CN107005278A - 具有分集的导波传送设备及其使用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明的主题公开内容的各个方面例如可以包括一种传送设备,所述传送设备包括将第一电磁波引导到第一联结以生成第二电磁波的第一耦合器,所述第二电磁波被引导通过一个或多个导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。这些模式具有作为角度偏差和/或纵向位移的函数而变化的包络。此外还公开了其他实施例。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2014年10月21日提交的美国专利申请序列号14/519,799的优先权。通过引用的方式将前述申请的内容合并到本申请中,就如同在这里全文阐述一样。
技术领域
本发明的主题公开内容涉及通信网络中的经由微波传输的通信。
背景技术
随着智能电话和其他便携式设备日益变得普遍并且随着数据使用增加,宏蜂窝基站设备和现有的无线基础设施也随之需要更高的带宽能力以便解决增加的需求。为了提供附加的移动带宽,正在实行小型蜂窝部署,其中微蜂窝和微微蜂窝为比传统宏蜂窝小得多的区域提供覆盖。
附图说明
图1是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图2是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图3是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图4是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图5是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器和收发器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图6是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图7是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图8是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图9是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向转发器系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图10示出了一种利用这里所描述的电介质波导耦合器对传输进行传送的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图11是根据这里所描述的各个方面的计算环境的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图12是根据这里所描述的各个方面的移动网络平台的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图13a、13b和13c是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的开槽波导耦合器的示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图14a和14b是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导耦合系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图15是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图16是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图17是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图18是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图19是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图20a是传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图,并且图20b提供了根据这里所描述的各个方面的各种耦合器形状的示例性、非限制性实施例。
图21是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图22a和22b是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图23是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的函数的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图24是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图25是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图26是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图27是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图28是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图29是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图30是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图31是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图32是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图33是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图