CN1122035A - 用于具有分割复位寻址的空间光调制器的脉宽调制 - Google Patents

用于具有分割复位寻址的空间光调制器的脉宽调制 Download PDF

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CN1122035A
CN1122035A CN95105681A CN95105681A CN1122035A CN 1122035 A CN1122035 A CN 1122035A CN 95105681 A CN95105681 A CN 95105681A CN 95105681 A CN95105681 A CN 95105681A CN 1122035 A CN1122035 A CN 1122035A
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唐纳德·B·多尔蒂
马克·L·伯顿
罗伯特·J·戈夫
罗德尼·D·米勒
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
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    • G09G3/2014—Display of intermediate tones by modulation of the duration of a single pulse during which the logic level remains constant
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    • G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
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    • G09G3/2007—Display of intermediate tones
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    • G09G3/2033—Display of intermediate tones by time modulation using two or more time intervals using sub-frames with splitting one or more sub-frames corresponding to the most significant bits into two or more sub-frames
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    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
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    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
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Abstract

本发明提供一种实现脉宽调制图像显示系统的方法，把显示帧周期分成时间片。把各数据帧分成位平面，各位平面具有一个表示各像素元件的1比特数据，各位平面具有一段与若干段时间片对应的显示时间，较高位加权的位平面显示较多段时间片。位平面进一步格式化成复位组，各复位组对应于SLM(15)的一组复位组。把较高位的复位组的显示时间分段，使数据能以分段的形式而不是时间连续的形式显示。在加载期间，把一复位组与下一复位组的相应的位平面的段时间对准。较低位的显示时间不分段，但尽可能时间对准，避免加载冲突。

Description

用于具有分割复位寻址的 空间光调制器的脉宽调制
本发明涉及用于图像显示系统的空间光调制器，尤其涉及加载图像数据的空间光调制器。
基于空间光调制器(SLM)的视频显示系统正在逐渐替代使用阴极射线管(CRT)的显示系统。SLM系统提供了清晰度很高的显示，而没有CRT系统的大体积和功耗。
