EP0448421A1 - Valve operating means with optical detection - Google Patents

Valve operating means with optical detection Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0448421A1
EP0448421A1 EP91400392A EP91400392A EP0448421A1 EP 0448421 A1 EP0448421 A1 EP 0448421A1 EP 91400392 A EP91400392 A EP 91400392A EP 91400392 A EP91400392 A EP 91400392A EP 0448421 A1 EP0448421 A1 EP 0448421A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
receiver
transmitter
axes
control device
axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91400392A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0448421B1 (en
Inventor
Daniel Dutheil
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Les Robinets Presto SA
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Les Robinets Presto SA
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Application filed by Les Robinets Presto SA filed Critical Les Robinets Presto SA
Publication of EP0448421A1 publication Critical patent/EP0448421A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0448421B1 publication Critical patent/EP0448421B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
    • E03C—DOMESTIC PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS FOR FRESH WATER OR WASTE WATER; SINKS
    • E03C1/00—Domestic plumbing installations for fresh water or waste water; Sinks
    • E03C1/02—Plumbing installations for fresh water
    • E03C1/05—Arrangements of devices on wash-basins, baths, sinks, or the like for remote control of taps
    • E03C1/055—Electrical control devices, e.g. with push buttons, control panels or the like
    • E03C1/057—Electrical control devices, e.g. with push buttons, control panels or the like touchless, i.e. using sensors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for controlling a tap by optical detection.
  • Devices are known according to which the presence of the user's hands or body is detected using an opto-electronic system which triggers the flow of water, the flow being stopped by move it away from the user.
  • the detection device is produced by a transmitter producing, for example, an infrared ray which is reflected by the hands or the body of the user towards a receiver sensitive to the ray emitted and which then delivers a signal, the latter being amplified and processed to allow control of a solenoid valve.
  • the transmitter and the receiver are physically very close and the incident ray is practically reflected on itself. Therefore, the detection area is very small and it is located under the spout of the tap. Under these conditions, it is not possible to maintain the flow of water if the hands come out of this area and plunge, for example, towards the bottom of the sink.
  • the present invention which overcomes these drawbacks, is remarkable in that the transmitter and the receiver are separate and in that their axes are concurrent and contained in an inclined plane.
  • 1 is a sink comprising a spout 2 for supplying water placed under the control of a detection unit 3.
  • the detection zone 5 extends practically from the spout 2 to the bottom of the sink.
  • the axes 8 and 9 are concurrent and contained in an inclined plane which lowers towards the bottom of the sink relative to the horizontal XX, the point of convergence I being located, substantially, on the vertical YY passing through the axis of the spout 2.
  • a lens is placed in front of the radiating semiconductor element constituting the emitter, the axis of the lens is coincident with that of said element and practically the central emerging ray, that of Figures 1 and 4 , is perpendicular to the partition supporting the device.
  • the central emerging ray, materialized by the axis 8, must be deflected towards the center. This result is obtained by shifting the optical axis of the lens 11 relative to that of the emitter 6. A analogous but symmetrical arrangement is adopted with regard to the receiver.
  • the optical axes of the transmitter and the receiver are inclined as shown in FIGS. 7 to 8.
  • a prism is placed in front of the lenses 11 Fresnel 12, made of a material allowing the infrared to pass through,
  • Fresnel 12 made of a material allowing the infrared to pass through
  • a plurality of prisms is used, the assembly thus constituted being able to serve as a protector for the device, the prism (s) 12 making it possible to widen the beam downwards the vertical plane.
  • the device which has just been described must be able to be used whatever the distances between the spout 2 and the support wall on the one hand, and said spout and the bottom of the sink on the other hand. In other words, it is necessary to be able to vary the position of the point I where the axes 8 and 9 meet, and this, preferably, along a horizontal ZZ.
  • each lens can be moved in a vertical direction and in a horizontal direction relative to the element in front of which it is placed.
  • each lens 11 is carried by a slide 13 guided in a slide 14 of the housing 15 containing the transmitter or the receiver, the axis WW of the slide being inclined relative to the plane of symmetry of the device, which contains the YY axis.
  • each slide allows a double adjustment.
  • the meeting point I of the axes 8 and 9 is in Ia, that is to say further than that I on the same horizontal ZZ.
  • the meeting point is in Ib, that is to say less far than that I on the same horizontal ZZ.
  • the invention provides for associating a usual device with that of the invention, as is apparent from FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the usual device detects the zone located immediately in below the spout 2.
  • the usual device 16 is arranged between the transmitter 6 and the receiver 7.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)
  • Undergarments, Swaddling Clothes, Handkerchiefs Or Underwear Materials (AREA)
  • Domestic Plumbing Installations (AREA)
  • Indication Of The Valve Opening Or Closing Status (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)

