CN201111459Y - 具有用于调节电动机动力参数的控制器的动力工具 - Google Patents

具有用于调节电动机动力参数的控制器的动力工具 Download PDF

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CN201111459Y
CN201111459Y CNU2005900000400U CN200590000040U CN201111459Y CN 201111459 Y CN201111459 Y CN 201111459Y CN U2005900000400 U CNU2005900000400 U CN U2005900000400U CN 200590000040 U CN200590000040 U CN 200590000040U CN 201111459 Y CN201111459 Y CN 201111459Y
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迈克尔·福斯特
布哈努普拉萨德·V·高尔蒂
山姆·伍兹
克雷格·谢尔
纳坦·克鲁斯
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Black and Decker Inc
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
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Abstract

一种诸如紧固工具的驱动工具，该驱动工具包括驱动器，具有电动机和输出构件的电动机组件和电源。电力被传输至电动机而使输出构件旋转，如果输出构件的旋转速度不在预定的操作范围内，则需要调整一个或多个参数。

Description

具有用于调节电动机动力参数的控制器的动力工具
本申请要求于2004年4月2日提交的名称为“紧固工具(FasteningTool)”的美国临时专利申请60/559,349的优先权。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及驱动工具，例如紧固工具，而更具体地，涉及一种具有用于调节电动机动力参数的控制器的动力工具。
背景技术
在建筑行业中，动力射钉机是一种常用工具。然而，经常地，可得到的动力射钉机可能无法为使用者提供所需的灵活度和自由度，这是由于存在将所述动力射钉机连接到气体动力源的软管及类似物。因此，在现有技术中仍需要一种改进的射钉机。
发明内容
在本发明的一个方面，提供一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电源，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动；所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿着所述轴线平移。所述控制器将电力由所述电源通过第一循环部分传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，并确定与所述输出构件的转速相关的参数，且当所述参数的值小于预定门限时增加所述第一循环部分的时间间隔。
在本发明的另一方面，提供一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电源，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动，所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机组件驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿所述轴线平移。所述控制器将电力由所述电源通过第一循环部分传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，并确定与所述输出构件的转速相关的参数，且当所述参数值大于预定门限时减小所述第一循环部分的时间间隔。
在本发明的又一方面，提供一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电源，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动；所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机组件驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿所述轴线平移。所述控制器控制将电力从所述电源通过第一循环部分而传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，所述控制器被设置以确定第一参数，该第一参数与在不向所述电动机提供电力时由所述电动机产生的反向电势相关；所述控制器当所述参数的值小于预定的第一门限或大于预定的第二门限时调整所述第一循环部分的时间间隔，所述控制器允许将电力从所述电源通过第一个所述第二循环部分而传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，并在此后在完成所述第一个所述第二循环部分之后重新确定所述第一参数，并至少部分地基于所述第一参数的值来确定下一个所述第二循环部分的显示电压。
