CN1373647A - 控制人造髋关节部件间彼此夹角的工具 - Google Patents

控制人造髋关节部件间彼此夹角的工具 Download PDF

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CN1373647A
CN1373647A CN00812843A CN00812843A CN1373647A CN 1373647 A CN1373647 A CN 1373647A CN 00812843 A CN00812843 A CN 00812843A CN 00812843 A CN00812843 A CN 00812843A CN 1373647 A CN1373647 A CN 1373647A
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比约恩·弗朗克·艾弗森
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OM Surgical UK Ltd
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比约恩·弗朗克·艾弗森
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Abstract

一种在插置人造髋关节的手术中用来控制人造髋关节部件之间彼此夹角的方法。股骨髋假体杆以通常的方式永久地或可拆卸地被固紧在股骨的近端。用来控制假体杆和假体臼之间彼此夹角的工具被固紧在假体杆上。然后将病人的股骨定向在预定的位置,并用病人的股骨和所提到的工具将臼带到其预期的位置上。除了方法以外,对所用工具亦予以说明。

Description

控制人造髋关节部件间彼此夹角的工具
本发明涉及矫形外科领域,特别涉及在将人造髋关节植入到人体内时确保假体构件正确地插置的方法和装置。具体地说,本发明的目标是确保两个假体构件正确地相互定位的方法和装置。
人造髋关节有两个主要构件即假体杆和臼。假体杆的一端设有一个球形头或一个其相能安置球形头的假体颈,其时球形头被设计成与臼内的球形凹窝作紧密滑配合。带有球头的假体杆和假体臼一起作用如同一个球关节可替代自然的球关节。
假体杆的另一端具有一个瘦长部被设计要与病人股骨内的空心股骨管道连结。
假体臼被设计要与病人骨盆上的凹腔连结。臼内的半球形凹窝通过一个侧面与一个外表面连接,该外表面被设计要与骨盆连结。该外表面可具有各种形状,完全根据连结到骨盆上的方法和供应商所作的其他选择来定。使用中的某些臼具有大致为半球的形状,其时外部的半球形表面被设计成要用粘固粉粘结到骨盆上。连接凹窝和外表面的侧面可以是平的或者可能向凹窝内倾斜,该凹窝最好大致在环形侧面的中心。
假体杆和假体臼可用粘固粉分别固定在股骨和骨盆上,或者通过不用粘固粉的压配合。这两种固定技术本发明都可使用。
当用假体更换损坏的髋骨时股骨的头部也被更换,这时可割断股骨的颈,将股骨管道的顶部出空为的是给瘦长的假体杆留出空间,该假体杆或用粘固粉粘结到孔内或用压配合。
骨盆上的凹腔被铣出以便接纳臼,该臼然后用粘固粉或压配合固定。
如果球形头可拆卸,那么在球形头被安置在臼内之前可先将球形头安置在假体杆上,然后将病人的腿提升到一个自然位置,并将球形头插置到臼内的凹窝内,这样便可完成关节的装配,随后可将切口闭合。
这种假体应能给病人提供近似自然关节所能提供的活动能力。另外,重要的是关节的“自然”活动不能使病人到达这样的情况,其时病人的腿终止在这样的位置上,在该位置假体的颈骑跨在臼的边缘上,这会使关节脱位,其时假体的头会跳出到臼之外,这通过简单的杠杆作用便可发生。在所有装着股骨假体的病人中约有3到10%发生过脱位。一旦脱位发生,病人必须被麻醉,然后才能放回原位。某些病人还必须进行新的手术。在病人的假体构件装配时如果构件的相互定位不正确,那么与相互定位正确的情况比,发生脱位的危险要大得多。
本发明人以前已证明(未刊出)在实验条件下在假体杆和臼之间保持最佳的相互关系可减少脱位的危险,因为病人可经历每天的自然运动范围(ROM),假体部件不会终止在那种会招来脱位危险的相互定位上。
本发明人以前已证明(未刊出)最合适的ROM是将两个假体构件这样装配使它们有一相对于身体前平面约为15度的向前角度来达到的,其时臼与水平平面形成45度的角度。以医学的术语来说,向前成一角度被称作前倾(anteversion)。
本发明人以前已证明(未刊出)虽然最佳状态要求每一个构件都有一个向前15度的角度,但若两个构件的向前角度之和为30度也可得到近乎同样良好的效果。这样在一个假体关节内当假体臼向前成5度角,假体杆向前成25度角,病人可以得到与两个构件都向前成15度角时近乎同样合适的ROM,在这两种情况下向前角度之和都是30度。
