CN1981210A - 多维图像重构 - Google Patents

多维图像重构 Download PDF

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CN1981210A
CN1981210A CNA2005800065880A CN200580006588A CN1981210A CN 1981210 A CN1981210 A CN 1981210A CN A2005800065880 A CNA2005800065880 A CN A2005800065880A CN 200580006588 A CN200580006588 A CN 200580006588A CN 1981210 A CN1981210 A CN 1981210A
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B·罗索
M·纳格勒
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Abstract

用于对在其中具有可辨识的区的非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备，包括：构造为在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从目标区获取辐射强度数据的成像单元，和分析在空间维度和所述至少一个其它维度的强度数据以便映射可辨识的区的图像四维分析单元。该系统通常检测来自放射性药物的信号随时间的改变速率并且使用该改变速率辨识组织。在优选的实施例中，使用两种或更多放射性药物，使用其中一种放射性药物的结果来约束其它放射性药物。

Description

多维图像重构
技术领域和背景技术
本发明涉及多维图像重构并且更特别地但是非排它地涉及基于一个或多个扩散放射源的这样的图像重构。
通常在活的目标上执行放射学成像，这当然意味着如果不是实际上重叠也是非常靠近的组织混合。通常的程序为在成像过程之前喂病人一种或多种放射性标记物。放射性标记物通过消化系统吸收并且进入血流。标记物根据组织的类型从血流以不同的速率进入不同的组织。一些组织吸收标记物比其它组织快，并且一些组织吸收某些标记物比其它组织快。此外，某些组织冲洗标记物比其它组织快，并且同样冲洗速率可以也取决于使用的标记物的种类。
从而，放射性标记事实上在身体内形成动态系统，其中给定组织的相对暗度与时间因数有关。放射学家知道如果想要在施加给定的标记物以后得到例如肝脏的好的图像，那么应该在施加标记物以后得到图像以前等待数个小时。即使如此，也不能将肝脏清楚地从其它组织区别开。
放射性药物的示例包括单克隆抗体或其它试剂，例如，可以通过口服或静脉注射给予的用例如99锝、67镓、201铊、111铟、123碘、125碘和18氟的放射性同位素示踪的纤维蛋白原或氟代脱氧葡萄糖(fluodeoxyglucose)。该放射性药物设计为在瘤的区域内集中，并且在瘤的活性的部位内或诸如炎症的其它病状内的这样的放射性药物的摄取高于邻近该瘤的组织并且比邻近该瘤的组织更快。此后，可以构造为用于在身体内或身体外使用的放射性发射测量探针用于定位该活性的区域的位置。另一个应用为用诸如来自Nycomed Amersham的ACUTECT的放射性药物检测血凝块，用于在急救室或手术室内检测在静脉内新形成的血栓或检测在心脏或大脑的动脉内的血凝块。再一个应用包括使用诸如放射性的抗肌球蛋白抗体的试剂放射成像心肌梗塞，使用放射性地示踪的分子放射成像特异性细胞类型(也称作分子成像)，等等。
用于这样的应用的通常优选的发射为γ射线，该发射在大致11-511KeV的能量范围内。也可以检测β辐射和正电子。
用放射性发射测量检测器执行放射性发射成像，放射性发射测量检测器诸如现行的更有希望的检测器之一的室温、固态CdZnTe(CZT)检测器。其可以构造为单一象素或多象素检测器，并且可以例如从II-VICorporation，Saxonburg Pa.，16056的分支机构eV Products，或从Rehovot，ISRAEL，76124的IMARAD IMAGING SYSTEMS LTD.， www.imarad.com或从其它来源获取。替代地，可以使用诸如CdTe，HgI，Si，Ge，或类似物的另一种固态检测器或闪烁检测器(诸如NaI(T1)，LSO，GSO，CsI，CaF，或类似物)和光电倍增器的结合，或其它已知的检测器。
