US20020181626A1 - Doppler corrected communications receiver and method of removing doppler frequency shift - Google Patents
Doppler corrected communications receiver and method of removing doppler frequency shift Download PDFInfo
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- US20020181626A1 US20020181626A1 US09/841,487 US84148701A US2002181626A1 US 20020181626 A1 US20020181626 A1 US 20020181626A1 US 84148701 A US84148701 A US 84148701A US 2002181626 A1 US2002181626 A1 US 2002181626A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
- H04B1/7073—Synchronisation aspects
- H04B1/7087—Carrier synchronisation aspects
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of transmission systems not covered by a single group of H04B3/00 - H04B13/00
- H04B2201/69—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general
- H04B2201/707—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general relating to direct sequence modulation
- H04B2201/70701—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general relating to direct sequence modulation featuring pilot assisted reception
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0044—Control loops for carrier regulation
- H04L2027/0063—Elements of loops
- H04L2027/0065—Frequency error detectors
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- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to communications receivers, and more particularly, this invention relates to removing Doppler frequency shift in CDMA communications receivers.
- Cellular telephone and mobile telephone systems are becoming more commonplace. In third generation mobile systems that are currently being developed, the mobile system must support a mobile speed up to 500 Km/Hr, which incurs a large Doppler frequency shift. Many of these mobile systems use rake receivers for enhanced multipath discrimination and other advantages. These receivers are used with spread spectrum communication signals, such as a code division multiple access (CDMA) communication system, where the rake receiver performs continuous, detailed measurements of multipath characteristics to combat selective fading. This can be accomplished in some rake devices by detecting a signal from each path individually, using correlation methods and algebraically combining echo signals into a single detected signal. Most rake receivers use rake “fingers” or sections, which combine signals received from the various paths. The rake fingers can be analogized to matched filters, where path gains of each “finger” work similar to matched filter taps. Examples of various rake receivers and rake “finger” structures are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,659,573; 5,910,950; 6,085,104; and 6,163,563.
- As noted before, the mobile systems support high speeds are subject to Doppler frequency shift. One conventional method for solving and eliminating Doppler frequency shift within spread spectrum receivers and typically rake receivers, is the use of channel estimation to estimate Doppler frequency shift. This type of system, however, requires a complex filter structure and an optimum filter, such as Wiener filter, that is not realizable in many circuits.
- It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and a receiver structure of removing the Doppler frequency shift in an optimum and realizable manner.
- In accordance with the present invention, a novel architecture of a rake receiver uses differential detection to remove the Doppler frequency shift. A spread spectrum communications signal has a dedicated physical channel that carries the data and common pilot channel that carries the pilot and is received within a rake receiver. The Doppler change in frequency is estimated using the common pilot channel. The Doppler error is cancelled within the dedicated physical channel using the estimated Doppler frequency change.
- The receiver is, in one aspect of the present invention, a rake receiver and the spread spectrum communications signal comprises a code division multiple access (CDMA) communications signal. The Doppler change in frequency is estimated, in one aspect of the present invention, by multiplying a channelization code into respective in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels, summing over a symbol period, and sampling to obtain respective I and Q sampled values. To estimate the Doppler frequency shift, the sampled values are phase shifted, and an arc tangent taken of I and Q sampled values.
- In yet another aspect of the present invention, the method comprises the step of estimating sine and cosine values of the estimated Doppler frequency shift to be multiplied within the dedicated physical channel. This channel can be split into I and Q data channels that receive an estimated Doppler change in frequency within respective I and Q Doppler estimation channels.
- A communications receiver of the present invention includes a pilot channel rake section having I and Q Doppler estimation channels for estimating the Doppler change in frequency based on a common pilot channel. A data channel rake section has I and Q data branches that remove the Doppler frequency shift and have data recovered. Each I and Q data channel includes a delay circuit for receiving respective I and Q signals split from the spread spectrum communications signal at baseband and sine and cosine branches for receiving and multiplying into the sine and cosine branches the estimated Doppler change in frequency.
- An addition circuit adds together any multiplied product received from respective sine and cosine branches. An integrator introduces a spreading factor when canceling Doppler error. Each I and Q Doppler estimation channel includes a mixer for receiving the spread spectrum communications signal at baseband and a channelization code. Each I and Q Doppler estimation channel also includes an integrator and sample and delay circuit, including a phase shifter. Each sample and delay circuit includes a multiplier for receiving a delay signal from the respective other I or Q Doppler estimation channel.
- Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the invention which follows, when considered in light of the accompanying drawings in which:
- FIG. 1 is a high level block diagram of a Doppler-corrected rake finger structure used in a communications receiver of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a high level flow chart illustrating basic operation of the method used with communications receiver of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram of the Doppler-corrected rake finger structure shown in FIG. 1.
- The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
- The present invention advantageously removes the Doppler frequency shift in a communications receiver, such as the illustrated
rake receiver 10, using differential detection. As is well known, third generation mobile systems must support mobile speeds up to 500 Km/Hr, which incurs a large Doppler frequency shift. The architecture and circuit of the present invention uses differential detection and removes the Doppler frequency shift in therake receiver 10. - As is well known, different spread spectrum communications signals can be used with rake receiver structures. In the present illustrated aspect of the invention, the type of spread spectrum communications signal is a direct sequence spread spectrum signal, such as a code division multiple access (CDMA) communications signal. As is well known, in the 3G wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) system, it includes a common pilot channel and dedicated physical channel, such as for data, e.g., a data channel. The present invention uses mathematical derivations and associated algorithms with the common pilot channel to estimate the Doppler frequency and use that Doppler frequency estimation to remove, i.e., cancel, the Doppler frequency for the dedicated physical channel of the wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) communications signal.
- As shown in FIG. 1, a high level block diagram of a
rake receiver 10 having a Doppler-corrected rake finger structure is illustrated. The signal is down converted 10 a and descrambled 10 b. The signal is next split at baseband via a mixer andphase shift circuit 11 into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components and into in-phase (I) first and second paths and quadrature (Q) first and second paths. The first path includes a pilotchannel rake section 12 having I and QDoppler estimation channels - A data
channel rake section 18 has twoparts rake section 12 receives the pilot from the common pilot channel and uses it to estimate the Doppler frequency shift. Each I andQ data channel delay circuit 24 for receiving respective I and Q signals split from the spread spectrum communications signal at baseband. Sine andcosine branches mixers mixers channel rake section 12. Thesine branch 26 includesphase shift circuit 34 for shifting thedelayed signal 90°, imparting the necessary phase change for the sine branch. An addition/subtraction circuit 36 adds and subtracts the necessary multiplied product received from respective sine andcosine branches mixer 38 receives the channelization code and anintegration circuit 40 to cancel the Doppler error over every symbol. It integrates over one symbol time, which is equal to the spreading factor multiplied by the chip time (SF×Tc). - Each I and Q
Doppler estimation channel mixer 42 for receiving the I and Q portions of the spread spectrum communications signal at baseband and a respective I, Q channelization code. Each I and Q Doppler estimation channel also includes anintegrator 44, asample circuit 46, and adelay circuit 48, including aphase shifter 50 and multiplier and add/sum circuit 52. Adivide circuit 53 for the produced Ak and Bk signal components is subject to an arc tangent function inarc tangent circuit 54, together with a sine andphase circuit 56 to produce the estimated sine and cosine Doppler frequency correction components. Further details of the circuit are shown and explained with reference to FIG. 3 below. - FIG. 2 illustrates a high level flow chart of the sequence of steps of the present invention, where a spread spectrum communication signal is received in a receiver (block100). The spread spectrum communication signal has a dedicated physical channel and common pilot channel. A channelization code is multiplied (mixed) into respective in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels (block 102), summed over a symbol period (block 104) and sampled to obtain respective I and Q sampled values (block 106). At the same time, on a parallel path, the channelization code I/Q is mixed for the pilot channels (block 108). These values are summed over the symbol period (block 110) and then sampled to obtain I/Q samples (block 112). These values are phase shifted (block 114) and the Doppler frequency shift is estimated (block 116). This value is used to cancel the Doppler frequency error (block 118) together with the samples to obtain the I/Q sampled values (block 106).
- For purposes of explanation, a description of the algorithm used with differential detection in the rake receiver design shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 is set forth in detail, followed by a detailed description of the circuit shown in FIG. 3 that implements the method and algorithm.
