CN1111395C - 吸收液体的制品 - Google Patents

吸收液体的制品 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1111395C
CN1111395C CN95194857A CN95194857A CN1111395C CN 1111395 C CN1111395 C CN 1111395C CN 95194857 A CN95194857 A CN 95194857A CN 95194857 A CN95194857 A CN 95194857A CN 1111395 C CN1111395 C CN 1111395C
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China
Prior art keywords
absorbent article
goods
article core
liquid
aperture
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN95194857A
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English (en)
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CN1156401A (zh
Inventor
F·P·阿布图
D·N·韦尔彻
C·E·苏利云
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
Kimberly Clark Corp
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Kimberly Clark Worldwide Inc
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Publication of CN1156401A publication Critical patent/CN1156401A/zh
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Publication of CN1111395C publication Critical patent/CN1111395C/zh
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Abstract

本发明涉及吸收液体的制品,该制品使用一种高吸收率材料,例如超级吸收剂颗粒。该颗粒(20)放置在吸湿芯(16)内形成的离散的室(18)中,以便流入液体的进入并为颗粒吸收流入的液体而膨胀时提供足够的空间。

Description

吸收液体的制品
                         技术领域
本发明涉及吸收液体的制品。更具体而言,本发明涉及这样一种吸收液体的制品,它特别适用作吸收体系用于个人护理的吸收制品,例如尿布、锻炼裤、卫生巾、失禁用内衣、绷带等。
                         背景技术
随着液体吸收技术的不断进展,对各种用于吸收液体的材料和组分及其相互作用的了解已在为深入。对用于个人护理的吸收制品的吸收体系而言,这种情况尤其如此。以一次性尿布为例,这种尿布原来的设计采用木纸绒浆(wood pulp fluff)作为吸收液体(尿)的唯一材料。然而,采用木纸绒浆的问题是其湿强度很低,当其润湿后往往易于破裂转而又会导致尿布泄漏。
随着尿布结构的不断改进,将高吸收率材料例如超级吸收剂(superabsorbent)与木纸绒浆混合,以提高尿布吸湿芯对液体的总保持能力。通过撤换一部分木纸绒浆,以用量越来越大的超级吸收剂取而代之,会使尿布的总厚度随着减小。尽管减小了吸湿芯的总尺寸和提高了液体的总保持能力,但是尿布吸湿芯在不出现尿汇集在表面上甚至溢出的危险的情况下,接受尿液快速流注,特别是在第二、第三和第四次受到侵袭时,仍然存在问题。上述问题的一个原因在于超级吸收剂本身。
为了能将液体快速吸收到尿布或其他个人护理用吸收制品的吸湿芯中,在纤维之间必须有足够的间隙空间能输送液体。遗憾的是,许多超级吸收剂在吸收液体时会溶胀,从而使间隙空间堵塞,造成称作“凝胶堵塞”(gel blocking)的现象。一旦发生凝胶堵塞,液体就难以通过凝胶堵塞的区域迅速输送。
为了促进上述问题的解决,并进一步设法减少迅速聚集在尿布表面上的液体汇集,已设计了一些其他的改进方案。如美国专利4,055,180(Karami)中所述,一种方案是将超级吸收剂有选择地放置在吸湿芯的局部区域内,例如放置在吸湿芯的内层或一些离散的腔中。另一种解决方案是在尿布内,通常在吸湿芯之上,加入一些附加层,以便使吸湿芯在有足够时间充分吸收液体之前,能起流进液体的缓冲器或临时储液囊的作用。这些附加层又会增加尿布的总厚度,这就与通常倾向于使产品尽可能薄的趋势相反。采用多层结构的另一个问题是液体的输送跨越两种材料的界面。已发现,由于两种材料之间界面上的问题,通常难以使液体从一种材料转移到另一种材料。因此,最理想的是,更多液体的转移可在尿布或其他个人护理用吸收制品中的同一总水平面内发生,以最大限度地减少液体横越垂直方向上相邻而材料不同的界面转移。
