CN1096087C - 同轴电缆 - Google Patents

同轴电缆 Download PDF

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CN1096087C
CN1096087C CN97195069A CN97195069A CN1096087C CN 1096087 C CN1096087 C CN 1096087C CN 97195069 A CN97195069 A CN 97195069A CN 97195069 A CN97195069 A CN 97195069A CN 1096087 C CN1096087 C CN 1096087C
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sheath
cable
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CN1220025A (zh
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阿兰·N·莫
马可·A·加纳
斯科特·M·亚当斯
布鲁斯·J·卡尔森
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/1808Construction of the conductors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/1808Construction of the conductors
    • H01B11/1826Co-axial cables with at least one longitudinal lapped tape-conductor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/1834Construction of the insulation between the conductors
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B11/00Communication cables or conductors
    • H01B11/18Coaxial cables; Analogous cables having more than one inner conductor within a common outer conductor
    • H01B11/1834Construction of the insulation between the conductors
    • H01B11/1839Construction of the insulation between the conductors of cellular structure
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/016Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables for manufacturing co-axial cables
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/22Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers
    • H01B13/26Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping
    • H01B13/2613Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping by longitudinal lapping
    • H01B13/2626Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping by longitudinal lapping of a coaxial cable outer conductor
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/22Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers
    • H01B13/26Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping
    • H01B13/2613Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping by longitudinal lapping
    • H01B13/2633Bending and welding of a metallic screen
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01BCABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B13/00Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
    • H01B13/22Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers
    • H01B13/26Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping
    • H01B13/2613Sheathing; Armouring; Screening; Applying other protective layers by winding, braiding or longitudinal lapping by longitudinal lapping
    • H01B13/2693After-treatment
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49123Co-axial cable

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  • Communication Cables (AREA)
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Abstract

一种柔性同轴电缆,包括:一包含至少一根内导体的轴心和包着该内导体的泡沫聚合绝缘材料。柔性同轴电缆还包括在电气上和机械上连续的管状铜护套,该护套紧紧包围轴心并粘接到轴心上。防护外罩包围管状金属护套并粘接到管状金属护套上,以提高电缆的弯曲性能。聚合物防护罩与护套之间的粘接的剥离强度不超过36磅/英寸,使所提供的同轴电缆具有优良的弯曲性能并易于剥脱,以便于同轴电缆和其他导电器件之间电气连接。本发明还包括制造柔性同轴电缆的方法。

Description

同轴电缆
本发明涉及一种同轴电缆,特别是涉及一种改进的低损耗的同轴电缆,对给定的标称尺寸来说,所述同轴电缆具有提高了的弯曲和装拆性能以及改善了的衰减特性。
同轴电缆现今常用于传输RF(射频)信号,例如有线电视信号和便携式电话信号,这些同轴电缆包括:例如,一个包含内导体的轴心,一个包围轴心并作为外导体的金属护套,在某些情况下,还有一个包围金属护套的防护罩。一种绝缘材料包围内导体,并使内导体与包围的金属护套在电气上绝缘。在许多公知的同轴电缆结构中,用一种膨胀泡沫绝缘材料包围内导体,并填充内导体和包围的金属护套之间的空间。
生产任何同轴电缆都必须考虑的其中一条设计准则是,电缆必须有足够的压缩强度,使之能够弯曲,并经受得住在平常的装卸和安装过程中的通常的不适当操作。例如,在把电缆架设到公用电杆上时,可能要使电缆绕过一个或多个滚轮。在这类安装中可能出现的管状金属护套的任何皱拆、压平或破裂,对电缆的电性能都会产生严重的不利后果,甚至可能使电缆变得不能使用。这种皱折、压平或破裂也会破坏电缆的机械整体性,并引起泄漏和污染的可能性。