Abstract

Device for controlling a tap by optical detection, characterised in that the transmitter (6) and the receiver (7) are physically separated and in that their axes (8 and 9) are coincident and contained in an inclined plane. The axes (8 and 9) are substantially coincident with the vertical (YY) passing through the axis of the spout (2) of the tap. The control device is associated with a usual device of the type of those in which the axes of the transmitter and of the receiver are substantially parallel, this usual device being disposed between the transmitter and the receiver of the invention. Means are provided to adjust the position of the point of convergence (I) of the axes (8 and 9). <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention est relative à un dispositif de commande d'un robinet par détection optique.The present invention relates to a device for controlling a tap by optical detection.

On connaît des dispositifs selon lesquels on détecte la présence des mains ou du corps de l'utilisateur à l'aide d'un système opto-électronique qui déclenche l'écoulement de l'eau, l'arrêt de l'écoulement étant obtenu par l'éloignenent de l'usager.Devices are known according to which the presence of the user's hands or body is detected using an opto-electronic system which triggers the flow of water, the flow being stopped by move it away from the user.

Le dispositif de détection est réalisé par un émetteur produisant, par exemple, un rayon infrarouge qui est réfléchi par les mains ou le corps de l'utilisateur vers un récepteur sensible au rayon émis et qui délivre alors un signal, ce dernier étant amplifié et traité pour permettre la commande d'une électrovanne.The detection device is produced by a transmitter producing, for example, an infrared ray which is reflected by the hands or the body of the user towards a receiver sensitive to the ray emitted and which then delivers a signal, the latter being amplified and processed to allow control of a solenoid valve.

Dans ce genre d'appareil, l'émetteur et le récepteur sont physiquement très proches et le rayon incident se réfléchit pratiquement sur lui-même. De ce fait, la zone de détection est très réduite et elle est située sous le bec du robinet. Dans ces conditions, il n'est pas possible de maintenir l'écoulement de l'eau si les mains sortent de cette zone et plongent, par exemple, vers le fond du lavabo.In this type of device, the transmitter and the receiver are physically very close and the incident ray is practically reflected on itself. Therefore, the detection area is very small and it is located under the spout of the tap. Under these conditions, it is not possible to maintain the flow of water if the hands come out of this area and plunge, for example, towards the bottom of the sink.

Pour remédier à cet inconvénient, il est possible d'augmenter la portée du rayon incident de façon à détecter non plus les mains mais le corps de l'utilisateur. Cette solution n'est pas valable car on a constaté que le dispositif réagissait à la présence de toute personne située devant le lavabo même si cette dernière ne souhaitait pas se laver les mains ou passait, de façon intempestive, devant ledit lavabo et qu'il en résultait une consommation d'eau exagérée et inutile.To remedy this drawback, it is possible to increase the range of the incident ray so as to no longer detect the hands but the body of the user. This solution is not valid because it was found that the device reacted to the presence of any person located in front of the sink even if the latter did not wish to wash his hands or passed, inadvertently in front of said sink and that he The result was excessive and unnecessary water consumption.