- As noted before, in the DL of a W-CDMA communication signal, a common pilot channel (CPICH) exists and is advantageously used in the present invention. A mathematical derivation of the present invention is possible by using the common pilot channel to estimate the Doppler frequency and use that estimation to remove the Doppler frequency for the dedicated physical channel (DPCH). As is known, the communication signal is received, downconverted and descrambled. In this description, R(t) is the signal after the down conversion and descrambling for each path.
- r(t)={square root}{square root over (2)}pα(t)a 1(t)C 1(t)sin(2πΔft+θ(t))+n 1(t)+{square root}{square root over (2)}pα(t)a q(t)C Q(t)cos(2πΔft+θ(t))+n Q(t)
Equation 1 - In this equation, p is the signal power. C1 (t) and CQ (t) are the channelization codes for the I and Q channels respectively, while α (t) is the fading amplitude. θ (t) is the phase error and Δf=fd+fe is the sum of Doppler shift frequency and frequency error due to an imperfect down conversion.
- The system uses the common pilot to estimate the frequency error. aI (t) and aQ (t) are symbol data. It should be understood, however, that the system can be extended to using the pilot pattern in the dedicated common control physical channel also.
-
- In Equation 2, it is assumed that α (t) ≈α and θ (t) ≈θ since N·Tc<<1/fd (flat fading). Moreover, by taking a 90 degree phase shift of Ik and Qk, the following is obtained:
- I k 90°={square root}{square root over (2)}pα k a lk[sin(2πΔfkNT c+θ)−sin(2πΔf(k−1)NT c+θ]
- Q k 90°={square root}{square root over (2)}pα k a Qk[cos (2πΔfkNT c+θ)−cos(2πΔf(k−1)NT c+θ] Equation 3
- These quantities are used to estimate the Δf:
- A k =I k Q k+1 −Q k I k+1=sin(2πΔf(2NT c))−2sin(2πΔfNT c)=2sin(2πΔfNT c)[cos2πΔfNT c−]
- B k =I k Q 90° k−1 −Q k I 90° k+1=2cos2(2πΔfNT c)−2cos(2πΔfNT c)=2cos(2πΔfNT c)[cos 2πΔfNT c−1]
Equation 4 -
- The Δf estimate is used to remove the frequency error due to the Doppler shift and imperfect down conversion.
- Let r1 (t) and rQ (t) represent the in-phase and quadrature part of the received signal for another rake finger that is used to receive the data channel, such as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. Therefore:
- r 1(t)={square root}{square root over (2)}pα(t)a 1(t)C 1(t)sin(2πΔft+θ(t))+n 1(t)
- r Q(t)={square root}{square root over (2)}pα(t)a Q(t)C Q1(t)cos(2πΔft+θ(t))+n Q(t) Equation 6
- X 1(t)=r 1(t)·cos2πΔft−r 1 90°(t)·sin 2πΔf={square root}{square root over (2)}pα(t)a 1(t)C 1(t)sin(θ(t))+n X1(t)
- X Q(t)=r Q(t)·cos 2πΔft−r Q 90°(t)·sin 2πΔf={square root}{square root over (2)}pα(t)a Q(t)C Q(t)cos(θ(t)+n Xq(t) Equation 7
- From Equation 7, the frequency-corrected data is obtained. The phase error θ (t)≈θ is over the symbol period. Therefore, it can be alleviated using the simple channel estimation.
- In the DL of W-CDMA, because the spreading factor (SF) is not changing dynamically, the channelization code is multiplied for the channel and accumulated over SF·Tc, i.e., the symbol period.
- FIG. 3 shows a more detailed block circuit diagram of the rake finger structure shown in FIG. 1. There is no illustrated acquisition and tracking circuit as would typically be used in a rake receiver. The phase error introduced due to the imperfect acquisition and tracking is considered in θ (t), which can be alleviated via simple averaged channel estimation. There is a 2NTc delay in the other fingers, because it takes 2NTc samples to obtain Ik, Ik+1, Qk, Qk+1.