按照惯例,用作同轴电缆金属护套的较好的材料是铝。铝被选用是因为它的成本低,并有良好的机电特性。尽管如此,除了它的有利之点以外,铝有某些缺点。特别是,铝在导线界面上是易受腐蚀的,可引起射频信号的互调失真。另外,虽然导电性较高,但其他金属比铝具有更好的导电性。
一种可以代替铝用作包导线或护套的材料是铜。铜具有比铝更好的电特性,但是,铜比铝贵,并比铝有更高的压缩屈服强度,这使铜的弯曲性能较差。由于这些原因,通常不用铜作为电缆的护套材料。采用较薄的铜层可以降低成本,但是,薄的铜护套更易受皱折,并且很难加工。
鉴于上述。本发明的目的是提供一种具有优良电性能的同轴电缆。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种具有铜制外导体的在机械和电气上是连续的同轴电缆。
本发明还有一个目的是提供一种具有优良弯曲性能,而其防护外罩易于剥脱的同轴电缆,剥脱防护外罩是为了能使同轴电缆与其他导电器件电气连接。
根据本发明的这些和其他目的,可以通过提供一种柔性的同轴电缆而达到,所述同轴电缆包括至少一根内导体和包着内导体的泡沫聚合绝缘材料。柔性同轴电缆还包括一个机械和电气上连续的管状铜护套,该护套紧紧包着轴心并粘接于轴心。一个防护外罩包围管状金属护套,并粘接于管状金属护套,以提高电缆的弯曲性能。聚合物防护罩和护套之间的粘合层的粘合剥离强度不超36磅/英寸,以保证同轴电缆具有优良的弯曲性能,且防护外罩易于剥脱,使同轴电缆能与其他导电器件电气连接。
本发明还包括一种制造同轴电缆的方法。在本发明的方法实施例中,电缆的轴心按预定的轨迹运动,电缆轴心包括一根导线和包围导线的膨胀泡沫绝缘材料。一个电气上和机械上连续的管状铜护套先松驰地包住所述轴心,然后落到向前运动的电缆轴心上。然后,形成聚合物防护外罩,它包围所述护套并粘接在护套上,粘合剥离强度不超过36磅/英寸。
本发明的上述特征和其他特征,对熟悉本技术的人来说,考虑下面关于本发明的优选的和变通的两方面实施例的详细说明,将变得更为明显。
图1是根据本发明的同轴电缆的透视图,为说明清楚起见,表示出横断面并对电缆作局部剖开。
图2是以图形说明本发明的同轴电缆所用的、包有粘合层的轴心的制造装备。
图3是以图形说明制造本发明的同轴电缆时,将护套和防护罩加在包有粘合层的轴心上的装备。
图4是图3沿4-4线的模断面图,说明护套纵向焊接以后的轴心和护套。
图5是图3沿5-5线的横断面图,说明护套变形为椭圆形结构以后的轴心和护套。
图6是图3沿6-6线的横断面图,说明护套焊瘤修光以后的轴心和护套。
图7是图3沿7-7线的横断面图,说明护套落在轴心以上后的轴心和护套。
图8是以曲线坐标图表示根据本发明制成的护套与防护罩之间的粘合层的粘合剥离强度和同轴电缆的弯曲性能之间的关系,每一点代表20次试验的平均值。
图9是以曲线坐标图表示根据本发明制成的护套与防护罩之间的粘合层的粘合剥离强度和同轴电缆的弯曲性能之间的关系,每一点代表20次试验的平均值,护套具有比在图8中测试的同轴电缆更加光滑的外表面。
图1表示根据本发明制造的同轴电缆。所述同轴电缆包括:轴心10,它包含由适当的导电材料制成的内导体11;和由膨胀泡沫绝缘材料12形成的连续围绕的圆柱形壁。最好,泡沫绝缘材料12通过粘合薄层13粘接在内导体11上,以使内导体11和绝缘材料12之间的粘接力强于绝缘材料。内导体11最好是实心的铜、铜管或包层为铜的铝。内导体11最好有光滑的表面,并且不被弄皱。在所述说明的实施例中,只表示单根内导体11,这是传输RF(射频)信号,例如有线电视信号或蜂房式电话广播信号之类的无线电信号,所用的同轴电缆最普通的设置。但必须了解,本发明也可应用到具有一根以上内导体的同轴电缆,这些内导体互相绝缘并成为轴心10的一部分。
绝缘材料12是用合适的塑料如聚乙烯,聚丙烯和聚苯乙烯制成的低损耗绝缘材料。最好是,为了减小每单位长度绝缘材料的质量从而减小介电常数,绝缘材料应该是一种膨胀的多孔泡沫合成物,特别是优选紧密网孔泡沫合成物,因为它可阻挡湿气的传播。绝缘材料12的网孔最好大小均匀一致,并且直径小于200微米。一种合适的泡沫绝缘材料是膨胀的高密度聚乙烯聚合物,例如1978年8月1日发表的美国专利第4,104,481号所叙述的聚合物。另外,高密度和低密度的聚乙烯膨胀混合物被优选为泡沫绝缘材料。泡沫绝缘材料的密度约小于0.28g/cc,最好约小于0.22g/cc。