在本发明的另一方面，提供一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电池，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动；所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿所述轴线平移；所述电池提供电源。所述控制器控制将电力从所述电池通过第一循环部分传送到所述电动机以启动所述输出构件的旋转，其中由所述电动机接收的电力具有的电压与所述电池的电压相等，而且所述电动机通过所述第一循环部分接收所述电力，其中所述第一循环部分的持续期时间足够长，使得当所述电池充满电时允许所述输出构件的转速大于或等于预定的转速。
通过如上所述的结构设置，本发明提供的驱动工具为使用者提供更佳的功能性和易用性，使得驱动工具的使用更加灵活自由。
后文详细说明了本发明更进一步的应用情况。可以理解，以下所述详细描述和实施例仅为本发明的较佳实施例，用于说明本发明的特点，而并非用于限制本发明的保护范围。
附图说明
本发明将借助详细描述及附图而变得可被更全面地理解，其中：
图1是根据本发明示范说明而构建的紧固工具的侧视图；
图2是图1所示紧固工具的局部示意图，其示出了包括电动机组件和控制器在内的各部件；
图3是图1所示紧固工具的局部示意图，其更详细地示出了控制器；
图4是所述紧固工具的局部截面视图，其示出了模式选择器开关；
图5是所述控制器的局部示意图；
图6是示例性示出了本发明中电动机的负载循环的曲线；
图7是图1所示射钉机的局部示意图，其更详细地示出了控制器和模式选择器开关；
图8示出了当电动机反向电势保持恒定且将基于该反向电势的电动机速度针对温度进行校正时，实际电动机速度与电动机温度的关系的曲线。
具体实施方式
首先如图1所示，一种电动紧固件传输装置，即在此可以指的是射钉机，通常有参考标号10表示。虽然对于所述电动紧固件射击装置的描述通常是依照一种用于将钉子钉入工件的紧固工具10，但是该电动紧固件射击装置也可以被设置为射击其它不同的紧固件，例如U形钉、螺丝钉，或其它一种或多种不同紧固件的组合。进一步地，虽然紧固工具10通常被描述为电动射钉机，但以下所述的紧固工具10的很多特征也可以应用在气动射钉机或其它设备上，这些设备包括旋转锤、诸如打孔机的成孔工具，和诸如用来安装变形铆钉的铆接工具。
参考图1以及图2和图3，紧固工具10可以包括壳体12，电动机组件14、喷嘴16、触发器18、接触释放机构20、控制单元22、料仓24、和为各感应器(以下将详细描述)以及电动机组件14和控制单元22供电的电池26。不过，本领域技术人员可以从本公开文件中认识到，除了电池26以外或者可用于取代电池26，紧固工具10还可以包括用于连接外部电源供应(图中未示出)的外接电源线(图中未示出)和/或用于连接液压动力源的外接软管或其它硬件(图中未示出)。
壳体12可以包括主体部分12a和手柄12b，主体部分12a可以设置为容纳电动机组件14和控制单元22。手柄12b可以为壳体12提供通常的手枪式握把外形，并可以与主体部分12a整体成型，也可以是通过诸如螺纹紧固件(图中未示出)而连接到主体部分12a上的独立部件。手柄12b可形成外形以在人体工程学上适合用户手握，并且/或者设置有弹性和/或防滑覆层，例如覆盖成型的热塑性弹性材料。
电动机组件14可包括驱动器28和动力源30，动力源30被设置为有选择性地向驱动器28输出动力，使驱动驱动器28沿轴线平移。在提供的具体实施例中，动力源30包括电动机32、连接到电动机32的输出轴32a的飞轮34，和销辊组件36。销辊组件36可以包括起动臂38、凸轮40、枢转销42、致动器44、销辊46和凸轮从动件48。
对于在本实施例中采用的电动机组件14的详细论述不在本申请公开范围内，其详细论述参见2004年4月2日提交的名称为“紧固工具(FasteningTool)”的已转让待授权的美国临时专利申请60/559,344和与本申请同日提交的名称为“用于动力工具的结构骨架/发动机底座(Structural Backone/Motor MountFor A Power Tool)”的已转让待授权美国专利申请__/__，__，这两份申请作为本申请的引用文件，应视同在此已全文摘引。简单来说，电动机32可以用来使飞轮34旋转(例如通过电动机皮带轮32a、皮带32b和飞轮皮带轮34a)。致动器44可用于平移凸轮40(例如依箭头A所示方向)，使得凸轮40和凸轮从动件48协作使起动臂38绕枢转销42旋转，使得销辊46可驱使驱动器28与旋转的飞轮34接合。驱动器28与飞轮34的接合使得飞轮34将能量输送到驱动器28，推动驱动器28沿轴线朝喷嘴16移动。
