CN1928584B - 使用共享电路的合成gps定位系统及通信系统 - Google Patents

使用共享电路的合成gps定位系统及通信系统 Download PDF

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CN1928584B
CN1928584B CN2006101003731A CN200610100373A CN1928584B CN 1928584 B CN1928584 B CN 1928584B CN 2006101003731 A CN2006101003731 A CN 2006101003731A CN 200610100373 A CN200610100373 A CN 200610100373A CN 1928584 B CN1928584 B CN 1928584B
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CN1928584A (zh
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N·F·克拉斯内尔
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    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
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Abstract

一种用于在集成通信系统中执行GPS功能和蜂窝通信功能的方法，所述方法包括：在一个共享的射频到中频变换器内转换射频GPS信号和射频蜂窝通信信号，其中，由所述共享的射频到中频变换器把所述的射频GPS信号从第一频率转换到低于该第一频率的第二频率，以及由所述共享的射频到中频变换器把所述的射频蜂窝通信信号从第三频率转换到低于该第三频率的第四频率，而且，所述共享的射频到中频变换器包含一个共享的混频器，由该混频器把所述的射频GPS信号转换成所述的第二频率，以及把所述的射频蜂窝通信信号转换成所述的第四频率，以及其中，所述的GPS信号是从一个GPS天线接收的，所述的蜂窝通信信号是从一个通信链路接收的。

Description

使用共享电路的合成GPS定位系统及通信系统
这个申请是申请号为03160378.5、申请日为1996年10月8日、发明名称为“使用共享电路的合成GPS定位系统及通信系统”的专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及执行双重功能的接收机，(a)通过接收来自全球定位卫星系统的发送确定它们的位置以及(b)进行去和来自其它站点的通信以便接收定位命令以及其它信息并作为响应发送表示位置信息的数据，该信息通过接收来自全球定位卫星系统的发送来找到。
背景技术
GPS系统与其它通信系统的合成引起了相当多的兴趣，特别是在个人和财产跟踪领域。这种合成的一个例子在U.S.专利No.5,225,842中所示。该通信链路允许处于移动个人或物体(例如，一个汽车或动物)上的廉价GPS(全球定位系统)接收机向监视这种活动的远端站点发射它的精确确定的位置。这种技术的应用包括保安、车船跟踪、紧急响应、存货控制等。现有技术已经通过使用分立的GPS接收机和通信系统之间合适的电气接口——例如，串行通信口等——将二者结合从而实现这样的合成。公共的外壳和公共的电源常常是共享的以便降低总体的成本。但是，现有技术使用分立电路提供完成GPS和通信功能的系统。
因为众所周知GPS接收机使用称为“相关器”的特殊硬件，处理从多个卫星接收的信号，因此将两个不同系统的大部分电路合成就是不实际的。这种特殊硬件明显区别于诸如蜂窝电话和寻呼机这样的通信接收机和收发机中所使用的。在很多通信接收机中，诸如蜂窝电话和寻呼机中可见的那些，信号处理功能使用通用数字信号处理集成电路，例如Texas Instruments的TMS 320系列来完成。因此，两种不同系统的信号处理硬件在合成GPS和通信系统中是不兼容的。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用于在GPS接收机中控制通信链路和处理来自至少一个卫星的表示GPS信号的数据的方法，所述方法包括：在处理单元中处理来自至少一个卫星的所述表示GPS信号的数据，包括执行一种相关功能，以根据所述表示GPS信号的数据确定一个伪范围；通过使用所述处理单元执行控制来控制经过通信链路的通信信号，而且其中所述处理单元对发送到所述GPS接收机的通信信号进行解调。
本发明提供一个GPS接收机，包括：接收来自至少一个卫星的表示GPS信号的数据的GPS天线；连接到所述GPS天线的数字处理器，所述数字处理器处理来自至少一个卫星的所述表示GPS信号的数据，包括执行一种匹配滤波功能，以基于所述表示GPS信号的数据确定伪范围，所述数字处理器也处理通过通信链路接收的通信信号，所述通信信号的处理包括对发送到所述GPS接收机的通信信号的解调。
本发明还提供一种用于在集成通信系统中执行GPS功能和蜂窝通信功能的方法，所述方法包括：在一个共享的射频到中频变换器内转换射频GPS信号和射频蜂窝通信信号，其中，由所述共享的射频到中频变换器把所述的射频GPS信号从第一频率转换到低于该第一频率的第二频率，以及由所述共享的射频到中频变换器把所述的射频蜂窝通信信号从第三频率转换到低于该第三频率的第四频率，而且，所述共享的射频到中频变换器包含一个共享的混频器，由该混频器把所述的射频GPS信号转换成所述的第二频率，以及把所述的射频蜂窝通信信号转换成所述的第四频率。
本发明还提供一种集成通信系统，具有连接到蜂窝通信系统上的GPS接收机，所述集成通信系统包括：一个共享的射频到中频变换器，该变换器被耦合用来接收射频GPS信号和接收射频蜂窝通信信号，所述共享的射频到中频变换器包含一个共享的混频器，该混频器把所述的射频GPS信号从第一频率转换到低于该第一频率的第二频率，以及该共享的混频器把所述的射频蜂窝通信信号从第三频率转换到低于该第三频率的第四频率。