34是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图35是根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图36是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图37是根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导耦合系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图38是根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导耦合系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图39示出了这里所描述的传送方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图40示出了这里所描述的传送方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
现在将参照附图描述一个或多个实施例,其中相同的附图标记始终被用来指代相同的单元。在后面的描述中,出于解释的目的阐述了许多细节,以便提供对于各个实施例的透彻理解。但是显而易见的是,可以按照不同的组合并且在没有这些细节的情况下实践各个实施例(并且不应用于任何特定的联网环境或标准)。
为了向附加的基站设备提供网络连接,把通信蜂窝(例如微蜂窝和宏蜂窝)链路到核心网络的网络设备的回传网络也相应地扩展。类似地,为了向分布式天线系统提供网络连接,希望有把基站设备与其分布式天线相链路的扩展通信系统。可以提供导波通信系统以便允许替换的、增加的或附加的网络连接,并且可以提供波导耦合系统以便在传输介质(比如作为单线传输线操作的连线或其他导体,作为波导操作的电介质材料,以及/或者通过其他方式操作来引导电磁波的传输的其他传输介质)上传送和/或接收导波(例如表面波)通信。
在一个示例性实施例中,被利用在波导耦合系统中的波导耦合器可以由电介质材料或其他低损耗绝缘体(例如聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯等等)制成,或者可以由导电(例如金属、非金属等等)材料制成,或者由前述材料的任意组合制成。在具体实施方式部分中提到“电介质波导”时都是出于说明的目的,而不是把实施例限制到仅由电介质材料构成。在其他实施例中,其他电介质或绝缘材料也是可行的。应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,对于导波通信可以利用多种传输介质,比如:不管是绝缘还是非绝缘并且不管是单股还是多股的连线;具有其他形状或配置的导体,其中包括线束、电缆、连杆、轨道、管道;比如电介质管道、连杆、轨道或其他电介质构件之类的非导体;导体与电介质材料的组合;或者其他导波传输介质。
出于这些和/或其他考虑,在一个或多个实施例中,一种传送设备包括通信接口,所述通信接口接收包括第一数据的第一通信信号。收发器基于第一通信信号生成用以传递第一数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到具有被电介质材料环绕的至少一个内部部分的传输介质,所述电介质材料具有外部表面和相应的周长,其中第一电磁波到传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波通过包括非对称模式的至少一种导波模式被引导沿着电介质材料的外部表面传播,所述载波频率处于毫米波频带内,并且所述相应的波长小于传输介质的周长。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种传送设备包括基于通信信号生成用以传递数据的第一电磁波的传送器,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到具有外部表面和相应的周长的单线传输介质,其中第一电磁波到单线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波通过包括非对称模式的至少一种导波模式被引导沿着单线传输介质的外部表面传播,所述载波频率处于毫米波频带内,并且所述相应的波长小于单线传输介质的周长。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种方法包括基于通信信号生成用以传递数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到具有外部电介质表面和相应的周长的单线传输介质,其中第一电磁波到单线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波通过至少一种导波模式被引导沿着单线传输介质的外部电介质表面传播,所述载波频率处于毫米波频带内,并且所述相应的波长小于单线传输介质的周长。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种传送设备包括通信接口,所述通信接口接收包括第一数据的第一通信信号。收发器基于第一通信信号生成用以传递第一数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到具有被电介质材料环绕的至少一个内部部分的传输介质,所述电介质材料具有外部表面和相应的周长,其中第一电磁波到传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着电介质材料的外部表面传播,并且所述载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种传送设备包括基于通信信号生成用以传递数据的第一电磁波的传送器,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合到传送器的耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到具有外部表面的单线传输介质,其中第一电磁波到单线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着单线传输介质的外部表面传播,并且所述载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种方法包括基于通信信号生成用以传递数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到具有外部表面的单线传输介质,其中第一电磁波到单线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着单线传输介质的外部表面传播,并且所述载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,一种方法包括基于通信信号生成用以传递数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。