更加详细地考虑该问题，诸如作为目标的肽、单克隆抗体和其它物质的某些生物学物质或化学物质用于为了诊断目的示踪特异性活分子。理想地，基于仅附着到特异性分子结构，这些抗体对希望的类型的细胞是特异性，在该特异性分子结构中高度表达匹配该抗体的抗原。使用诸如核子γ探针或可见的视频探针的成像装置能够检测从在被递送到活体之前已经被附加到抗体的诸如放射性核素(radionuclei)或荧光染料的示踪剂发出的辐射。一个示例为前列腺瘤的癌细胞，在该癌细胞的细胞膜上有前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)的过度表达。当用放射性的铟(In111)标志诸如Capromab Pendetide(可以作为Cytogen Corp.生产的ProstaScint在市场上购买到)的单克隆抗体(Mab)，并且将单克隆抗体(Mab)全身地递送到身体时，单克隆抗体(Mab)通过血流携带并且一旦到达前列腺组织，单克隆抗体(Mab)附着到前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)。能够使用核子照相机检测到通过放射性的铟发射的高能量辐射光子，指示瘤的存在及其特定的位置。
不幸的是，由于活的有机体的复杂性，在许多情况中，相同的抗原也不仅由被研究的组织表达。从而除了感兴趣的组织，该抗原还将“着色”诸如感染区域的附加的组织。从此附加的组织得到的放射性读取值将被错误地解释为瘤区域，减小正在被执行的测试的特异性。
对于给定的目标细胞类型表征每个这样的抗体的“目标对背景”比率是确定执行适当的诊断和受引导的程序的能力的主要问题之一。
因为不同组织对这样的标记物的摄取间隙(目标和背景)随时间变化，标准的诊断规程通常建议在目标发射对背景发射比率最高时得到图像。
在研究人员试验的实验系统中，将两种标记物施加到不同的病人并且随后以连续的时间间隔对每种标记物得到图像。目标区域内的某些特征在全部图像中清楚地显露出来，其它特征对于一个标记物的全部图像是清楚的但是对于其它标记物淡入和淡出，并且还有其它的特征对于全部标记物但是在不同的时间淡入和淡出。研究人员能够使用他们对于该两种标记物对不同组织的行为的知识来识别图像中的特征。
因此，上面的系统依靠研究人员的知识来综合从多幅图像接收的信息形成对放射图像示出的信息的理解。在通常的医院环境中，至少对于这样的系统需要的时间，不可能保证有必要的专家存在。
从而，已经广泛认识到需要避免上述限制的放射学成像系统，并且具有这样的放射学成像系统是非常有利的。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了用于对在其中具有可辨识的区的非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备，该设备包括：
构造为在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从所述目标区获取辐射强度数据的成像单元，和
与所述成像单元关联的图像四维分析单元，用于分析在所述空间维度和所述至少一个其它维度的所述获取的强度数据，以便映射(map)所述可辨识的区。图像四维分析单元意思是能够分析基于空间维度加上诸如时间的一个其它维度的图像数据的单元。
优选地，所述图像四维分析单元构造为将图像输出约束到所述映射的可辨识的区的子集。
优选地，所述图像四维分析单元构造为使用所述约束增加所述图像输出的分辨率。
优选地，可辨识的区具有对于放射性标记物不同的随时间吸收特性，并且所述多维数据包括时间分量，所述图像分析单元构造为比较检测到的强度随时间的改变与所述吸收特性，以便执行所述映射。
优选地，至少两种放射性标记物施加到所述目标区，所述标记物中的每个具有对所述区中的分别的区不同的吸收特性，并且所述标记物中的每个分别地产生可辨识的辐射，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述标记物之间的辐射的可辨识性作为附加的维度以便执行所述映射。
优选地，至少两种放射性标记物施加到所述目标区，所述标记物中的每个具有对所述区中的分别的区不同的吸收特性，并且所述标记物中的每个分别地产生可辨识的辐射，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述标记物之间的辐射的可辨识性作为所述至少一个其它维度以便执行所述映射。
优选地，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生包括作为差别的实体的所述区的图像。
优选地，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生示出仅所述区的子集并且排除所述区的至少一个其它子集的图像。
优选地，所述区至少部分地重叠，所述图像分析单元构造为示出由于所述区的子集的辐射并且将来自所述区的至少一个其它子集的辐射作为噪声排除。
优选地，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生包括作为差别的实体的所述区的图像。
优选地，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生示出仅所述区的子集并且排除所述区的至少一个其它子集的图像。
