CN1166224A - 标记数字编码的视频和/或音频信号 - Google Patents

标记数字编码的视频和/或音频信号 Download PDF

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CN1166224A
CN1166224A CN96191174A CN96191174A CN1166224A CN 1166224 A CN1166224 A CN 1166224A CN 96191174 A CN96191174 A CN 96191174A CN 96191174 A CN96191174 A CN 96191174A CN 1166224 A CN1166224 A CN 1166224A
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J·P·M·G·林纳兹
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
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Abstract

提出了一种能有效地增加复制保护机构的保密性的电子水印方案。该水印方法工作在(MPEG)源信号的等级的高级别上。这使水印可容易地检测，但是若没有有效的代码转换工作难于擦除。考虑这种代码转换是困难和昂贵的任务，而且可导致质量降低或比特率增加。

Description

标记数字编码的视频 和/或音频信号
本发明涉及用于标记数字编码的视频和/或音频信号以便把所述的信号归类为可靠程序内容的装置和方法。本发明还涉及一种用于解码所述的标记信号的装置和其上已记录有所述的标记信号的记录介质。
视频和音频信号越来越以数字编码的形式，例如MPEG比特流进行传送和记录。在所述的信号中提供一标记以便把该信号归类为可靠程序内容变得需要起来。标记数字信号特别适用于各种复制保护应用。也称作为水印的标记能有效地采取单个比特或多个比特码的形式，单个比特指示该信号构成复制保护内容，多个比特码表示该内容的始发者。水印可与放在视频和音频内容上的电子标记相匹敌。
在公知的音频和视频压缩的MPEG标准中，复制保护比特已对那种用途作了规定。然而，这种公知的方法的缺点在于：保护比特能够被容易地检测并加以修改，以便绕过版权保护机构。
本发明的目的是提供一种使水印容易被检测而难于擦除变成可能的方法。
根据本发明，该方法的特征在于：把预定值指配到预定编码参数的步骤，该预定编码参数在修改时需要修改许多其它参数以便正确地解码所述的视频信号。
本发明基于这样的理解，即压缩的音频和视频信号(例如MPEG比特流)包括多个编码参数。许多编码参数值不用解码比特流就能够容易地被检测。然而，某些参数的修改通常会导致不再满足规定格式(例如MPEG语法)的比特流，或导致在解码过程中的错误。于是，通过把预定值指配到这种编码参数来获得的水印，就可以不用修改，即擦除而容易地检测到。水印的修改需要信号首先被解码成象素域，然后再编码成新比特流。该操作会导致质量下降，除非使用昂贵的编码装置。
在本发明的一个实施例中，该预定编码参数就是在所选择的MPEG编码视频帧中的片的数目。所选择的帧可以包括所有的帧或仅某些类型(I，P，B)的一些帧。所选择的帧也可以意味着GOP的第一I帧。
通常，在视频帧中片的数目随着视频内容而变化。根据本发明，事先控制片的数目。该水印是通过迫使编码器产生预定数目的片来产生的。不需要固定片的数目。也可迫使片的数目为整数N的整倍数。在本发明的最佳实施例中，在交替选择的帧中迫使片的数目为N的整倍数或M的整倍数。即使输入信号是稳定的，“正常”编码器产生这种数目的片的概率是极小的。
适当的编码参数的另一些实施例是对MPEG比特流的PES包长度或在MPEG信号中预编码(P)和双向编码(B)的帧的帧内(I)的序列进行量化矩阵设置。
图1表示根据本发明的编码器；
图2表示根据本发明的解码器；
图3表示根据本发明方法的操作定时图；
图4表示包括图2所示的解码器的盘重放机的一个实施例。
图1表示根据本发明的编码器。标号101表示用于将视频序列编码到等于片的电路，标号102表示片编码器，和标号103表示用于在一片内编码图象数据的电路。标号104表示用于确定片边界的电路。电路100-104是普通的MPEG编码器的部分，并不必进一步解释。在传统的MPEG编码器中，该片边界是用视频(信号)源内容来确定的并直接送到片编码器102的输入105。由编码器产生的比特流包括在每帧的起始的帧起始标题F和在每片起始的片起始码S。
在图1所示的编码器中，片边界是由片边界修改电路106进行修改的。现在，该片边界是响应于由序码发生器107产生的信号进行选择的。该信号确定每帧的片的数目。在本实施例中，序码发生器以n模数N＝0和m模数M＝0这种方法交替地产生整数n和整数m。N和M分别可为3和7。因此，在交替帧中片的数目被迫为3和7的整倍数。这个特殊图案表示一个水印。未必传统的MPEG编码器会产生具有每帧的片的所述数目的比特流。此外，本编码器也可采用比特殊源内容所需要的更频繁的量化尺度值。这使它更难用砍劈器(hacker)来改变片的数目。
图2表示根据本发明的解码器。输入1的MPEG比特流每逢开关2关闭时被传送到输出端。开关2受阻塞信号9控制。片检测电路3检测在MPEG比特流中片起始码S的存在。同样地，帧检测电路4检测帧起始标题F的存在。计数器13对每帧中片的数目进行计数。该计数器经延时器12在新帧的起始进行复位。如果该输出等于由控制电路11所提供的模数值，则比较器6复原计数器13。根据编码器的说明可以理解为，对于交替帧模数值就是N和M。而且，计数器13交替地起模数N和模数M计数器的作用。另一个比较器5，如果其输入为零的话，则输出1。如果当新帧起始时计数状态为零，AND(与)门7便产生脉冲信号8。延时器12就能保证在计数器13用帧起始标题复原以前进行零检测。控制电路11可根据复制标记图象的具体规则检查某些帧的周期中每个帧模数N的片的数目是否起作用。
如果比特流被复制保护，控制电路11检查鉴别信号10是否还存在。如果该信号是复制保护的而且不存在鉴别信号，则MPEG信号是非法复制的。在此情况，控制电路11打开开关2且MPEG信号不送到输出端。在真正的原始复制保护的MPEG比特流伴随有有效鉴别信号10的情况下，开关2被关闭并且比特流将被解码。没有复制保护的原始记录内容将照这样被检测，并且关闭该开关。
消除片标题的后果是必须调整q尺度参数和必须包括宏块地址。在MPEG比特流中的这种改变从长远来看会导致错误的缓冲内容。为了保证正确的操作需要进一步修改。
图3示意地表示一个盘是一个给出了所观察的MPEG比特流的非法复制盘的概率P。盘的重放开始在t＝ta，第一PES标题到达在t＝to。如果砍劈器或非法翻印不清除或修改普通的复制比特，当主机接收下一个PES标题(曲线a)时不正当的盘立即被识别。如果该比特被修改而散列函数没有清除，则发现错误必定要在稍后一点(曲线b)。如果更高级的砍劈器清除散列检查，而不是水印，则就可判定在t＝tb该复制是具有概率1-e(曲线c)的错误。如果砍劈器也使水印的一部分变坏(在t＝tc)或如果内容供给者包括不正确的水印(例如，如果音频字节模拟F或S序列)，则随后非法复制被识别。一般地，e将被选择得很小，以避免主视频(homevideo)偶然模拟复制保护水印(误报警)。显象时间td-to被设计得足够小，而没有包括由随机编码器产生的MPEG序列和随机选择的内容模拟水印的概率。
在本发明的另一个实施例中，水印包括在量化矩阵中选择的具体值。该量化矩阵可通过对MPEG序列标题进行检查来简单地计算。如果存在，该矩阵在跳越62比特以后被求得。在标题字节以后的特定比特表示矩阵存在与否。在后面的情况，考虑了缺省值。
水印也能在音频信号中实施。对于音频的每个帧(24毫秒)，对每个子带(最大为32个子带)规定4个量化比特。
现在将描述一种存储介质，例如多媒体CD的复制保护的应用。已提出的复制保护方案使用介质标记(摆动键)和内容标记的组合，该介质标记表示该盘是可记录还是专门只读主MM-CD，该内容标记表示该内容是否复制保护。该内容标记是一组包括复制比特、在其它数据加上复制比特上的散列函数，和前面说明书中所述的水印的标记。如果该散列函数存在(不是在主视频的情况)，CD重放机/录音机检查散列函数是否与正被设置到“保护的”复制比特的内容相匹配。包括该散列函数和水印是专门使复制比特更难擦除。散列函数可从比特流中省略，但这至少需要PES长度的再分多路复用和再定义。擦除水印至少需要部分代码转换MPEG音频或视频内容。
参照图4，水印检测电路41对放入从CD42读出的比特流中的水印进行搜索。摆动键检测电路43证明摆动键的存在。该电路43可包括在CD驱动器的控制环中，或测量盘的反射率。检验电路44执行在下表中给出的简单布尔操作。如果水印与正确的摆动槽键存在水印或不存在水印，然后，MPEG比特流通过关闭开关45送到多路分解器46和MPEG解码器47，如果水印存在而不存在相应的摆动，则CD读出器通过打开开关45阻断该内容。
    摆动键表示为：
数字视频盘 可记录盘
复制比特，或散列，或水印 存在且OK 通过信号 阻塞信号
缺少或错误 通过信号 通过信号
总之，电子水印方案被提出，可使复制保护机构的保密性有效地增加。水印方法工作在(MPEG)源信号的等级的高级别。这就保证水印可容易地检测，但是若没有有效地代码转换工作难于擦除，这种代码转换被认为是困难且昂贵的任务，而且可导致质量降低或比特率增加。

