EP0072845A1 - Memory system having memory cells capable of storing more than two states. - Google Patents
Memory system having memory cells capable of storing more than two states.Info
- Publication number
- EP0072845A1 EP0072845A1 EP82900863A EP82900863A EP0072845A1 EP 0072845 A1 EP0072845 A1 EP 0072845A1 EP 82900863 A EP82900863 A EP 82900863A EP 82900863 A EP82900863 A EP 82900863A EP 0072845 A1 EP0072845 A1 EP 0072845A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- memory
- columns
- column
- output
- references
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005055 memory storage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/56—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
- G11C11/5692—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency read-only digital stores using storage elements with more than two stable states
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/56—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
- G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
- G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
- G11C16/30—Power supply circuits
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2211/00—Indexing scheme relating to digital stores characterized by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C2211/56—Indexing scheme relating to G11C11/56 and sub-groups for features not covered by these groups
- G11C2211/563—Multilevel memory reading aspects
- G11C2211/5634—Reference cells
Definitions
- Patent Application Serial Nos. CR-81088 and CR-81087 are related co-pending applications by the same inventor, assigned to the same assignee, and filed on same date as the present application.
- This invention relates, in general, to memory systems, and more particularly, to a memory system having a plurality of memory cells each capable of storing more than two states.
- Solid state memories are well-known, and particularly solid state memories using metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors. There is a continuous effort to make memory systems smaller, faster, and use less power. One way to make a memory smaller is to be able to store more information in each memory cell location. However, one of the problems with such a memory is the ability to distinguish which state is stored in a selected memory cell. Some reference source will be required, but in order to make the memory a competitive product it must remain relatively small in overall size and low in power consumption.
- the present invention provides such a memory system.
- Each memory cell is capable of storing more than two states.
- the memory cells are arranged in a manner that permits them to be made relatively small in size, which results in fast operation and low power consumption.
- the invention is described as having memory cells capable of storing four states which provides two binary bits. It will be understood that a memory cell could be built employing the principles of the present invention having memory cells capable of storing more than four different states.
- the present invention also has a reference voltage generator which consumes a very minimum amount of power and is only energized when data is being read from the memory.
- the reference voltage generator is built in a manner to conserve silicon chip area and to maximize speed of operation of the memory.
- a memory system having a plurality of memory cells capable of storing more than two states.
- a reference voltage generator is provided which generates an output only when the memory is being read from.
- the memory system also includes a unique sense amplifier and translator which translates the output of the sense amplifier into binary format.
- the voltage reference generator is arranged in columns which are spaced among the memory cell columns in a manner which minimizes reading time.
- FIG. 1 represents a memory system in block diagram form in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a portion of the memory system of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 illustrates in logic and block diagram form a portion of the memory system of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 1 A portion of a memory array along with the peripheral circuitry required to provide a memory system is illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the memory system shown in FIG. 1 is capable of being integrated onto a single semiconductor chip.
- the memory system has a row decoder 11 which receives row address inputs and provides an output which drives a selected row 41.
- the row address inputs are decoded by row decoder 11 so that only the selected row 41 is enabled. Although only five row select lines 41 are illustrated, it will be understood that in an actual memory there are usually many more row select lines.
- Row decoder 11 will typically include drivers to drive the decoder output since the decoder will have many transistors connected to its output.
- a column decoder 12 receives column address inputs and provides outputs for enabling the selected column select devices in column select 13 and 14.
- the first group of columns is represented by columns 19, 20, 21 and 22.
- the dashed lines between columns 21 and 22 indicate that in an actual system many more columns than just the four illustrated would be controlled by column select 13.
- the second group of columns is illustrated by columns 23, 24 and 25.
- the dashed lines between columns 24 and 25 indicate that in an actual system many more columns would be controlled by column select 14.
- column select 13 will control the same number of columns that column select 14 controls.
- Located between the two groups of columns are reference columns 16, 17 and 18.