优选地，所述区至少部分地重叠，所述图像分析单元构造为示出由于所述区的子集的辐射并且将来自所述区的至少一个其它子集的辐射作为噪声排除。
优选地，所述成像单元包括至少一个定向的盖革计数器。
优选地，所述成像单元包括多个定向的盖革计数器。
优选地，所述成像单元包括用于指导所述盖革计数器从一组优化的位置得到图像以获取对于给定目标的三位空间数据的控制器。
优选地，所述非同源的目标区域为活的组织的区，并且所述可辨识的区为以下组中的至少一个：不同的组织，不同的器官，血液和器官组织，和不同病状的组织区。
优选地，所述放射性标记物中的一个为铊201并且所述放射性标记物中的另一个为锝99。
优选地，所述图像分析单元构造为，如果图像数据不符合所述吸收特性中的至少一个，将所述图像数据作为来自所述目标区域外部的图像数据忽略。
该设备可以构造为使用所述映射识别至少一个低发射率的区，由此在所述识别的区上集中成像资源。
优选地，所述成像是通过所述目标区域的三维象素，并且其中所述集中成像资源包括合并所述识别的区的三维象素。
优选地，所述集中成像资源包括在所述识别的区上集中所述成像单元的资源。
优选地，所述映射包括识别器官的第一映射和约束到所述器官内的第二映射。
根据本发明的第二个方面，提供了使用至少一个放射性标记物约束从具有多个差别的区的非同源的目标区域获取的图像数据的方法，该方法包括：
在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从所述目标区域获取辐射强度数据，和
使用所述维度分析所述辐射强度数据，以便分类属于分别的差别的区的数据并且产生约束到所述差别的区的子集的输出。
优选地，所述至少一个放射性标记物具有对于所述差别的区不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度为时间维度。
优选地，提供至少两种放射性标记物，每个放射性标记物分别具有对于所述差别的区中的每个的不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度为时间维度。
优选地，提供至少两种放射性标记物，每个放射性标记物产生差别的信号并且每个放射性标记物分别具有对于所述差别的区中的每个的不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度为指示个别的标记物的维度。
优选地，提供至少两种放射性标记物，每个放射性标记物产生差别的信号并且每个放射性标记物分别具有对于所述差别的区中的每个的不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度包括时间维度和指示个别的标记物的维度。
优选地，所述分类识别至少一个低发射率的区，该方法还包括在所述识别的区上集中成像资源。
优选地，所述成像是通过所述目标区域的三维象素，并且所述集中成像资源包括合并所述识别的区的三维象素。
优选地，所述集中成像资源包括在所述识别的区上集中所述成像单元的资源。
优选地，所述分类包括识别器官的第一分类和约束到所述器官内的第二分类。
根据本发明的第三个方面，提供了用于对在其中具有可辨识的区的非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备，该设备包括：
构造为在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从所述目标区获取辐射强度数据的成像单元，
与所述成像单元关联的图像分析单元，用于分析在所述空间维度和所述至少一个其它维度的所述获取的强度数据，以便映射所述可辨识的区，并且使用所述映射控制成像资源的使用。
除非另外定义，在这里使用的全部技术和科学术语与本发明所属的技术领域中的普通技术人员通常理解的含义相同。在这里提供的材料、方法、和示例仅是说明性的而不打算是限制性的。
本发明的方法和系统的实现包括手动地、自动地、或手动自动结合地执行或完成某些选择的任务或步骤。另外，根据本发明的方法和系统的优选的实施例的实际仪器和装备，可以通过硬件或通过在任何固件的任何操作系统上的软件或通过它们的结合实现数个选择的步骤。例如，作为硬件，本发明的选择的步骤可以实现为芯片或电路。作为软件，本发明的选择的步骤可以实现为通过使用任何适合的操作系统的计算机执行的多个软件指令。无论如何，本发明的方法和系统的选择的步骤可以被描述为通过数据处理器执行，诸如用于执行多个指令的计算平台。
附图说明
本发明在这里仅作为示例参考附图描述。通过现在对附图的详细的特定参考，强调示出的细节仅作为示例并且仅为了说明性地讨论本发明的优选的实施例，并且其目的为提供对本发明的原理和概念方面的最有用的和最容易理解的描述。在这点上，不打算显示比对本发明的基础的理解所必需的内容更加详细的本发明的结构细节，结合附图的描述使得本领域中的普通技术人员明白可以如何在实践中具体化本发明的数种形式。
在附图中：
图1为示出了在目标区上方检测的单一检测器的简图；
图2为示出了允许从目标区获取三维信息的两个检测器位置(不必要同时地)的简图；