虽然本发明的泡沫绝缘材料12一般由一层均匀的泡沫材料组成,但绝缘材料12可以具有呈阶梯变化的或分段的密度,即从内导体11到绝缘材料的外表面,绝缘材料的密度径向增加,既可以是连续的,也可以是阶梯式的。例如,可以使用一种泡沫—固体分层绝缘材料,其中,绝缘材料12是由一层低密度泡沫绝缘材料和包围它的一层固体绝缘材料组成的。这些结构能被用来提高电缆的压缩强度和弯曲性能,并且,沿内导体11的密度可允许降低到0.10g/cc。泡沫绝缘材料12沿内导体11的密度较低,提高了RF信号的传播速度,并减少了信号的衰减。
紧密包围轴心的是一个连续管状壁面光滑的铜护套14。护套14的特征是在机械和电气两方面都是连续的。这使护套14能用于在机械上和电气上密封电缆,以防止外部干扰,并保护电缆防止RF辐射的泄漏。或者反过来,护套可以被穿孔,以便在某些特殊的辐射电缆的应用中,允许受控制的RF能量的泄漏。本发明的管状铜护套14最好使用像外导线那样的薄壁铜护套。管状铜套有一个可选的壁厚,以便保持T/D比率(壁厚与外径的比率)小于2.5%,最好小于1.6%,或者甚至小于1.0%或更小。较好的是,铜护套14的厚度小于0.013英寸,以提供本发明的要求的弯曲和电气性能。除此以外,管状铜护套14的壁面做得光滑并且不起皱。光滑壁结构使电缆的几何形状最佳,以减小接触电阻和电缆被连接时的易变性,并消除导线的信号泄漏。
在图示的优选实施例中,管状铜护套14由铜条S制成,铜条S做成管状结构,铜条的相对边缘对接在一起,通过连接的纵向焊接,使对接的边缘连续地结合起来,如15所示。尽管说明了用纵向焊接制造护套14是优选的方法,但本领域的技术人员知道,为制造机械上和电气上连续的薄壁管状铜护套,也可以采用其他的方法。
通过薄层粘合材料16,管状护套14的内表面,在它的整个长度和圆周上与泡沫绝缘材料12的外表面连续粘接。用于这个目的一类优选的粘合材料是一种随意任选乙烯和丙烯酸(EAA)的共聚物。粘合层16应做得尽可能薄,以避免对电缆电性能产生有害影响。最好,粘合层16的厚度大约为1mil(密耳)或更小。
护套14的外表面被防护罩18包围。用作外防护罩18的合成物包括热塑性外罩材料,例如聚乙烯,聚乙烯氯化物,聚氨脂和橡胶。虽然图1所示的防护罩18只是由一层材料组成,但也可以使用分层的多个防护层,以改善韧性、剥脱性能、阻燃性能并减少烟雾产生,耐紫外线辐射和气候风化作用、耐强力、耐化学物质侵蚀和/或耐切割。在图示的实施例中,防护罩18通过粘合层19与护套14的外表面粘接,从而提高同轴电缆的弯曲性能。最好,粘合层是19是粘合材料薄层,例如上面所述的EAA共聚物。虽然在图1中表示了粘合层19,但防护罩18也可以直接附着在护套14的外表面,以使该电缆具有本发明所述的弯曲性能。
图2说明图1所示的电缆的生产装置的相应设计。如图所示,内导体11(一般为实心铜线、空心铜管或包层为铜的铝线)直接来自适当的供应源,例如电缆盘31。为了提供具有连续的内导体11的同轴电缆,来自一个电缆盘的内导体的末端,与来自下一个电缆盘的内导体的起始端拼接并焊接在一起。在形成连续的电缆过程中,将来自不同的电缆盘的铜管或铜线焊接在一起而不损害其表面特性,从而不损害内导体11的电特性,特别是在使用空心铜管的时候。
然后,同导线11被整直,消除弯折。在图示的实施例中,这一点的实现是使内导体11通过一系列整直轮32,并通过一个拉制模33。一旦内导体11已被整直,便使用气体燃烧器34对内导体的表面加热,以除去内导体表面上的过量水分和有机物。如果内导体11和泡沫绝缘材料12是准备粘合的,对内导体11的加热也会使粘合层13更容易粘合在内导体11的表面上。最好是粘合层13加在内导体11上,能使泡沫绝缘材料12粘着于内导体上,且又能剥离。用来使内导体11粘合于泡沫绝缘材料12的粘合层13,通常是被挤压机35和十字头压模或类似装置挤压在内导体11的表面上。