- As illustrated, the spread spectrum communications signal after down conversion is received within the RF receive
circuitry 11 where it is split into two signals and mixed inmixers phase shift circuits - As illustrated, on the second path for the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) portions, the signal is delayed by the
delay circuit 24 and then split into sine, cosine branches, where on sine branch it is rotated 90°. After mixing, the two signals enter the addition/subtraction circuit 36 and are combined and mixed with the channelization code inmixer 38 for the data channel and integrated over SF·Tc period of time. The signal is sampled atcircuit 210 to form the Doppler cancelled data. - As to the first path of the I and Q signal, the signals enter the
mixers 42 where the respective I or Q channel components are mixed with the pilot channelization code and then integrated, sampled, delayed and 90° phase shifted. Part of the sampled signal is cross-coupled into a pair of mixer/multipliers 212 that receive signals from the delay circuit. The signals from the delay circuit also are cross-coupled into a second pair of mixer/multipliers 214 that receive the 90° phase shift signal. These are then received within respective addition/subtraction circuits 216 producing signals Ak, Bk, which are received and divided by the dividingcircuit 53. The arc tangent is taken incircuit 54. The mixer/multiplier 230 receives the signal and mixesinput 1/NTc, which product is received within asine logic circuit 232 where the estimated sine Doppler cancellation signal and the cosine cancellation signal (after entering the 90° phase shift circuit 234) is obtained. These resultant values are used to cancel the Doppler as described above. - Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention will come to the mind of one skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that the modifications and embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the dependent claims.
Claims (22)
Priority Applications (3)
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US09/841,487 US7035315B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2001-04-24 | Doppler corrected communications receiver and method of removing doppler frequency shift |
EP02252086A EP1253724A1 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-03-22 | Removing Doppler shift from a spread-spectrum signal |
JP2002106746A JP2002344351A (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2002-04-09 | Method and communication receiver for removing doppler frequency shift in spread spectrum communication signal |
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US09/841,487 US7035315B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2001-04-24 | Doppler corrected communications receiver and method of removing doppler frequency shift |
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US7035315B2 US7035315B2 (en) | 2006-04-25 |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2004049112A2 (en) * | 2002-11-22 | 2004-06-10 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Channel gain estimation in a rake receiver |
US20060121915A1 (en) * | 2002-04-01 | 2006-06-08 | Christopher Patrick | System, method, and apparatus for correction of code doppler shift |
US20060239364A1 (en) * | 2005-04-21 | 2006-10-26 | Leif Wilhelmsson | Doppler spread estimation for OFDM systems |
US20100008452A1 (en) * | 2008-07-08 | 2010-01-14 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for estimating doppler frequency in a mobile terminal |
US20100135367A1 (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2010-06-03 | Andreas Schmid | Adaptive Correlation for Detection of a High-Frequency Signal |
US20160373288A1 (en) * | 2015-06-19 | 2016-12-22 | Texasinstrumentsincorporated | Wideband iq mismatch correction for direct down-conversion receiver |
US11005521B2 (en) * | 2018-11-02 | 2021-05-11 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Efficient handling of clock offset in spread spectrum decoders |
Families Citing this family (5)
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EP1543633B1 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2006-11-15 | Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) | Evaluating orthogonal codes transmitted in a wireless communications network |
ATE367024T1 (en) * | 2003-04-04 | 2007-08-15 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | PRE-EQUALIZATION OF A MULTI- CARRIER CDMA SYSTEM VIA TIME-VARIANT TRANSMISSION CHANNELS |
US20060193409A1 (en) * | 2005-02-28 | 2006-08-31 | Chou Shaohan J | Method and apparatus for compensation of doppler induced carrier frequency offset in a digital receiver system |
JP5320811B2 (en) * | 2008-05-13 | 2013-10-23 | 富士通株式会社 | RAKE receiver, base station apparatus, reception control method, and reception control program |
CN111060920B (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2023-03-24 | 重庆大学 | Method for eliminating Doppler error of frequency modulation continuous wave laser ranging system |
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US9647867B2 (en) * | 2015-06-19 | 2017-05-09 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Wideband IQ mismatch correction for direct down-conversion receiver |
US11005521B2 (en) * | 2018-11-02 | 2021-05-11 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Efficient handling of clock offset in spread spectrum decoders |
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EP1253724A1 (en) | 2002-10-30 |
US7035315B2 (en) | 2006-04-25 |
JP2002344351A (en) | 2002-11-29 |
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