目前还没有可取的手段可确保外科医生能够按这个正确的相互关系来安装假体的构件。因此目前这一点是靠用眼睛判断来进行的。这个判断也许是足够的,特别是对于那些每年要进行相当数目的这种手术的有经验的外科医生。但据估计目前在人造髋关节的植入手术中,80%是由那些每年做这种手术少于20例的外科医生进行的。这个数目不足以得到足够的实践经验。因此需要有一种方法和手段来确保假体主要部件的正确相互定位以资减少发生错误的可能性,从而减少脱位的危险及对病人造成的痛苦和可能需要的第二次手术。
本发明的目的是要提供一种方法来确保假体构件装配时的正确相互定位。
按照本发明,这一点是由一种能确保人造髋关节主要部件的所需相互定位的方法来达到的,即一个具有球形头的假体杆和一个具有接纳球形头的凹窝的假体臼,在该场合假体杆或临时假体杆以通常的方式永久地或可拆卸地固定在股骨上,假体臼被安置在骨盆上,而用来校核假体杆和臼之间相互角度的工具则被安置在假体杆上,然后将进行手术的腿内的股骨定向在预定的位置,并用病人的股骨连同假体杆和工具将假体臼安置在其最终所需的位置上。
如果该臼用粘固粉固定,最好将股骨保持在该位置一直到用来固定臼的粘固粉足够硬化为止。
另外,本发明还有一个目的是要提供能确保假体构件相互间正确装配的设施。
这个目的是通过提供一种工具来达到的,这种工具在进行植入人造髋关节的手术时可用来控制人造髋关节内主要构件的相互定位,即在病人的股骨内有一具有颈的假体杆和在病人的骨盆凹腔内有一臼的情况下,在工具内制出一个切口及/或一个孔,它们被设计用来与假体杆的一部分或假体杆的颈接合,同时该工具还具有一个或多个腿或接触表面,它们被设计与臼上那个将臼的外部和凹窝连接起来的部分中的至少一部分接连。
优选的做法是至少部分切口或孔被设计成与假体杆为不旋转的接合为的是防止工具相对于假体杆而转动。
同样优选的做法是该切口或孔被设计成可与假体杆的颈旋转接合,并且该工具还具有一个手柄,用该手柄工具能被转到所需的位置。
另外优选的做法是该工具还包括一个导引头其上设有切口或孔按设计可与假体的颈接合,而导引头则与臼内的凹窝匹配。
同样优选的做法是按设计可与臼上那个将臼的外部和凹窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿或接触表面为导引头上成为一体的部分。
还有优选的做法是按设计可与臼上那个将臼的外部和凹窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿或接触表面可拆卸地装在导引头上。
同样优选的做法是按设计可与臼上那个将臼的外部和凹窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿或接触表面为一颈圈,其直径大于臼的凹窝的直径。
按照一个优选实施例,该颈圈可拆卸地装在导引头上。
另外,优选的做法是按设计可与臼上那个将臼的外部与凹窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿或接触表面为三条或更多的腿。
同样,优选的做法是该腿可从与臼接连的状态中抛出。
最后,优选的做法是当该工具被使用时,可将一个假体杆暂时设置在病人的股骨内。
下面本发明将进一步结合附图说明,其中:
图1示出设在假体杆颈上的本发明工具的一个优选实施例;
图2示出图1中的同一实施例,其中有一臼被安置在工具上;
图3示出图1中的同一工具从下面看去的情况;
科4示出图1中的同一工具,部分被拆开;
图5示出一个可替代的实施例;
图6示出按照本发明的一个可替代的工具;
图7示出图6中的工具设在假体杆上的情况;
图8示出本发明工具的一个可替代的实施例,其中工具零件已被拆开。
例1
这里使用本发明工具的第一优选实施例,除了本发明工具在臼的定位和固定时使用的情况以外,大部分操作都是以通常的方式完成的。
典型的人造髋关节包括一个假体杆1,该杆在一端有一瘦长部用来固定到股骨上,在另一端有一颈部2设计用来接纳一个球形头3。该球形头有一孔,其尺寸正好能接纳假体的颈部2。球形头3还被这样设计可与股骨假体另一主要部件即臼4内的凹窝紧滑配合。假体还可这样供应:或是球形头3被牢固地装在假体杆1上,或是假体杆1和球形头3被制成一个整体。
臼4的外表面按设计要用粘固粉粘结或其他方法固定到骨盆上,而将外表面与凹窝连接起来的部分通常为在装配后背离骨盆的侧面13。
图1-4所示工具的实施例包括三个主要构件;一个导引头具有一个半球形部可与臼4内的凹窝匹配;和一个近似颈6在其上可安置一个颈圈7,颈圈的内直径相当于颈6的外直径,而颈圈的外直径大于导引头5的直径。另外,在导引头的颈6内制有孔12,该孔与假体杆1的颈部2配合。