- the memory system illustrated in FIG. 1 will have a plurality of memory cells 15, wherein each memory cell is capable of storing more than two states.
- the memory cells are more fully described in related patent application CR-81088 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- Voltage reference columns 16, 17 and 18 each provide a different voltage level. Since it will not be known ahead of time which state is stored in one of memory cells 15, each time a memory cell is selected the three references must be used to determine which state is stored. Each reference cell 10 will contain a single transistor which will be substantially the same size as the single transistor contained within each memory cell 15. The voltage reference generator is described more fully in related patent application CR-81087 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
- Reference columns 16, 17 and 18 are each directly connected to sensing circuits 42 and 43. Sensing circuit 42 has three comparators 36, 37 and 38. Sensing circuit 43 also has three comparators which are identical to each of the comparators in sensing circuit 42.
- Translator 44 is illustrated as providing a four binary bit output.
- the memory system illustrated in FIG. 1, by way of example, provides a four bit output. However, it will be understood that most memories provide an eight bit output since most words contain eight bits.
- Those persons skilled in the art will recognize that it will be necessary to provide two more groups ⁇ € columns controlled by two more column selects and each group having a sensing circuit for an eight bit output.
- the reference columns- are arranged so that approximately the same time delay will be experienced from the furthermost memory column in one group as the furthermost memory column in the next group.
- the delay from reference column 17 to column 19 will be the same as the delay from reference column 17 to column 25 assuming that column 19 is the furthermost column away on the left hand side and column 25 is the furthermost column away on the right hand side of reference column 17.
- time delays are not critical then only one group of reference columns is necessary and the single group of reference columns can service as many sensing circuits as required.
- a memory system providing a two binary bit output would only require one sensing circuit. In such a memory system the data contained in each memory cell location could be read out individually. All reference cells 10 in column 16 provide the same voltage, while all the reference cells in column 17 will provide the same voltage which will be different from the voltage provided by the reference cells of column 16.
- All the reference cells of column 18 provide the same voltage which is also different from the voltage provided by the reference cells of column 16 or 17.
- each of columns 16, 17, and 18 will provide a reference voltage so that each time a cell or cells are read from all three of the reference voltages required will be generated. Since it was assumed that only four states are stored in any one cell, only three references are required to determine which state is stored. One of the states is assumed to represent logic signal 00 or 11 and therefore does not require a reference. The state not requiring a reference can either be represented by the highest voltage or the lowest voltage available from a memory cell.
- FIG. 2 illustrates, in schematic form, portions of columns 19 and 22 of FIG. 1.
- Transistor 50 represents a memory storage location as do transistors 51, 52 and 53.
- Each of the transistors is connected in a source follower configuration having their drains connected to voltage terminal 54 and their sources connected to a column line.
- Transistors 50 and 52 have their sources connected to column 19 whereas transistors 51 and 53 have their sources connected to column 22.
- Row select line 41 is connected to the gate electrodes of transistors 50 and 51, and row select line 41' is connected to the gate electrodes of transistors 52 and 53.
- each row line is connected to the gate electrodes of one transistor in each column that is intersected by the row select line including the voltage reference generators.
- Each column line has an associated parasitic capacitance.
- the parasitic capacitance for column 19 is illustrated by capacitor 58
- the parasitic capacitance for column 22 is illustrated by capacitor 59.
- Transistor 62 connects column 19 to the voltage reference, illustrated as ground, when a precharge signal connected to its gate electrode enables transistor 62.
- Column 22 is coupled to ground by transistor 63 and transistor 64 couples line 39 to ground.
- Transistors 63 and 64 are also enabled by the precharge signal.
- Transistors 56 and 57 serve as column select devices.
- Transistor 56 couples column 19 to line 39, and transistor 57 couples column 22 to line 39.
- the gate electrode of transistor 56 is connected to line 60, and the gate electrode of transistor 57 is connected to line 61.
- Lines 60 and 61 represent output lines for column decoder 12
- Column select 13 and column select 14 each contain a plurality of transistors such as transistors 56 and 57. Each transistor connects one column to line 39 or line 40.