数字微镜器件(DMD)属于SLM的一种，它可以应用于直视或投影显示。DMD具有微机械像素元件阵列，每个像素有一个可由电信号独立寻址的微镜。各微镜根据其寻址信号的状态倾斜，以把光反射或不反射到图像平面上。其它的具有像素元件的可同时发射或反射光的像素阵列的SLM以相似的原理工作，由寻址像素元件，而不是通过扫描屏幕产生完整的图像。SLM的另一个例子是具有独立驱动的像素元件的液晶显示器(LCD)。一般，通过加载存储单元来显示每帧像素数据，以同时对像素元件进行寻址
为了实现白(开)和黑(关)之间的各中间发光级，使用了脉宽调制技术(PWM)。基本的PWM方案包含：首先确定向观看者显示的图像的速率，建立帧速率和相应的帧周期。例如，在标准电视系统中，图像以每秒30帧传送，每帧延续约33.3毫秒。然后，建立每个像素元件的亮度分辨率。在一个简单的例子中，假设分辨率为n比特，把帧时间分成2n-1段相等的时间片。对于帧周期为33.3毫秒和亮度值为n比特的情况来说，时间片为33.3/(2n-1)毫秒。
在建立了这些时间后，对每帧的每个像素的像素亮度进行量化，使黑为零时间片，LSB表示的亮度级为1段时间片，最大亮度为2n-1段时间片。每个像素的量化亮度决定了在一帧周期期间该像素的打开(导通)时间。因此，在一帧周期期间，每个量化值大于零的像素打开(导通)与其亮度相对应的时间片段数。观看者的眼睛积累该像素亮度，看到与模拟亮度级产生的相同的图像。
为了对SLM进行寻址，PWM要求把数据格式化成“位平面”，每个位平面对应于亮度值的一种位加权。因此，如果用n比特值来表示亮度，则每个数据帧有n个位平面。每个位平面对每个像素元件有一0或1值。在前段所描述的简单的PWM例子中，在一帧期间，独立地加载每个位平面，并根据与它们相关联的位平面值，对像素元件进行寻址。例如，表示每个像素的LSB的位平面显示1段时间片，而表示MSB的位平面显示2n/2段时间片。因为一段时间片仅为33.3/255毫秒，所以SLM必须能在该时间内加载LSB位平面。该加载LSB位平面的时间称为“峰值数据速率”。
高的峰值数据速率要求SLM有高的数据吞吐量。为了使峰值数据速率最小，已经对上述加载方式作了改进。但这些加载方案仅在使显示的图像中可见的赝像降低到最小程度时才是满意的。
一种这样的改进方法使用了专门配置的SLM，其像素元件被分成独立地进行加载和寻址的复位组。这种方法减少了在任一段时间内加载的数据量，并可使每个复位组的LSB数据在帧周期的不同时间显示。这种结构在美国专利顺序号———————(代理号：TI-17333)中有描述，已转让给德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司。
本发明的一个方面是对具有独立可寻址的像素元件的空间光调制器所使用的数据帧进行脉宽调制的方法。把各个数据帧的显示周期分成多段时间片。把每帧数据格式成位平面，每个位平面对每个像素元件都有1比特数据，表示由该像素元件显示的亮度值的位加权。每个位平面的显示时间对应于若干段时间片数。然后把位平面次格式化成复位组，每个复位组具有一组像素元件的数据，在与其它像素元件加载时间不同的时间时对该组像素元件进寻址。把一个或多个位加权较高(较重要)的位平面的复位组的显示时间分成两段或更多段，可以在整个帧周期内分配那些显示时间。然后在三个阶段内加载与像素元件相关联的存储单元。首先，前帧加载约加载一半段数即对所有复位组，基本上在同时加载具有位加权相同的段。然后，中间帧加载过程加载一位或多位较低位(位加权较不重要)的位平面的复位组。最后，尾帧加载过程加载剩余的段即对所有复位组，基本上在同时加载具有相同位加权的段。
本发明的技术优点是对分割复位的结构成功地加载了数据。无论是活动图像还是静止图像，通过组合不同的数据加载方法特点，提供了良好的图像质量。与其它的分割复位的寻址方法相比，该方法不需要增加带宽，或者降低光效率。
图1和图2是图像显示系统的框图，在每个框图中均具有用根据本发明的分割复位的PWM数据加载方法进行寻址的SLM。
图3示出了图1和图2中构置成分割复位寻址的SLM的结构。
图4示出了本发明的数据加载序列的一个例子。
图5进一步示出了图4的序列中较低位的加载。
图6示出了根据本发明的数据加载序列的另一个例子。
使用PWM的SLM显示系统的概述