另外还提供一种集成通信系统，具有连接到蜂窝通信系统上的GPS接收机，所述集成通信系统包括：一个共享的模数转换器，该模数转换器被耦合用来接收GPS信号和接收蜂窝通信信号，所述共享的模数转换器把所述的GPS信号转换成数字化GPS信号以便在该GPS接收机内进行处理，以及把所述的蜂窝通信信号转换成数字化蜂窝通信信号以便在该通信系统内进行处理。
另外还建议一种用于在集成通信系统中执行GPS功能和蜂窝通信功能的方法，所述方法包括：在一个共享电路中处理GPS信号和蜂窝通信信号，在所述共享电路中的所述处理是处于所述GPS信号的最终频率变换和所述所述蜂窝通信信号的最终频率变换之后，以及处于所述GPS信号的数字化和所述蜂窝通信信号的数字化之前，所述的处理被执行用来确定所述GPS信号和所述蜂窝通信信号的消息内容。
本发明提供一种合成的装置，一般是具有GPS接收机和集成通信接收机的移动系统。在典型的实施例中，系统包括GPS接收机，包括接收表示GPS信号的数据的GPS天线，并包括一个处理器，例如数字处理器，连接到GPS天线以接收表示GPS信号的数据并处理这些信号以便提供——至少在一个实施例中——伪范围信息。该处理器，例如数字处理器，也处理通过通信链路接收的通信信号，这样该处理器通常解调发送到合成系统的通信信号。用这种方式，GPS信号以及通信信号的处理在一个处理器中完成，该处理器在两种功能之间共享。
在另一个实施例中，具有GPS接收机和集成通信系统——例如通信接收机——的移动系统，包括接收表示GPS信号的数据的天线、连接到该天线的变频器、连接到变频器的频综器、连接到变频器的模数转换器、以及连接到变频器的数字处理器。这个数字处理器处理表示通过天线接收的GPS信号的数据，以便基于表示GPS信号的数据确定伪范围信息。集成通信接收机包括与GPS系统共享的共享器件，例如天线、变频器、频综器、数字处理器、连接到数字处理器或模数转换器的存贮器。
本发明也提供在合成系统中控制通信链路和处理表示GPS信号的数据的方法。在典型实施例中，这个方法包括在处理单元中处理表示GPS信号的数据并通过使用处理单元执行控制步骤来控制通过通信链路的通信信号，其特征在于处理器单元完成发送到GPS接收机的通信信号的解调。
在本发明的典型实施例中，GPS操作和通信接收/发送操作在不同时间进行，有利于使用公共(共享)电路。此外，GPS信号的信号处理操作一般使用快速傅立叶变换算法以及其他数据压缩方法在可编程数字信号处理(DSP)集成电路中完成。这种方法与基于传统GPS接收机中方法的传统相关器相比提供了更好的捕获时间和接收机灵敏度。将会理解的是这些处理GPS信号的方法与在这种DSP集成电路上的可编程DSP实现相兼容，而且这些同样的电路可用于实现基于类似方法的通信解调器。
附图说明
本发明通过示例而不是通过限定在附图的图中加以说明，在这些图中参考号表示类似的元件，其中：
图1A是具有GPS接收系统以及能够与基站建立通信的通信系统的移动合成系统主要部件的框图。
图1B表示图1A中RF到IF变换器以及频综器典型实现的框图。
图2表示本发明一个实施例中各种处理步骤的流程图。
图3表示根据本发明一个实施例的DSP处理器所执行的主要运算的流程图。
图4A、4B、4C、4D以及4E表示在根据本发明一个实施例的方法处理GPS信号的各个阶段处的信号处理波形。
图5A图示本发明一个实施例中的基站系统。
图5B图示本发明的另一个实施例中的基站。
图6图示根据本发明的一个方面，具有本振纠正或校准的GPS移动单元。
图7A是根据本发明的另一个实施例的合成GPS及通信系统的描述。
图7B表示根据本发明的另一个实施例的合成GPS及通信系统。
图8是说明根据发明的一个实施例的合成GPS及通信系统中管理功率消耗中进行的各种步骤的流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明涉及在使用共享电路的合成系统中进行双重功能的方法和设备，这里的功能包括(a)通过GPS信号处理进行位置确定以及(b)通过射频通信链路进行去和来自其它站点的通信。通过使用这些功能的共享电路使得共享电路至少执行这些功能中的一部分，系统可以降低功率消耗并降低尺寸和成本。此外，与这样的系统连接有关的复杂性就可以降低了。
具有共享电路的合成GPS及通信系统的一个例子示于图1A。合成移动单元100包括执行处理GPS信号所需的功能以及处理通过通信链路接收的通信信号所需的功能的电路。该通信链路，例如通信链路14a，一般是到另一个部件，例如具有通信天线14的基站17，的射频通信链路。合成移动单元100包括GPS天线1和通信天线2，通过图1A中所示的预选滤波器3和4连接到开关6。根据所发射/接收的是GPS信号还是通信信号，通过开关6选择两个天线1和2中的一个。分立的预选滤波器3和4用于去掉特定信号波段外的干扰。这样一个波段对应于来自天线1的GPS信号的波段，而另一个波段对应于通信信号可能存在的波段。在一些特殊情况下，如果GPS信号和通信信号在频率上间隔得很近，可以使用单个天线。应该理解的是，根据本发明，当采集GPS信号时，开关6从预选滤波器3中选择输入到RF到IF变换器7的信号。当采集来自通信链路14a的通信信号用于解调时，开关6从预选滤波器4中选择输入到变换器7的信号。
开关6的输出连接到射频(RF)到中频(IF)变换器7的一个输入。这个变换器7将该信号变换为合适的中频，例如70MHz。然后它提供到更低中频的另一次变换，例如1MHz。RF到IF变换器7中的每个变换器一般由放大器和混频器组成，如图1B所示。第一变换器的元件一般带宽足够宽到包括一个宽频率范围(例如800到2000MHz)而且大多数情况是能够处理GPS信号和更重要的通信信号所覆盖的频率范围的足够广的带宽。
RF到IF变换器7的输出连接到模数(A/D)转换器8的输入，对来自RF到IF变换器7的输出信号数字化。在某些实现中，RF到IF变换器7提供相位正交的一对输出；在这种情况下，可以使用两个A/D转换器。A/D转换器8的输出连接到数字抽样转贮存贮器9的输入，可以存储要处理的数据记录。在一些情况下，如果从A/D转换器8输出的数据率足够低，这个存贮器9可以旁路而且数据可以直接送到处理器器件10(可能是如所示的DSP芯片或一组数字处理芯片)。抽样转贮存贮器9一般用于处理通常存储在存贮器9中的GPS信号。抽样转贮存贮器9一般也用于分组化的通信信号——即，信号由数据比特突发组成，后面跟随很长的非激活时间。这是预计用于本发明的通信信令的主要形式。但是，连续的信令，例如很多蜂窝类型的信号，也可以以连续方式由处理器10处理。