- Each reference column 16, 17, and 18 will look like column 19 and 22 except that the reference columns will not have column select devices such as transistors 56 and 57.
- Another difference, which is not a visual difference, is that all the transistors in a given reference column 16, 17 or 18 will each have the same threshold voltage.
- the transistors in a memory column, such as columns 19 and 22, will most likely not all have the same threshold voltage.
- the threshold voltage will be adjusted to represent the state stored at a given location.
- FIG. 3 shows sensing circuit 42 along with a portion of translator 44.
- Sensing circuit 42 has comparators 36, 37 and 38 which receive an input from line 39.
- Comparator 36 also receives a first reference input on column line 16
- comparator 37 receives a second reference input on column line 17
- comparator 38 receives a third reference input on column line 18.
- the output of comparator 37 goes to an inverter 71.
- Inverter 71 provides an output which goes to an input of NAND gate 73 and to the input of inverter 72.
- the output of inverter 72 represents a binary digit shown as Bit 1.
- the output of comparator 36 goes to a second input of NAND gate 73.
- the output of NAND gate 73 goes to an input of NAND gate 74.
- comparator 38 goes to an input of inverter 76.
- the output of inverter 76 goes to a second input of NAND gate 74.
- the output of NAND gate 74 is a binary digit shown as Bit 2.
- Inverters 71, 72, and 76 along with NAND gates 73 and 74 are part of translator 44 (FIG. 1).
- the left hand column of the truth table indicates the four states that can be stored in the memory cells. Since the transistor in each memory cell is connected in a source follower configuration the output from the memory cells will be a voltage. Number 1, in the left hand column, is assumed to be the highest voltage with number 4 the lowest voltage. Comparator output C1 is the output for comparator 36, comparator output C2 is the output for comparator 37, and comparator output C3 is the output for comparator 38. Through an arbitrary choice, when the highest output voltage from a memory cell is present, all the comparator outputs are zeros which represent output bits 1 and 2 as zeros.
- the first reference voltage level provided by column line 16 can be equal to the second highest voltage level or could be some value between the first and second highest voltage levels.
- the second reference voltage level provided by column line 17 could be equal to the third highest voltage level or some voltage level between voltage levels 2 and 3.
- the third reference voltage level provided by column line 18 could be equal to the lowest voltage level or some value between the third and fourth voltage levels.
- the memory system is arranged in such a manner to result in a small memory which consumes a minimum amount of power and operates with minimum time delay.
- Each of the reference voltages is generated by a transistor having a threshold voltage close to or the same as a threshold voltage of a transistor used, in the memory array and connected in the same manner. Thus, each of the reference voltages will correspond very closely to one of the four possible voltages out of the memory cell. The required voltage levels are not generated until a row is selected.
- the reference voltage devices are arranged in columns which are in a layout similar to the memory columns. Consequently, any circuit parameter which can affect performance and which might vary in processing will vary the reference devices exactly the same as the memory devices.
- the reference voltages will track the memory signals and the memory array will work over a wide range of processing parameters.
- the memory system has been illustrated as a read only memory and utilizes voltage sensing rather than current sensing. Thus, the only current needed is that required to charge the line capacitance.
- the memory devices can all be made minimum size, and hence the memory system can be made to draw very little power .