关于在本实施例中采用的喷嘴16、接触释放机构20和料仓24的详细论述不在本申请公开范围内，其详细论述参见2004年4月2日提交的名称为“用于射钉机的接触释放机构(Contact Trip Mechanism For Nailer)”的美国临时专利申请60/559,343、2004年4月2日提交的名称为“用于射钉机的料仓组件(Magazine Assembly For Nailer)”的美国临时专利申请60/559,342、与本申请同日提出的名称为“用于射钉机的接触释放机构(Contact Trip Mechanism ForNailer)”的待授权美国专利申请__/__,__和与本申请同日提出的名称为“用于射钉机的料仓组件(Magazine Assembly For Nailer)”的美国专利申请__/__,__，这些申请作为本申请的引用文件，应视同在此已全文摘引。喷嘴16可以从主体部分12a靠近料仓24处延伸，通常可设置为与料仓24接合，以从料仓中连续接收紧固件F。当紧固工具10已启动向工件中安装紧固件F时，喷嘴16也可以通过传统方式用来导引驱动器28和紧固件F。
触发器18可以连接到壳体12上并被设置为从用户处接收通常是通过用户的手指发出的输入，所述输入可用于与触发器开关18a一起产生触发器信号，该触发器信号的全部或部分可用于启动紧固工具10的工作循环，以将紧固件F安装到工件(图中未示出)中。
接触释放机构20可以连接到喷嘴16上用于在喷嘴上滑动。接触释放机构设置为响应与工件的接触而向后滑动，且可以和触发器18或接触释放感应器50交互。当接触释放机构与触发器18互动时，接触释放机构20则与触发器18协作，允许触发器18起动触发器开关18a以产生触发器信号。更具体地，触发器18可以包括由用户手指起动的第一触发器，和当接触释放机构往后运动一定距离时被起动的第二触发器。这两个触发器中的任何一个单独被触发时，都不能使触发器开关18a产生触发器信号。而当第一和第二触发器同时处于起动状态时，触发器18才会产生触发器信号。当接触释放机构20与接触释放感应器50交互时，如本实施例所示，接触释放机构20向后运动一定距离时，触发接触释放感应器50产生接触释放信号，该信号会同触发器信号一起，启动紧固工具10的工作循环，以在工件中安装紧固件F。
控制单元22可以包括动力源感应器52，控制器54，指示器，例如附灯56和/或扬声器58，以及模式选择器开关60。动力源感应器52感应动力源30的状态，指示动力源30中的动力高低水平，并以此为依据产生感应信号。例如，动力源感应器52可以用来感应电动机32的输出轴32a或飞轮34的转速。本领域内的普通技术人员可以从本申请公开文件中看出，动力源感应器52可以直接或间接感应动力源状态。例如，电动机32的输出轴32a或飞轮34的转速可以通过编码器、涡流感应器或霍耳效应感应器等设备直接测到，或通过电动机32的反向电势间接测到。在本实施例中，采用了反向电势测量法，在电动机32不是靠电池26的供电转动，而是靠电动机组件14各部件(特别是本实施例中的飞轮34)的速度和惯性驱动时，就会产生反向电势。
模式选择器开关60是产生模式选择器开关信号的开关，指示紧固工具10应以何种工作模式运转。例如，工作模式之一可以是连发模式，在此模式下，接触释放机构20必须首先接触到工件(这样接触释放感应器50就会产生一个接触释放机构感应信号)，然后触发器开关18a被触发，产生触发器信号。另一种工作模式可以是强制单发模式，在此模式下，触发器开关18a首先被触发，产生触发器信号，然后接触释放机构20接触工件，使接触释放感应器50产生接触释放机构感应信号。还有一种工作模式，是上述两种模式的混合，在此模式下不需要特定的操作顺序，既可以用连发模式，也可以用单发模式(也就是说，先产生触发器感应信号或先产生接触释放机构感应信号均可，也可以同时产生这两种信号)。在本实施例中，模式选择器开关是双向开关，用户可以选择使用连发模式或混合模式，在混合模式下，所述紧固工具10既可以采用连发模式，也可以采用单发模式。
控制器54可以按照设置，只有在接收到模式选择器开关60发出的特定信号时，才允许紧固工具10以某种固定模式工作，例如以单发模式工作。如图7所示，当模式选择器开关60被置于第一状态下，电压为第一个预定值的信号就会被施加到控制器54上；模式选择器开关60被置于第二状态下，电压为第二个预定值的信号就会被施加到控制器54上。可以对第一和第二电压中任一种设一浮动限值，或者对两种均设浮动限值，例如设为±0.2伏，如果第一和第二电压中任一种或两种超过了浮动限值，控制器54则默认采用设定的送钉模式(例如采用连发模式)或默认显示工作状态(例如指示无法工作)。
例如，模式选择器开关60和控制器54可以设置如下：向模式选择器开关输送的电压是+5伏，模式选择器开关置于强制连发模式位置上时，模式选择器开关返回给控制器一个+5伏信号；模式选择器开关置于单发模式位置上时，模式选择器开关返回给控制器一个+2.5伏信号。在模式选择器开关置于单发模式位置上时，可以让+5伏的信号通过一个或多个电阻R，来取得高低不同的电压信号。收到模式选择器开关60传来的信号后，控制器54判断信号的电压是否在规定的范围内，例如是否在±0.2伏的浮动范围内。在本实施例中，如果信号的电压在+5.2伏到+4.8伏之间，控制器54便认为模式选择器开关60选择了连发模式；如果信号的电压在+2.7伏到+2.3伏之间，控制器54便认为模式选择器开关60选择了单发模式。如果信号的电压超出了有效窗口(也就是说，在本实施例中高于+5.2伏，或在+4.8伏到+2.7伏之间，或低于+2.7伏)，控制器54就可以让紧固工具10按照预先设定的模式运行，例如按照连发模式运行。控制器54还可以进一步为用户提供故障指示信息(例如指示灯发光或示警声)，指示出在紧固工具10的运行过程中发生故障，紧固工具10因此必须以某一预定模式运行。