在典型的实施例中，存贮器9双向地与处理器10连接以便处理器向存贮器9读写数据。在一个实施例中，存贮器9可以是常规的双端口存贮器，具有连接以接收来自A/D转换器8的输出的一个输入端口以及连接以接收来自处理器10的数据的另一个输入端口。
应该理解的是处理器器件10对通过通信链路14a发送的通信信号的接收是通过在变换器7中变换该通信信号并将这些信号通过变换器8数字化并将信号存储在存贮器9中或直接处理它们来进行的。以这种方式，处理器10将通信信号解调以便确定通信信号中的命令或通信信号中的其它数据(例如，多普勒数据或表示视野中卫星星历的数据)。
当需要通过通信链路的发送时，处理器10产生要发射的数据以及该信号的基带数字抽样。然后它使用这些数据通过调制器电路11调制一个载波信号。这种调制常常是数字类型的，例如频移键控或相移键控。模拟调制，例如调频，也可以使用。调制所进行的载波信号可以是也可以不是该通信信号的最终RF频率；如果它是一个中频(IF)，那么要使用另一个IF到RF变换器12将该信号转换到该通信信号最终的RF频率。功率放大器13将信号电平放大，而且这种放大的信号随后通过发射/接收(T/R)开关5被馈入通信天线2，目的是将敏感的接收机级与来自功放13输出的很强信号电平隔离。用这种方式，包括表示位置信息数据(例如到各个卫星的伪范围或合成移动单元100的纬度和经度)的通信信号被发射到基站，例如通过通信链路14a到基站17。
可以理解的是至少在一个实施例中，使用同一个频综器产生所有操作模式的本振；这些模式包括表示GPS信号的数据的接收、来自通信链路14a的通信信号的接收以及到通信链路14a的通信信号的发送。也应该注意的是，在本发明的至少一个实施例中，RF到IF变换器7、模数转换器8、数字抽样转贮存贮器9以及处理器芯片10对于所有操作模式是共用的。当然，其它外围电路，例如电源，一般对所有这种模式都是共用的。
也将理解的是，根据本发明的一个实施例，电源管理电路可以使用存储在存贮器9中的电源管理算法来实现。这些算法控制处理器10，处理器10再控制发射功率控制18。发射功率控制18对功放13、变换器12以及调制器11提供受控的电源信号，使得在一个通信信号发送之后，发射功率控制单元18可以使调制器11、变换器12以及放大器13进入低功率状态。这些器件一般保持在这种低功率状态直到需要通过通信链路14a的另一次发送。这个实施例的一个典型例子是双向寻呼系统，这里移动单元100执行双向接收机和发射机的功能，而且当发射机不发送时将发射机关掉(或者消耗被降低的功率)。
图1B提供了RF到IF变换器7和它与频综器16关系的其它一些细节，二者都示于图1B。示于图1B的一个双频综器42是共用的，并用于提供可调的本振(L.O′s)。它们可以被调节以适应不同操作模式的不同RF频率。第一变换器32中的放大器30接收来自开关6的输出并放大该输出以提供到混频器31的一个输入，该混频器也接收来自振荡器41的一个输入。混频器31的输出提供给放大器33的输入，其输出连接到带通滤波器(BFP)34的输入。这个滤波器34的输出连接到第二变换器37的输入，它也包括放大器35和混频器36。混频器36的输出提供给自动增益控制38，自动地控制该信号的增益并提供一个输出给低通滤波器39，其输出被放大器40放大并作为变换器7的输出提供给模数转换器8的输入。本振41和44为两个变换器32和33提供可调的频率，以便进行本发明接收操作模式中的解调。这些L.O′s 41和44也为本发明发送模式中的调制器11和变换器12提供可调的频率。可以理解的是使用通用DSP集成电路芯片(或芯片组中的几个芯片)处理一般的通信信号是本领域技术人员所熟知的。作为这种处理的一个例子，可以参考Texas Instruments of Dallas，Texas的器件TMS320C545和TMS320C546的数据手册；这些数据手册描述了用于欧洲数字蜂窝网络中的GSM信号的处理。
当接收(例如从基站17)通信信号时，处理器10使频综器16调整它的第一本振41，提供一个输出频率，其值以等于SAW滤波器34中心频率的量或高或低于通信信号的载波频率。当接收GPS信号(例如从GPS卫星)时，处理器10使本振41提供一个输出频率，其值以等于SAW滤波器34中心频率的量或高或低于GPS信号的载波频率(U.S.GPS系统的1575.42MHz)。在多数情况下，第二L.O 44在两种情况下会调到相同的频率，因此在两种情况下会产生相同的最终IF。可以理解的是，在典型实施例中，处理器10将提供频综器16的控制信号(例如，通过图1A中所示的互连14)，以便调节GPS信号接收或通信信号接收所用的振荡器(例如，L.O 41)。类似地，当通过调制器11、而且可选地通过变换器12的通信信号的发送需要本振信号时，处理器10将提供频综器16的控制信号。
图2的流程图表示了图1A中的设备如何用于典型操作情景的一个例子。在这种情况下，接收机在通信接收模式中开始，以便监视来自通信链路14a的通信信号。因此，在步骤20中，处理器10将变换器7调谐到通信系统接入信道。这是广播消息的目标用户地址以及将这种用户分配到它们可以通信的其它信道上的信道(蜂窝网络中是典型的)。如果在步骤21中接收机被寻址到，那么处理器10将在它的捕获过程中调谐到规定的信道，在步骤22中精确地测量载波频率。这样做是为了校准移动系统100中的本振。如果来了一个确定位置的命令，可以认为是步骤23中表示的GPS命令，那么这种载波频率测量可以使GPS接收机补偿本振误差，藉此加快GPS信号的捕获。然后接收机进入GPS模式，而且在步骤24处理器10将接收机重调到GPS波段并收集和处理GPS信号。可以使用在前面操作过程中通过通信信道提供的信息；这种信息可能包括卫星多普勒信息、差分GPS数据、表示视野中卫星的卫星星历数据，等。在步骤25，处理器10从GPS信号中计算位置信息；一般此时要计算视野中卫星的伪范围。与这些过程有关的其它细节在三个上面提到的专利申请中描述，Norman F.Krasner在1996年3月8日提交，这三个专利申请在此结合作为参考。步骤25的位置确定操作之后，系统进入发射模式26，在这里向通信链路14a发射位置信息。根据该通信系统以及进行GPS位置计算的时间，在从通信链路14a接收消息的过程中可以使用相同或不同的信道。如果使用不同的信道，那么接收过程中使用的信道接入过程可以再次使用。
