured glass ceramic neutron shield for down-hole thermal neutron porosity measurement tools |
US11680897B2 (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2023-06-20 | Joseph R. Demers | Multi-pass spectroscopy apparatus, associated sample holder and methods |
US11733156B2 (en) | 2021-02-23 | 2023-08-22 | Joseph R. Demers | Semiconductor package for free-space coupling of radiation and method |
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US9377538B2 (en) * | 2012-09-21 | 2016-06-28 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Photomultiplier apparatus and radiation detector incorporating such apparatus |
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US20150234057A1 (en) * | 2012-09-21 | 2015-08-20 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Photomultiplier apparatus and radiation detector incorporating such apparatus |
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US20190154853A1 (en) * | 2017-09-08 | 2019-05-23 | Institute Of Geology And Geophysics, Chinese Academy Of Sciences | Integral Packaging Device for Acoustic Receiving Transducers While Drilling |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ITMI20032336A1 (en) | 2004-06-21 |
GB2397880B (en) | 2005-11-23 |
CA2452889A1 (en) | 2004-06-20 |
JP2004205512A (en) | 2004-07-22 |
US6872937B2 (en) | 2005-03-29 |
GB2397880A (en) | 2004-08-04 |
GB0329148D0 (en) | 2004-01-21 |
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