在名称为“标准独立数字化视频系统”的美国专利No.5,079,544以及名称为“数字电视系统”的美国专利序列号——————————(代理号TI-17855)和名称为“DMD显示系统”的美国专利序列号————————(代理号：TI-17671)中给出了基于DMD的数字显示系统的全面描述。这些专利及专利申请均转让给了德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司，援引在此，以作参考。下面结合图1和图2讨论这种系统。
图1是投影显示系统10的方框图，它用SLM15根据诸如广播电视信号等模拟视频信号来产生实时图像。图2是相似的系统20的框图，在该系统中，输入信号已经以数字数据表示。在图1和图2中，都仅示出了那些对主屏像素数据处理有用的部件。其它诸如用于处理同步和音频信号等的部件，或者诸如处理字幕等副屏特征的部件均未显示出。
信号接口单元11接收模拟视频信号并分离视频、同步和音频信号。它把视频信号送至A/D转换器12a和Y/C分离器12b，由它们分别把数据转换成像素数据样值，和把亮度(“Y”)数据与色度(“C”)数据分离。在图1中，信号在Y/C分离之前就转换成数字数据，但在另一些实施例中Y/C分离可以在A/D转换之前用模拟滤波器进行。
处理器系统13通过对像素数据的各种处理工作，准备显示用的数据。处理器系统13包括凡处理中有用的处理存储器诸如场和行缓冲器。处理器系统13进行的任务可以包括线性化(补偿δ校正)、色空间转换和行发生。完成这些工作的顺序是可以变化的。
显示存储器14接收经处理器系统13处理后的像素数据。在输入或输出端上，它把数据格式化成“位平面”格式，并把位平面一次一幅地传送给SLM15。位平面格式使SLM15的每个像素元件响应于该次的数据中的1个比特值，实现开或关状态。在典型的显示系统10中，显示存储器14是“双缓冲”存储器，这意味着，它具有至少2个显示帧的容量。一个显示帧的缓冲器可以读出到SLM15中，而另一显示帧的缓冲器可以写入。两个缓冲器以“乒乓”方式进行控制，以能使数据连续地传送到SLM15。
如在背景技术中所述的，显示存储器的数据以位平面形式传送给SLM15。虽然，这种描述是根据DMD型的SLM15作出的，但其它类型的SLM也可以构成显示系统10，并用于此处描述的本发明。例如，SLM15可以是LCD型SLM。在名称为“空间光调制器”的美国专利No.4,956,619中给出了适用的SLM15的详细描述，该专利已转让给德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司，援引在此，以作参考。实质上，DMD15用显示存储器14的数据对其像素元件进行寻址。DMD15阵列的每个像素元件的“开”或“关”状态形成图像。
名称为“脉宽调制显示系统中使用的DMD结构和定时”的美国专利No.5,278,652描述了一种用基于DMD显示系统的对视频数据进行格式化的方法以及对它们进行寻址，以进行PWM显示的方法。该专利申请已转让给德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司，援引在此，以作参考。在此描述的一些技术包括像素清除块，用额外的“关”时间来加载数据，以及包括中断时间，在该时间内，把较高位显示到较小的段内。这些技术可以用于任何使用PWM的SLM中。
显示光学单元16有用于接收SLM15的图像并照射诸如显示屏等图像平面的光学部件。对于彩色显示来说，可以把各种颜色的位平面按序同步到作为显示光学单元16一部分的色轮上。或者，可以把不同颜色的数据同时显示在三个SLM上，并用显示光学单元16进行组合。主定时单元17提供各种系统控制功能。
分割复位寻址
图3示出了构成分割复位寻址的SLM15的像素阵列。图中仅清楚地示出了少量像素元件31和与它们相关的存储单元32，但根据要求，SLM15还具有另外的像素元件31行和列以及存储单元32。典型的SLM15具有几百或几千这样的像素元件31。
在图3的例子中，四个像素元件31共用一个存储单元32。如下所解释的，把SLM15分成4个像素元件31的复位组。对应于这些复位组的数据被格式化成复位组数据。因此，p为像素数，q为复位组数，具有p个比特数的位平面被格式化成具有p/q比特数据的复位组。复位组被“水平”划分，每第四行像素元件31属于不同的复位组。
名称为“空间光调制器的像素控制电路”的美国专利序列号————————(代理号TI-17333)描述了用于DMD的分割复位数据的加载和寻址。这些原理一般也适用于SLM。该专利申请转让给德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司，援引在此，以作参考。