采用超级吸收剂的另一个问题是,当其吸收液体时必然会溶胀或膨胀。如果这些颗粒被限制得太紧密,它们就不可能自由膨胀,和/或溶胀后的颗粒会造成其周围的材料破裂,转而又会使超级吸收剂泄漏并可能与佩带者接触。因此,需要有一种改进的吸收液体的制品,其中装有能迅速接收和保持积存液体的高吸收率材料。
                         发明内容
本发明涉及吸收液体的制品,该制品特别适用作吸收体系用于个人护理的吸收制品,例如尿布、锻炼裤、卫生巾、失禁用内衣等。在其最基本的设计中,本发明的吸收液体的制品包括可渗透液体的顶层和底层以及放置在它们之间的吸湿芯。吸湿芯中有许多小孔,这些小孔从吸湿芯的上表面通过吸湿芯扩展到其下表面。吸湿芯的上表面与顶层连接而下表面则与底层连接。在至少一部分小孔内放置了高吸收率材料。在更优选的实施方案中,采用连接件将顶层和/或底层可松脱地与吸湿芯连接。连接件可在吸湿芯和顶层或底层之间提供粘结力,该力低于高吸收率材料与水性液接触时施加在顶层或底层上的溶胀力(swellingfbrce)。因此,在顶层或底层由于溶胀力而破裂之前,顶层或底层会与吸湿芯脱层。
吸湿芯可以设计成具有许多特定所需的性质,包括密度低于0.08g/cm3,弗雷泽透气率大于60m3/m2/分钟,在0.3千帕的压力下厚度至少为0.5cm以及空载下的比容大于18cm3/g。密度、弗雷泽透气率、厚度以及在空载下的比容可根据一部分没有许多小孔和高吸收率材料的吸湿芯材料计算。
在本发明的其他实施方案中,吸湿芯可以有许多致密区。如果需要,这些致密区可以在至少一部分小孔之间延伸并连接它们,以便更有助于使有待横越结构的x-y平面吸收的液体作横向移动。
在本发明的另一些实施方案中,吸湿芯可以包括纤维状非织造物,其中全部或一部分纤维是双组分纤维。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,吸收液体的制品可以包括可渗透液体的顶层和底层以及放置在它们之间的吸湿芯。该吸湿芯可以包括相互竖直配准的第一部分和第二部分。第一部分可与顶层连接,其中有许多第一部分的小孔并贯穿整个厚度。第二部分可与底层连接,其中有许多第二部分的小孔并贯穿整个厚度。在一种构形中,第一部分和第二部分的小孔可以相互竖直配准,以便使这些小孔完全穿过吸湿芯从上表面扩展到下表面。在本发明的另一种构形中,全部或一部分第一和第二部分的小孔可以相互偏斜,因而不是相互竖直配准。结果,第一和第二部分的小孔可以用相同或不同类型的高吸收率材料充填。例如,第一部分的小孔,可以用通过涡旋时间试验测定其吸收速率比充填第二部分的小孔的高吸收率材料迅速的高吸收率材料充填。相反,第一部分的小孔,也可以用吸收速率比充填第二部分的小孔的高吸收率材料缓慢的高吸收率材料充填。
为了使流体易于流过吸湿芯,吸湿芯的第一和第二部分可以由不同密度的材料制成。例如,邻近顶层因而最靠近初始液体接触位置的吸湿芯的第一部分可以具有较低的密度,因而具有更多的疏松结构,以便能够迅速吸收流体并将其存储,避免液体从整个结构的表面溢出。相反,通常放置在远离流体侵袭方向的第二部分,可以由密度较高的材料制成,因此有更大的能力足以分配液体横向地通过结构,以便通过将液体引入装在远离液体侵袭位置的小孔中的高吸收率材料,从而最大限度地利用整个结构。为了进一步增强流体的横向流动,还可以在吸湿芯中建立一个或多个致密区,因为致密区通常能增进流体的横向流动。因此,例如致密区可以在至少一部分小孔之间延伸并连接它们,以进一步引导液体从一个小孔流向另一个小孔。
吸收液体的制品可以单独地使用,或可将其并入其他的结构,例如包括但不限于尿布、锻炼裤、失禁用器件、卫生巾、绷带等个人护理用吸收制品中。通常这类个人护理用吸收制品包括放置在靠近佩带者皮肤的体侧衬垫和通常是不渗透液体的背面衬垫。放置在体侧衬垫和背面衬垫之间的是吸收材料,其作用是吸收并保持通过体侧衬垫流到它那里的液体。如果需要这样,那么本发明的吸收液体的制品可以用作这种个人护理用吸收制品中的吸收材料。
参看图1和图2,图中示出了本发明的吸收液体的制品10。仅为说明起见,将结合其在个人护理用吸收制品或包括尿布、锻炼裤、失禁用内衣、卫生巾、绷带等制品方面的应用来详细叙述本发明的吸收液体的制品10。应该理解的是,这些用途仅是说明性的,因为本发明的范围旨在包括任何需要液体吸收和保持方面的应用。