第一电磁波被耦合到具有外部表面的单线传输介质,其中第一电磁波到单线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波通过包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式被引导沿着单线传输介质的外部表面传播,并且所述载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
这里所描述的各个实施例涉及一种用于从连线发动和提取导波(例如作为电磁波的表面波通信)传输的传输系统。在其中波长与装备的尺寸相比较小的毫米波频率处,传输可以作为由波导引导的波而传播,所述波导比如是电介质材料的条带或长度或者其他耦合器。导波的电磁场结构可以处于耦合器的内部和/或外部。当该耦合器被带到紧邻传输介质(例如连线、公用事业线路或其他传输介质)时,所述导波的至少一部分从波导解耦并且耦合到所述传输介质,并且继续作为导波(比如围绕所述连线的表面的表面波)而传播。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,一种耦合器包括从传送设备接收传递第一数据的第一电磁波的接收部分。引导部分把第一电磁波引导到用于把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的联结。第一电磁波通过至少一种第一导波模式传播。第一电磁波到传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过不同于第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,一种耦合模块包括接收传递第一数据的相应的多个第一电磁波的多个接收部分。多个引导部分把所述多个第一电磁波引导到用于把所述多个第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的相应的多个联结。所述多个第一电磁波通过至少一种第一导波模式传播,并且所述多个第一电磁波到传输介质的耦合形成多个第二电磁波,所述多个第二电磁波被引导通过不同于第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,一种方法包括从传送设备接收传递第一数据的第一电磁波。第一电磁波被引导到用于将第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的联结。第一电磁波通过至少一种第一导波模式传播,并且第一电磁波到传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过不同于第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,一种传送设备包括第一耦合器,所述第一耦合器把第一电磁波耦合到第一联结从而形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过一种或多种导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。所述一种或多种模式具有作为角度偏差和/或纵向位移的函数而变化的包络。第二耦合器从第二联结引导第三电磁波,所述第二联结从传输介质耦合第三电磁波。第二联结被安排成具有角度偏差和/或纵向位移以便对应于包络的局部最小值。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,一种方法包括从传送设备生成传递第一数据的第一电磁波。第一电磁波在第一方位角角度处被引导到用于把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的第一联结从而形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。第二电磁波具有作为相对于第一方位角角度的角度偏差和/或相对于第一联结的纵向位移的函数而变化的包络。所述函数在相对于第一方位角角度的第一角度偏差和/或相对于第一联结的第一纵向位移处具有局部最小值。第三电磁波被从第二联结引导,所述第二联结在相对于第一方位角角度的第一角度偏差和/或相对于第一联结的第一纵向位移处从传输介质耦合第三电磁波,从而形成被引导到第一接收器的第四电磁波。
根据一个示例性实施例,表面波是由传输介质的表面引导的一种导波,所述表面可以包括连线的外侧或外部表面,电介质涂层或绝缘外套的外侧或外部表面,或者邻近或暴露于具有不同属性(例如介电属性)的另一种类型的介质的传输介质的另一个表面。实际上,在一个示例性实施例中,引导表面波的传输介质的表面可以代表两种不同类型的介质之间的过渡表面。举例来说,在裸连线或非绝缘连线的情况下,连线的表面可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的所述裸连线或非绝缘连线的外部或外侧导电表面。作为另一个实例,在绝缘连线的情况下,连线的表面可以是与连线的绝缘体部分交会的连线的导电部分,或者可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的连线的绝缘表面,或者可以是连线的绝缘表面与连线的导电部分(其与连线的绝缘体部分交会)之间的任何材料区段,这取决于绝缘体、空气和/或导体的属性(例如介电属性)中的相对差异,并且还取决于导波的频率以及一种或多种传播模式。
根据一个示例性实施例,可以把例如表面波之类的导波与通过自由空间/空气的无线电传送或者电功率或信号通过连线的导体的传统传播进行对照。实际上,根据一个示例性实施例,利用这里描述的表面波或导波系统,传统的电功率或信号仍然可以通过连线的导体传播或者被传送,导波(包括表面波和其他电磁波)则可以环绕连线的表面的全部或一部分并且以低损耗沿着连线传播。在一个示例性实施例中,表面波可以具有主要或基本上处于用来引导表面波的传输介质外部的场结构(例如电磁场结构)。