图3示出了单个存储单元32是如何为多个像素元件31服务的。像素元件31以双稳模式工作。通过向它们的存储单元32加载1比特数据，并把由该位数据所指示的电压通过地址线33加到连接到该像素元件的地址电极上来控制它们从开状态到关状态的转换。然后，根据加到各像素元件的电压，用经复位线34的复位信号使像素元件31的状态转换。换句话说，对于每组的4个像素元件31来说，传送给它们的存储单元32的数据值不是1就时0，并把它们作为“+”或“-”电压加到这些像素元件31上。复位线34上的信号决定了在该组内的像素哪一个元件31将改变状态。
分割复位寻址的一个方面是在一时刻仅仅加载整个SLM阵列中的一个子组。换句话说，在一个帧周期的不同时刻对复位组加载位平面数据，而不是同时加载所有位平面数据。复位信号决定哪一个与存储单元32关联的像素元件31是开还是关。
像素元件31被分成四个一集，四个像素中的每一个来自不同的复位组。每个集与一个存储单元32进行通信。在水平分割复位的例子中，每行属于不同复位组的第一集四行中的每一行的像素元件31共用同一个存储单元32。下一集四行中的每一行的像素元件31也共用一个存储单元32。与单个存储单元32相关的像素元件31的数量被称为该存储单元32的“扇出端数”。该扇出端数可以是其它数目。较大的扇出端数所用的存储单元32较少，它减少了在每个复位周期内加载数据的量，但每帧需要更多的复位周期。
在每个有四个像素元件31的集中，四根复位线34控制像素元件31改变状态的时间。该组中的每个像素元件31连接到不同的复位线34上。这可以使一集中的每个像素元件31在与该集中的其它像素元件31不同的时间改变其状态。还可以用其复位线34上的公共信号来控制整个复位组。
一旦特定复位组的像素元件31的所有存储单元32加载完毕之后，复位线34根据与它们相关联的存储单元32内的数据提供复位信号，使那些像素元件31的状态改变。换句话说，像素元件31在提供给它们的数据改变时仍维持它们当前的状态，一直到它们接收到复位信号为止。
根据各种启发式规则，产生分割复位SLM的PWM寻址序列。一种规则是同时可以为不多于一组的复位组加载数据。换句话说，不同复位组的加载必须是不冲突的。在美国专利申请号——————(代理号TI-17333)中描述了其它“可选用”的规则，该申请已转让给德克萨斯仪器股份有限公司，援引在此，作为参考。
本发明的一个方面是已认识到如把分割复位加载用于PWM，则某些加载顺序会产生可见的赝像，而这种赝像可以通过改变加载顺序来避免。而且，某些赝像还与显示的图像的类型有关。
在显示静止图像期间产生第一种类型的赝像，它是随眼睛的快速移动、SLM的移动或者诸如在面前挥动手造成的中断等而变化的在图像上产生的特别的勾边。通过把较高位的位平面的显示时间划分成更小段能避免这种赝像。例如，对于有255段时间片和8比特像素值的帧周期来说，用128段时间片的开或关时间来表示第7位的MSB。在不同的时间向每个复位组加载MSB位平面数据，但将它持续显示128段时间片。这128段时间片可以分成多段。一般，这些段是等长的，但并非必须。在整个帧周期内对这些段的加载进行分配。这种加载方法被称为“隔行方法”。选出进行分段的位平面可以是除LSB以外的任一个或多个位平面。
在活动图像期间观看者跟踪移动的目标时产生第二种类型的赝像。这种赝像可以通过尽可能地把更多的照度集中到瞬时脉冲上来避免。根据不能同时对两组复位组进行加载的条件，在时间上接近地加载所有复位组中位加权相同的数据。这种寻址的方法称为“对准方法(alignment method)”。
图4至图6示出了如何把隔行和对准方法结合在一起，产生使静止和运动图像均可见的赝像减列最少的数据加载序列。在下面各方法中，假设像素值为8比特，能提供256级亮度分辨率。另外，为简便起见，假设仅有4组复位组。然而，同样可以把该原理应用于不同分辨率的像素值中，以及应用于复位组更少或更多的SLM中。
时间相关的MSB寻址
图4和图5示出了加载为分割复位SLM上的PWM格式化的数据的方法的一个例子。该方法结合了隔行和对准两者的特点。以图4所示的基本顺序来加载位平面段(5-7位)或未分段的位平面(0-4位)。除了未分段的位平面(0-4位)之外，各复位组以该相同的序列加载。图5示出了未分段的位平面(0-4位)的加载序列。图4和图5意在示出与显示定时相对的加载序列。在附录A中示出了加载序列和显示定时两者的一个例子。