吸收液体的制品10包括可渗透液体的顶层12、底层14和放置在顶层12和底层14之间的吸湿芯16。吸湿芯16具有许多小孔18,这些小孔贯穿吸湿芯16从其上表面19扩展到下表面21。采用适宜的连接件23使上表面19与顶层12连接并使下表面21与底层14连接,其情况将在下面详细叙述。放置在小孔18内的是通常称为超级吸收剂、水解胶体或水凝胶的高吸收率材料20。这类材料在本文中总称“高吸收率材料”或“超级吸收剂”。高吸收率材料20装在顶层12和底层14之间的小孔18中。超级吸收剂是水溶胀性、水溶性的有机或无机材料,在含0.9%(重量)氯化钠水溶液中,在最佳条件下能吸收至少约为其重量的20倍,更理想至少可达其重量的约30倍。适宜用作本发明的超级吸收剂材料的有机材料可以包括:天然材料,例如琼脂、果胶、瓜耳胶等;以及合成材料,例如合成的水凝胶聚合物。这类水凝胶聚合物包括,例如聚丙烯酸的碱金属盐、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯醇、乙烯马来酐共聚物、聚乙烯醚、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、聚乙烯吗啉酮;以及乙烯磺酸、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙烯吡啶等的聚合物和共聚物。其他适宜的聚合物包括丙烯腈接枝的水解淀粉、丙烯酸接枝的淀粉和异丁烯马来酐聚合物及其混合物。水凝胶聚合物优选的是轻度交联的,以使这些材料基本上是水不溶性的。可以通过例如辐射或通过共价、离子、范德瓦耳斯或氢键键合实现交联。超级吸收剂材料可以呈任一种适用于吸收剂组合物的形式,包括颗粒、纤维、片状粉末、球体等。通常可以得到的这类超级吸收剂的粒度约为20至约1000微米。
在本发明之前,一些在吸湿芯内局部的和离散区域中使用超级吸收剂的尝试,包括在胶结的或在超级吸收剂的囊之间的区域内相互连接的顶层和底层之间的局部区域中封装小离散量的这些超级吸收剂颗粒。顶层和底层由于其稀疏性质和相对弱的结构,几乎不分布局部的超级吸收剂囊之间的液体。此外,许多类型的超级吸收剂虽然具有大的保持能力,但是不能快速吸收液体。因此,薄的顶层和底层不适于快速吸收、贮存然后将液体输送或排放给超级吸收剂颗粒。结果,这类吸收剂结构特别是作为尿布用于个人护理的吸收制品时,往往不能满足操作的要求。此外,如果制成的顶层和底层强度不够,和/或把超级吸收剂太紧密地包装在囊中,顶层和底层就可能限制超级吸收剂的膨胀,或相反顶层和底层会破裂从而使超级吸收剂从囊中漏失,这种结果通常是不希望发生的。
本发明的吸收液体的制品10,在它的其他特性中使用放置在顶层12和底层14之间的吸湿芯16。吸湿芯16中的小孔18提供一些放置高吸收率材料或超级吸收剂20的小室。由于采用吸湿芯16,在其分别向顶层12和底层14施加力之前,特别是在垂直方向或Z轴会有更多的空间供给超级吸收剂颗粒膨胀。此外,如以下所详述,吸湿芯16可以由一种或多种材料制成,这些材料能迅速地吸收侵袭的液体,将其横向地遍布该层并将该液体传送给装在小孔18内的超级吸收剂颗粒。因此,可以生产出更高效的集成产品。
顶层12必须是可渗透液体的且可以是亲水性的或疏水性的,然而其结构的孔径必须小于超级吸收剂颗粒20的粒度,以减少超级吸收剂颗粒撒粉或漏出。当装在小孔18中的超级吸收剂呈较大的薄片或纤维形状时,上述孔径的限制不是关键的。顶层的单位重量通常取决于最终用途的要求。顶层12可以由任一种适宜的材料制成,这些材料包括绵纸、多孔膜以及纤维无纺织物,例如熔喷法无纺织物、纺粘型无纺织物和粘合粗梳无纺织物。当吸收液体的制品10用于个人护理的吸收制品时,顶层12通常具有的单位重量至少约为6g/m2。对该顶层12的其他要求是,它应该是可粘附的或能与吸湿芯16和底层1 4联结。
底层14在结构上可与顶层12相同或不同。底层14不同于顶层12,不必是可渗透液体的,在某些情况下可能希望底层14是不渗透液体的。例如,底层14可以构成个人护理用吸收制品例如尿布的外覆层,从而减小制品的总厚度。在这种情况下,底层14可以由塑料薄膜制成,将吸湿芯16放置在底层14/尿布的外覆层和顶层12之间。为了促成更大的液体滞留量,制造底层14的一种或多种材料最好是可粘附的或可与结构的其他层包括顶层12和吸湿芯16联结。此外,底层14可以设计成有助于液体横向地通过该结构分布。
如图2-4的横断面侧视图所示,吸湿芯16可以有一些不同的实施方案。在示于图2的最基本的设计中,吸湿芯16是一种单元结构,而在图3和图4中,该吸湿芯16具有第一部分15和第二部分17。第一部分15和第二部分17可以是单层的一部分或它们可以是不同的一些层。因此,术语“吸湿芯”可以是装入各层或各部分的具有特定官能度的单层或多层结构。
参看图2,吸湿芯16可以具有的主要作用之一是快速吸收、保持然后将侵袭的液体传送给放置在吸湿芯16内构成的许多小孔18中的高吸收率材料20。如图1和图2所示,这些小孔完全从上表面19到下表面21通过吸湿芯16扩展。如果需要,也可以将这些小孔做成仅部分地通过吸湿芯16的厚度扩展。参见图4。因此,术语“许多小孔”表示包括这两种构形。图1中所示的小孔18在设计上基本上是圆形的,然而也可以使用任一种设计,例如椭圆形、正方形、菱形和长方形。小孔18的尺寸、出现率和型式也可以改变,以适应特定产品的设计或容量。