本领域的技术人员可以理解到前面的描述是根据一种操作情景的典型流程图。这种情景上的其它变化可以根据本发明进行。例如，可以在通信链路的接收或发送之间进行多次GPS测量；或者，可以在通信链路上来回传输大量的通信消息，只有偶尔的时间分配给GPS信号处理。
现在解释处理器10用于处理定位GPS信号的方式。
在DSP 10中进行的信号处理的细节可以在图3的流程图和图4A、4B、4C、4D和4E的图示帮助下理解。对本领域技术人员显而易见的是，执行将要描述的信号处理的机器码、或者其它合适的码被存储在存贮器19中。控制通信信号通过通信链路的接收和发送(例如，一个双向寻呼系统)的合适的码也可以存储在程序存贮器19中。其它非易失存贮器件也可以使用。GPS处理的目的是相对于本地产生的波形确定接收波形的定时。此外，为了实现高灵敏度，要处理这种波形很长的一部分，一般是100毫秒到1秒。
为了理解该处理过程，第一个应该注意的是每个接收的GPS信号(C/A模式)由高速(1MHz)重复的1023个符号的伪随机(PN)模式构造，通常称为“码片”。这些“码片”组成了图4A中所示的波形。这个模式上还加上了从卫星以50波特发送的低速数据。所有这些数据以在2MHz带宽内测量的很低信噪比接收。如果对载波频率和所有数据率的确知达到了很高的精度，而且没有数据出现，那么通过连续帧彼此相加，可以很大地改善信噪比并大大减少数据。例如，在1秒时间内有1000个PN帧。第一个这样的帧可以相干地加到下一帧，其结果再加到第三帧，等等。结果将是持续1023个码片的一个信号。然后可以将这个序列的相位与本地参考序列相比较，确定二者之间的相对定时，因此建立所谓伪范围。
上述处理一般是从抽样转贮存贮器9中存储的同样一组接收数据中对视野中的每个卫星分别进行，因为，一般来自不同卫星的GPS信号具有不同的多普勒频移而且PN模式彼此不同。
因为载波频率的未知可能由于信号多普勒不确定造成超过5kHz、以及由于接收机本振不确定造成附加的未知量这个事实，上述处理就变得很困难。在本发明的一个实施例中，通过从同时监视来自视野中卫星的所有GPS信号的基站17发送这样的信息来去除这些多普勒不确定性。因此，就在远端单元100中避免了多普勒搜索。本振的不确定性也通过使用基站到移动单元的通信信号(以及精确的载波频率信号)而执行的AFC操作而大大减少(到大约50Hz)，如图6所示。
叠加在GPS信号上的50波特数据的出现还限制PN帧的相干相加不超过20毫秒的周期。即，在数据符号反转进一步限制处理增益之前，最多有20帧可以相干相加。附加的处理增益可以通过匹配滤波和帧幅度(或幅度的平方)相加来实现，如下面段落所详述的。
图3的流程图在步骤101开始，来自基站17的一个命令启动GPS处理操作(在图3中称为“定位命令”)。这个命令包括(在一个实施例中)，通过通信链路14a发送视野中每个卫星的多普勒频移以及这些卫星的标识。在步骤102，远端单元100通过频率锁定到从基站17发送的信号来计算它的本振漂移。另一种方法是利用远端单元中的质量很好的温补晶振。例如，数控TCXO，所谓DCXO，目前可以实现的精确度是0.1个百万分之一，或对于L1 GPS信号大约150Hz的误差。
在步骤104，远端单元的处理器10采集C/A码持续K个PN帧的数据的抽样转贮，这里K一般为100到1000(相对于100毫秒到1秒的持续时间)。当足够数量的数据采集完之后，处理器10可以通过将RF到IF变换器7和A/D转换器8置于低功率状态至少一段时间(例如，一小段预定的持续时间)，来降低这些器件消耗的功率。在这段时间之后，一般要再次给这些器件提供全功率，以便检测是否有发射到远端/移动单元100的通信信号。这种低和全功率的周期可以如图8所示重复，下面会讨论到。
如下依次计算每个卫星的伪范围。首先，在步骤106，为了处理给定GPS卫星信号，从存贮器19中获取相应的伪随机码(PN)。正如所简单讨论的，优选的PN存储格式实际上是这个PN码的傅立叶变换，每1023个PN比特以2048个抽样的速率抽样。
抽样转贮存贮器9中的数据以N个连续PN帧块处理，即2048N个复抽样块(N一般是范围5到10中的整数)。类似的操作在每块上进行，如图3底部循环(步骤108-124)所示。即，这个循环对于要处理的每个GPS信号执行总共K/N次。
在步骤108，块的2048N个数据字乘以一个复指数，去掉信号载波上的多普勒效应，以及接收机本振漂移的影响。为了说明起见，假设从基站17发送的多普勒频率加上本振偏移对应于fe Hz。那么，该数据的左乘取函数e-j2πfenT的形式，n＝[0，1，2，...，2048N-1]+(B-1)×2048N，这里T＝1/2.048MHz是抽样周期，块号B的范围从1到K/N。
然后，在步骤110，块内邻组的N(一般为10)帧数据彼此相干相加。即，抽样0，2048，4096，...2048(N-1)-1加在一起，然后1，2049，4097，...2048(N-1)加在一起，等等。此时，该块只包含2048个复抽样。这种求和运算所产生的波形在4个PN帧情况下的例子示于图4B。这个求和运算可以认为是一种在快速卷积运算之前进行的预处理运算。
然后，在步骤112-118，每个平均的帧经过一次匹配滤波运算，其目的是确定包含在该数据块中包含的接收PN码和本地产生的PN参考信号之间的相对定时。同时，也补偿了抽样次数上的多普勒效应。在一个实施例中，通过使用诸如在某种意义上用于执行循环卷积的快速傅立叶变换算法这样的快速卷积运算可以大大加速这些运算，如现在所描述的。
为了简化讨论，开始忽略了上述多普勒补偿。