工具的第三构件为手柄8,该手柄具有两个导杆9按设计要被安置通过颈圈7和颈6内为此目的而设的导孔10、11,为的是要在装配假体时将它们锁定在一起。
当工具装配完毕,导引球5被放入到臼4的凹窝内,颈圈7将搁置在臼的侧面13上,从而限定在假体颈部和臼之间的角度。
外科医生首先以通常的方式安装假体杆并将它固定在股骨空腔内的最终位置上,可能使用粘固粉。然后将本发明工具装在假体颈部2上,并将工具用作插入器,迫使臼4进入到骨盆凹腔内的一个位置上,造成所需的总的前倾,最好约为30度。
导孔10、11和颈圈7的角度最好这样彼此相对限定,即当将工具定向以便限定在假体臼和假体杆之间的角度时,工具被这样设定使导孔10、11大致与病人的冠状动脉平面垂直。当外科医生对假体构件的定位满意时,导引杆可用手柄拉出。采用这种设施,颈圈7将从臼上移开,而导引头保留在臼内的位置上,由于导引头和臼之间的接触表面为球面,当粘固粉在进行硬化时假体杆将不会将腿的小运动传送到臼上。在硬化期间任何臼的运动都会使粘固粉变弱。
在使用臼进行压入配合时,方法与上述大致相同。但将腿保持在给定位置一直到粘固粉硬化这一工步被取代,现在必需做的是将腿保持在所需位置一直到臼被部分地或全部地被压入到位为止。如果当该腿被保持在所需位置时该臼被部分压入到位,那么在导引头被移走和关节被脱位后必须进行最终固定。
在图1-4所示实施例中,颈圈7为一环。在图5和6所示的一个可替代的工具中,颈圈7是开口的,因此使它能完全从手术区域抽出,这样当粘固粉在硬化时可避免颈圈仍然悬挂在假体杆颈部的周围。
另外,在图5和6所示的工具上,导引球有一延伸段14包围着假体杆的上部。这个上部的侧边是平直的,这样可防止导引球6和颈圈7环绕假体杆的颈部旋转,所以就不需如上所述使用手柄来控制它们。在这实施例中,导引杆9可用分开的导引杆或一走动通过颈圈7和导引头6的弓形件15来替代。
所说工具可由各种材料如塑料或金属制成。一个比所说还要简单的工具可将颈圈7和导引头6都制在一起。
所示导引头为一近似半球形具有扁平的顶部。这个平顶可使假体在上述程序下较易装配,但就本发明言这并非必需。使导引球制成半球形同样也非必需。重要的是要使导引头与臼内的凹窝接合而没有任何窜。当将导引头插入到凹窝内从而使臼移动时,为了防止触及臼的边缘,导引头例如可被制成圆锥体形如图5中虚线所示。例2
图7和8示出本发明工具的另一个优选实施例。该工具包括一个本体20其上有一切口21设计用来与假体杆1内预先存在的相应槽22接合。在三个腿23从本体伸出,这些腿被设计成可与球体的位在外表面和凹窝之间的部分即侧面接连。
所示工具也可被设计成将假体的头部3部分封闭起来,这样在实行基本上与例1类似的方法时便可使头部3停留在假体杆2上以便限定在假体杆和臼之间的相互角度。因此这个装置也可使用在具有固定头部的假体杆上。
在这工具内设有如螺钉那样的设施可能是比较好的,螺钉可被用来确保工具在操作时不会掉离假体杆。
除了上面所示的实施例外,本发明工具还可设想以类似方式达到同一目的的其他一些实施例。例如可以设想一个工具用与例2相同的方式连结在假体杆上,该工具例如具有三个腿按设计可暂时连结在臼上,为了确保假体杆和臼的正确相互定位,因此可不需使用分开的导引头或假体的球形头。例3
图8示出本发明工具的另一个实施例。这个实施例可看作图6和7所示工具的变型,其中具有较多可被拆卸的零件。
按照本实施例的工具包括一个外部30、一个具有腿32的内部31、和一个锁定板33。
当工具被装配时内部稳定地设置在外部30内的空穴或切口内。内部31和外部30用锁定板33保持在一起,锁定板在本例中被安置在内部的顶和外部30的边缘38之间。但锁定板33也可具有另一种形状并可用本行业行家所知的其他方式将内部和外部锁定在一起。例如边缘38可用多个舌片或在外部30内的槽来替代。锁定板也可用锁定销插入到通过外部和内部的孔内来替代。
当工具被装配时腿32将伸出到外部30内的孔37之外。内部31上的腿32通常按照在假体杆1和臼4之间所需角度而具有不同长度。最好腿32略带锥度使腿32和孔37之间的窜动尽可能小同时工具又容易拆开。
当工具和人造髋关节被装配时,工具可将假体杆1和臼4之间的角度保持固定,这是因为在外部30、内部31和锁定板上的切口34、35、36会分别与假体杆1例如与槽22接合如图8所示,保持工具不让它转动,并确保腿32支承在臼4的侧面13上。
操作时的程度与上两例子中说明的相同。为了防止在粘固粉硬化期间在病人的股骨内有小的运动,如上所述,有效的做法是在臼4正确就位后终止锁定,锁定板于是从工具上移走,然后将内部31向后滑动,这样在粘固粉硬化期间就不会有力从假体杆1传送到臼4上。如果需要可设置弹簧之类使当锁定板移走后内部肯定会后滑。
所示工具具有四条腿,但腿的数目也可不同。这种工具必须至少具有三条腿,而多于四条腿将增加复杂性和生产成本而并未获得任何好处。