紧固工具的附灯56可以采用任何类型的发光器材，包括发光二极管(LED)，用来照亮工作环境，它可以只照亮工件，也可以照亮工件以外的区域，并且/或者带有向用户或另一设备(例如数据终端)传递信息的功能。每一个附灯56都可以包括一个或多个灯泡，灯泡的颜色不限，白色、黄色或红色均可，用来照亮工件，或者向操作者发出可视信号。当附灯56被用来照亮工作环境，在预定的情况发生时，例如在触发器开关18a被触发时，可以用一个独立的开关(图中未示出)或可以通过控制器54打开一个或多个附灯56。也可以进一步通过上述独立开关关闭附灯56，也可以在预定的情况发生时，例如在超过预定时长后，通过控制器54关闭附灯。
如果附灯56被用来传递信息，可以在预定的情况发生时，通过控制器54打开附灯56。例如，附灯56可以按照预定的模式，闪动一定次数，例如四次，来反映电池26的电量已经减少到某一预定水平，或者表示控制器54判断该紧固工具的喷嘴16堵塞。可以通过感应电动机32的反向电势来判断发生了堵塞。
附灯56还可以用来，或仅仅用来，向读取设备传递光信号或电信号。在一个实施例中，附灯56产生的光被一光学读取设备500接收，光学读取设备500从而从紧固工具10下载工具数据，如工作循环总数、各种故障的类型和发生频率、各可调参数的当前值等等。在另一实施例中，感应器502和装有附灯56的紧固工具10中的电路504连接。感应器502用于从电路504安装有附灯56的引线上感应流经附灯56的电流和/或电压。由于附灯56的亮度同时影响到电路504安装有附灯56的引线上的电流和电压，可以通过有选择性地改变附灯56的亮度，使感应器502感应到电流和/或电压波动。在感受到电流和/或电压波动后，感应器502产生一信号，该信号可以被用来读取感应器502所产生信号的读取设备接收。因此，本领域的普通技术人员从本申请公开文件中可知，通过操纵附灯56，可以改变某一电信号特征，如电流或电压，这种改变可以被感应器502感应到，并且被读取器读取，从而传递工具10的数据。
控制器54可以和模式选择器开关60、触发器开关18a、接触释放感应器50、电动机32、动力源感应器52和致动器44组装在一起。在收到触发器感应器信号和接触释放感应器信号后，控制器54判断上述两种信号的产生顺序是否正确(根据模式选择器开关60和模式选择器开关信号来判断)。
如果触发器感应器信号和接触释放感应器信号的产生顺序不正确(也就是说，并非按照模式选择器开关60设定的顺序产生)，控制器54禁止向电动机32供电，并且可以发出适当的指示信息，例如打开附灯56和/或扬声器58。附灯56可以依照预先设定的模式发光(例如预先设定的发光顺序和发光颜色)，而且/或者扬声器58产生一个声音信号，告诉用户触发器开关18a和接触释放感应器50没有按照正确的顺序启动。用户可能需要重置触发器开关18a和接触释放感应器50中的一个，或同时重置这两个部件，来重新启动紧固工具10。
如果触发器感应器信号和接触释放感应器信号的产生顺序正确(也就是说，按照模式选择器开关60设定的顺序产生)，控制器54允许向电动机32供电，电动机32因此可以带动飞轮34旋转。动力源感应器52可以用来让控制器54判断紧固工具10的动力水平是否超过了预定的界限。在本实施例中，动力源感应器52用来感应电动机组件14中的动力水平。在本实施例中，可根据电动机32产生的反向电势，估算电动机组件14中的动力水平。例如，在某一预定的情况下，电动机32的供电中断了一定时间，就可以感应到电动机32产生的电信号的电压。电动机32产生的电信号的电压和电动机，输出轴32c(及飞轮34)的转速成正比，因此控制器54可以准确地判断出电动机组件14的动力水平。
本领域中的普通技术人员可以从本申请公开文件中得知，动力源30的动力水平可以通过适当的关系式(例如e＝1/2×I×ω2或e＝1/2×m×v2)直接得出(计算出或推算出)，或通过对一个或多个变量的估算间接得出，这些变量由电动机组件14的动力水平决定，因为相关部件的线性质量和惯性中的至少之一是恒定的。因此，一个部件的转速，例如电动机，输出轴32a或飞轮34的转速，或者一个信号的特性，例如信号的频率和电压，自身就可以作为估算动力水平的手段。例如，按照本发明的精神和后附权利要求中描述的方法，动力源30中某一部件的动力水平可以完全依照该部件的转速“判断”出来。再例如，根据本发明的精神和后附权利要求中描述的方法，动力源30中某一部件的动力水平可以仅仅依照电动机32产生的反向电势电压“判断”出来。
如果控制器54判断电动机组件14中部件的动力水平超出了预先设定的门限值，就会产生一个信号，例如由控制器54产生一个信号，致动器44因此被激发，驱使凸轮40沿箭头A指示的方向移动，引发如上所述的一系列事件，使驱动装置28沿轴线平移，将紧固件F射入工件。
如果控制器54判断电动机组件14中部件的动力水平没有超出预先设定的门限值，附灯56可以按照预定好的方式发光(如按照预定好的顺序或颜色)，并且/或者扬声器58会发出一个声音信号，通知用户该紧固工具10动力不足，无法将紧固件F射入工件。如果电动机组件14的动力水平没有超过预定的门限值，通过对控制器54的设置，致动器44不会被激发，也不会驱使凸轮40沿箭头A方向移动，或者通过对控制器54的设置，设定致动器44只会在预定事件发生时被激发，如在触发器18被松开并再次触发的时候，以保证用户了解控制器的设置并且是明确地超驰控制所述控制器54。