被包层的内导体11被送经挤压机装置36,对这个挤压机装置施加用以形成泡沫绝缘材料12的可发泡的聚合物。在挤压机装置36中,用于形成泡沫绝缘材料12的成分结合形成聚合物熔体。最好是高密度聚乙烯和低密度聚乙烯在挤压机装置中与起凝结核作用的媒介物联合形成聚合物熔体。这些混合物被熔化以后,立即与氮气或类似的发泡剂一起喷射,形成可发泡的聚合物。起分解作用的或活性的化学媒介物可代替发泡剂,用来形成可发泡的聚合物。然后,可发泡的聚合物经过筛网,除去熔体中的杂质。在挤压机装置36中,聚合物熔体被连续加压,以防止在聚合物熔体中形成气泡。挤压机装置36围绕前进中的内导体11同心地挤压聚合物熔体。可发泡的聚合物离开挤压机36以后,因压力减小而发泡并膨胀,围绕内导体11形成泡沫绝缘材料12的连续圆柱形壁。
除了可发泡的聚合物以外,乙烯丙烯酸(EAA)最好和可发泡的聚合物复合挤压,形成粘合层16。挤压机装置36连续地挤压接合成物,使之同心地包围聚合物熔体。虽然粘接合成物和聚合物熔体复合挤压的方法是比较好的,但其合适的方法如喷涂,浸渍,或者在分开的装置上挤压,也都可以用来施加粘接合成物于轴心10上。
为了沿电缆的内导体11制作低密度的泡沫绝缘材料,上述方法可以修改为提供一种密度有梯度的或密度分段的绝缘材料。例如多层绝缘材料,具有低密度泡沫内层和高密度泡沫或固体的外层,形成绝缘材料各层的聚合物可以复合挤压在一起,并可以进一步与形成粘合层16的粘接合成物复合挤压。换一种方法,绝缘材料层可以用相断的挤压机装置分别进行挤压。其他适当的方法也可以使用。例如,可以提高内导体1 1的温度,从而沿内导体减小网孔的密度,形成径向密度渐增的绝缘材料。
包有粘合层的轴心10离开挤压机装置36以后,可以直接经过粘合剂干燥站37,例如加热隧道或加热室。过了干燥站37以后,轴心直接经过冷却站38,例如水槽。然后,一般再用空气擦抹器39或类似装置,去除轴心10上的水分。到了这里,包有粘合层的轴心10在进一步经过图3所示的剩余的制造过程之前,可以被收集于适当的包装物例如电缆盘40上。另一种方法是,包有粘合层的轴心10可以继续前进,通过剩余的制造过程,而不被收集在电缆盘40上。
如图3所示,涂有粘合材料的轴心10,可以从电缆盘40被拉出并进一步被处理,以形成同轴电缆。通常,涂有粘合材料的轴心10在前进中,经过一系列整直轮41而被整直。然后,来自相应供给源例如电缆盘42的细长条S,直接包围前进中的轴心,并被引导轮43变曲成一般是圆柱的形状,以使其松驰地围绕轴心。如此成形的铜条S的纵向相对边缘被改变为对接关系,铜条向前经过一个焊接装置44,焊接装置44使铜条S的对接边缘结合,形成一条纵向的焊缝15。如图4所示,纵向焊接的铜条形成一个在电气上和机械上连续的铜护套14,松驰包围着轴心10。铜护套14纵向焊接的结果是在纵向焊缝15附近出现不平滑的焊瘤45。
随着轴心10和包围的护套14同步前进,通过一对成形轮46而使护套14成形为椭圆形状(图5),松驰地包围着轴心,并具有一般是对准护套焊缝15的椭圆长轴A。如图6所示,前进的护套14的纵向焊缝继而被对准修整刀口48,修整刀口48从护套14上刮去焊瘤45。当护套14对抗修整刀口48时,薄的护套14的椭圆形状增加了薄铜护套的压缩强度,防止护套起皱,压平或破裂。一旦焊瘤45从护套14上被修整掉,同步前进的轴心10和包围的护套14就向前经过整形模49,整形模49将护套14从椭圆形状改变为通常的圆形,松驰地包围着轴心。然后,同步前进的轴心10和包围的护套14向前经过至少一个嵌合模50,嵌合模50将铜护套嵌合在电缆轴心上,如图7所示,由此引起泡沫绝缘材料12的压缩。在护套14经过嵌合模50时,最好在护套14的表面加上润滑油。
一旦护套14已经在轴心10上形成,护套外表面上的任何润滑剂都被清除,以增加护套粘合在防护罩18上的能力。此后,粘合层19和聚合物外罩18在护套14的外表面上成形。在本发明中,防护外罩18的制造方法是,使轴心10和包围的护套14经过一个挤压机装置52,在那里,聚合物被同心地围绕粘合层19挤压,从而形成防护罩18。最好是,熔化的粘接合成物例如EAA聚合物同心地包围护套14,与同心地包围熔化的粘接合成物的聚合物一起,被复合挤压,以形成粘合层19和防护罩18。在使用多层聚合物形成防护罩18的地方,以包围关系形成多层的聚合物,可以与形成粘合层19的粘接合成物一起,被复合挤压,以形成防护罩。另外,由聚合物形成的、颜色与防护罩18不同的纵向示踪条,可以与形成防护罩的聚合物一起,被复合挤压,目的是用作标示。