Claims (11)

1.一种标记数字编码的视频和/或音频信号以便把所述的信号归类为可靠程序内容的方法，其特征在于，把预定值指配到预定编码参数的步骤，该预定编码参数在修改时需要修改许多其它参数以便正确地解码所述的视频信号。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中数字编码信号是MPEG信号和其中预定编码参数是在所选的编码视频帧中的片的数目。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中连续选择的帧交替地包括片的模N和模M数目，其中N和M是整数。
4.一种解码数字编码的视频和/或音频信号的方法，其中该信号包括把所述的信号归类为可靠程序内容的标记，其特征在于，把预定编码参数的值检测的步骤，该预定编码参数在修改时需要修改许多其它参数以便正确地解码所述的视频信号，和如果所述的编码参数具有不同于预定值的值则将其抑制解码该信号的步骤。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其中数字编码信号是MPEG信号，和其中所述的检测步骤包括检测在所选的编码视频中片的数目是否是预定的数目的步骤。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其中所述的检测步骤包括检测连续选择的帧是否交替地包括片的模N和模M的数目的步骤，其中N和M是整数。
7.一个用于执行根据权利要求1-3的任一个所述方法的编码器。
8.一个用于执行根据权利要求4-6的任一个所述的方法的解码器。
9.一个在其上存贮有已标记的数字编视频和/或音频信号以便把所述的信号归类为可靠程序内容的记录介质，其特征在于，该信号已由指配到预定编码参数的预定值标记，该预定编码参数在修改时需要修改许多其它参数以便正确地解码所述的视频信号。
10.根据权利要求9所述的介质，其中数字编码信号是MPEG信号和其中预定编码参数是在所选的编码视频帧中的片的数目。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中连续选择的帧交替地包括模N和模M数目的片，其中N和M是整数。
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