在以上的描述中，紧固工具10只有一个动力门限值，但是在更广泛的应用中，本发明可能还有不同的设置。例如，控制器54可以进一步采用和上述门限值不同的第二个动力门限值。如果电动机组件14中部件的动力水平高于上述第一个门限值(也就是使控制器54允许启动致动器44的门限值)且低于上述第二个门限值，控制器54启动指示器，例如附灯56或扬声器58，以提供视频和/或音频信号，通知用户电池26可能需要充电，或紧固工具10可能需要修理。
进一步来说，如果使用了上述第一和第二个门限值，这两个门限值也可以按照预定条件调整，例如按照要安装紧固件F的工件的硬度、紧固件F的长度，和/或一个能让用户手动调整门限值的多选开关或可变开关。如图1和图4所示，紧固工具10还可以包括可选部件防护罩62，该部件可拆卸地连接在紧固工具10的局部，覆盖模式选择器开关60。在本实施例中，防护罩62可以作为可选部件装在主体部分12上。可以通过防护罩62的设置，禁止开关触发装置60a移动到会改变模式选择器开关60状态的位置，以防止用户改变模式选择器开关60的状态。防护罩62还可以用来，或仅仅用来，保护模式选择器开关60(例如防撞击、防尘和/或防水)。进一步来说，防护罩62的形状可以制成只能从单一方向安装到紧固工具10上，这样就能保证开关60只能处于一种预定状态下，这种预定状态可以是第一设置状态或第二设置状态，但不能允许有两种预定状态。作为另一种可选功能，防护罩62还可以隐藏模式选择器开关60。
如图2和图3所示，紧固工具10还可以包括紧固件感应器64，用来感应在紧固工具10中是否有一个或多个紧固件F，并且由此产生一个相应的紧固件感应器信号。紧固件感应器64可以是一个极限开关或邻近度开关，用来直接感应紧固件F或料仓24的部件，如推料器66，推料器66通常用于将料仓24里的紧固件F向上往喷嘴16方向推。在此处提供的实施例中，紧固件感应器64是极限开关，组装在喷嘴16上，安装的位置保证在料仓和/或喷嘴中装入了预定数量的紧固件F时，推料器66可以和紧固件感应器64接触上。所述紧固件F的预定数量可以是大于或等于零的任意整数。控制器54可以在收到紧固件感应器64产生的紧固件感应器信号后，启动适当的指示器，例如附灯56和/或扬声器58，产生适当的视频和/或音频信号。控制器54还可以用来在某些情况下防止紧固工具10运行(例如，防止致动器44被激发，这样凸轮40也就不会沿着箭头A的方向运动)。举例来说，在紧固件感应器64发出紧固件感应器信号(也就是说，当料仓24中的紧固件F数量少于预定数量时)，控制器54可以防止紧固工具10运行。或者，控制器54也可以设置为，只有在料仓24和喷嘴16被清空时，才禁止紧固工具10运行。如果照此设置，紧固工具10每次将一枚紧固件F安装到工件上时，控制器54就从预定的数量中减去1，由此“倒计数”。因此，控制器54可以计算留在料仓24中的紧固件F的数量，当控制器54判断料仓24或喷嘴16中已经没有余下紧固件F，控制器54将禁止紧固工具10继续运行。
触发器开关18a和接触释放感应器50可以是传统的电源开关。不过传统的电源开关通常体积较大，在电源开关的触点之间也需要较大的空隙。因此，在使用电源开关时，如何这些开关封装入紧固工具10、开关发热和散热问题、以及电弧产生的开关寿命问题都是需要考虑的事项。作为另一种选择，触发器开关18a和接触释放感应器50也可以是合并到电路上的微动开关，使用固态结构来启动电动机组件14，由此解决开关封装问题、发热和散热问题以及电弧产生的寿命问题。
如图5所示，控制器54可以包括控制电路100。控制电路100可以包括触发器开关18a、接触释放感应器60、逻辑门电路106、集成电路108、电动机，开关110、触发装置第一开关112和触发装置第二开关114。开关110、112和114可以是任何类型的开关，包括金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)，继电器和/或晶体管。
电动机，开关110可以是安装在电动机32和电池26(图1)或直流-直流电源(图中未示出)等等动力源之间的动力控制装置。触发装置第一开关112和触发装置第二开关114也可以是安装在致动器44和动力源之间的动力控制装置。在本实施例中，触发装置第一开关112和触发装置第二开关114显示为分别安装在致动器44的两侧、在致动器44和动力源之间，但是它们也可以串联在致动器44和动力源之间。触发器开关18a和接触释放感应器50同时连接逻辑门电路106及集成电路108。集成电路108在触发器开关18a和/或接触释放感应器50处于稳定状态时作出响应，或者对触发器开关18a和/或接触释放感应器50状态的变化作出响应(例如，从高位变成低位，或从低位变成高位)。