要执行的基本运算是将正处理的块(2048个复抽样)内数据与本地存储的类似的参考PN块相比较，该比较实际上通过将该数据块的每个元素(复)乘以该参考的相应元素并将结果求和。这个比较称为“相关”。但是，单个相关只能针对该数据块的一个特定开始时间来完成，而存在2048种可能提供较好匹配的位置。对于所有可能的开始位置的所有相关运算的集合被称为“匹配滤波”运算。在优选的实施例中需要完全匹配滤波运算。
PN块的其他时间通过将PN参考循环移位并重复执行相同的运算来检测。即，如果PN码被标为p(0)P(1)...P(2047)，那么循环移位一个抽样得到p(1)P(2)...P(2047)p(0)。这个修改的序列检测确定该数据块是否包含以p(1)开始的PN信号。类似地，该数据块可能以抽样p(2)，p(3)，等等开始，而且每个都可以通过将参考PN循环移位并重复执行该检测来测定。应该很明确的是完整的测试集应该需要2048×2048＝4,194,304次运算，每次需要一次复数乘法和加法。
可以使用一种更有效的数学上等效的方法，利用快速傅立叶变换(FFT)，只需要大约12×2048次复数乘法以及两倍的加法数目。在这种方法中，在步骤112，对该数据块和PN块进行FFT。在步骤114，该数据块的FFT乘以该参考的FFT的复共轭，并在步骤118对其结果进行逆傅立叶变换。这样得到的最终数据长度为2048，包含该数据块和该PN块对所有可能位置的相关集合。每个前向或逆FFT运算需要P/2log2P次运算，这里P是正在处理的数据的大小(假设使用2-基FFT算法)。对于B＝2048这种情况，每个FFT需要11×1024次复数乘法。但是，如果PN序列的FFT预存在存贮器19中，正如在优选的实施例中那样，那么就不需要在滤波过程中计算FFT了。因此前向FFT、逆FFT以及FFT的乘积的复数乘法总数为(2×11+2)×1024＝24576，比直接相关节省了171倍。图4C说明了这种匹配滤波运算所产生的波形。
本发明的优选方法是使用在1023码片的PN周期上取2048个数据抽样这样的抽样速率。这就允许使用长度为2048的FFT算法。已知是2或4的基数的FFT算法一般比其它大小更有效(而且2048＝211)。因此，这样选择抽样速率就大大提高处理速度。优选的是FFT的抽样数等于一个PN帧的抽样数，这样可以实现恰当的循环卷积。即，这种情况允许对PN码的所有循环移位版本测试该数据块，如上面所讨论的。如果FFT的大小选择为与一个PN帧长度不同的抽样数，那么可以使用另一类方法，在本领域称为“重叠存储”或“重叠相加”卷积。这些方法大约需要上述优选实现的计算数目的两倍。
本领域的技术人员应该清楚的是可以如何通过使用各种提供快速卷积运算的不同长度的FFT算法以及各种抽样速率来修改上述过程。此外，一组快速卷积算法的存在也具有需要的计算数与Blog2B成比例的特性，而不是直接相关中所需的B2。很多这种算法在标准参考书中列举，例如，H.J.Nussbaumer，″Fast Fourier Transform andConvolution Algorithms，″New York，Springer-Verlag，C1982。这种算法的重要例子是Agarwal-Cooley算法、拆分嵌套算法、递归多项式嵌套算法，以及Winograd-Fourier算法，前三种用于进行卷积，后一种用于进行傅立叶变换。这些算法可以用于替换上面提出的优选方法。
现在解释步骤116中所使用的时间多普勒补偿方法。在优选实现中，由于接收GPS信号上的多普勒效应以及本振不稳的影响，所使用的抽样速率可能不精确地对应于每PN帧2048个抽样。例如，已知多普勒频移可能产生±2700纳秒/秒的延迟误差。为了补偿这种效应，在上述描述中处理的数据块需要进行时间移位以便补偿这个误差。例如，如果所处理的块大小对应于5个PN帧(5毫秒)，那么从一块到另一块的时间移位可能是±13.5纳秒。较小的时间移位是由于本振的不稳定造成的。这些移位可以通过将连续数据块时移单个数据块所需的时间移位的倍数来补偿。即，如果每块的多普勒时间移位是d，那么这些块被时间移位nd，n＝0，1，2，...。
一般来说，这些时间移位是一个抽样的几分之一。使用数字信号处理方法直接执行这些运算会包括使用非整数的信号插值方法而且会产生很高的计算负担。另一种方法是本发明的优选方法，在快速傅立叶变换函数中加入该处理。众所周知d秒的时间移位等效于将一个函数的傅立叶变换乘以e-j2πfd，这里f是频率变量。因此，时间移位可以通过将数据块的FFT，对于n＝0，1，2，...，1023就乘以e-j2πnd/Tf，对于n＝1024，1025，...，2047就乘以e-j2π(n-2048)d/Tf来实现，这里Tf是PN帧长度(1毫秒)。这个补偿只对与FFT处理有关的处理时间增加了大约8％。该补偿分成两半，以便保证相位补偿在过0Hz时的连续性。
在匹配滤波运算完成之后，在步骤120计算该块的幅度、或幅度平方。哪一种选择都几乎工作得很好。这个运算去掉了50Hz数据相位翻转(如图4D所示)以及剩下的低频载波误差的影响。然后将2048个抽样的块加在前面块的求和上，在步骤122处理。步骤122可以认为是后处理运算，在步骤112-118所提供的快速卷积运算之后进行。一直持续到所有K/N个块都处理完毕，如步骤124的判决模块所示，此时只剩下2048个抽样的一个块，从中可以计算伪范围。图4E说明了求和运算之后所得到的波形。
伪范围确定在步骤126进行。搜索本地计算的噪声电平之上的一个峰值。如果找到了这样的一个峰值，那么它相对于该块开始出现的时间就代表了与特定PN码及相关GPS卫星有关的伪范围。
在步骤126使用了一个插值程序寻找该峰值的位置，其精确度大于与抽样速率(2.048MHz)相关的精度。该插值程序依赖于远端单元100的RF/IF部分中使用的预带通滤波。质量好的滤波器会得到近似三角形、底部宽度等于4个抽样的一个峰值。在这种情况下，在减去平均幅度(为了去掉DC基线)之后，最大的两个幅度可以用于更精确地确定峰值位置。假设这些幅度被标为Ap和Ap+1，不失一般性，这里Ap≥Ap+1，p是峰值幅度的下标。那么该峰值相对于与Ap对应的位置可以由这个公式提供：峰值位置＝p+Ap/(Ap+Ap+1)。例如如果Ap＝Ap+1，那么找到峰值位置是p+0.5，即，两个抽样索引中间的位置。在一些情况下，带通滤波可能在该峰值附近，而且三点多项式插值可能更合适。
