EP0218055A1 - Infrared movement detector - Google Patents

Infrared movement detector Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0218055A1
EP0218055A1 EP86111436A EP86111436A EP0218055A1 EP 0218055 A1 EP0218055 A1 EP 0218055A1 EP 86111436 A EP86111436 A EP 86111436A EP 86111436 A EP86111436 A EP 86111436A EP 0218055 A1 EP0218055 A1 EP 0218055A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
detector
infrared
angle
mirror
lens
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Granted
Application number
EP86111436A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0218055B1 (en
Inventor
Gerhard Dipl.-Ing. Knaup
Norbert Dipl.-Ing. Schaaf
Fred Dipl.-Ing. Plotz
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Heimann GmbH
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Heimann GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/19—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/193—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using infrared-radiation detection systems using focusing means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S250/00—Radiant energy
    • Y10S250/01—Passive intrusion detectors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an infrared motion detector with an infrared detector and an optics arranged in front of it in the beam direction for focusing the infrared radiation onto the detector, in which the optics is formed by a mirror arrangement and a lens arrangement located downstream and in front of the detector in the beam direction.
  • an infrared motion detector of this type e.g. serves for the burglar alarm
  • creep protection i.e. the detection of movements below the motion detector within a zone that runs from wall to wall if possible, i.e. at an opening angle of 180 °.
  • Infrared motion detectors which consist of a combination of a mirror and a lens arrangement (US Pat. No. 3,766,539, 3,631,434). Because of the simple design of these known infrared motion detectors and the detection of the radiation in only one plane, however, no perfect creep protection is guaranteed.
  • the invention is accordingly based on the object of designing an infrared motion detector of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that reliable creep protection can be achieved.
  • This object is achieved in that several optics are arranged in several levels. By connecting a mirror and a line in series senan angel and the appropriate arrangement in several levels, it is possible to detect the infrared radiation in such a range that crawling under the motion detector is excluded.
  • the lens arrangement can be formed by a Fresnel lens.
  • FIG. 1 shows an infrared detector 1 which receives infrared radiation via an optical system which is formed by a mirror 2 and a Fresnel lens 3 arranged after and in front of the infrared detector 1 in the beam direction.
  • the infrared detector 1 is inclined with respect to its axis 4 with respect to the horizontal 5 by the angle ⁇ .
  • the angle of inclination of the mirror 2 with respect to the horizontal 5 is designated with ⁇ x and with respect to the axis 4 with ⁇ D.
  • the reflection angles of the mirror 2 have the designations ⁇ and ⁇ and the angle of incidence of the radiation on the infrared detector has the designation ⁇ x .
  • the focal length of the Fresnel lens 3 is designated f.
  • the focal point lies in the detector 1.
  • the room height in which the mirror 2 is arranged with its central axis is h.
  • the beam emitted by an object at a distance x at the angle ⁇ is deflected onto the Fresnel lens 3 via the mirror 2 and strikes the infrared detector 1 at the angle ⁇ x .
  • Figure 2 shows a lens / mirror combination in a schematic representation, in which the levels E2, E3 and E4 serve for remote security.
  • the plane E1 serves in conjunction with the mirror segments M1 to M5 and the Fresnel lens 3 arranged behind it in the beam direction as anti-creep protection.
  • the outer mirror segments M1 and M5 protrude from the Fresnel lens 3 in order to expand the original viewing angle of the lens from 130 ° in the close range to 180 °.
  • FIG. 3 shows the beam path of the motion detector according to FIG. 1 not from the side as in FIG. 1, but from above. Accordingly, the x and y axes are shown here, while the z axis runs vertically in space and is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. In Figure 3, the angle of the incident radiation with respect to the y-axis ⁇ y is also shown.
  • the beam emanating from an object strikes the mirror 2 parallel to the x-axis (180 ° detection angle) and is deflected by the latter onto the Fresnel lens 3 such that it strikes the infrared detector 1 at the angle ⁇ y .
  • the angle ⁇ y must not be greater than half the viewing angle of the Fresnel lens 3.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the ranges of the individual planes E1 to E4 according to FIG. 2.
  • the lens-mirror combination is designated by 2.3.
  • FIG. 4 also shows that up to a distance of about 0.4 m from the vertical of the motion detector, detection of the infrared radiation emanating from an object is ensured.
  • the angle 26 ° is 5 times, the angle 18.6 ° 7 times, the angle 7.8 ° 31 times and the angle 11.8 ° 11 times.
  • FIG. 6 shows the detection zones of the anti-creep protection extended to a 180 ° viewing angle, which is implemented in plane E1.