图3A-3D示出了对于不同组织内的不同放射性药物的一系列四个时间吸收特性；
图4为示出了用于驱动成像头并且允许通过图像分析器装置控制成像头的装置的简化的示意图；
图5为示出了在单一标记物情况下通过图4所示分析器过程的图像分析处理的简化的流程图；
图6A-6D示出了根据本发明的优选的实施例分别使用两种不同的标记物得到的相同目标区域的两组连续的图像；
图7A为示出了根据本发明的优选的实施例的程序的简化的流程图，在该程序中使用两种或更多标记物首先用于识别器官并且随后其次确定在该器官内是否存在病状；
图7B为示出了用于两个特定图案的通常的情况的图7A所示的通用化的简化的流程图；
图8为示出了根据本发明的优选的实施例的程序的简化的流程图，在该程序中使用两种或更多标记物用于在目标区域内识别低发射率区并且使用该识别控制成像资源以更好地成像识别的区；及
图9A-9D示出了使用两种不同的标记物以与图6所示相似的方式得到的相同目标区域的两组连续的图像，与图6所示不同的是此次感兴趣的区是一个在另一个的内部。
具体实施方式
本实施例包括用于对具有不同材料或组织类型或病状的区的非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备和方法。该成像使用目标区域的多维数据以便辨识不同的区。通常多维数据包括时间作为其中一个维度。放射性标记物具有对于不同组织特定的特别的时间吸收特性，并且成像装置编程序为将其成像约束到特别的特性。
结果不仅是在感兴趣的组织上集中的图像，而且因为该图像被约束到感兴趣的组织，能够在该组织上集中成像资源并且从而产生比完全组织盲目的现有技术的系统分辨率更高的图像。
参考附图和附随的描述可以更好地理解根据本发明的放射学成像系统的原理和操作。
在详细解释本发明的至少一个实施例以前，需要理解本发明在应用中不限于在接下来的描述中陈述的或在附图中示出的部件的构造和布置的细节。本发明能够有其它实施例或以不同的方式实践或执行。同样，需要理解在这里使用的措词和术语的目的为描述并且不应该被认为是限制性的。
现在参考图1，其中示出了根据现有技术得到目标的图像的简单的盖革计数器。盖革计数器10与目标12相联系地放置并且吸收来到其路线上的任何放射性微粒。通常到达盖革计数器的放射性微粒来自锥形物14内的某处。盖革计数器没有关于微粒来自的深度的信息并且甚至不能辨识来自锥形物内不同方向的微粒。从而，原则上现有技术的盖革计数器给出低分辨率的一维信息。
如果现在将该计数器运动到目标的表面上方的不同位置，那么能够将来自不同位置的数据组合成低分辨率二维图像。
增加盖革计数器的分辨率的一个方法为将其制造得更小。那么该锥形物在维持相同几何形状的同时给出更高分辨率的数据。
检测器得到(yt)t＝1 T个样本以形成数据组，其通常为来自给定方向的目标的二维图像。
现在参考图2，其为示出了怎样从目标获取三维信息的简图。与前面图中相同的零件使用相同的参考数字，并且除非为了理解本实施例必要外不再被引用。第二盖革计数器16放置为基本上与第一盖革计数器成直角并且获取与第一盖革计数器相似类型的图像。然而，因为两个锥形物重叠，产生的图像可能互相关以推断热或冷辐射源在三个维度内的存在。
现在参考图3，其为示出给定的放射性标记物对于不同组织的不同的吸收特性的一系列曲线图。可以考虑的典型的标记物为铊201和锝99。图3a指示铊201对于血液的典型的吸收特性，铊201为特别好的用于血液的标记物。标记物通常随着消化相当迅速地被血液吸收并且随后随着其被包括肾的不同的组织和器官吸收而逐渐地消失。来自组织的标记物材料最终回到血液内以被排泄。被肾吸收的标记物材料被直接排泄并且不再被看到。
图3B、3C和3D示出了锝99对于不同组织的时间吸收特性，并且可以看到该特性通常是曲线但是对于不同的组织在不同的时间出现峰值。
本实施例基于的原理如下：考虑图3所示曲线图，明显地，在考虑信号强度时，属于单一组织的区将以相同的方式表现。即，对给定的组织，给定的标记物将以相同的速率被吸收并且随后以相同的速率消除，然而此速率对于其它组织不同。如果因此对目标得到一系列连续的图像并且对于强度改变的速率逐区分析该图像，能够通过具有匹配给定的特性的强度改变速率识别特别的想得到的区。这样，即使感兴趣的区与其它区严重地重叠，该区也是可辨识的。
现在参考图4，其示出了用于对非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备。设备20包括自身包括布置在成像头上的一系列小的盖革计数器24.1…24.n的成像单元22。通过运动控制器26控制成像单元以从目标区域各处的不同的位置得到读取值。优选地，成像头的运动通过软件经由伺服马达控制。另外，单个的盖革计数器或盖革计数器的组的运动也通过软件经由伺服马达控制。
在优选的实施例中，总合从单个的盖革计数器接收的信号以形成目标区域的三维图像。本领域中的普通技术人员可以理解该系统也可以基于二维图像。在每种情况下，信号被提供给图像分析器28，在图像分析器28处分析信号以形成图像。