在一个示例性实施例中,这里所采用的导波可以与Sommerfeld波相对照,其中Sommerfeld波被用作沿着连线的一种传播方式,并且被限制到具有大于、不小于连线周长的波长的波。在一个示例性实施例中,这里所采用的导波可以与G波和E波系统相对照,其中G波和E波系统通过基本模式的传播进行操作而不是基于至少一种非对称模式的传播。在一个示例性实施例中,这里所采用的导波可以与沿着单一金属线的表面等离子体波相对照,其中所述表面等离子体波的前提是在一定频率处形成于导体中的电子聚束(electronbunch),比如远高于并且不低于导电材料的平均电子碰撞频率γ的光学频率。这些现有技术系统未能解决针对特定传输介质的导波传播,其中导波包括在低于导电材料的平均电子碰撞频率的低损耗频率处(比如在微波或毫米波频带内)传播的非对称模式。这些现有技术系统也未能解决针对包括外部电介质的传输介质的导波传播,其中导波包括随着集中围绕电介质的外部表面的场以低损耗传播的非对称模式。
根据一个示例性实施例,沿着连线行进的电磁波由沿着邻近所述连线的波导行进的其他电磁波感生。电磁波的感生可以独立于通过作为电路的一部分的连线被注入或者通过其他方式被传送的任何电位、电荷或电流。应当认识到,虽然响应于经过连线的电磁波的传播可以形成连线中的小电流,但是这可能是由于电磁波沿着连线表面的传播,而不是响应于被注入到作为电路的一部分的连线中的电位、电荷或电流形成。因此,在连线上行进的电磁波不需要电路就可以沿着连线表面传播。因此,所述连线是不需要电路的单线传输线。此外,在一些实施例中,连线不是必要的,并且电磁波可以沿着不是连线的单线传输介质传播。
根据一个示例性实施例,术语“单线传输介质”是与通过连线引导的电磁波进行的传输相结合来使用的,而不需要所述连线是电路的一部分以支持这样的传播。传输系统可以包括用来传输这样的导波的多个单线传输介质,其中通过不同的单线传输介质来引导不同的波。
根据一个示例性实施例,结合导波(例如表面波)使用的术语“围绕”连线可以包括基波传播模式和其他导波。假设连线具有圆形或者基本上圆形的剖面,则基本模式是具有至少部分地环绕连线的圆形或基本上圆形的场分布(例如电场、磁场、电磁场等等)的对称模式。此外,当导波“围绕”圆形、绞股或者具有圆形或基本上圆形的剖面的其他连线传播时,其通过波传播模式(至少一种导波模式)沿着连线纵向地传播,其中所述波传播模式不仅可以包括基波传播模式(例如零阶模式),而且还附加地或替换地包括其他非基波传播模式,比如更高阶导波模式(例如1阶模式、2阶模式等等)、非对称模式以及/或者具有环绕连线的非圆形场分布的其他导波(例如表面波)。这里所使用的术语“基本上圆形”意味着与完美圆形的差异小于+/-15%的形状。这里所使用的术语“非圆形”意味着不是基本上圆形的形状。
举例来说,这样的非圆形场分布可以是单边的(unilateral)或多边的(multilateral),其具有由相对更高的场强度表征的一个或多个轴向波瓣,以及/或者由相对较低的场强度、零场强度或基本上零场强度表征的一个或多个空值(null)或空值区段。此外,根据一个示例性实施例,所述场分布可以作为环绕连线的纵向轴向指向的函数而变化,从而使得环绕连线的一个或多个轴向指向区段具有高于一个或多个其他轴向指向区段的电场或磁场强度(或其组合)。应当认识到,随着导波沿着连线行进,更高阶模式或非对称模式的相对位置可能会发生变化。
考虑到具有非圆形剖面(也就是不是基本上圆形的剖面)的其他连线、导体或电介质,术语“对称模式”和“非对称模式”可能无法以相同的方式适用。举例来说,矩形波导的基本模式可能不具有圆形或基本上圆形的场分布。因此,在此更一般的意义上可以使用术语“基本模式”和“非基本模式”。
现在参照图1,其中所示出的方块图示出了导波通信系统100的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。导波通信系统100描绘出可以在其中使用传送设备、耦合器或耦合模块的示例性环境。
导波通信系统100可以是分布式天线系统,其包括可通信地耦合到宏蜂窝站点102或其他网络连接的一个或多个基站设备(例如基站设备104)。基站设备104可以通过有线(例如光纤和/或电缆)或者通过无线(例如微波无线)连接而连接到宏蜂窝站点102。宏蜂窝(比如宏蜂窝站点102)可以具有到移动网络的专用连接,并且基站设备104可以共享和/或通过其他方式使用宏蜂窝站点102的连接。基站设备104可以被安装或附着到电线杆116上。在其他实施例中,基站设备104可以处在变压器附近以及/或者位于输电线附近的其他位置。
基站设备104可以促进移动设备122和124到移动网络的连接。分别被安装在电线杆118和120上或者处在其附近的天线112和114可以从基站设备104接收信号,并且在比天线112和114位于基站设备104处或其附近的情况宽广得多的区域内将这些信号传送到移动设备122和124。
应当提到的是,为了简单起见,图1显示出三根电线杆和一个基站设备。在其他实施例中,电线杆116可以具有更多基站设备,并且具有分布式天线的一根或多根电线杆是可能的。
比如电介质波导耦合设备106之类的传送设备可以把来自基站设备104的信号经由连接电线杆116、118和120的(多条)公用事业线路或输电线传送到天线112和114。为了传送信号,无线电源和/或耦合器106对来自基站设备104的信号进行上变频(例如通过混频),或者通过其他方式把来自基站设备104的信号转换到具有处于微波或毫米波频带内的至少一个载波频率的微波或毫米波段信号。电介质波导耦合设备106发动作为沿着公用事业线路或其他连线行进的导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)传播的毫米波段波。在电线杆118处,另一个传送设备(比如电介质波导耦合设备108)接收导波(并且可选地可以按照需要或希望对其进行放大,或者作为数字转发器操作以便接收导波并且重新生成导波),并且将其作为导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)在公用事业线路或其他连线上继续发送。电介质波导耦合设备108还可以从毫米波段导波中提取出信号,并且将其向下频移或者通过其他方式转换到其原始蜂窝频带频率(例如1.9GHz或其他已定义的蜂窝频率)或者另一蜂窝(或非蜂窝)频带频率。天线112可以把经过向下频移的信号传送(例如无线传送)到移动设备122。在必要时或希望时,可以由另一个传送设备重复所述处理,比如电介质波导耦合设备110、天线114和移动设备124。