形成防护罩18的聚合物的热量,可以起激发粘合层16,在护套14的内表面和绝缘材料12的外表面之间形成粘合。同轴电缆被加上防护罩18以后,继续进行冷却处理,使同轴电缆中的材料冷却并硬化。在内导体11,绝缘材料12,护套14和防护罩18之间使用粘合层,所提供附带的好处是,可防止水分经过电缆转移,并一般可使电缆的弯曲性能提高。同轴电缆一经冷却和干燥以后,所制成的电缆就可以被收集在适于存储和装运的适当包装物中,例如电缆盘54。
本发明的同轴电缆以有效的设计,防止铜护套在电缆弯曲过程中皱折。在电缆弯曲的过程中,电缆的一侧受拉伸并经受拉伸应力,电缆的另一侧被压缩并经受压缩应力。如果轴心在径向压缩时足够硬,而护套本身的压缩屈服载荷相当低,护套被拉伸的一侧由于纵向易屈服变形而会伸长,以适应电缆的弯曲。相应地,护套被压缩的一侧,最好是缩短,以允许电缆的弯曲。如果护套被压缩的一侧不缩短,由于电缆弯曲所引起的压缩应力,可能使护套皱折。
护套弯曲而不皱折的性能,依赖于护套因塑性材料流伸长或缩短的能力。一般地说,在电缆被拉伸的一侧,这不是什么问题。但是,在管子被压缩的一侧,只有在护套本身的压缩屈服载荷小于本身的临界皱折载荷的时候,护套才会收缩。否则,电缆将可能皱折,而对电缆的机械和电气性能产生不利的影响。对于退火的铝护套材料,在设计电缆时,其本身的压缩屈服载荷相当的低,以免电缆被压缩的一侧发生皱折缺陷。但是,对于具有很高的压缩屈服强度的材料例如铜来说,皱折的可能性大大增加,因为较高的压缩屈服载荷可能超过护套的临界皱折载荷。当外导线的厚度减小时,这一点尤为确实,因为相应的临界皱折载荷比压缩屈服载荷更快地趋于下降。所以薄的铜护套比厚的铝护套的皱折倾向更大。
对本发明的电缆来说,已经揭示通过把护套粘合于轴心的防护罩,临界皱折载荷能够大大增加。特别是护套和防护罩之间的粘接具有本文中讨论过的粘接剥离强度,可提供高的临界皱折载荷,因此可减少皱折。这就允许在本发明中使用薄的铜护套,从而增加电缆的柔软性。另外,通过增加轴心的刚性,可以大大增加临界皱折载荷。虽然增加绝缘材料的密度可以增加硬度,但较高的密度会引起沿内导体的衰减增加。如本文所述的另一种方法是,沿内导体用低密度的泡沫绝缘材料,以使衰减变低,沿铜护套用高密度泡沫或固体绝缘材料,以增加沿护套的轴心部分的硬度,在弯曲中支撑护套。
本发明的同轴电缆提高了弯曲性能,超过常规的同轴电缆。如上文所述,一个提高电缆弯曲性能的特征是采用很薄的铜护套14。另一个提高本发明的同轴电缆弯曲性能的特征是,护套14被粘接于泡沫绝缘材料12和防护罩18上。在这种关系上,泡沫绝缘材料12和防护罩18在弯曲时支撑护套14。另外,轴心硬度相对护套硬度提高,也有利用同轴电缆的弯曲性能。具体地说,本发明的同轴电缆轴心对护套的硬度比至少为5,最好是至少为10。此外,在本发明的同轴电缆中,最小弯曲半径小于电缆直径的10倍是有重要意义的,更好的大约为电缆直径的7倍或更低。管状护套壁厚减小到壁厚对其外直径之比(T/D之比)不大于2.5%左右,较好的是不大于1.6%左右。护套壁厚的减小,有助于同轴电缆的弯曲性能,并有利于减少同轴电缆中RF信号的衰减。这些特征和上述护套14的特征的联合,使管状铜护套具有很有效用的弯曲性能。
如上文所述,同轴电缆的弯曲性能可以通过在管状铜护套14和防护外罩18之间设置一个粘合层19,而进一步改善。同轴电缆的弯曲特性(以电缆在13英寸型芯上承受反向弯曲而不皱折的次数为测量的尺度)一般随着粘合层的粘合剥离强度的提高而提高。尽管如此,从图8所示可以发现:当粘接强度达到一定的水平即36磅/英寸时,防护罩就变得很难剥去,以便在同轴电缆和其它导电器件之间进行电的连接。再有,使用的粘合材料增加会使电缆的制造成本增加,电性能降低。另一方面,当粘接强度低于一定的水平时,只不能充分保证所要求的同轴电缆粘接性能。虽然图8说明粘接的粘合剥离强度的低水平是10磅/英寸,现已发现(如图9所示)通过控制护套的光滑度,即控制嵌入模中的护套的润滑程度,上述低水平可以低至5磅/英寸。