为了使高吸收率材料20保持在小孔18内,最好采用适宜的连接件23将可渗透液体的顶层12和底层14分别固定到吸湿芯层16的上表面19和下表面21上。连接件23的适宜方式可以包括但不限于采用粘合剂、热粘合以及超声波焊接。当将顶层12和底层14固定到吸湿芯16时,应该仔细监测高吸收率材料20可能施加给顶层12和底层14的溶胀力。如上所述,顶层12可以用例如润湿时往往变弱的薄绵纸片制成。如果溶胀的高吸收率材料20施加在顶层12上的压力太高,它可以使绵纸顶层12破裂,这通常是不希望发生的。因此,最好选择一种连接件23,通过在吸湿芯16和顶层12或底层14之间提供低于高吸收率材料20施加在顶层12或底层14上的溶胀力的粘结强度,使顶层和底层与吸湿芯松脱联结。因此,粘结强度可以这样设计,当高吸收率材料20与水溶液接触时,在顶层或底层由于溶胀力而破裂之前,顶层或底层就会与吸湿芯16脱层。这是可以实现的,例如通过选择粘结强度低的粘合剂、涂覆最小量的粘合剂或在选择的位置上涂覆粘合剂。另一方面,当采用热粘合和超声波焊接时,可以调节粘合的程度以及粘结的表面积,以便达到同样的效果。
现在,参看图3和图4,图中示出了更完善的吸湿芯16。如这些图中所示,吸湿芯16包括第一部分15和第二部分17。尽管未示出,它仍然属于本发明的范围,如果需要,它能够在吸湿芯16的x-y平面和z轴方向提供更多的层、部分或区域。在图3中,第一部分15具有第一部分的许多小孔18a,第二部分17具有第二部分的许多小孔18b,这些小孔均相互垂直配准。如果需要,第一部分15可以由多孔材料例如大孔隙容积的纤维无纺织物制成,这样,它就可以迅速吸收通过可渗透液体的顶层12输送给它的任何液体。相反,如果需要这样,第二部分17可以由孔结构更精细的材料制成,致使从第一部分15接收的液体能够加以控制并横向地通过该结构分布,且可实现在结构的x-y平面上更充分地利用吸湿芯16。通常,为了获得上述特性,第一部分的密度应低于第二部分。此外,已发现当采用由含双组分纤维的纤维无纺织物制成的结构时,这种结构所起的作用特别好。双组分纤维是采用两种或多种聚合物的纤维,在这些纤维的不同区域通常具有不同的熔点和软化点。熔点较低的组分可以用来将纤维粘结在一起。如以下实施例所示,已发现由纺粘型双组分纤维织物制成的吸湿芯所起的作用特别好。生产这种织物的方法在Strack等人的美国专利5,336,552中作了介绍,该专利全部引入本文作为参考。
现在,参看图4,图中示出吸收液体的制品10,其中吸湿芯16的第一部分15中的小孔18a是彼此偏斜的,因此,它们与吸湿芯16的第二部分17中的小孔18b不垂直配准。特别是这种设计对各个小孔18而言每体积比可提供更大的表面积,因而可供液体与装在小孔18内的高吸收率材料20接触。图4中的偏斜设计的另一个优点在于,小孔18a和18b中的高吸收率材料20的类型可以多样化。目前可以得到多种不同特性的超级吸收剂。在一定的负荷或压力下,一些超级吸收剂吸收液体比其他的更快,而其他的超级吸收剂能够吸收大量的液体,通常称之为“高AUL(负荷下的吸收能力)的超级吸收剂”。因此,最好用一种超级吸收剂20例如吸收快速的超级吸收剂充填小孔18a,而用另一种超级吸收剂充填下面的小孔18b,或反之亦然。
以本发明的另一个新颖的改进为例,吸收液体的制品20可以有许多致密区例如贯穿至少吸湿芯16和,如果需要,顶层12和底层14的模压通道24(参见图5)。上述通道24可以采用模压辊在选择的区域中,例如在小孔18之间,通过压实吸湿芯16而形成。由于通过通道24连接许多小孔18,提供了另一种方法,用以增进液体穿过结构横向流动到尽可能多的装有超级吸收剂的小孔中。
本发明的另一个新颖的改进是示于图6中的横断面。如上所述,当小孔18中的高吸收率材料20被水溶液例如水、盐溶液或尿接触时,材料20就开始膨胀并对周围的材料包括顶层12和底层14施加力。因此,连接件23最好能分别地在吸湿芯16的上表面19和下表面21以及顶层12和底层14之间,提供低于高吸收率材料与水溶液接触时施加在顶层12或底层14上的溶胀力的粘结强度,这样,在顶层或底层由于溶胀力而破裂之前,顶层或底层会与吸湿芯脱层。如果发生上述脱层,高吸收率材料就会开始通过吸收液体的制品10转移。为了避免材料20在制品10的侧边漏出,最好采用粘结强度大于吸湿芯16的顶层12和上表面19或吸湿芯16的底层14和下表面21的粘结强度的周边密封25,将顶层12和底层14相互联结。在这种情况下,顶层12和底层14就构成环绕吸湿芯16的外封皮。如图6所示,周边密封25a直接存在于顶层12和底层14之间。然而,也可以形成通过吸湿芯材料16的周边密封25b。完善周边密封的适宜方法包括例如热粘合、超声波焊接和使用粘合剂。
现在,参看图7,吸收液体的制品10可以装在个人护理用吸收制品50内。仅为说明起见,个人护理用吸收制品以尿布的形式表示。然而,不应将上述说明理解为是对本发明范围的限制。
图7中的个人护理用吸收制品50包括体侧衬垫52和背面衬垫54以及放置在体侧衬垫52和背面衬垫54之间的吸收液体的制品10。为了将个人护理用吸收制品50固定在佩带者(未示出)身上,该制品通常配有某种扣紧件56例如尿布扣紧带。吸收液体的制品10放在尿布50内,并使顶层12放置在邻近体侧衬垫52的位置。如果需要,例如可将制品10胶粘在背面衬垫54和/或体侧衬垫52上,使制品10固定在尿布50内。组合而成的尿布50,在吸收液体,特别是受到液体的多次侵袭时所起的作用很好。
在详细说明了本发明之后,提出了一些实施例,以及有关的测定和测试。兹将测试方法和实施例陈述如下。
                         测试方法