Abstract

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder mit einem Infrarotdetektor und einer in Strahlenrichtung da­vor angeordneten Optik (3, M1 bis M5) zur Bündelung der Infrarotstrahlung auf den Detektor. Die Optik ist von ei­ner Spiegelanordnung (M1 bis M5) und einer in Strahlen­richtung danach und vor dem Detektor liegenden Linsenan­ordnung (3) gebildet. Dadurch ist ein sicherer Unter­kriechschutz gewährleistet.

Figure imgaf001
The invention relates to an infrared motion detector with an infrared detector and an optic (3, M1 to M5) arranged in front of it in the beam direction for focusing the infrared radiation onto the detector. The optics are formed by a mirror arrangement (M1 to M5) and a lens arrangement (3) lying after and in front of the detector in the beam direction. This ensures secure creep protection.
Figure imgaf001

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder mit einem Infrarotdetektor und einer in Strahlenrichtung da­vor angeordneten Optik zur Bündelung der Infrarotstrah­lung auf den Detektor, bei dem die Optik von einer Spie­gelanordnung und einer in Strahlenrichtung danach und vor dem Detektor liegenden Linsenanordnung gebildet ist.The invention relates to an infrared motion detector with an infrared detector and an optics arranged in front of it in the beam direction for focusing the infrared radiation onto the detector, in which the optics is formed by a mirror arrangement and a lens arrangement located downstream and in front of the detector in the beam direction.

Bei einem Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder dieser Art, der z.B. für den Einbruchsalarm dient, besteht die Forderung des Unterkriechschutzes, d.h. der Erfassung von Bewegungen unterhalb des Bewegungsmelders innerhalb einer Zone, die nach Möglichkeit von Wand zu Wand verläuft, also in einem Öffnungswinkel von 180°.With an infrared motion detector of this type, e.g. serves for the burglar alarm, there is a requirement for creep protection, i.e. the detection of movements below the motion detector within a zone that runs from wall to wall if possible, i.e. at an opening angle of 180 °.

Es sind Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder bekannt, die aus der Kombination einer Spiegel- und einer Linsenanordnung be­stehen (US 3 766 539, 3 631 434). Wegen der einfachen Ausbildung dieser bekannten Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder und der Erfassung der Strahlung in nur einer Ebene ist dabei jedoch kein einwandfreier Unterkriechschutz gewährlei­stet.Infrared motion detectors are known which consist of a combination of a mirror and a lens arrangement (US Pat. No. 3,766,539, 3,631,434). Because of the simple design of these known infrared motion detectors and the detection of the radiation in only one plane, however, no perfect creep protection is guaranteed.

Der Erfindung liegt demgemäß die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder der eingangs genannten Art so auszubilden, daß ein sicherer Unterkriechschutz erzielbar ist.The invention is accordingly based on the object of designing an infrared motion detector of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that reliable creep protection can be achieved.

Diese Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß mehrere Optiken in mehreren Ebenen angeordnet sind. Durch die Hintereinanderschaltung einer Spiegel- und einer Lin­ senanordnung und die geeignete Anordnung in mehreren Ebe­nen ist es möglich, die Infrarotstrahlung in einem sol­chen Bereich zu erfassen, daß ein Unterkriechen des Be­wegungsmelders ausgeschlossen ist. Die Linsenanordnung kann dabei von einer Fresnellinse gebildet sein.This object is achieved in that several optics are arranged in several levels. By connecting a mirror and a line in series senanordnung and the appropriate arrangement in several levels, it is possible to detect the infrared radiation in such a range that crawling under the motion detector is excluded. The lens arrangement can be formed by a Fresnel lens.

Die Erfindung ist nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 eine schematische Darstellung eines Bewe­gungsmelders nach der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 2 eine Ausführungsform eines Bewegungsmelders nach der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 3 eine andere Ansicht des Bewegungsmelders ge­mäß Figur 1, und
  • Fig. 4 bis 6 Darstellungen zur Erläuterung des Strahlenverlaufes des Bewegungsmelders gemäß Figur 2.
The invention is explained below with reference to the drawing. Show it:
  • 1 is a schematic representation of a motion detector according to the invention,
  • 2 shows an embodiment of a motion detector according to the invention,
  • 3 shows another view of the motion detector according to FIG. 1, and
  • 4 to 6 representations to explain the beam path of the motion detector according to FIG. 2.