在前面的处理中，用于门限的本地噪声参考可以在去掉几个最大的这种峰值之后，通过将最后平均的块中的所有数据进行平均来计算。
一旦找到伪范围，就在步骤128以类似的方法对视野中的另一个卫星继续该处理，除非所有这种卫星都处理完毕。对所有这种卫星的处理完成之后，处理在步骤130继续，将伪范围数据通过通信链路14a发射到基站17。在发明的一个实施例中，基站进行远端单元100的最后位置计算，在这里由基站而不是远端单元100来计算纬度和经度。最后，在步骤132，将远端站100的至少一些电路(例如调制器11、变换器12以及放大器13)置于低功耗状态，等待新的命令执行另一次位置运算。
现在提供上面描述的、并在图3中表示的信号处理的概要。来自一个或多个视野中GPS卫星的GPS信号使用GPS天线1在远端GPS单元接收。这些信号被数字化并存储在远端GPS单元的缓存器中。这些信号存储之后，处理器进行预处理、快速卷积处理、以及后处理运算。这些处理运算包括：
a)将存储数据分成连续块序列，每块的持续时间等于包含在GPS信号中的伪随机(PN)码的帧周期的倍数。
b)对于每一块，进行预处理步骤，通过将连续的数据子块——子块持续时间等于一个PN帧——相干相加产生长度等于伪随机码周期长度的压缩数据块；这个加法步骤意味着每个子块相应的抽样号彼此相加。
c)对于每个压缩块，利用快速卷积技术进行匹配滤波运算，确定包含在数据块内的接收PN码与本地产生的PN参考信号(例如，正处理的GPS卫星的伪随机序列)之间的相对定时。
d)通过在所述匹配滤波运算的产物上进行幅度平方运算以及对其进行后处理确定伪范围，后处理是通过将幅度平方数据块加到一起产生一个峰值，从而将所有块的幅度平方数据合并成一个单数据块。
以及e)使用数字插值方法高精度地定位所述单数据块的峰值，这里的位置是数据块的开始到所述峰值的距离，而且该位置代表了对应于正处理的伪随机序列的GPS卫星的伪范围。
一般，处理缓存的GPS信号中使用的快速卷积技术是快速傅立叶变换(FFT)，而且卷积的结果由计算压缩块的前向变换和预存储的伪随机序列前向变换表示的乘积，以便产生一个第一结果，然后进行第一结果的逆变换恢复该结果来产生。而且，多普勒所引起的时延和本振所引起的时间误差的影响在每个压缩数据块上进行补偿，方法是在前向和逆快速傅立叶变换运算之间插入压缩块的前向FFT与一个复指数的乘积，该复指数对应于抽样号的相位被调整为对应于该块所需的延迟补偿。
在前面的实施例中，来自每个卫星的GPS信号的处理在时间上顺序进行，而不是并行的。在另一个实施例中，来自所有视野中卫星的GPS信号可以用并行方式及时地处理。
假设基站17对所有要处理的卫星有共同的视野而且在范围上与远端单元100足够接近，这样可以避免与C/A PN码的重复周期有关的模糊性。90英里的范围将满足这个标准。也假设基站17具有GPS接收机和很好的地理位置，这样视野中的所有卫星可以被连续地跟踪到很高精度。
尽管几个所描述的基站17的实施例表明在基站中使用诸如计算机这样的数据处理单元是为了为移动GPS单元计算诸如纬度和精度这样的位置信息，但是应该理解每个基站17可以仅将诸如从移动GPS单元接收的伪范围这样的信息中继到实际执行纬度和精度计算的中央单元或几个中央单元。用这种方式，可以通过从每个中继基站中去掉数据处理单元及其有关的器件来减少这些中继基站的成本和复杂性。一个中央单元，可能包括接收机(例如电信接收机)以及数据处理单元及其有关器件。特别是，在某些实施例中，基站可能是虚拟的，它可能是向远端单元发送多普勒信息的卫星，这样就可以在传输服务小区中模拟基站。
图5A和5B表示根据本发明的两个基站实施例。在图5A所示的基站中，GPS接收机501通过GPS天线501a接收GPS信号。可以是常规GPS接收机的GPS接收机501提供一个定时参考信号，一般其定时相对于GPS信号，并且提供相对于视野中卫星的多普勒信息。这个GPS接收机501连接到一个接收定时参考信号510的标准本振505上，并将其本身相位锁定到这个参考上。这个标准本振505具有一个提供给调制器506的输出。该调制器506也从该GPS移动单元视野中的每个卫星通过互连511接收多普勒数据信息信号与/或其它卫星数据信息信号(例如，表示卫星星历的数据)。调制器506将多普勒与/或其它卫星数据信息调制到从标准本振505接收的本振信号上，以便为发射机503提供调制的信号513。发射机503通过互连514连接到数据处理单元502，这样数据处理单元可以控制发射机503的操作，以便产生通过发射机的天线503a向GPS移动单元(例如，具有共享电路的远端单元100)的卫星数据信息的发送，例如多普勒信息。用这种方式，GPS移动单元可以接收多普勒信息，其信息源是GPS接收机501，而且也可以接收高精度本振载波信号，用于校准GPS移动单元中的本振，如图6所示。
图5A中所示的基站也包括接收机504，连接它以便通过通信天线504a从远端单元100接收通信信号。应该理解的是天线504a可能与发射机天线503a是同一天线，这样一个单个天线可以按照常规方式用于发射机和接收机。接收机504连接到可以是常规计算机系统的数据处理单元502。处理单元502也可以包括一个互连512，从GPS接收机511接收多普勒及/或其它卫星数据信息。这些信息可以用于处理通过接收机504从移动单元100接收的伪范围信息或其它信息。这个数据处理单元502连接到可能是常规CRT的显示设备508。该数据处理单元502也连接到海量存贮器件507，其中包括GIS(地理信息系统)软件(例如，Strategic Mapping，Inc.of Santa Clara，California的Atlas GIS)，用于在显示器508上显示地图。使用显示器地图，移动GPS单元100的位置可以相对于所显示的地图在显示器上表示出来。
图5B所示的另一种基站包括很多与图5A所示相同的元件。但是，不是从GPS接收机得到多普勒及/或其它卫星数据信息，而是图5B的基站包括多普勒及/或其它卫星数据信息源552，用常规方式从电信链路或无线链路得到。这个多普勒及/或卫星信息通过互连553传输到调制器506。图5B所示的调制器506的另一个输入是来自诸如铯频标本振这样的参考质量本振551的振荡器输出信号。这个参考本振551提供精确的载波频率，多普勒及/或其它卫星数据信息调制在其上，然后通过发射机503发射到移动GPS单元。