Claims (13)

1.一种确保股骨假体主要构体所需相互定位的方法,所说主要构件为一个具有球形头的假体杆和一个具有凹窝用来接纳该球形头的臼,其中假体杆或临时假体杆以通常的方式永久地或可拆卸地被连结到股骨上而该臼被安置在骨盆上,其特征为,一工具被安置在植入的假体杆上,用来控制假体杆和臼之间的彼此夹角,然后将进行手术的股骨定位在一个预定的位置上,并用病人的股骨连同假体杆和工具将臼安置在其最终所需的位置上。
2.权利要求1的方法,其特征为,将股骨保持在该位置上,直到用来固定臼的粘固粉充分硬化为止。
3.一种在植入股骨假体的手术中用来控制股骨假体主要构件相互定位的工具,所说主要构件为在病人股骨内的具有股骨(2)的假体杆(1)和在病人骨盆凹腔内的臼(4),其特征为,在该工具内制有切口(12、14、21)和/或孔(12、14),它们被设计用来与假体杆(1)的一部分即假体的颈(2)接合,同时该工具还包括一个或多个腿(23)或接触表面,它们被设计与臼(4)上那个将臼的外部和臼窝连接起来的部分中的至少一部分接连。
4.权利要求3的工具,其特征为,至少部分切口(12、14、21)或孔(12、14、21)被设计成与假体杆(1)为非旋转接合,为的是防止该工具相对于假体杆(1)而转动。
5.权利要求3的工具,其特征为,切口(12、14、21)或孔(12、14、21)被设计成与假体杆的颈(2)旋转接合,并且该工具还包括一个手柄(8),用该手柄该工具能被转到所需位置。
6.权利要求3到5中任一项的工具,其特征为,该工具还包括一个导引头(6),其上设有切口或孔(12、14),按设计可与假体的颈(2)接合,而该导引头(6)则与臼(4)内的凹窝匹配。
7.权利要求3到6中任一项的工具,其特征为,按设计可与臼(4)上那个将臼的外部和臼窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿(23)或接触表面(7)是导引头(6)的整体部分。
8.权利要求3到6中任一项的工具,其特征为,按设计可与臼(4)上那个将臼的外部和臼窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿(23)或接触表面(7)可拆卸地安装在导引头(6)上。
9.权利要求3到8中任一项的工具,其特征为,按设计可与臼(4)上那个将臼的外部和凹窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿(23)或接触表面(7)是一颈圈(7),其直径大于臼(4)的凹窝的直径。
10.权利要求9的工具,其特征为,该颈圈(7)可拆卸地安装在导引头(6)上。
11.权利要求3的工具,其特征为,按设计可与臼(4)上那个将臼的外部和凹窝连接起来的部分中至少一部分接连的腿(23、32)或接触表面(7)是三条或更多的腿(23、32)。
12.权利要求(11)的工具,其特征为,该这些腿(32)可从与臼(4)接触的状态中撤出。
13.以上权利要求中任一项的工具,其特征为,当该工具使用时,可将一个假体杆暂时设置在病人的股骨内。
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