下面将陈述一系列的测试方法。这些测试方法用来测定本发明的各种特性。
弗雷泽透气率
除了样品尺寸为8英寸(20厘米)×8英寸而不是7英寸(18厘米)×7英寸不同而外,用来测定弗雷泽透气率的方法是根据Federal TestMethods Standard No.191A中方法5450的说明书进行的。较大的尺寸使其可以保证样品的所有侧边充分延伸在固定环之外,而有助于牢固地夹紧样品,且能均匀地横过孔板。测得的值均以每分钟每平方米的立方米(m3/m2/min)计。此外,当计算吸湿芯的弗雷泽透气率时,该值必须以一片没有小孔18和超级吸收剂20的材料进行计算。
流体溢出的评价
对本发明而言,流体溢出的评价是通过提供一个长15英寸(38厘米)宽4英寸(10厘米)的样品进行测定的。参见图8和图9,样品302放置在夹角(α)为60°的水槽300中。在水槽300的最低位置上有一条横过水槽整个宽度延伸的狭缝304。水槽300至少比待测试样品302宽4英寸(10厘米)。收集装置(未示出)置于水槽300之下,以便收集通过狭缝304流出水槽300的流体。图9是沿图8的6-6线段截取的横断面视图。从图9中可见,测试用的流体由直径(a)为3毫米与装有脉冲抑制器的蠕动泵联结的喷嘴306输送到待测试样品302。该喷嘴放置在位于距待测试样品末端约5.5英寸(14厘米)的距离(c),距待测试样品表面6.4毫米的距离(b)处,以使喷嘴垂直于待测试样品302的最邻近的表面。在整个测试中必须保持这个位置。待测试样品受到4次60毫升盐溶液的侵袭。盐溶液通过速率约为每秒15毫升和速度约为每秒210厘米的喷嘴306施加。紧接前次侵袭之后,每4次60毫升侵袭施加15分钟。将通过狭缝304流出并收集在收集装置中的流体量按克称重,并作每次侵袭的记录。通常,每次侵袭流出的量越少,该复合材料预期的使用性能越好。本文所涉及的盐溶液为0.9%经签证血库的不含防腐剂的稳定等渗盐溶液。该盐溶液由Stephens ScientificDivision of Cornwell Corporation of Riverdale,New Jersey生产,并由Baxter Healthcare Corporation,Scientific Products DiVision of McGrawPark,Illinois按分类号B3158-1配给。
流体吸收和回流评价(FIFE)
示于图10和图11的装置用于本测试。待测试样品以仿真的形式示于图10中编号为68。如果样品是例如图10中所示的尿布形式,待测试的尿布这样准备,切割一些弹性支柱元件(未示出),沿其长度每个为1英寸(2.54厘米),以便使样品能放平。本文所报道的数据是用4英寸(10厘米)×15英寸(38厘米)大小的样品得到的。
待测试的样品68平坦地放在880克圆筒板组合件70下,这样使内径为5.1厘米的圆筒72直立在规定的位置74上。通过圆筒72顶部上的漏斗76倒入8毫升上述0.9%的盐溶液。漏斗底部的孔口内径为7毫米。流体的给料速率为每秒22毫升。用秒表测定首次流体与样品接触和流体消失到样品中的时间之间所经过的时间。在初次流体侵袭被浸透后一分钟,引入同量的第二次侵袭。测定第一次侵袭的流体浸透的时间。
参看图12和图13,第二次侵袭浸透后一分钟,将样品68置于真空装置80上并用吸墨纸82覆盖。然后,用不渗透液体的胶乳膜84覆盖吸墨纸和样品。然后,施加每平方厘米35,000达因(约为0.5psi)的真空度,抽吸吸墨纸82和样品68上的防渗胶乳膜84两分钟。吸墨纸82重量的增加表示从样品中的回流量,按克数作记录。
回流结束后一分钟之内,引入80毫升第三次流体侵袭并计时。然后,测定流体吸收的时间,以规定量的流体进入样品的秒数计。
厚度和密度
为了测定材料的厚度,将上述5英寸×5英寸(127毫米×127毫米)的材料样品在每平方英寸0.05磅(每平方厘米3500达因)的荷载下压缩,当样品在上述压缩的荷载下时,测定样品的厚度。通过用等于样品的厚度(如上所计算)乘表面积的体积除样品的质量,依次计算密度。
涡旋时间
概述:
涡旋试验测定按秒计的总计时间需要2克超级吸收剂材料来结束通过在磁力搅拌板上于600rpm下搅拌50毫升盐溶液而产生的涡旋。结束涡旋所需的时间是超级吸收剂材料自由膨胀吸收速率的一种指示。该试验可以用来测定一种高吸收能力的材料相对于另一种材料的吸收时间。
设备和材料
1.烧杯,100毫升。
2.程序控制的磁力搅拌板,可提供600rpm的转速(例如市场上可买到的PMC Industries的产品,商品牌号为Dataplate#721型)。
3.不带环的磁力搅拌棒,7.9毫米×32毫米,Teflon覆盖(例如市场上可买到的Baxter Diagnostics的产品,商品牌号为S/P,带有可拆卸旋转环的单层密封圆形搅拌棒)。
4.秒表。
5.天平,精度达到+/-0.01克。
6.盐溶液,0.87w/w%,可从Baxter Diagnostics买到的血库盐水(据认为,相当于本申请的0.9wt%的盐水)。
7.称量纸。
8.标准条件环境的工作室:温度=23℃+/-1℃,相对湿度=50%+/-2%。
测试步骤
1.称量50克+/-0.01克盐溶液,倒入100毫升烧杯中。