触发器开关18a被触发后，产生触发器开关信号，这个信号被传给逻辑门电路106和集成电路108。由于接触释放感应器50的状态(还)没有改变，逻辑条件不能满足，所以逻辑门电路106不会向触发装置第一开关112发出信号来改变触发装置第一开关112的状态。因此，触发装置第一开关112保持常态(也就是说，如本实施例所示，处于断开状态)。不过集成电路108会在收到触发器开关信号时，向电动机，开关110发出信号，使电动机，开关的状态改变(也就是说，如本实施例所示，变成闭合状态)，这样就形成了电回路，使电动机32运转起来。
接触释放感应器50被触发后，产生接触释放机构信号，这个信号被传给逻辑门电路106和集成电路108。如果触发器开关18a此时继续发出触发器开关信号，逻辑条件就能得到满足，所以逻辑门电路106将会向触发装置第一开关112发出信号来改变这个开关的状态。在本实施例中，触发装置第一开关112因此变成闭合状态。集成电路108收到接触释放感应器信号后，向触发装置第二开关114发出信号，来改变触发装置第二开关的状态(也就是说，如本实施例所示，变成闭合状态)，如果触发装置第二开关的状态也同时改变，就形成了电回路，让致动器44运转起来。
模式选择器开关60和/或动力源感应器52等等其它各种开关可以和集成电路108组装在一起，以便进一步控制各继电器的运转。例如，如果模式控制开关60被置于某一状态，该状态与紧固工具10的单发模式或连发模式相关联，按照设置，集成电路108收到触发器开关信号和接触释放感应器信号中的任一个信号后，就会改变电动机，开关110的状态，然后在接收到触发器开关信号和接触释放感应器信号中的另一个信号后，改变触发装置第二开关114的状态。
在另一实施例中，当动力源感应器52产生信号，表示电动机组件14中的动力水平低于预定的门限值时，按照设置，集成电路108不产生改变触发装置第二开关114状态的信号，由此防止紧固工具10运转。
有鉴于此，如果有一功能，保证在某一点发生故障时(例如触发器开关18a或接触释放感应器50发生故障)，电动机组件14就不会启动，这一功能将会非常有用。
如图3和图6所示，控制器54还可以提供一个附加功能，让紧固工具10可以使用不同电压的电池组，包括18伏、14伏、14伏和/或9.6伏的电池组。例如控制器54可以使用脉宽调制器(PWM)、直流/直流转换器，或精确及时控制技术，来控制电动机32和/或致动器44的运行，无论电池提供的电压高低是多少，都能保证飞轮34的转速/电动机组件14的动力水平保持恒定。控制器54可以设置为在开机时感应到、或通过其他方式判断出电池26的实际电压或标称电压。
如图6所示实施例，使用脉宽调制技术，可以保证在一个工作循环的全部或部分时段内，向电动机32提供动力。所述循环可以由预定事件开始，例如当触发器18被激活时开始循环，循环可以包括初始动力周期120及一个或多个补充动力周期(例如126a、126b、126c)。在初始动力周期120期间，电池26全力向电动机32供电。根据电池26的输出电量或电动机组件14部件的运行特性数据，例如转速，可以通过某一算法计算得出，或通过保存在例如控制器54内存中的查询表查对得出初始动力周期120的时长(ti)。各个补充动力周期的时长(ts)可以和初始动力周期相等，也可以是预定的常量，或根据电池26的输出电量或电动机组件14部件的运行特性数据而变动。
在初始动力周期120和第一个补充动力周期126a之间，以及/或者在后继的补充动力周期之间，可以有一个暂停间隔122。暂停间隔122的时长(td)不固定，不过在本实施例中，暂停间隔122的时长(td)是恒定的。在暂停间隔122期间，向电动机32的供电暂停，电动机32靠惯性继续转动。此时可以利用动力源感应器52的输出信号估算电动机组件14的动力水平(例如，让控制器54得以判断电动机组件14是否有足够的力量射出一枚紧固件)并且/或者给出一个或多个参数，用以保证电动机32在下一动力周期得到供电或运行。
在本实施例中，控制器54计算出电动机32的反向电势，从而估算出飞轮34的转速。利用估算出的飞轮34转速(或者是与其同等的数据，例如电动机32的反向电势)，通过某一算法计算或者查询表查对可以得出下一补充动力周期的负载循环(例如显示电压)。此外，如果在进入初始动力周期120之后的暂停间隔122时，立刻读取电动机32的反向电势，就可以通过某一算法或查询表算出初始动力周期120的时长(ti)的改变。这样，当电池26放电时，(ti)值可以不断得到更新。在电池26最初连接到控制器54上时，可以重置(ti)值(例如，重置为数值14，这个值可以保存在查询表中)。举例来说，如果电池26的标称电压是18伏，控制器54可以把(ti)的值设为180ms；如果电池26的标称电压是14.4伏，(ti)的值可以设为200ms；如果电池26的标称电压是12伏，(ti)的值可以设为240ms。
如图8所示，曲线200显示电动机32的反向电势会随着的电动机，温度而改变，曲线200表示实际的转速，当电动机，的反向电势恒定时，电动机，转速是电动机，温度的函数。进一步参照图3可知，控制单元22可以包括温度感应器202，用来感应电动机32的温度，或感应紧固工具其它部分——例如控制器54——的温度，使控制器54可以在温度变化时对电动机32的反向电势差值作出补偿。在本实施例中，温度感应器202连接在控制器54上，感应到控制器54的温度后，产生温度信号。由于控制器54相对邻近电动机32，从控制器54的温度可以估算出电动机32的温度。