La présente invention, qui remédie à ces inconvénients, est remarquable en ce que l'émetteur et le récepteur sont séparés et en ce que leurs axes sont concourants et contenus dans un plan incliné.The present invention, which overcomes these drawbacks, is remarkable in that the transmitter and the receiver are separate and in that their axes are concurrent and contained in an inclined plane.

La présente invention sera mieux comprise par la description qui va suivre faite en se référait aux dessins annexés, à titre d'exemple indicatif seulement, sur lesquels:

  • les figures 1 et 2 sont des vues de côté montrant un dispositif connu;
  • la figure 3 est une vue, analogue à celles précédentes, montrant le résultat obtenu à l'aide du dispositif de l'invention;
  • la figure 4 est une vue schématique, en perspective, du dispositif de l'invention;
  • la figure 5 est, à plus grande échelle, une vue analogue à celle 3;
  • la figure 6 est une vue en coupe verticale d'un émetteur ou d'un récepteur;
  • la figure 7 est la vue de droite de la figure 6;
  • la figure 8 est une vue analogue à celle 6 montrant la possibilité d'élargir le faisceau incident.
The present invention will be better understood from the description which follows made with reference to the accompanying drawings, by way of indicative example only, in which:
  • Figures 1 and 2 are side views showing a known device;
  • Figure 3 is a view, similar to those preceding, showing the result obtained using the device of the invention;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic perspective view of the device of the invention;
  • Figure 5 is, on a larger scale, a view similar to that 3;
  • Figure 6 is a vertical sectional view of a transmitter or a receiver;
  • Figure 7 is the right view of Figure 6;
  • Figure 8 is a view similar to that 6 showing the possibility of widening the incident beam.

En se reportant aux figures 1 et 2 on voit que, de la façon connue, 1 est un lavabo comportant un bec 2 d'alimentation en eau placé sous le contrôle d'un boitier de détection 3. Comme cela ressort de ces figures, les dispositifs de détection usuels dans lesquels l'émetteur et le récepteur sont physiquement très proches, les axes étant espacés de l'ordre d'une quinzaine de milimètres, la zone de détection est pratiquement limitée à celle schématisée en 4 sous le bec 2. Dès lors, si les mains de l'usager plongent vers le fond du lavabo 1, elles sortent de la zone 4 et l'alimentation en eau cesse.Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, it can be seen that, in the known manner, 1 is a sink comprising a spout 2 for supplying water placed under the control of a detection unit 3. As can be seen from these figures, the usual detection devices in which the transmitter and the receiver are physically very close, the axes being spaced on the order of fifteen millimeters, the detection zone is practically limited to that shown diagrammatically in 4 under the spout 2. From then, if the user's hands plunge to the bottom of the sink 1, they leave zone 4 and the water supply stops.

Selon le dispositif de l'invention, et comme cela ressort de la figure 3, la zone 5 de détection s'étend pratiquement du bec 2 jusqu'au fond du lavabo.According to the device of the invention, and as can be seen from FIG. 3, the detection zone 5 extends practically from the spout 2 to the bottom of the sink.

Ce résultat est obtenu de la façon montrée, notamment sur la figure 4, selon laquelle l'émetteur, schématisé en 6, et le récepteur, schématisé en 7, sont physiquement séparés. L'espace entre l'axe 8 de l'émetteur et celui 9 du récepteur est de l'ordre d'une dizaine de centimètres.This result is obtained in the manner shown, in particular in FIG. 4, according to which the transmitter, shown schematically in 6, and the receiver, shown schematically in 7, are physically separated. The space between the axis 8 of the transmitter and that 9 of the receiver is of the order of ten centimeters.

Les axes 8 et 9 sont concourants et contenus dans un plan incliné qui s'abaisse vers le fond du lavabo par rapport à l'horizontale XX, le point de convergence I étant situé, sensiblement, sur la verticale YY passant par l'axe du bec 2.The axes 8 and 9 are concurrent and contained in an inclined plane which lowers towards the bottom of the sink relative to the horizontal XX, the point of convergence I being located, substantially, on the vertical YY passing through the axis of the spout 2.