Abstract
Un systeme de memoire ayant une pluralite de cellules de memoire (15), chacune etant capable de stocker plus de deux etats possede egalement un generateur de tension de reference (10) qui est utilise pour determiner l'etat memorise dans une cellule de memoire selectionnee. Les differentes cellules de memoire (15) sont disposees en groupes de colonnes (19-25), et dans un mode prefere de realisation, le generateur de tension de reference (10) est dispose en colonnes (16-18) qui sont situees entre deux des groupes de colonnes (19-22 et 23-25). Le systeme de memoire utilise la detection de tension par opposition a la detection de courant et par consequent le seul courant utilise sert a charger les capacitances des lignes. Le generateur de tension de reference (10) est seulement valide pendant la periode de temps durant laquelle une cellule est en cours de lecture.A memory system having a plurality of memory cells (15), each capable of storing more than two states also has a reference voltage generator (10) which is used to determine the state stored in a selected memory cell . The different memory cells (15) are arranged in groups of columns (19-25), and in a preferred embodiment, the reference voltage generator (10) is arranged in columns (16-18) which are located between two of the column groups (19-22 and 23-25). The memory system uses voltage detection as opposed to current detection and therefore the only current used is used to charge the capacitances of the lines. The reference voltage generator (10) is only valid during the period of time during which a cell is being read.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/238,177 US4415992A (en) | 1981-02-25 | 1981-02-25 | Memory system having memory cells capable of storing more than two states |
US238177 | 1994-05-04 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0072845A1 true EP0072845A1 (en) | 1983-03-02 |
EP0072845A4 EP0072845A4 (en) | 1986-07-10 |
EP0072845B1 EP0072845B1 (en) | 1988-12-07 |
Family
ID=22896800
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP82900863A Expired EP0072845B1 (en) | 1981-02-25 | 1982-02-01 | Memory system having memory cells capable of storing more than two states |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4415992A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0072845B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS58500147A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3279274D1 (en) |
IT (1) | IT1154299B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1982002976A1 (en) |
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US5227993A (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1993-07-13 | Omron Tateisi Electronics Co. | Multivalued ALU |
US5268319A (en) | 1988-06-08 | 1993-12-07 | Eliyahou Harari | Highly compact EPROM and flash EEPROM devices |
US7447069B1 (en) | 1989-04-13 | 2008-11-04 | Sandisk Corporation | Flash EEprom system |
DE69034191T2 (en) * | 1989-04-13 | 2005-11-24 | Sandisk Corp., Sunnyvale | EEPROM system with multi-chip block erasure |
US5163021A (en) * | 1989-04-13 | 1992-11-10 | Sundisk Corporation | Multi-state EEprom read and write circuits and techniques |
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US5218569A (en) | 1991-02-08 | 1993-06-08 | Banks Gerald J | Electrically alterable non-volatile memory with n-bits per memory cell |
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US5283761A (en) | 1992-07-22 | 1994-02-01 | Mosaid Technologies Incorporated | Method of multi-level storage in DRAM |
US5440505A (en) * | 1994-01-21 | 1995-08-08 | Intel Corporation | Method and circuitry for storing discrete amounts of charge in a single memory element |
US5485422A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1996-01-16 | Intel Corporation | Drain bias multiplexing for multiple bit flash cell |
US5515317A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1996-05-07 | Intel Corporation | Addressing modes for a dynamic single bit per cell to multiple bit per cell memory |
JP3798810B2 (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 2006-07-19 | インテル・コーポレーション | Dynamic memory from single bit per cell to multiple bits per cell |
US5450363A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1995-09-12 | Intel Corporation | Gray coding for a multilevel cell memory system |
US5539690A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1996-07-23 | Intel Corporation | Write verify schemes for flash memory with multilevel cells |
KR100287979B1 (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 2001-05-02 | 피터 엔. 데트킨 | Detection method and circuit of flash memory with multilevel cells |
US5497354A (en) * | 1994-06-02 | 1996-03-05 | Intel Corporation | Bit map addressing schemes for flash memory |
US5532955A (en) * | 1994-12-30 | 1996-07-02 | Mosaid Technologies Incorporated | Method of multilevel dram sense and restore |
US5594691A (en) * | 1995-02-15 | 1997-01-14 | Intel Corporation | Address transition detection sensing interface for flash memory having multi-bit cells |