控制器54可以使用任何已知技术来推算感知到的温度对电动机32的反向电势的影响，例如使用查询表、数学关系式或某一算法。在本实施例中，电动机32实际转速之间的关系反映了线性回归的特点，因此可以使用依照经验得来的方程式来计算出基于温度的速度差分(ΔST)，联合这个速度差分和基于反向电势计算出的速度值(SBEF)，可以更准确的推算出电动机32的转速S(即S＝SBEF-ΔST)。图8中的曲线210显示出，当电动机，估算转速(S)恒定时，电动机32的实际转速是温度的函数。
或者，控制器54也可以通过算式S＝|SBATV+ΔSBEF-ΔST|来推算出电动机32的转速(S)，SBATV可以是根据电池26的电压估算出的电动机32基本速度，ΔSBEF可以是一个方程项，用来根据电动机32产生的反向电势修正电动机32基本速度，ΔST可以是上述基于温度的速度差分。在本实施例中，电池的电压可以是电池的实际电压，而不是电池的标称电压，可以根据电动机，转速-电池电压关系表中的一条斜线对应的函数推算得到方程项SBATV。根据这种推算方法，可以在较大的温度变动范围内高度准确地算出电动机，的转速。
如上所述，除了相对短暂的间隔时期(在电流脉冲之间，以及/或者在检查电动机32的反向电势时)外，紧固工具10在整个工作循环中均会向电动电动机32供电，但是从最大应用范围来讲，本发明也可以采用不同的实施方式。例如，控制器54可以通过反馈控制电动机32的运作，在这种情况下，供电会时不时中断，让电动机32和飞轮34靠惯性继续转动。在供电暂停期间，控制器54可以时不时检测电动机组件14的动力水平，如果电动机组件14的动力水平低于一个预定门限值，就向电动机，供电。如果紧固工具采用这种运行方式，可以延长电池寿命。
以上所述和附图所示仅为本发明的几个实施例，本领域内的技术人员可以理解，在不背离本发明精神的情况下，对本发明所做的任何修改和等同替换等，均应包含在本发明权利要求书所定义的保护范围之内。本申请在此进一步明确说明，各实施例的特征、要点和功能均可自由组合搭配，本领域内的普通技术人员可以从本申请公开文件中了解到，某一实施例的特征、要点和功能也可以应用到另一实施例中，除非在以上描述中另有说明。此外，在不背离本发明精神的情况下，为适应特定环境或材料而对本发明作出的修改，应包含在本发明权利要求书所定义的保护范围之内。因此，以上所述和附图所示仅为本发明目前的最佳实施例，任何符合上述技术特征描述和权利要求书中所定义范围的应用例，均为本发明的实施例。

Claims (28)

1. 一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电源，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动；所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿着所述轴线平移；其特征在于，所述控制器将电力由所述电源通过第一循环部分传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，并确定与所述输出构件的转速相关的参数，且当所述参数的值小于预定门限时增加所述第一循环部分的时间间隔。
2. 根据权利要求1中所述的驱动工具，其中所述电源是电池，所述控制器包括存储器，所述存储器被设置为在每次调整所述时间间隔时存储与所述第一循环部分相关的时间间隔。
3. 根据权利要求2中所述的驱动工具，其中当所述电池被替换为不同电池时，所述第一循环部分被设置以默认时间间隔。
4. 根据权利要求3中所述的驱动工具，其中所述默认时间间隔是基于所述电池的电压而选自多个预定的默认时间间隔。
5. 根据权利要求1中所述的驱动工具，其中所述驱动工具运行的完整循环中的每一个包括所述第一循环部分和多个第二循环部分，其中在所述驱动工具运行的完整循环中的每一个之后，所述控制器在完成预定数量的所述第二循环部分之后重新确定与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数，并至少部分地基于与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数来确定所述第二循环部分的显示电压。
6. 根据权利要求5中所述的驱动工具，其中与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数，是所述输出构件的转速。
7. 根据权利要求5中所述的驱动工具，其中在相邻的所述第二循环部分之间，所述控制器禁止向所述电动机传送电力。
8. 根据权利要求7中所述的驱动工具，其中与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数，是由所述电动机产生的反向电势。
9. 根据权利要求5中所述的驱动工具，其中每个所述第二循环部分的持续期为常数。
10. 根据权利要求5中所述的驱动工具，其中在所述第一循环部分与第一个所述第二循环部分之间，不向所述电动机提供电力。
11. 根据权利要求5中所述的驱动工具，其中所述电源是电池，所述第二循环部分的显示电压至少部分地基于所述电池的电压。
12. 根据权利要求1中所述的驱动工具，进一步包括：如果所述参数的值大于第二预定门限，则减少所述第一循环部分的时间间隔。