Comme les axes 8 et 9 sont concourants si un rayon incident frappe le lavabo,surface très réfléchissante, le rayon réfléchi n'atteint pas le récepteur.As axes 8 and 9 are concurrent if an incident ray hits the sink, highly reflective surface, the reflected ray does not reach the receiver.

A ce stade de la description, il convient de préciser ce que sont les axes 8 et 9. Ce ne sont pas les axes optiques du système mais les rayons les plus centraux des faisceaux.At this stage of the description, it is necessary to specify what the axes 8 and 9 are. These are not the optical axes of the system but the most central rays of the beams.

Dans les systèmes de détection usuels, une lentille est placée devant l'élément semi-conducteur rayonnant constituant l'émetteur, l'axe de la lentille est confondu avec celui dudit élément et pratiquement le rayon émergeant central, celui 10 des figures 1 et 4, est perpendiculaire à la cloison supportant le dispositif.In the usual detection systems, a lens is placed in front of the radiating semiconductor element constituting the emitter, the axis of the lens is coincident with that of said element and practically the central emerging ray, that of Figures 1 and 4 , is perpendicular to the partition supporting the device.

Selon l'invention, le rayon émergeant central, matérialisé par l'axe 8, doit être dévié vers le centre. Ce résultat est obtenu en décalant l'axe optique de la lentille 11 par rapport à celui de l'émetteur 6. Une disposition analogue, mais symétrique, est adoptée en ce qui concerne le récepteur.According to the invention, the central emerging ray, materialized by the axis 8, must be deflected towards the center. This result is obtained by shifting the optical axis of the lens 11 relative to that of the emitter 6. A analogous but symmetrical arrangement is adopted with regard to the receiver.

Pour que le plan, contenant les axes 8 et 9, soit incliné vers le bas, on incline les axes optiques de l'émetteur et du récepteur comme cela ressort des figures 7 à 8. De plus, on place devant les lentilles 11 un prisme de Fresnel 12, réalisé en une matière laissant passer les infrarouges, Pratiquement, on utilise une pluralité de prismes, l'ensemble, ainsi constitué pouvant servir de protecteur au dispositif, le ou les prismes 12 permettant d'élargir le faisceau vers le bas dans le plan vertical.So that the plane, containing the axes 8 and 9, is inclined downward, the optical axes of the transmitter and the receiver are inclined as shown in FIGS. 7 to 8. In addition, a prism is placed in front of the lenses 11 Fresnel 12, made of a material allowing the infrared to pass through, In practice, a plurality of prisms is used, the assembly thus constituted being able to serve as a protector for the device, the prism (s) 12 making it possible to widen the beam downwards the vertical plane.

Le dispositif qui vient d'être décrit doit pouvoir être utilisé quel que soit les distances séparant le bec 2 et la paroi de support d'une part, et ledit bec et le fond du lavabo d'autre part. En d'autres termes, il faut pouvoir faire varier la position du point I de rencontre des axes 8 et 9.et ce, de préférence, selon une horizontale ZZ.The device which has just been described must be able to be used whatever the distances between the spout 2 and the support wall on the one hand, and said spout and the bottom of the sink on the other hand. In other words, it is necessary to be able to vary the position of the point I where the axes 8 and 9 meet, and this, preferably, along a horizontal ZZ.

Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, chaque lentille peut être déplacée selon une direction verticale et selon une direction horizontale par rapport à l'élément devant lequel elle est placée.According to another characteristic of the invention, each lens can be moved in a vertical direction and in a horizontal direction relative to the element in front of which it is placed.