2.将磁力搅拌棒放入烧杯中。
3.将磁力搅拌板编程序为600rpm。
4.将烧杯放在磁力搅拌板的中央,以使搅拌棒能起作用。旋涡的底部必须靠近搅拌棒的顶端。
5.在称量纸上称出2克+/-0.01克待测试的超级吸收剂材料。
注意:用进厂超级吸收剂材料测试(即按原样用于例如本文所述的吸收剂复合材料)。尽管知道粒度对本测试有一定的影响,但是,未将其筛选到特定的粒度。
6.在搅拌盐溶液的同时快速将待测试的超级吸收剂材料倒入盐溶液中并启动秒表。待测试的超级吸收剂材料必须加到旋涡中心和烧杯壁之间的盐溶液中。
7.当盐溶液表面变平时,停止秒表并计时。
8.按秒记录的时间作为涡旋时间报告。
比容(SV0)
比容“SV”是在给定压缩荷载下材料的容量或可用容积的一种量度,并按每克样品的立方厘米数报告。SV0是在零压缩荷载下材料容量的近似值。SV0采用对测试材料的应力-应变关系的低载部分的回归分析运算加以估计,且可采用仪器例如INSTRON 6021装置(在压缩/恢复周期中已调整到记录排水量和荷载)计算。比容的测定值采用没有小孔18和高吸收率材料20的吸湿芯材料的样品得到。
步骤
切割两英寸(5厘米)相当于配置在仪器上的测砧的圆形样品。该两英寸的不锈钢测砧具有平滑的平底,可拆卸地联结到INSTRON仪器的横梁上。
第一次记录样品的重量后,将该样品放置在平坦的不锈钢台板上,以使样品直接处于测砧之下。测砧和台板之间的缝隙应足以使样品自由地放进测试位置。为此,缝隙应大于未压缩的样品约0.1英寸(2.5毫米)以保证低压缩情况下的精确测定。
测试周期包括至少一次压缩,此时,测砧向下朝着台板移动,和一个恢复周期,此时,测砧上升回到其最初的位置。测砧的移动对样品施加压缩它的力,直到停止荷载或停止距离达到为止。在压缩和恢复周期的过程中,仪器会记录测砧与对其测压盒施加力的位置(排水量)。样品面积是样品半径的平方乘π。在给定荷载下的容积可以通过样品面积(平方厘米)乘Sap-displacement(厘米)计算,并可通过除以样品重量(克)将其换算为比容。在整个测试周期中记录所有荷载的比容。压缩应力通过实测的力除以样品面积计算。
对这些材料而言,标绘在x-轴上的比容立方的倒数对y-轴上的压缩应力的曲线,已显示出在低于每平方厘米35,000达因的低压缩荷载下呈线性关系。因此,对容积立方的倒数对压缩应力的曲线的回归分析线外推至与x-轴相交,零荷载的比容SV0在回归线和x-轴之间的相交点测得。
                         附图说明
图1是本发明的吸收液体制品的剖面透视图。
图2是本发明的吸收液体制品的横断面侧视图。
图3是本发明的另一种吸收液体制品的横断面侧视图。
图4是本发明的又一种吸收液体制品的横断面侧视图。
图5是本发明的吸收液体制品吸湿芯部分的平面顶视图。该吸湿芯的上表面具有用于促进液体横过结构表面输送的模压通道。
图6是本发明的另一种围绕制品外边缘采用周边密封的吸收液体制品的横断面侧视图。
图7是包括本发明的吸收液体制品的尿布的局部剖面顶视图。
图8是用于进行流体溢出评价试验装置的透视图。
图9是用于进行流体溢出评价试验装置的横断面视图。
图10是用来测定流体吸收和回流的测试装置的立体影像透视图。
图11是显示操作中的图10装置的侧面立视图。
图12是显示流体回流测试装置的透视图。
图13是沿线段10-10截取的图12的横断面视图。
                       具体实施方式
实施例1
在实施例1中,采用两层108克每平方米的2丹尼尔、纤维状透气性粘结的聚丙烯/聚乙烯并列双组分纺粘非织造材料构成吸湿芯。材料的每一层具有密度为0.04g/cc,厚度为0.25厘米,弗雷泽透气率为108m3/m2/分钟,零荷载比容(SV0)为每克25立方厘米,采用FIFE测试第三次侵袭液体的吸收率为每秒6毫升。
将该双层吸湿芯切割成10厘米×36厘米,并在最前30厘米长的材料上钻许多直径为1.3厘米的小圆孔。其余6厘米长的样品没有这种小孔。由于有这些小孔整个样品就具有31%的孔隙空间。这些小孔交错排列,并从第一层的上表面贯穿扩展到第二层的下表面。这样,两层的小孔就相互竖直对准。然后,用估计约为每平方米8克的National 34-5541热熔粘合剂(位于Bridgewater,New Jersey的National Starch Company供应)将每平方米75克与吸湿芯尺寸相同的可渗透液体的水交织的(hydroentangled)浆(HEP)粕连接到吸湿芯的下表面上。将吸湿芯/HEP层压体以HEP板的一面向下放在真空箱上,然后,将约9克Favor 870高吸收率材料(位于Greensboro,North Carolina的StockhausenCorporation提供)均匀地撒到小孔中。该高吸收率材料在0.9磅/平方英寸(6kPa)下具有约为每克18克荷载下的吸收能力(AUL)。HEP底板不仅将高吸收率材料保持在小孔中,而且能增强液体在吸湿芯中总的横向分散。然后,再用估计约为每平方米8克的Cycloflex水敏性粘合剂(同样由National Starch Company供应)将每平方米21克的可渗透液体绵纸阻挡层与吸湿芯的上表面联结。绵纸结构非常紧密足以防止高吸收率材料颗粒撒粉或从吸收液体的制品中漏出。