In der Figur 1 ist ein Infrarotdetektor 1 dargestellt, der Infrarotstrahlung über eine Optik empfängt, die von einem Spiegel 2 und einer in Strahlenrichtung danach und vor dem Infrarotdetektor 1 angeordneten Fresnellinse 3 gebildet ist. Der Infrarotdetektor 1 ist hinsichtlich seiner Achse 4 gegenüber der Horizontalen 5 um den Winkel ϑ geneigt. Der Neigungswinkel des Spiegels 2 gegenüber der Horizontalen 5 ist mit εx und gegenüber der Achse 4 mit εD bezeichnet. Die Reflexionswinkel des Spiegels 2 haben die Bezeichnungen δ und β und der Einfallswinkel der Strahlung auf den Infrarotdetektor die Bezeichnung αx. Die Brennweite der Fresnellinse 3 ist mit f bezeich­net. Der Brennpunkt liegt im Detektor 1. Die Raumhöhe, in der der Spiegel 2 mit seiner Mittelachse angeordnet ist, ist h.FIG. 1 shows an infrared detector 1 which receives infrared radiation via an optical system which is formed by a mirror 2 and a Fresnel lens 3 arranged after and in front of the infrared detector 1 in the beam direction. The infrared detector 1 is inclined with respect to its axis 4 with respect to the horizontal 5 by the angle ϑ. The angle of inclination of the mirror 2 with respect to the horizontal 5 is designated with ε x and with respect to the axis 4 with ε D. The reflection angles of the mirror 2 have the designations δ and β and the angle of incidence of the radiation on the infrared detector has the designation α x . The focal length of the Fresnel lens 3 is designated f. The focal point lies in the detector 1. The room height in which the mirror 2 is arranged with its central axis is h.

Der von einem Objekt im Abstand x unter dem Winkel γ ausgesandte Strahl wird über den Spiegel 2 auf die Fres­nellinse 3 umgelenkt und trifft unter dem Winkel αx auf dem Infrarotdetektor 1 auf. Durch Variation der Spiegel­neigung gegen die Horizontale 5 (Winkel εx) läßt sich die Reichweite x bzw. der Einfallswinkel einstellen. Bei einem Winkel εx = 25° und αx = 21,25° ergibt sich eine Reichweite von 0,5 m. Dadurch ist ein einwandfreier Un­terkriechschutz gewährleistet.The beam emitted by an object at a distance x at the angle γ is deflected onto the Fresnel lens 3 via the mirror 2 and strikes the infrared detector 1 at the angle α x . The range x or the angle of incidence can be set by varying the mirror inclination with respect to the horizontal 5 (angle ε x ). With an angle ε x = 25 ° and α x = 21.25 ° there is a range of 0.5 m. This guarantees perfect creep protection.

Die Figur 2 zeigt eine Linsen/Spiegel-Kombination in schematischer Darstellung, bei der die Ebenen E2, E3 und E4 der Fernabsicherung dienen. Die Ebene E1 dient in Ver­bindung mit den Spiegelsegmenten M1 bis M5 und der in Strahlenrichtung dahinter angeordneten Fresnellinse 3 als Unterkriechschutz. Die äußeren Spiegelsegmente M1 und M5 stehen von der Fresnellinse 3 ab, um den ursprünglichen Blickwinkel der Linse von 130° im Nahbereich auf 180° zu erweitern.Figure 2 shows a lens / mirror combination in a schematic representation, in which the levels E2, E3 and E4 serve for remote security. The plane E1 serves in conjunction with the mirror segments M1 to M5 and the Fresnel lens 3 arranged behind it in the beam direction as anti-creep protection. The outer mirror segments M1 and M5 protrude from the Fresnel lens 3 in order to expand the original viewing angle of the lens from 130 ° in the close range to 180 °.

Die Figur 3 zeigt den Strahlenverlauf des Bewegungsmel­ders gemäß Figur 1 nicht von der Seite wie in Figur 1, sondern von oben. Demgemäß sind hier die x- und die y-­Achse eingezeichnet, während die z-Achse im Raum vertikal verläuft und senkrecht zur Zeichenebene liegt. In der Figur 3 ist zusätzlich noch der Winkel der einfallenden Strahlung gegenüber der y-Achse αy eingezeichnet.FIG. 3 shows the beam path of the motion detector according to FIG. 1 not from the side as in FIG. 1, but from above. Accordingly, the x and y axes are shown here, while the z axis runs vertically in space and is perpendicular to the plane of the drawing. In Figure 3, the angle of the incident radiation with respect to the y-axis α y is also shown.