在优选的实施例中，图像分析器能够使用标记物吸收特性比较连续的图像并且识别特别感兴趣的区，并且随后在那些区上集中成像资源。即，图像分析器事实上能够控制成像器的进一步操作。
现在参考图5，图5为示出了在单一标记物情况下通过分析器28执行的图像分析过程的简化的流程图。优选地，在不同的时间得到相同视点的一系列图像，阶段30，并且对每个时间形成目标的三维总图像。分析器随后分析每个三维总图像以获得在目标的各处的不同位置处的局部强度，阶段32。记录局部强度并且在阶段34中重叠不同图像上的相同位置。通过该重叠，可以在阶段36中获取图像之间的局部强度改变速率。在阶段38中比较改变速率和预先得到的标记物对不同组织的特性，并且随后在阶段40中将数据约束到那些符合期望的预先确定的特性的位置。从而该成像过程能够用于识别并且集中在感兴趣的位置上，并且能够放弃来自其它位置的数据。因此，图像分析能够在感兴趣的组织上集中其资源并且能够产生更高分辨率的最终图像。
应该理解，在许多情况中两种类型的组织可能重叠，其中仅一种组织是感兴趣的。在此情况下排除不感兴趣的一种组织和包括感兴趣的组织都是同等重要的。对于一种组织的最佳的标记物可能对另一种组织不是最佳的。对于图4和5描述的系统可以适合与两种或多种标记物一起使用，如图6中举例说明的。每种标记物产生不同能量等级的放射性微粒，并且因此来自不同标记物的数据能够被分别地采集和总合以形成不同的图像。从不同能量等级的信号获取的不同的数据组可以在数学上作为多维向量的不同维度处理。对于每个标记物图像，使用适当的特性识别感兴趣的组织，并且该结果能够在不同标记物之间相互校验。不同的组织能够被映射并且图像分析能够在感兴趣的区域上集中。从而，该系统使用时间和微粒能量作为除了空间维度以外的分开的维度以便表征或映射组织。
从而，图像分析单元能够产生将不同的组织区作为分开的实体处理的最终结果。此外，由于系统发觉作为实体的区，其能够进一步指导成像过程以在感兴趣的区上集中。
区至少部分地重叠的示例为心脏。通常，对心脏的扫描对心脏的肌肉壁感兴趣。虽然心脏的室充满血液，来自血液的任何信号对于此种类型的扫描事实上是噪声。因此，执行能够确定地识别来自肌肉心脏壁的信号并且同时排除来自血液的信号的成像过程是有利的。
现在参考图6，并且在优选的实施例中，病人摄入两种标记物，铊201和锝99。其中第一种为有效的血液标记物并且在图6a和6b中示出了两幅连续的铊图像，并且其中第二种在标记肌肉组织方面更有效并且在图6c和6d中示出了它的两幅连续的图像。以对于血液中的铊201的特性和对于肌肉中的锝99的特性选择的间隔为心脏成像。结果为对于每种标记物的一系列图像。对铊201的系列可以被约束以相当清楚地示出血液的区，并且滤出其它区。在这里血管在图6a中清楚地示出并且在图6b中更加模糊地示出，在图6b中大部分铊已经被冲洗。对锝99的系列，图6c和6d示出了肌肉壁结构。两幅图像中的第一幅明显地示出了较大的结构但是事实上示出的全部内容为许多锝还没有在肌肉中被吸收。因此，第二图像6d可以用于约束第一图像6c以仅显示肌肉壁区。随后可以重叠两个系列的图像以从锝99图像6c和6d滤出在铊图像6a和6b中强烈地显示的任何部分。该滤出可以附加将在全部图像中强烈地显示的任何部分作为来自区外部的部分移除。
在上述示例中，两个区分别为正和负兴趣，意味着一个用于集中并且另一个用于滤出。应该理解数个区或数个组织类型可以为正兴趣或者可以存在区的任何结合，其中仅一个区为正兴趣。替代地，全部区可以为正兴趣但是可以附属重要性以在来自不同区的不同信号之间区别。
该系统能够使用映射产生包括作为差别的实体的不同的组织区的图像。作为映射过程的结果，该系统能够电子地发觉不同的区并且从而控制成像头和分析单元以在特定区上集中它们的资源。结果为对于感兴趣的区的更高的分辨率。
使用检查标记物随时间的动力学和同时使用数种标记物中的任一种，或同时采用上述两种方法，优选的实施例可以用于扩展从标记物获取的信息。
为了增加测试的特异性，可以使用具有与第一物质的那些反应性和药物动力学不同的反应性和药物动力学的附加的第二物质(“辅助物质”)以便增强不同的病状之间的差异，如上面对于图6所解释的。辅助物质，在此情况下为铊，理想地仅标记通过主要物质标记的群体的子集，并且标记的速率与主要物质不同。这样的差异的存在是因为对不同细胞类型的不同的亲和力和在不同组织的代谢反应中的不同参与。该差异与标记的速率和/或与标记的位置关联。
一旦读取到在不同时间场合从不同物质的三维象素填塞物发出的放射性信号，可能为每个三维象素构造多维数据矩阵Sjk，该多维数据矩阵Sjk的元素为由物质J的相互作用引起的在场合K得到的强度读取值。在此多维空间内对组织的每个三维象素的检查量化组织对不同的物质的暂时的和特定的反应，并且从而增加对不同病状的特定的检测的可能性。此外，可以使用标准图像处理技术以便更加准确地限定不同病状的空间位置。