按照隔行方法，把较高位(5-7位)分成段，并在整个帧周期内分配。然而，按照对准方法，对较高位段的分配是按时间顺序排列而不是随机的。按时间顺序排列要求以有规律的顺序加载较高位，以使所有复位组的位加权相同的段几乎在同时显示。在帧周期的中间时间加载较低位的位平面。
更具体地说，把较高位第5-7位分成多段。第7位有14段，第6位有8段，第5位有4段。除了紧接在较低位前面和后面的第7位的两段之外，每段占16段时间片。如下面所解释的，如果复位组数量较大可以把这两段用作“缓冲段”。如果复位组的数目较小，可以不需要缓冲段，位平面的所有段可以等长。较低位第4-0位不分成段。第4位有16个LSB周期，第3位有8个LSB周期，第2位有4个LSB周期，第1位有2个LSB周期，第0位有1个LSB周期。
各帧数据的加载有三个阶段————前帧加载、中间帧加载和尾帧加载。在前帧加载期间，以有规律的顺序加载第5-7位的段。“有规律”的含义是各复位组以相同的顺序加载。在中间帧加载期间，加载第0-4位。第0-4位的加载顺序在复位组之间变化，以避免发生冲突。在尾帧加载期间，以有规律的模式加载该帧中剩余的第5-7位中所有段。
在加载期间，对每下一个复位组来说，对应的段或未分段的位平面的加载交错开至少一个时间片。虽然其结果是每个复位组与下一个复位组之间稍微有些偏移，但，交错满足了不能同时加载两个复位组的规则。一般，总希望使偏移最小，仅为一个时间片，但如下所解释的，为了避免加载较低位的冲突，可能需要较大的偏移。
图5示出了较低位的中间帧的加载的例子。该加载在复位组之间是变化的。在图5的例子中，有四个复位组，表示作RG(1)，RG(2)，RG(3)和RG(4)。通常，复位组数目越少，避免加载冲突越简单。
图4和图5还示出了每帧加载数和每帧时间片数之间的关系。每帧加载数不能大于一帧的时间片数。每帧的加载数等于位平面分段数和未分段数乘以复位组数。在图4和图5的例子中，对于每个复位组，第7-5段有14+8+4(26)段，和4-0位位平面5个。因此，每个复位组每帧有26+5＝31次加载。对于4组复位组来说，每帧的加载数为31×4＝128。这是一种可接受的分段方案。因为128小于时间片数255。
附录A示出了图4和图5的加载顺序如何适用于具有较大量的复位组的SLM。随着复位组数的增加，加载每帧的数据的时间片数也增加。例如，具有16组复位组的并按照图4和图5的方案分段的SLM需要每帧加载31×16＝469次。这可以通过把帧分成510段时间片代替255来实现。每个第7-5位段和每第4-0位位平面显示两倍的时间片。例如，LSB位平面显示二段时间片而不是一段。
另外，如附录A所示，随着复位组数的增加，加载较低位的次数可能会增加到超过分配的时间片。例如，有16组复位组并按图4顺序的SLM需要5×16＝80次加载来加载第4-0位。然而，对于每帧510段时间片来说，分配给中间帧加载第4-0位的总计时间片仅为62段。为了适应增加的中间帧加载数，相应增加复位组加载时间的交错。在加载中间帧期间，从一个复位组到下一个复位组，第一个位平面加载被延迟了3个时间片。因此，就在该位平面前的“缓冲段”的一组复位组到下一复位组的尺寸增加3段时间片。为了再次在中间帧加载之后对准复位组，每个下一个复位组的紧跟在最后中间帧位平面后的“缓冲段”减少3段时间片。
图6示出了分割复位的PWM寻址的另一种方法。与图4和图5一样，图6示出了结合了隔行和对准两者的特点的序列。然而，在图6的方法中，第3位和第4位以及第7-5位均被分段。因此，第3-7位被看作较高位。
以有规律的顺序来加载第3-7位的段，以便所有复位组的位加权相同的段几乎在同时进行加载。在中间帧周期加载第2-0位位平面。通过使加载至少交错一段时间片来满足不能同时加载两组复位组的规则。
如图4和图5的方法一样，如果复位组数太多，则可以把就在较低位的中间帧加载之前和之后的段用作“缓冲段”，以避免冲突。然而，由于同样的原因，也可以把就在第3位段之前和之后的段用作“缓冲段”。如上所解释的，这意味着复位组到复位组之间的这些段的大小会增加和减小，使较低位的加载错开一额外量。
图4和图5的方法和图6的方法有几个共同特征。都把较高位的位平面分段。在可能的范围内，使位段时间对准。然而，当段的位加权降低并且复位组数增加时，对准数据和仍然避免加载冲突就变得更困难。因此，把较低位的位平面集中在中间帧，并进行编码，而不是时间对准。另外，把“缓冲段”用来增加交错，使复位组的数目不阻止较低位的位平面的中间帧位或段的对准程度。
复位组的排列