Selon un mode de réalisation, chaque lentille 11 est portée par un coulisseau 13 guidé dans une glissière 14 du boitier 15 renfermant l'émetteur ou le récepteur, l'axe WW de la glissière étant incliné par rapport au plan de symétrie du dispositif, qui contient l'axe YY.According to one embodiment, each lens 11 is carried by a slide 13 guided in a slide 14 of the housing 15 containing the transmitter or the receiver, the axis WW of the slide being inclined relative to the plane of symmetry of the device, which contains the YY axis.

Le déplacement de chaque coulisseau permet d'effectuer un double réglage. Lorsque les coulisseaux sont en position haute le point de rencontre I des axes 8 et 9 est en Ia, c'est-à-dire plus loin que celui I sur la même horizontale ZZ. Par contre, lorsque les coulisseaux sont en position basse, le point de rencontre est en Ib, c'est-à-dire moins loin que celui I sur la même horizontale ZZ.The movement of each slide allows a double adjustment. When the sliders are in the high position the meeting point I of the axes 8 and 9 is in Ia, that is to say further than that I on the same horizontal ZZ. On the other hand, when the slides are in the low position, the meeting point is in Ib, that is to say less far than that I on the same horizontal ZZ.

Lorsque la hauteur de la zone de détection est importante, l'invention prévoit d'associer un dispositif usuel à celui de l'invention, comme cela ressort des figures 4 et 5. Dans ce cas, le dispositif usuel détecte la zone située immédiatement en dessous du bec 2. Comme cela ressort des dessins, le dispositif usuel 16 est disposé entre l'émetteur 6 et le récepteur 7.When the height of the detection zone is large, the invention provides for associating a usual device with that of the invention, as is apparent from FIGS. 4 and 5. In this case, the usual device detects the zone located immediately in below the spout 2. As can be seen from the drawings, the usual device 16 is arranged between the transmitter 6 and the receiver 7.

Claims (6)

1-Dispositif de commande d'un robinet par détection optique, caractérisé en ce que l'émetteur (6) et le récepteur (7) sont physiquement séparés et en ce que leurs axes (8 et 9) sont concourants et contenus dans un plan incliné. 1- Device for controlling a tap by optical detection, characterized in that the transmitter (6) and the receiver (7) are physically separate and in that their axes (8 and 9) are concurrent and contained in a plane inclined. 2-Dispositif de commande, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les axes (8 et 9) concourent sensiblement sur la verticale (YY) passant par l'axe du bec (2) du robinet. 2- A control device according to claim 1, characterized in that the axes (8 and 9) compete substantially on the vertical (YY) passing through the axis of the spout (2) of the valve. 3-Dispositif de commande, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce qu'il est associé à un dispositif usuel (16) du genre de ceux dans lesquels l'axe de l'émetteur et celui du récepteur sont sensiblement parallèles, ce dispositif usuel étant disposé entre l'émetteur et le récepteur de l'invention. 3- control device according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that it is associated with a usual device (16) of the kind of those in which the axis of the transmitter and that of the receiver are substantially parallel, this usual device being disposed between the transmitter and the receiver of the invention. 4-Dispositif de commande, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3,caractérisé en ce que des moyens sont prévus pour régler la position du point de convergence (I) des axes (8 et 9), de préférence, selon une horizontale (ZZ). 4- Control device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that means are provided for adjusting the position of the point of convergence (I) of the axes (8 and 9), preferably along a horizontal (ZZ). 5-Dispositif de commande, selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que devant chaque élément (émetteur ou récepteur) est disposée une lentille ( 11 ), portée par un coulisseau ( 13) susceptible d'être déplacé dans une glissière ( 14). 5- Control device according to claim 4, characterized in that before each element (transmitter or receiver) is arranged a lens (11), carried by a slide (13) capable of being moved in a slide (14). 6-Dispositif de commande, selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'axe de chaque glissière (14) est incliné par rapport au plan de symétrie du dispositif, afin d'obtenir le déplacement du point (I), conformément à la revendication 4. 6- Control device according to claim 5, characterized in that the axis of each slide (14) is inclined relative to the plane of symmetry of the device, in order to obtain the displacement of the point (I), in accordance with the claim 4.
EP91400392A 1990-03-23 1991-02-15 Valve operating means with optical detection Expired - Lifetime EP0448421B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9003716 1990-03-23
FR9003716A FR2660044B1 (en) 1990-03-23 1990-03-23 DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING A TAP BY OPTICAL DETECTION.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0448421A1 true EP0448421A1 (en) 1991-09-25
EP0448421B1 EP0448421B1 (en) 1994-08-31