Der von einem Objekt ausgehende Strahl trifft parallel zur x-Achse auf den Spiegel 2 auf (180°-Erfassungswinkel) und wird von diesem so auf die Fresnellinse 3 abgelenkt, daß er unter dem Winkel αy auf dem Infrarotdetektor 1 auftrifft. Der Winkel αy darf nicht größer sein als der halbe Blickwinkel der Fresnellinse 3. Durch Variation des Anstellwinkels εx kann der Erfassungswinkel der Linsen/­Spiegel-Kombination beliebig eingestellt werden.The beam emanating from an object strikes the mirror 2 parallel to the x-axis (180 ° detection angle) and is deflected by the latter onto the Fresnel lens 3 such that it strikes the infrared detector 1 at the angle α y . The angle α y must not be greater than half the viewing angle of the Fresnel lens 3. By varying the angle of attack ε x , the detection angle of the lens / mirror combination can be set as desired.

Die Figur 4 verdeutlicht die Reichweiten der einzelnen Ebenen E1 bis E4 gemäß Figur 2. Die Linsen-Spiegelkombi­nation ist dabei mit 2,3 bezeichnet. Auch aus der Figur 4 geht hervor, daß bis zu einem Abstand von etwa 0,4 m von der Vertikalen des Bewegungsmelders eine Erfassung der von einem Objekt ausgehenden Infrarotstrahlung gewährlei­stet ist.FIG. 4 illustrates the ranges of the individual planes E1 to E4 according to FIG. 2. The lens-mirror combination is designated by 2.3. FIG. 4 also shows that up to a distance of about 0.4 m from the vertical of the motion detector, detection of the infrared radiation emanating from an object is ensured.

In der Figur 5 ist die Unterteilung des Blickfeldes der Ebenen E2, E3 und E4 in einer Ansicht von oben darge­stellt. Der Winkel 26° ist dabei 5mal, der Winkel 18,6° 7mal, der Winkel 7,8° 31mal und der Winkel 11,8° 11mal vorhanden.5 shows the subdivision of the field of vision of the planes E2, E3 and E4 in a view from above. The angle 26 ° is 5 times, the angle 18.6 ° 7 times, the angle 7.8 ° 31 times and the angle 11.8 ° 11 times.

Schließlich zeigt die Figur 6 die Erfassungszonen des auf 180°-Blickwinkel erweiterten Unterkriechschutzes, der in der Ebene E1 verwirklicht ist.Finally, FIG. 6 shows the detection zones of the anti-creep protection extended to a 180 ° viewing angle, which is implemented in plane E1.

Claims (2)

1. Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder mit einem Infrarotdetektor (1) und einer in Strahlenrichtung davor angeordneten Op­tik (2, 3, M1 bis M5) zur Bündelung der Infrarotstrahlung auf den Detektor (1), bei dem die Optik (2, 3, M1 bis M5) von einer Spiegelanordnung (2, M1 bis M5) und einer in Strahlenrichtung danach und vor dem Detektor (1) liegen­den Linsenanordnung (3) gebildet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mehrere Optiken in mehreren Ebenen (E1 bis E4) angeordnet sind.1. Infrared motion detector with an infrared detector (1) and an optics arranged in front in the beam direction (2, 3, M1 to M5) for focusing the infrared radiation on the detector (1), in which the optics (2, 3, M1 to M5 ) is formed by a mirror arrangement (2, M1 to M5) and a lens arrangement (3) lying after and in front of the detector (1) in the beam direction, characterized in that several optics are arranged in several planes (E1 to E4). 2. Infrarot-Bewegungsmelder nach Anspruch 1, da­durch gekennzeichnet, daß die Linsenanordnung (3) von einer Fresnellinse gebildet ist.2. Infrared motion detector according to claim 1, characterized in that the lens arrangement (3) is formed by a Fresnel lens.
EP86111436A 1985-09-02 1986-08-19 Infrared movement detector Expired EP0218055B1 (en)

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DE3531333 1985-09-02
DE3531333 1985-09-02

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2614984A1 (en) * 1987-05-05 1988-11-10 Argamakoff Aleksy Automatic forest fire detector
EP0361224A1 (en) * 1988-09-22 1990-04-04 Cerberus Ag Infrared intrusion detector
EP0665522A1 (en) * 1994-01-27 1995-08-02 Security Enclosures Limited Wide-angle infra-red detection apparatus
WO1998033154A1 (en) * 1997-01-27 1998-07-30 Digital Security Controls Ltd. Size discriminating dual element pir detector
AU729608B2 (en) * 1997-01-27 2001-02-08 Tyco Safety Products Canada Ltd Size discriminating dual element pir detector
WO2001067414A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2001-09-13 Digital Security Controls Ltd. Pet resistant pir detector