除了上述方法，反映邻近的三维象素之间的典型关系的空间性质也可以为标准并且表示为组织类型的图案的一部分。
现在参考图7，其示出了附加的统计法。在图7中，可以使用基于预期的强度的自动算法来确定是否整个器官或区已经患病。一旦可能变成如上所解释的组织发觉，那么基于逐个三维象素执行这样的分析不再必要。相反地，该系统能够例如使用第一标记物确定器官的位置，并且随后可以使用器官位置的约束成像第二标记物，第二标记物能够定位病状的存在。
现在参考图8，其示出了用于使用本实施例的组织发觉性质以便调整检测以匹配组织或器官发射率的方法。通常，无论其产生多大辐射，通过简单地使得测量装置处于适当的位置足够长的时间，总能充分地成像任何区。然而，在许多情况下可以使用的时间受到限制。对于这样的数据获取的时间受到限制的情况，本实施例可以用于识别可以预期产生较少发射的区。该系统可以随后根据可以使用的光子的数量将成像资源或分辨率调整到那些组织上。显然获得的光子越多数据的可靠性越高，并且因此组织发觉系统能够将更多检测器集中在信号较弱的组织上。
如果光子的数量还是不足，或者没有足够的检测器，那么另一种共享资源的方法为合并邻近的三维象素(或区)。这样的程序可能减小分辨率，但是可以增加对于合并的区的光子的总数量，并且从而使得能够基于更加可靠的光子数更好地分类该区。这样的折衷使得能够通过在光子足够处允许高分辨率并且在光子较少处允许低分辨率同时维持分析的可靠性的方法分析相同的采集的数据。
同样可以使用多种标记物识别组织区。
上实施例可以导致目前用放射成像无法实现的可控的灵敏度等级。
使用多种抗体的构思可以用于治疗目的，如接下来所述：
携带药物(或放射性治疗)的单一抗体的特异性确定非目标组织接收药物的机会，并且从而遭受药物的任何毒性。在存在数种抗体的情况下，每种抗体具有受限制的特异性，但是具有对不同的“背景”组织的亲和性，可以使用抗体的结合改善总特异性，并且从而减小总毒性并且能够使得治疗的功效更高。
例如，如果基于第一抗体(A1)的药物结合到目标的亲和性为其到最近的非目标组织(B1)的亲和性的N1倍，并且与相似的药物一起的第二抗体(A2)具有比其最近的非目标组织(B2)高N2倍的目标亲和性，那么使用合并的治疗将使得能够获得更好的目标对非目标特异性，其比N1和N2更好(假设B1和B2不同)。
在更加普遍的实施例中，系统可以包括信号分析模块，包括对于每种细胞类型典型的图案库。每种类型的细胞具有与其关联的一种或多种图案，并且该图案确定根据特定规程(剂量，时间，等等)注射的一组标记物可以如何在该细胞类型中表达。分析包括基于相互性或其它统计工具对来自每个三维象素的读取值的分类，用于评估对每个三维象素的最可能的组织分类。
因为对于给定的疾病可以存在数种细胞类型(例如，癌症可以表现为数种形式)，可以优化该算法以确定每个三维象素或区的准确的组织类型。替代地，可以优化算法以确定患病/未患病的总的性质，同时将特定分类仅作为统计分析中的一个因素。
应该注意，该系统可以允许对于给予标记物的不同规程，其中不同标记物的注射可以同时进行，或者在不同的时间多次注射，因为不同的标记物在循环中具有不同的寿命。
现在数学地考虑使用两种或更多标记物产生成像的问题。
传统用每秒放射性发射定义的强度分布I现在重新定义为在形成我们的输入空间的体积U上的分布的向量。该向量的每个维度为放射性药物中的不同的一种。全集U包括一组基本元素u(例如，在两维空间内的象素，在三维空间内的三维象素)，并且I(u)为在给定的基本元素u∈U内的强度。对于j放射性药物，这变成I(u)(j，t)。当不能直接从I采样但是能够从视点的给定的集合Ф采样时，出现逆向(或重构)问题。通过概率的集合{(u)：u∈U}定义投影∈Ф，其中(u)为检测到来自三维象素u的放射性发射的概率，如通过诸如检测单元的物理和几何性质的观察参数以及观察的体积U的衰减参数和时间参数所定义的。通过选择视点∈Ф并且随后根据观察参数采样获得测量结果。
对于j放射性药物或标记物和k检测器，看到微粒的概率变成j K(u)。
在接下来的分析中，I为放射性物质的强度，并且观察参数包括准直的检测单元的几何性质和检测单元相对于体积U的位置和取向。在时间间隔内通过检测单元计数的放射性发射的数量为泊松分布，其中(u)为从三维象素u∈U发射的光子的检测概率，并且该分布的平均值为加权和∑u∈U(u)I(u)。
对于第k个检测器的情况，测量结果Yk＝∑u∈UXt(u)，其中X(U)为泊松分布。
X(j,k,t)(u)=I(i,t)(u)·(u)j k(u)
其中，Y(j，k，t)＝∑X(j，k，t)(u)
因此，Y(j，k，t)＝Poisson(Y(j，k，t))
从而通过矩阵Ф定义投影集合，矩阵Ф的行为选择的视点的投影。I为密度的向量(对U中的每个元素规定)，并且ФI为对于集合内的视点的分别的有效的强度等级的向量。通过从每个视点随机采样(根据关联的泊松分布)获取测量结果的向量y。如上面讨论的，存在在给定投影Ф和测量结果y的情况下提供对I的估计量的不同的已知的重构方法。