将上述吸收液体的制品进行流体溢出评价试验。与用木绒纸浆作为吸湿芯构成的类似吸收制品的溢出量20克相比,第四次侵袭的平均液体溢出量为5克。
观察到高吸收率材料在吸湿芯的小孔中竖直地溶胀。随着竖直溶胀的增加,顶层与吸湿芯脱离,从而为高吸收率材料在不会施加足以弄破顶层的溶胀力的情况下溶胀和膨胀提供了更多的空间。
实施例2
在实施例2中,吸收液体的制品与实施例1相同采用相同的双层多孔双组分纺粘型吸湿芯、顶层和底层、粘合剂类型和用量制成。此外,采用Stockhausen Company生产的相同类型的高吸收率材料Favor 870超级吸收剂,不同的是总量从9克减少到6克。小孔的直径仍然是1.3厘米,竖直对准,并从双层双组分纺粘型吸湿芯的上表面扩展到下表面。
采用流体溢出评价试验时,该吸收制品第四次侵袭的平均液体溢出量增加到25克,反映出该吸收制品的容量降低,这是由于高吸收率材料的用量减少所致。
实施例3
在实施例3中,吸收液体的制品仍然按实施例1的相同方法构成,不同的是小孔由1.3厘米直径的圆形改变为2.5厘米×1.3厘米具有圆形端的椭圆形,同样提供31%的孔隙空间。同时,还采用相同的顶层和底层、多孔的双组分纺粘型吸湿芯、粘合剂类型和用量、高吸收率材料的类型和用量。采用流体溢出评价试验时,该吸收制品的第四次侵袭的液体溢出量为18克。
实施例4
在实施例4中,吸湿芯按实施例1相同的方法构成,不同的是采用两层3丹尼尔、每平方米92克的透气性粘合粗梳织物材料,该材料由100%聚乙烯壳/聚酯(PET)芯双组分纤维(由位于Springfield,Virginia的BASF Corporation生产)制成。每层材料的密度为每立方厘米0.03克、厚度为0.12英寸(0.3厘米)、弗雷泽透气率为238m3/m2/分钟、零荷载的比容(SV0)为每克36立方厘米,采用流体吸收和回流评价试验时,第三次侵袭的吸收率为每秒13毫升。
在10厘米×36厘米粗疏织物样品的最前22厘米长度上钻直径为0.6厘米的许多小孔,从而提供约20%的孔隙空间。这些小孔交错排列并象实施例1那样从吸湿芯的上表面到下表面通过织物竖直对准地扩展。用估计约为每平方米8克的National 34-5541热熔粘合剂,将每平方米22克的可渗透液体绵纸阻挡层与下表面联结。将吸湿芯/绵纸层压体以绵纸一面向下放在真空箱上,然后,再将总计9克Favor 870高吸收率材料人工撒到小孔中。采用Cycloflex水敏性粘合剂将每平方米17克的标准绵纸板与上表面联结。采用流体溢出评价试验时,该吸收制品的第四次侵袭的液体溢出量为19克。
实施例5
在实施例5中,吸收制品按实施例1的相同样式构成,不同的是吸湿芯是由每平方米390克的在空气中形成(air fromed)的木绒纸浆制成的单一层,其厚度为0.2英寸(0.5厘米),密度为每立方厘米0.09克,弗雷泽透气率为11m3/m2/分钟,零荷载比容(SV0)为每克13.7立方厘米。采用流体溢出评价试验时,该吸收制品的第四次侵袭的液体溢出量为20克。
根据试验已发现,总体而言,吸湿芯包括蓬松的、低密度热塑性纤维状非织造材料的实施方案,往往比含木质纸浆的吸湿芯性能更好。木质纸浆的吸湿芯当其润湿时易于破裂,导致降低吸收率,供给超级吸收剂颗粒的空间较小,因而经多次侵袭会增加溢出量。实施例1的双层双组分纺粘型吸湿芯,具有许多从上表面通过吸湿芯扩展到下表面的直径为0.5英寸(1.3厘米)的小孔,可以提供约31%的孔隙空间,因而所起的作用非常好。通常,吸湿芯中小孔周围的纤维状材料区域具有的密度低于0.1g/cc,且优选低于0.08g/cc,以便更快地吸收,然而,在特定的应用中,可以采用具有密度较低和较高的区域的材料以最大限度地增加流体的吸收和分布。在小孔之间的区域中测得的吸湿芯材料的弗雷泽透气率的值必须至少为45m3/m2/分钟,且优选大于60m3/m2/分钟,零荷载比容(SV0)大于每克约18立方厘米,当在0.05psi(0.3kPa)下测定时,设计厚度应为0.2英寸(0.5厘米),以提供足够的孔隙深度,供高吸收率材料容纳和溶胀。虽然如象在实施例1中可以采用一层以上的纤维状材料用于吸湿芯,然而,优选采用一层以便最大限度地减小界面影响并减少材料的贮运和加工费用。采用流体吸收和回流评价试验在小孔之间的区域测试的单层纤维状吸湿芯,优选第三次侵袭的吸收率至少为5ml/秒。实施例1和4具有高的吸收能力,在FIFE测试中,第三次侵袭的吸收率分别大于6ml/秒和13ml/秒。这些结果与实施例5采用木绒纸浆构成吸湿芯所得的小于2ml/秒的结果形成对比。此外,采用流体溢出评价,实施例1的第四次侵袭的液体溢出量为5克,而实施例5为20克。虽然本发明没有规定吸湿芯纤维的丹尼尔纤度的范围,然而纤维的纤度通常小于约6丹尼尔,而在优选的实施方案中纤维的纤度可以低于3.5丹尼尔或甚至为2.5丹尼尔和2.5登尼尔以下。此外,在特定的应用中可以采用有混合纤维丹尼尔数的吸湿芯。在0.9psi(6kPa)测定的在负载下的吸收(AUL)值大于约15g/g的高吸收率材料所起的作用似乎很好。顶层和底层没有实际的织物单位重量限制,然而,在成本低的用品中这两层可以是单位重量约为每平方米20克的绵纸。单位重量低于约每平方米6克对防止破裂可能没有足够的完整性和强度。特别是顶层必须具有充分的均匀性,其孔隙通常应小于高吸收率材料的平均粒度,以防止高吸收率材料漏到吸收制品佩带者的身上。此外,连接件应能使顶层或底层与吸湿芯分离而不致因溶胀的高吸收率材料施加的力而将其中的任一层破坏。然而,在这种情况下,靠近吸湿芯的顶层和底层之间的周边密封件不应分离。