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US4841284A (en) * 1987-10-19 1989-06-20 C & K Systems, Inc. Infrared intrusion detection system incorporating a fresnel lens and a mirror
US5066855A (en) * 1990-01-24 1991-11-19 Intelectron Infrared intrusion detector
US5200624A (en) * 1991-09-09 1993-04-06 Pittway Corporation Wide-angle radiant energy detector
US5393978A (en) * 1993-02-04 1995-02-28 Schwarz; Frank Infrared detectors having front and rear fields of view
US5453622A (en) * 1993-10-05 1995-09-26 Larry C. Y. Lee Wide-angle motion detector with close-in, prismoidal reflector
US5418368A (en) * 1993-10-05 1995-05-23 Intelectron Products Company Wide-angle motion detector with close-in reflector
US5414255A (en) * 1993-11-08 1995-05-09 Scantronic Limited Intrusion detector having a generally planar fresnel lens provided on a planar mirror surface
US5662411A (en) * 1995-03-20 1997-09-02 Regent Lighting Corporation Motion activated light fixture with fixed sensor
US5764146A (en) * 1995-03-29 1998-06-09 Hubbell Incorporated Multifunction occupancy sensor
US5693943A (en) * 1996-05-02 1997-12-02 Visionic Ltd. Passive infrared intrusion detector
IL127407A (en) * 1998-12-06 2004-07-25 Electronics Line E L Ltd Infrared intrusion detector and method
JP2002365131A (en) * 2001-05-24 2002-12-18 Interquartz Malaysia Bhd Representative Office Wide-range detector, and method of widening detection range
TWI259980B (en) 2003-09-01 2006-08-11 Primax Electronics Ltd Method and apparatus for real-time determining compatibility of an optical mouse with respect to a working surface
US7375313B2 (en) 2003-11-29 2008-05-20 Eml Technologies Llc Aimable motion-activated lighting fixture with angulated field
JP4214523B2 (en) * 2004-02-27 2009-01-28 オプテックス株式会社 Passive infrared sensor
US20130043396A1 (en) * 2011-08-19 2013-02-21 Ninve Jr. Inc. Motion detector with hybrid lens
GB2509884B (en) 2011-11-16 2018-10-17 Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh Motion detection systems and methodologies

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US4321594A (en) * 1979-11-01 1982-03-23 American District Telegraph Company Passive infrared detector
EP0050751A1 (en) * 1980-10-24 1982-05-05 Cerberus Ag Optical arrangement for an infrared intrusion detector

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JPS59228136A (en) * 1983-06-10 1984-12-21 King Tsushin Kogyo Kk Passive type infrared ray intrusion detector
US4588988A (en) * 1984-06-06 1986-05-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Intrusion barrier and detection apparatus

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US3631434A (en) * 1969-10-08 1971-12-28 Barnes Eng Co Passive intrusion detector
US3631434B1 (en) * 1969-10-08 1986-08-05
US3703718A (en) * 1971-01-07 1972-11-21 Optical Coating Laboratory Inc Infrared intrusion detector system
US3703718B1 (en) * 1971-01-07 1982-04-13
US3766539A (en) * 1972-05-01 1973-10-16 Us Army Automatic personnel intrusion alarm
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EP0050751A1 (en) * 1980-10-24 1982-05-05 Cerberus Ag Optical arrangement for an infrared intrusion detector

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2614984A1 (en) * 1987-05-05 1988-11-10 Argamakoff Aleksy Automatic forest fire detector
EP0361224A1 (en) * 1988-09-22 1990-04-04 Cerberus Ag Infrared intrusion detector
US4990783A (en) * 1988-09-22 1991-02-05 Cerberus A.G. Range insensitive infrared intrusion detector
EP0665522A1 (en) * 1994-01-27 1995-08-02 Security Enclosures Limited Wide-angle infra-red detection apparatus
WO1998033154A1 (en) * 1997-01-27 1998-07-30 Digital Security Controls Ltd. Size discriminating dual element pir detector
US5923250A (en) * 1997-01-27 1999-07-13 Digital Security Controls Ltd. Size discriminating dual element PIR detector
AU729608B2 (en) * 1997-01-27 2001-02-08 Tyco Safety Products Canada Ltd Size discriminating dual element pir detector
WO2001067414A1 (en) * 2000-03-10 2001-09-13 Digital Security Controls Ltd. Pet resistant pir detector
AU2001242129B2 (en) * 2000-03-10 2005-01-20 Tyco Safety Products Canada Ltd Pet resistant pir detector

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DE3666887D1 (en) 1989-12-14
JPS6251482U (en) 1987-03-31
EP0218055B1 (en) 1989-11-08
US4752769A (en) 1988-06-21

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