图6表示本发明的GPS移动单元的一个实施例，使用了通过类似于图1A所示的天线2的信道天线601接收的精确载波频率信号。类似地，应该理解GPS天线613可能与图1A中的天线1相同，而且变换器614、A/D转换器616、存贮器618以及DSP单元620分别代表图1A中的变换器7、A/D转换器8、存贮器9、以及处理器10。频综器609和本振606分别代表图1B中所示的综合器42和频率参考43。在这个实施例中，在通信信号的接收过程中，DSP单元620从精确载波频率信号中计算调谐误差并将调谐纠正610发送到频综器609。然后可以使用这些调谐纠正确定初始的调谐误差，然后是本振信号607中的误差，假设所接收的通信信号具有很稳定的载波频率。在随后的GPS接收操作中，通过将频综器609的调谐频率偏移一个可以抵消本振606的本振误差影响的量可以补偿本振误差
图7A和7B表示使用共享器件的本发明的另一个实施例。如图7A所示，处理器421(例如，DSP IC)在两个独立的接收机部分之间共享。特别是，变换器407、天线401以及变换器411构成GPS接收机部分，而变换器413、天线403以及变换器416提供通信接收机部分。这两个接收机的输出信号在处理器421通过开关417的选择线418的控制下由开关417选择。这个开关417的输出连接到数字存贮器419的输入，后者通过双向总线与处理器421相连。存贮器420存储控制处理器10操作的计算机程序和数据，而且这个存贮器连接到处理器10。处理器通过控制线423控制频综器424。频综器424分别提供变换器407和413所用的不同的本振信号409和415，而且也提供调制器425和变换器427的本振信号426。当处理器需要通过通信天线403发射经过通信链路405的消息时，处理器向调制器425发送数据，然后被调制的数据在变换器427中转换并由功率放大器429放大。调制器425和变换器427以及放大器429的操作类似于上述图1A的调制器11、变换器12和放大器13。图7A可能最适合用于某种蜂窝通信系统，例如模拟的北美AMPS系统，其中电话通话和GPS操作可能同时进行。在这种情况下，共享变换器是不可能的；但是频综器、数字存贮器以及数字处理器可以共享以便节省尺寸、成本和功率。在这种情况下，频综器是可以从单个参考源提供多个本振的一种，这样本振信号同时为几个并发的操作提供(例如，电话信号接收和发送以及GPS信号接收)。
处理器421控制图7A中所示的合成GPS及通信系统中的功率消耗，在一个实施例中，是通过降低包括调制器425、IF到RF变换器427以及功放429在内的发射机部分所消耗的功率来进行的。这种降低功率是通过发射功率控制431实现的，431通过互连432和434对这个发射机部分提供受控的功率；处理器421根据发射机的操作模式，通过互连431a上的控制信号，指示发射功率控制431提供全功率或降低的功率。用类似方式，处理器421，在存贮器420(可能是EPROM或EEPROM存贮器)中存储的电源管理程序的控制下，当不接收GPS信号时可以将GPS接收机部分置于低功耗模式下。例如，在低功耗模式下，可以不给变换器407和411提供电源。
图7B表示根据本发明的另一个实施例，其中的接收机部分是共享的，但处理部分不是。图7B中所示的接收机部分类似于图1A中所示的接收机部分，这里变换器459、变换器463以及频综器461提供了GPS和通信信号接收机部分的基本器件并在两个接收机部分之间共享。图7B中所示的发射机部分也类似于图1A中所示的发射机部分，并且包括调制器479、IF到RF变换器481、功率放大器483、发射功率控制485以及开关487。频综器461也对图7B所示的发射机部分中的调制器479和IF到RF变换器481提供本振信号。但是，如图7B所示，存在两个单独的处理合成系统的两种功能的处理器。通信处理器473控制通信信号的处理(例如，解调和调制)，而GPS处理器475处理GPS信号；GPS信号处理的结果(例如，位置信息)通过共享存贮器471传输到通信处理器473，然后由后者通过互连477将位置信息传输到发射机部分，发射机部分包括调制器479、变换器481、功率放大器483以及发射/接收机开关487。图7B中所示实施例的处理器473控制频综器461在不同操作模式(例如通信接收或GPS接收)之间的切换。处理器473一般也控制开关465的切换(通过控制线464)，使GPS信号存储在GPS存贮器467中(当共享接收机工作在GPS接收模式时)并当共享接收机工作在通信信号接收模式时使通信信号存储在通信存贮器469中。
图7B对双向寻呼机和类似这样的系统很合适，其中通信接收操作和GPS接收操作不必是同时的。这里，RF链和A/D变换器中的大多数是可以共享的。但是不象图1A，图7B提供单独的数字处理器，因为如果GPS及通信处理功能的合成处理负担很重不能在所希望的时间内完成，这就可能是必要的。对于图7A所示的系统，功耗的降低由处理器473通过发射功率控制485降低发射机部分所消耗的功率来实现。
图8表示一种根据本发明的典型方法，用于在具有共享电路的合成GPS及通信系统中保持和降低功耗。作为例子，图8的方法将对图1A所示的合成系统来描述。这个方法一般由处理器10在存贮器19存储的程序控制下进行降低功率控制。降低功率一般通过对各种器件控制电源互连来实现。例如，发射机部分通过发射功率控制18接收电源受控的互连。类似地，接收机部分可以通过电源受控的互连(未表示)接收电源，该互连对共享的接收机部分中的器件(例如，变换器7和8)提供电源。应该理解的是在一些应用中，可以对频综器中的参考振荡器和锁相环(PLL)提供不间断的电源，因为这些器件在首次提供电源之后需要一定的时间稳定。该方法在步骤801开始，这里对通信接收机提供全功率，这个接收机包括RF到IF变换器7以及A/D转换器8和预选滤波器4。在这段时间内接收的任何通信信号存储在存贮器9中并由处理器10解调。