本发明的另一方面是复位组寻址的顺序对是否产生赝像有影响。例如，在把n个复位组分布成一个显示的每个第n行的水平分割复位的结构中，一些复位组模式可以减少对选通脉冲的识别。尢其是希望是一个“差3”的模式。
对于具有16组水平复位组的SLM，一个如下所示的“差3”的排列模式使得每个第16行在同一组复位组内。
1   4   7   10   13   0   3   6   9   12   15   2   5   811   14换句话说，先加载第一复位组的所有行，然后加载第4复位组的所有行，以每隔三个复位组的一串复位组进行加载。然后，从第0组复位组起，每隔三个复位组进行加载。最后，从第2组复位组起，每隔三个复位组的第3串复位组进行加载。通常，以每隔n个复位组的顺序作n串复位组加载，可以以任一组复位组作为序列的开始。
其它实施例
虽然已经参照具体的实施例对本发明作了描述，但这些描述并不构成限制。对于该技术领域的熟练人员来说，对所揭示的实施例的各种变化以及各种可替代的实施例都是明显的。因此，希望所附的权利要求书覆盖了落入本发明实际范围之内的所有变化。

Claims (13)

1.一种把数据帧加载到具有可独立寻址的像素元件的空间光调制器以进行脉宽调制显示的方法，包含下列步骤：
把每个所述数据帧的显示周期分成若干时间片；
把各数据帧格式化成位平面，每个位平面对各所述像素元件有1比特数据，每个位平面表示由该像素元件显示的亮度值的位加权，每个位平面具有对应于所述时间片量的显示时间；
把所述位平面次格式成复位组，每复位组具有一组像素元件数据，在与其它像素元件的加载时间不同的时间上加载该组像素元件的数据；
把一个或多个较高位加权的位平面的复位组的显示时间分段；
在所述帧周期开始时的前帧加载所有复位组的所述段，以在基本上同时加载位加权相同的段；
在所述帧周期中段的中间帧加载一个或多个较低位的位平面的复位组；以及
在所述帧周期结尾时的尾帧加载所有复位组的剩余的所述段，以在基本上同时加载位加权相同的段。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述前帧和所述尾帧加载步骤是通过把各所述复位组的加载用一段所述时间片分割来进行的。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，各所述时间片的持续时间对应于所述亮度值的最低位的显示时间。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述时间片的持续时间为所述亮度值的最低位显示时间的2倍。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述分段步骤使分段的数目等于所述时间片的数目，且少于所述较低位的所述位平面的加载次数。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述前帧加载步骤把一个所述段用作缓冲段，并使该缓冲段的大小在各复位组之间变化，以在所述中间帧加载期间能基本上对准。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，相同位平面的所有段的时间片数相等。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，相同复位组的所有段的时间片数相等。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所有所述复位组的所述前帧加载和所述尾帧加载顺序相同。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，对不同所述复位组的所述中间帧加载以不同的顺序进行。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述较高位高于第2位。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述前帧加载步骤把一个所述段用作缓冲段，并使该缓冲段的大小在各复位组之间变化，以在所述中间帧加载期间能基本上对准。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述前帧加载、中间帧加载和尾帧加载以每隔n个复位组的n串复位组来排序。
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