US6353554B1 (en) | 1995-02-27 | 2002-03-05 | Btg International Inc. | Memory apparatus including programmable non-volatile multi-bit memory cell, and apparatus and method for demarcating memory states of the cell |
US5815434A (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1998-09-29 | Intel Corporation | Multiple writes per a single erase for a nonvolatile memory |
US5687114A (en) | 1995-10-06 | 1997-11-11 | Agate Semiconductor, Inc. | Integrated circuit for storage and retrieval of multiple digital bits per nonvolatile memory cell |
US5701266A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1997-12-23 | Intel Corporation | Programming flash memory using distributed learning methods |
US5729489A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1998-03-17 | Intel Corporation | Programming flash memory using predictive learning methods |
US5677869A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1997-10-14 | Intel Corporation | Programming flash memory using strict ordering of states |
US5737265A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1998-04-07 | Intel Corporation | Programming flash memory using data stream analysis |
JP2001508910A (en) * | 1996-06-14 | 2001-07-03 | シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | Device and method for storing multiple levels of charge and device and method for reading the device |
US5742543A (en) * | 1996-08-19 | 1998-04-21 | Intel Corporation | Flash memory device having a page mode of operation |
US5870335A (en) | 1997-03-06 | 1999-02-09 | Agate Semiconductor, Inc. | Precision programming of nonvolatile memory cells |
US6487116B2 (en) | 1997-03-06 | 2002-11-26 | Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. | Precision programming of nonvolatile memory cells |
US6052308A (en) * | 1998-08-11 | 2000-04-18 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Balanced sensing arrangement for flash EEPROM |
US6282145B1 (en) * | 1999-01-14 | 2001-08-28 | Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. | Array architecture and operating methods for digital multilevel nonvolatile memory integrated circuit system |
US6396742B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2002-05-28 | Silicon Storage Technology, Inc. | Testing of multilevel semiconductor memory |
US6901007B2 (en) * | 2001-01-11 | 2005-05-31 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memory device with multi-level storage cells and apparatuses, systems and methods including same |
US6587372B2 (en) | 2001-01-11 | 2003-07-01 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Memory device with multi-level storage cells and apparatuses, systems and methods including same |
JP2003008369A (en) * | 2001-06-25 | 2003-01-10 | Nanopower Solution Kk | Multi-input differential circuit |
US6847550B2 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2005-01-25 | Nexflash Technologies, Inc. | Nonvolatile semiconductor memory having three-level memory cells and program and read mapping circuits therefor |
US20080168215A1 (en) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-10 | Anxiao Jiang | Storing Information in a Memory |
KR101261008B1 (en) * | 2007-08-14 | 2013-05-06 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Operating method of nonvolatile memory device having three-level nonvolatile memory cells and nonvolatile memory device using the same |
CN102932611B (en) * | 2012-10-15 | 2015-10-28 | 清华大学 | A kind of data reading circuit of the imageing sensor based on flash memory |
US8935590B2 (en) * | 2012-10-31 | 2015-01-13 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Circuitry and method for multi-bit correction |
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- 1981-02-25 US US06/238,177 patent/US4415992A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1982
- 1982-02-01 EP EP82900863A patent/EP0072845B1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-02-01 WO PCT/US1982/000135 patent/WO1982002976A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1982-02-01 DE DE8282900863T patent/DE3279274D1/en not_active Expired
- 1982-02-01 JP JP57500907A patent/JPS58500147A/en active Pending
- 1982-02-22 IT IT47841/82A patent/IT1154299B/en active
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WO1980001119A1 (en) * | 1978-11-20 | 1980-05-29 | Ncr Co | Rom memory cell with 2n fet channel widths |
JPS5580888A (en) * | 1978-12-12 | 1980-06-18 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | Read only memory circuit |
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Title |
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See also references of WO8202976A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1982002976A1 (en) | 1982-09-02 |
DE3279274D1 (en) | 1989-01-12 |
IT8247841A0 (en) | 1982-02-22 |
EP0072845B1 (en) | 1988-12-07 |
JPS58500147A (en) | 1983-01-20 |
US4415992A (en) | 1983-11-15 |
EP0072845A4 (en) | 1986-07-10 |
IT1154299B (en) | 1987-01-21 |
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