处理器10在步骤803中确定步骤801中的通信信号是否包括提供合成系统位置信息的请求；这个请求也称为“定位命令”。如果没有收到这样的请求，就在步骤805降低通信接收机的功率，而且在返回步骤801之前处理器10在步骤807中等待一段时间(例如，预定的一段时间)。如果接收到这样的请求，处理器10就在步骤809中对共享GPS/通信接收机中没有接收到全功率的器件提供全功率；这类器件的例子包括预选滤波器3(可能包括一个低噪声放大器)，它在接收通信信号时保持在低功率状态。在步骤815中，处理器10处理通信接收操作接收的任何通信数据。这类数据可能包括视野中卫星的卫星多普勒信息以及这些卫星的标识。然后，在步骤820中，共享GPS/通信接收机中的GPS接收机接收来自视野中卫星的GPS信号并在存贮器9中存储信号的数字化版本。然后处理器10在步骤825中使共享的GPS/通信接收机(例如变换器7和8)消耗的功率降低，而且在步骤830中，处理器10处理所存储的GPS信号。在处理器10确定位置信息(例如，多个视野中卫星的伪范围或合成系统的纬度和经度)之后，在步骤835中，处理器10通过指示发射功率控制18对调制器11、变换器12和功率放大器13提供全功率，从而对发射机部分提供功率。然后在步骤840中发射机发射位置信息，然后，在步骤845中降低提供给发射机部分的功率。随后处理返回步骤801，从此点继续。
在前面说明中，参考本发明的特定示范实施例对其进行了描述。但是显然可以在不背离未决权利要求中提出的发明更广泛的精神和范围的前提下对其进行各种修正和变更。因此，该说明和附图应认为是说明性的而不是限制意义的。

Claims (15)

1.具有GPS接收机和集成通信接收机的移动系统，所述移动系统包括：
接收表示GPS信号的数据的天线；
连接到所述天线的变频器；
连接到所述变频器的频综器；
连接到所述变频器的模数转换器；
连接到所述变频器的数字处理器，所述数字处理器处理所述表示GPS信号的数据，以便基于所述表示GPS信号的数据确定伪范围，其中所述集成通信接收机包括共享器件，所述共享器件是所述频率转换器、所述频综器、所述数字处理器、存储器以及所述模数转换器中的至少一个，并且
还包括：一个开关电路，该开关电路被连接以接收所述表示GPS信号的数据并接收所述通信信号，而且其中所述开关电路连接到所述变频器的一个输入，而且其中切换所述开关电路以便在所述通信信号表示请求位置信息之后，向所述变频器发送所述表示GPS信号的数据，而且其中切换所述开关电路以便在位置信息请求的接收过程中向所述变频器发送所述通信信号。
2.根据权利要求1的移动系统，还包括连接到所述数字处理器的通信发射机，所述通信发射机用于发送表示伪范围的数据。
3.根据权利要求1的移动系统，还包括连接到所述数字处理器的通信发射机。
4.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中所述变频器转换所述表示GPS信号数据的频率并转换所述通信信号的频率。
5.根据权利要求4的移动系统，其中，在所述集成通信接收机接收所述通信信号之后，所述变频器调谐到所述表示GPS信号数据的频率。
6.根据权利要求5的移动系统，其中，在处理完所述表示GPS信号的数据之后，所述变频器调谐到所述通信信号的频率。
7.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述集成通信接收机接收的通信信号至少包括：所述移动系统视野中卫星的多普勒信息和表示所述移动系统视野中卫星星历的数据中的一个。
8.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述集成通信接收机接收的通信信号包括来自所述精确载波频率信号源的精确载波频率信号。
9.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述表示GPS信号数据的处理包括：在所述表示GPS信号数据上进行预处理运算以提供第一结果，在所述第一结果上进行快速卷积运算以提供第二结果并在所述第二结果上进行后处理运算以提供第三结果并从所述第三结果确定所述伪范围。
10.根据权利要求3的移动系统，还包括一个电源管理电路，用于降低所述移动系统消耗的功率，所述数字处理器连接到所述电源管理电路。
11.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述存储器是连接到所述数字处理器的数字存储器，并且存储所述表示GPS信号的数据以及存储所述集成通信接收机接收的通信信号。
12.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述频综器在通信信号接收过程中提供第一本振频率信号并在所述表示GPS信号的数据接收过程中提供第二本振频率信号。
13.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述数字处理器对所述集成通信接收机接收到的通信信号进行解调。
14.根据权利要求3的移动系统，其中，所述模数转换器连接到所述数字处理器并将所述表示GPS信号的数据从模拟转换到数字，而且将所述集成通信接收机接收的通信信号从模拟转换到数字。
15.具有GPS接收机和集成通信接收机的移动系统，所述移动系统包括：
接收表示GPS信号的数据的天线；
连接到所述天线的变频器；
连接到所述变频器的频综器；
连接到所述变频器的模数转换器；
连接到所述变频器的数字处理器，所述数字处理器处理所述表示GPS信号的数据，以便基于所述表示GPS信号的数据确定伪范围，其中所述集成通信接收机包括共享器件，所述共享器件是所述天线，并且
还包括：
一个开关电路，该开关电路被连接以接收所述表示GPS信号的数据并接收所述通信信号，而且其中所述开关电路连接到所述变频器的一个输入，而且其中切换所述开关电路以便在所述通信信号表示请求位置信息之后，向所述变频器发送所述表示GPS信号的数据，而且其中切换所述开关电路以便在位置信息请求的接收过程中向所述变频器发送所述通信信号。
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