这里所述的粘接剥离强度,是使用180°外罩剥脱测试确定的。为进行180°外罩剥脱测试,从每一个待测试的电缆盘上切割18英寸的样品。样品的12英寸段被放置在外罩切开装置上,切开装置中的纵切刀片被调整以便切入外罩。电缆被拉着通过切片装置,直至样品中切入12英寸的隙缝或直至到达样品末端为止。对于较小的电缆,在电缆上等距离分布切入4个隙缝。对于较大的电缆,在电缆上等距离分布切入6个隙缝。用一个切刀使外罩在隙缝端部从电缆上松开。然后,将外罩回拉约距电缆端部4英寸。剥脱的外罩形成一个环并被固定住。开动MG100L测力计并设定至峰值T。测力计钩在环上并在环上缓慢拉动,直至拉力停止变化。测力计上的拉力被记录,并对每一段电缆重复这个过程(对较小电缆来说是直角扇形)。每一段的最小和最大宽度也用卡尺测量并记录,以确定平均宽度。通过下列等式确定力/单位宽度(即磅/英寸):
力/单位宽度=力/平均宽度
对每个直角扇形都进行测量和记录。粘合剥离强度是4个(6个)测量值的平均。
本发明提供一种同轴电缆具有良好的弯曲性能,并具有容易从电缆脱离的外罩,便于同轴电缆与其他导电器件的电连接。为了提供具有这两方面性能的电缆,已经确定的是:管状铜护套与外防护层之间的粘合层的粘合剥离强度,经180°外罩剥脱测试应不大于大约36磅/英寸。优选的是,粘合剥离强度应在大约5至36磅/英寸之间。在本发明的一个实施例中,粘合剥离强度在大约10至36磅/英寸之间。粘合剥离强度的这个范围,已被发现是对铜护套来说的特别重要的范围。因为铜的压缩屈服强度和模量比铝的高,粘合层19的粘合强度对铜护套来说应该比铝套高。所以,在本发明的同轴电缆制造中,确定合适的粘合强度范围,对铜护套来说是很重要的。
本发明的同轴电缆在50欧姆电缆应用中,是特别有较用的。本技术领域的专业人员知道,50欧姆的电缆应用对精密信号工业来说,是标准的,所提供的电缆在信号传播、供电量、以及击穿电压方面都有良好的特性。所以,如果需要这些优点之一或更多,本发明的同轴电缆在应用中是有用处的。
读了上面有关本发明的叙述以后,可以理解:熟悉这方面技术的人可以由此进行修改和变形。这些修改和变形被包括在下面所附的权利要求的精神和范围之中。

Claims (19)

1.一种同轴电缆,包括:一个轴心,包含至少一根内导体和包围内导体的泡沫聚合物绝缘材料,一个紧密包围所述轴心并与轴心粘合的、在电气上和机械上连续的管状铜护套,和一个包围所述护套并与护套粘合的聚合物防护罩,其特征在于,所述聚合物防护罩与所述护套之间的粘合剥离强度大于等于5磅/英寸且小于等于36磅/英寸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,其中所述铜护套被形成的壁是光滑的,所述防护罩通过包围所述铜护套的粘合层被粘合到所述护套。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,所述粘合剥离强度大于等于5磅/英寸。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,所述粘合剥离强度大于等于10磅/英寸。
5.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,泡沫绝缘材料是紧密网孔的聚烯烃泡沫材料,平均网孔尺寸小于200微米。
6.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,所述铜护套的厚度小于等于它的外直径的1.6%。
7.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,其中还包括在所述泡沫聚合物绝缘材料和所述护套之间的固体绝缘材料。
8.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,所述泡沫聚合物绝缘材料的密度,从所述内导体至所述护套径向增加。
9.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,所述管状铜护套的壁厚小于0.013英寸。
10.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,电缆的最小弯曲半径显著小于10倍电缆直径。
11.根据前述权利要求1或2所述的同轴电缆,其特征在于,轴心硬度与护套硬度的比率至少为10。
12.一种制造同轴电缆的方法,包括的步骤如下:
使电缆轴心沿着预定的行程路线前进,所述电缆轴心包括导线和包围导线的膨胀泡沫绝缘材料;
形成在电气上和机械上连续的管状铜护套,松驰地包围所述电缆轴心;
使前进中的铜护套嵌合在前进中的电缆轴心上;
形成聚合物防护罩,所述防护罩包围所述护套,其特征在于,将防护罩粘合到护套上,粘合剥离强度大于等于5磅/英寸且小于等于36磅/英寸。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,其中包括下列附加步骤,在所述使电缆轴心前进的步骤之前完成:
使导线前进,进入并经过挤压机,并在那时挤压可发泡的聚合物;
使被挤压的聚合物变为泡沫并膨胀,形成电缆轴心,所述电缆轴心包括围绕前进的导线的膨胀泡沫绝缘材料。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述将铜护套嵌合在前进中的电缆轴心的步骤包括:使电缆轴心和包围的护套同步前进经过至少一个嵌合模,将铜护套嵌合在电缆轴心上,以使轴心的泡沫绝缘材料受到压缩,生成同轴电缆。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,所述形成包围所述护套的聚合物防护罩以及将防护罩粘合到护套上的步骤包括:复合挤压熔融的粘合材料合成物和熔融的热塑性聚合物,粘合材料合成物包围所述铜护套,热塑性聚合物包围所述粘合材料,并通过所述粘合材料被粘合在所述护套上。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述复合挤压熔融的粘合材料合成物和熔融的热塑性聚合物的步骤中,护套和防护套之间产生粘合,粘合剥离强度为10至36磅/英寸。
17.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,包括这样的步骤:在泡沫绝缘材料上提供粘合材料,并将泡沫绝缘材料粘合到管状铜护套上。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于,在泡沫绝缘材料上提供粘合材料的步骤包括:复合挤压可发泡的聚合物和包围可发泡的聚合物的粘合材料合成物。
19.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于,使导线向前进入并经过挤压机以及挤压可发泡的聚合物的步骤包括:复合挤压包围导线的可发泡聚合物,包围可发泡的聚合物的固体聚合物,以及包围固体聚合物的粘合材料合成物。
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WO1997045844A1 (en) 1997-12-04
JP2000512793A (ja) 2000-09-26
AU3147997A (en) 1998-01-05
EP0939960A1 (en) 1999-09-08
HK1020386A1 (en) 2000-04-14
US6137058A (en) 2000-10-24
TW434579B (en) 2001-05-16
CA2257123A1 (en) 1997-12-04
KR20000016178A (ko) 2000-03-25
WO1997045843A3 (en) 1998-03-26
CA2257123C (en) 2003-10-07
IN191737B (zh) 2003-12-20
KR100368199B1 (ko) 2003-04-11
BR9709414A (pt) 2000-01-11
WO1997045843A2 (en) 1997-12-04
US5926949A (en) 1999-07-27
TW402724B (en) 2000-08-21
IN191529B (zh) 2003-12-06
AU3288997A (en) 1998-01-05
AU724140B2 (en) 2000-09-14
US5959245A (en) 1999-09-28
CN1220025A (zh) 1999-06-16

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