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EP91400392A Expired - Lifetime EP0448421B1 (en) 1990-03-23 1991-02-15 Valve operating means with optical detection

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EP (1) EP0448421B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE110832T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69103657T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2060312T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2660044B1 (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0583785A1 (en) * 1992-08-20 1994-02-23 von Lepel, Freifrau, Barbara Watertap with proximity sensor
EP0623710A1 (en) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-09 SCHROTT, Harald Non-contact sanitary valve
US6192530B1 (en) * 1999-05-17 2001-02-27 Wen S. Dai Automatic faucet
EP2236880A1 (en) * 2008-01-29 2010-10-06 Shanghai Kohler Electronics, Ltd. Infrared induction device
CN106051290A (en) * 2016-07-25 2016-10-26 无锡昊瑜节能环保设备有限公司 Water outflowing control method of water faucet
CN106195390A (en) * 2016-07-25 2016-12-07 无锡昊瑜节能环保设备有限公司 A kind of water discharge of water faucet control method

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2195763A (en) * 1986-09-13 1988-04-13 Theodoros Mastichiadis Water tap
US4767922A (en) * 1986-08-25 1988-08-30 Honeywell Inc. Hand presence activated water faucet controller
US4823414A (en) * 1986-01-22 1989-04-25 Water-Matic Corporation Automatic faucet-sink control system
EP0347527A1 (en) * 1988-03-28 1989-12-27 Sloan Valve Company Automatically operated water tap

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4823414A (en) * 1986-01-22 1989-04-25 Water-Matic Corporation Automatic faucet-sink control system
US4767922A (en) * 1986-08-25 1988-08-30 Honeywell Inc. Hand presence activated water faucet controller
GB2195763A (en) * 1986-09-13 1988-04-13 Theodoros Mastichiadis Water tap
EP0347527A1 (en) * 1988-03-28 1989-12-27 Sloan Valve Company Automatically operated water tap

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0583785A1 (en) * 1992-08-20 1994-02-23 von Lepel, Freifrau, Barbara Watertap with proximity sensor
EP0623710A1 (en) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-09 SCHROTT, Harald Non-contact sanitary valve
US6192530B1 (en) * 1999-05-17 2001-02-27 Wen S. Dai Automatic faucet
EP2236880A1 (en) * 2008-01-29 2010-10-06 Shanghai Kohler Electronics, Ltd. Infrared induction device
US20100308224A1 (en) * 2008-01-29 2010-12-09 Weigen Chen Infrared sensing device
EP2236880A4 (en) * 2008-01-29 2011-01-12 Shanghai Kohler Electronics Infrared induction device
US8421020B2 (en) * 2008-01-29 2013-04-16 Shanghai Kohler Electronics, Ltd. Infrared sensing device
CN106051290A (en) * 2016-07-25 2016-10-26 无锡昊瑜节能环保设备有限公司 Water outflowing control method of water faucet
CN106195390A (en) * 2016-07-25 2016-12-07 无锡昊瑜节能环保设备有限公司 A kind of water discharge of water faucet control method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2060312T3 (en) 1994-11-16
FR2660044B1 (en) 1992-08-14
EP0448421B1 (en) 1994-08-31
DE69103657T2 (en) 1995-03-23
FR2660044A1 (en) 1991-09-27
DE69103657D1 (en) 1994-10-06
ATE110832T1 (en) 1994-09-15

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