在这样详细叙述了本发明之后,显而易见的是,在本发明中可以作各种改进和改变,而不脱离下列权利要求的实质和范围。

Claims (19)

1.一种吸收液体的制品,该制品包括:
可渗透液体的顶层和底层以及放置在它们之间的吸湿芯,所述吸湿芯中有许多从上表面通过所述的吸湿芯扩展到下表面的小孔,和在至少一部分所述的小孔内放置了高吸收率材料,其特征在于所述的上表面与所述的顶层相连接而所述的下表面与底层相连接。
2.权利要求1的吸收液体的制品,其中所述吸湿芯具有第一部分和第二部分,第一部分的密度低于第二部分。
3.权利要求1的吸收液体的制品,其中采用连接件将顶层和底层两者中之一或两者松脱地与吸湿芯联结。
4.权利要求3的吸收液体的制品,其中所述连接件,在吸湿芯与顶层或底层之间提供低于高吸收率材料与水性液接触时施加在顶层或底层上的溶胀力的粘结力,因此,在顶层或底层由于溶胀力而破裂之前,顶层或底层会与吸湿芯层脱层。
5.权利要求1的吸收液体的制品,其中所述吸湿芯在没有所述的许多小孔的区域具有的密度小于每立方厘米0.08克。
6.权利要求5的吸收液体的制品,其中所述吸湿芯层具有的弗雷泽透气率大于60m3/m2/分钟。
7.权利要求6的吸收液体的制品,其中所述吸湿芯在0.3千帕下具有的厚度至少为0.5厘米。
8.权利要求4的吸收制品,其中所述吸湿芯在空载下的比容积大于每克18立方厘米。
9.权利要求1的吸收液体的制品,其中所述吸湿芯具有许多致密区。
10.权利要求9的吸收液体的制品,其中所述致密区在至少一部分小孔之间延伸并连接它们。
11.权利要求1的吸收液体的制品,其中所述吸湿芯是纤维状非织造物。
12.权利要求11的吸收液体的制品,其中所述织物包括双组分纤维。
13.一种吸收液体的制品,该制品包括:
可渗透液体的顶层和底层以及放置在它们之间的吸湿芯,其特征在于该吸湿芯包括相互竖直配准的第一部分和第二部分,所述的第一部分与所述的顶层连接,其中有许多第一部分的小孔并贯穿整个厚度,所述的第二部分与所述的底层连接,其中有许多第二部分的小孔并贯穿整个厚度,至少一部分第二部分的小孔未与第一部分的小孔垂直配准,在第一和第二部分的小孔两者之一或两者的至少一部分中放置了高吸收率材料。
14.权利要求13的吸收液体的制品,其中所述第一部分的密度低于第二部分。
15.权利要求13的吸收液体的制品,其中所述第一部分的小孔用高吸收率的材料充填,而第二部分的小孔用第二种高吸收率的材料充填,所述高吸收率材料的吸收速率比第二种高吸收率材料快速。
16.权利要求13的吸收液体的制品,其中所述第一部分的小孔用高吸收率的材料充填,而第二部分的小孔用第二种高吸收率的材料充填,所述高吸收率材料的吸收速率比第二种高吸收率材料缓慢。
17.一种个人护理用吸收制品,该制品包括:
体侧衬垫和背面衬垫,以及放置在体侧衬垫和背面衬垫之间的根据权利要求1的吸收液体的制品。
18.一种个人护理用吸收制品,该制品包括:
体侧衬垫和背面衬垫,以及放置在体侧衬垫和背面衬垫之间的根据权利要求2的吸收液体的制品。
19.一种个人护理用吸收制品,该制品包括:
体侧衬垫和背面衬垫,以及放置在体侧衬垫和背面衬垫之间的根据权利要求13的吸收液体的制品。
CN95194857A 1994-08-31 1995-08-28 吸收液体的制品 Expired - Fee Related CN1111395C (zh)

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AU3417695A (en) 1996-03-22
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ES2144627T3 (es) 2000-06-16
CN1156401A (zh) 1997-08-06
PL318804A1 (en) 1997-07-07
CA2153125A1 (en) 1996-03-01
WO1996006590A1 (en) 1996-03-07
AU702387B2 (en) 1999-02-18
DE69516413D1 (de) 2000-05-25
EP0778762A1 (en) 1997-06-18
MX9701499A (es) 1997-05-31
US5788684A (en) 1998-08-04
EP0778762B1 (en) 2000-04-19
PL181322B1 (en) 2001-07-31
BR9508639A (pt) 1997-08-12
KR100401436B1 (ko) 2004-04-21

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