使用上述数学方法以例如每个小时一次对于向量中的一个解决该问题(形成图像)。确定了改变的速率。同时以相似的时间间隔对于向量中的另一个解决该问题并且确定改变的速率。随后在两个图像之间执行交叉识别的阶段，使得每个图像识别的想要的组织减去每个图像识别的不想要的组织被集中以形成新的图像。交叉识别可以为迭代法。
在上面给出的使用一种血液标记物和一种肌肉组织标记物成像心脏的示例中，通过血液标记物识别的区域被减去。通过肌肉标记物识别的区域加和，并且那些即没有被血液标记物识别也没有被肌肉标记物识别的组织被作为来自目标区外部的信号同样地忽略。
非同源的目标区域典型地为通常属于病人的活组织的区。其中的可辨识的区可以为不同的组织、不同的器官、如上述心脏的示例的情况中为血液和器官组织的混合、或者表现不同病状的组织区。
预期在本专利的有效期期间将开发出许多有关的标记物、放射学成像装置以及二维和三维成像系统，并且其中对应的术语的范围打算演绎地包括全部这样的新技术。
应该理解，为了清晰在分开的实施例的上下文内描述的本发明的某些特征也可以在单一的实施例中结合地提供。相反地，为了简短在单一的实施例的上下文内描述的本发明的不同的特征也可以分开地提供或者以任何适合的子结合提供。
虽然已经结合特定的实施例描述了本发明，显然许多替代物、修改和变化对于本领域中的普通技术人员显而易见。因此，本发明打算包含属于后附的权利要求书的精神和广泛的范围内的全部这样的替代物、修改和变化。在此说明书中提到的全部出版物、专利和专利申请在这里全文作为参考加入本说明书，达到如同每个单个的出版物、专利或专利申请被特定地并且单独地指示以在这里作为参考加入的程度。另外，在此申请中的任何对比文件的引用或识别不应该解释为承认这样的对比文件作为本发明的现有技术存在。

Claims (32)

1.用于对在其中具有可辨识的区的非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备，该设备包括：
构造为在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从所述目标区获取辐射强度数据的成像单元，和
与所述成像单元关联的图像四维分析单元，用于分析在所述空间维度和所述至少一个其它维度的所述获取的强度数据，以便映射所述可辨识的区。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述图像四维分析单元构造为将图像输出约束到所述映射的可辨识的区的子集。
3.根据权利要求2所述的设备，其中，所述图像四维分析单元构造为使用所述约束增加所述图像输出的分辨率。
4.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述可辨识的区具有对于放射性标记物不同的随时间吸收特性，并且所述多维数据包括时间分量，所述图像分析单元构造为比较检测到的强度随时间的改变与所述吸收特性，以便执行所述映射。
5.根据权利要求4所述的设备，其中，至少两种放射性标记物施加到所述目标区，所述标记物中的每种具有对所述区中的分别的区不同的吸收特性，并且所述标记物中的每种分别地产生可辨识的辐射，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述标记物之间的辐射的可辨识性作为附加的维度以便执行所述映射。
6.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其中，至少两种放射性标记物施加到所述目标区，所述标记物中的每种具有对所述区中的分别的区不同的吸收特性，并且所述标记物中的每种分别地产生可辨识的辐射，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述标记物之间的辐射的可辨识性作为所述至少一个其它维度以便执行所述映射。
7.根据权利要求4所述的设备，其中，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生包括作为差别的实体的所述区的图像。
8.根据权利要求4所述的设备，其中，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生示出仅所述区的子集并且排除所述区的至少一个其它子集的图像。
9.根据权利要求4所述的设备，其中，所述区至少部分地重叠，所述图像分析单元构造为示出由于所述区的子集的辐射并且将来自所述区的至少一个其它子集的辐射作为噪声排除。
10.根据权利要求5所述的设备，其中，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生包括作为差别的实体的所述区的图像。
11.根据权利要求5所述的设备，其中，所述图像分析单元构造为使用所述映射产生示出仅所述区的子集并且排除所述区的至少一个其它子集的图像。
12.根据权利要求5所述的设备，其中，所述区至少部分地重叠，所述图像分析单元构造为示出由于所述区的子集的辐射并且将来自所述区的至少一个其它子集的辐射作为噪声排除。