13. 一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电源，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动，所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机组件驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿所述轴线平移；其特征在于，所述控制器将电力由所述电源通过第一循环部分传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，并确定与所述输出构件的转速相关的参数，且当所述参数值大于预定门限时减小所述第一循环部分的时间间隔。
14. 根据权利要求13中所述的驱动工具，其中，所述电源是电池，所述控制器进一步包括存储器，所述存储器被设置为在每次调整所述时间间隔时存储与所述第一循环部分相关的时间间隔。
15. 根据权利要求14中所述的驱动工具，其中，当所述电池被替换为不同电池时，所述第一循环部分被设置以默认时间间隔。
16. 根据权利要求15中所述的驱动工具，其中，所述默认时间间隔是基于所述电池的电压而选自多个预定的默认时间间隔。
17. 根据权利要求13中所述的驱动工具，其中，所述驱动工具运行的完整循环中的每一个包括所述第一循环部分和多个第二循环部分，其中在所述驱动工具运行的完整循环中的每一个之后，所述控制器在完成预定数量的所述第二循环部分之后重新确定与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数，并且至少部分地基于与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数来确定所述第二循环部分的显示电压。
18. 根据权利要求17中所述的驱动工具，其中与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数，是所述输出构件的转速。
19. 根据权利要求17中所述的驱动工具，其中在相邻的所述第二循环部分之间，所述控制器禁止向所述电动机传送电力。
20. 根据权利要求17中所述的驱动工具，其中与所述输出构件的转速相关的所述参数，是由所述电动机产生的反向电势。
21. 根据权利要求17中所述的驱动工具，其中每个所述第二循环部分的持续期为常数。
22. 根据权利要求17中所述的驱动工具，其中在所述第一循环部分与第一个所述第二循环部分之间，所述控制器禁止向所述电动机传送电力。
23. 根据权利要求17中所述的驱动工具，其中所述电源是电池，所述第二循环部分的显示电压至少部分地基于所述电池的电压。
24. 一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电源，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动；所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机组件驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿所述轴线平移；其特征在于，所述控制器控制将电力从所述电源通过第一循环部分而传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，所述控制器被设置以确定第一参数，该第一参数与在不向所述电动机提供电力时由所述电动机产生的反向电势相关；所述控制器当所述参数的值小于预定的第一门限或大于预定的第二门限时调整所述第一循环部分的时间间隔，所述控制器允许将电力从所述电源通过第一个所述第二循环部分而传送到所述电动机以转动所述输出构件，并在此后在完成所述第一个所述第二循环部分之后重新确定所述第一参数，并至少部分地基于所述第一参数的值来确定下一个所述第二循环部分的显示电压。
25. 根据权利要求24中所述的驱动工具，其中，所述电源是电池，而所述下一个第二循环部分的显示电压至少部分地基于所述电池的电压。
26. 一种驱动工具，包括：驱动器、电动机组件、控制器和电池，所述驱动器沿一轴线可移动；所述电动机组件包括电动机和输出构件，所述输出构件由所述电动机驱动并用于向所述驱动器传送电力从而使所述驱动器沿所述轴线平移；所述电池提供电源；其特征在于，所述控制器控制将电力从所述电池通过第一循环部分传送到所述电动机以启动所述输出构件的旋转，其中由所述电动机接收的电力具有的电压与所述电池的电压相等，而且所述电动机通过所述第一循环部分接收所述电力，其中所述第一循环部分的持续期时间足够长，使得当所述电池充满电时允许所述输出构件的转速大于或等于预定的转速。
27. 根据权利要求26中所述的驱动工具，其中所述控制器可调节所述第一循环部分的持续期时间。
28. 根据权利要求27中所述的驱动工具，其中所述控制器基于与所述输出构件的转速相关的参数来调节所述第一循环部分的持续期时间。
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US8347978B2 (en) 2013-01-08
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