13.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述成像单元包括至少一个定向的盖革计数器。
14.根据权利要求13所述的设备，其中，所述成像单元包括多个定向的盖革计数器。
15.根据权利要求13所述的设备，其中，所述成像单元包括用于指导所述盖革计数器从一组优化的位置得到图像以获取对于给定目标的三位空间数据的控制器。
16.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述非同源的目标区域为活的组织的区，并且所述可辨识的区为以下组中的至少一个，该组包括：不同的组织，不同的器官，血液和器官组织，和不同病状的组织区。
17.根据权利要求5所述的设备，其中，所述放射性标记物中的一种为铊201并且所述放射性标记物中的另一种为锝99。
18.根据权利要求4所述的设备，其中，所述图像分析单元构造为，如果所述图像数据不符合所述吸收特性中的至少一个，将所述图像数据作为来自所述目标区域外部的图像数据忽略。
19.根据权利要求1所述的设备，构造为使用所述映射识别至少一个低发射率的区，由此在所述识别的区上集中成像资源。
20.根据权利要求19所述的设备，其中，所述成像是通过所述目标区域的三维象素，并且其中所述集中成像资源包括合并所述识别的区的三维象素。
21.根据权利要求19所述的设备，其中，所述集中资源包括在所述识别的区上集中所述成像单元的资源。
22.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其中，所述映射包括识别器官的第一映射和约束到所述器官内的第二映射。
23.一种用于使用至少一种放射性标记物约束从具有多个差别的区的非同源的目标区域获取的图像数据的方法，该方法包括：
在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从所述目标区域获取辐射强度数据，和
使用所述维度分析所述辐射强度数据，以便分类属于分别的差别的区的数据并且产生约束到所述差别的区的子集的输出。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，所述至少一种放射性标记物具有对于所述差别的区中的差别的区不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度为时间维度。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法，其中，提供至少两种放射性标记物，每种放射性标记物分别具有对于所述差别的区中的每个的不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度为时间维度。
26.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，提供至少两种放射性标记物，每种放射性标记物产生差别的信号并且每种放射性标记物分别具有对于所述差别的区中的每个的不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度为指示单个的标记物的维度。
27.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，提供至少两种放射性标记物，每种放射性标记物产生差别的信号并且每种放射性标记物分别具有对于所述差别的区中的每个的不同的时间吸收特性，并且其中所述至少一个其它维度包括时间维度和指示单个的标记物的维度。
28.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，所述分类识别至少一个低发射率的区，该方法还包括在所述识别的区上集中成像资源。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法，其中，所述成像是通过所述目标区域的三维象素，并且其中所述集中成像资源包括合并所述识别的区的三维象素。
30.根据权利要求28所述的方法，其中，所述集中资源包括在所述识别的区上集中所述成像单元的资源。
31.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，所述分类包括识别器官的第一分类和约束到所述器官内的第二分类。
32.用于对在其中具有可辨识的区的非同源的目标区域进行基于辐射的成像的设备，该设备包括：
构造为在空间维度和至少一个其它维度从所述目标区获取辐射强度数据的成像单元，
与所述成像单元关联的图像分析单元，用于分析在所述空间维度和所述至少一个其它维度的所述获取的强度数据，以便映射所述可辨识的区，并且使用所述映射控制成像资源的使用。
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