来自移动设备122和124的传送还可以分别由天线112和114接收。电介质波导耦合设备108和110上的转发器可以把蜂窝频带信号向上频移或者通过其他方式转换到微波或毫米波段,并且把所述信号作为导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)传输通过(多条)输电线传送到基站设备104。
在一个示例性实施例中,系统100可以采用分集路径,其中两条或更多条公用事业线路或其他连线被维系在电线杆116、118和120之间(例如电线杆116和120之间的两条或更多条连线),并且来自基站104的冗余传送被作为导波沿着公用事业线路或其他连线的表面向下传送。所述公用事业线路或其他连线可以是绝缘或非绝缘的,并且取决于导致传输损耗的环境条件,耦合设备可以选择性地接收来自所述绝缘或非绝缘公用事业线路或其他连线的信号。所述选择可以是基于对于连线的信噪比的测量,或者是基于所确定的天气/环境条件(例如水汽检测器、天气预报等等)。对于系统100使用分集路径可以允许备用路由能力、负载平衡、增加的负载应对、并发双向或同步通信、扩谱通信等等(关于更多说明性细节参见图8)。
应当提到的是,在图1中对于电介质波导耦合设备106、108和110的使用仅仅是作为举例,并且在其他实施例中可能有其他使用。举例来说,电介质波导耦合设备可以被使用在回传通信系统中,从而为基站设备提供网络连接。电介质波导耦合设备可以被使用在其中希望通过连线传送导波通信的许多情况中,不管所述连线是否绝缘。由于与可能载送高电压的连线没有接触或者只有有限的物理和/或电接触,因此电介质波导耦合设备对于其他耦合设备存在改进。通过电介质波导耦合设备,所述装置可以被定位成离开连线(例如与连线间隔开),并且/或者在不与连线发生电接触的情况下被定位在连线上,这是因为所述电介质充当绝缘体,从而允许便宜、便利并且/或者较不复杂的安装。但是正如先前所提到的那样,特别在其中连线对应于电话网络、有线电视网络、宽带数据服务、光纤通信系统或者采用低电压或具有绝缘传输线的其他网络的配置中,可以采用导电或非电介质耦合器。
还应当提到的是,虽然在一个示例性实施例中示出了基站设备104和宏蜂窝站点102,但是其他网络配置同样是可行的。举例来说,可以按照类似的方式采用例如接入点或其他无线网关之类的设备,以便扩展例如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据通信协议操作的其他无线网络之类的其他网络的范围,所述通信协议比如有802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议或者其他无线协议。
现在参照图2,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合系统200的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统200包括电介质波导204,其具有作为导波围绕电介质波导204的波导表面传播的波206。在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导204是弯曲的,并且波导204的至少一部分可以被放置在连线202的附近,以便促进波导204与连线202之间的耦合,正如这里所描述的那样。电介质波导204可以被放置成使得弯曲电介质波导204的一部分与连线202平行或者基本上平行。与连线平行的电介质波导204的一部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者是曲线的切线在该处与连线202平行的任一点。当电介质波导204被如此定位或放置时,沿着电介质波导204行进的波206至少部分地耦合到连线202,并且作为导波208环绕或围绕连线202的连线表面并且沿着连线202纵向地传播。导波208可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波,但是在不背离示例性实施例的情况下还可以支持其他类型的导波208。未耦合到连线202的波206的一部分作为波210沿着电介质波导204传播。应当认识到,电介质波导204可以关于连线202被配置和安排在多种位置处,以便实现波206到连线202的所期望的水平的耦合或非耦合。举例来说,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,可以改变与连线202平行或基本上平行的电介质波导204的曲率和/或长度以及其分隔距离(在一个示例性实施例中可以包括零分隔距离)。同样地,可以基于对于连线202和电介质波导204的对应的固有特性(例如厚度、构成、电磁属性等等)以及波206和208的特性(例如频率、能量水平等等)的考虑改变电介质波导204关于连线202的安排。
即使当连线202弯曲和屈曲时,导波208仍然在与连线202平行或基本上平行的方向上传播。连线202中的弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于连线直径、频率和材料。如果电介质波导204的规格是针对高效的电力输送选择的,则波206中的大多数电力被输送到连线202,只有很少的电力保留在波210中。应当认识到,导波208可以仍然是多模式性质(将在这里进行讨论),其中包括具有非基本或非对称的模式,而在沿着平行于或基本上平行于连线202的路径行进时具有或不具有基本传输模式。在一个示例性实施例中,非基本或非对称模式可以被利用来最小化传输损耗以及/或者获得增加的传播距离。
应当提到的是,术语“平行”通常是在真实系统中常常无法确切地实现的几何构造。因此,当被用来描述在本发明的主题公开内容中所公开的实施例时,本发明的主题公开内容中所利用的术语“平行”表示近似而不是确切的配置。在一个示例性实施例中,基本上平行可以包括所有维度中处于30度的真实平行以内的近似。
在一个示例性实施例中,波206可以表现出一种或多种波传播模式。电介质波导模式可以取决于波导204的形状和/或设计。波206的一种或多种电介质波导模式可以生成、影响或者冲击沿着连线202传播的导波208的一种或多种波传播模式。在一个示例性实施例中,连线202上的波传播模式可以类似于电介质波导模式,这是因为波206和208分别都围绕电介质波导204和连线202的外部传播。在一些实施例中,由于电介质波导204与连线202之间的耦合,随着波206耦合到连线202,所述模式可能会改变形式。举例来说,电介质波导204和连线202的尺寸、材料和/或阻抗中的差异可能会产生不存在于电介质波导模式中的附加模式并且/或者抑制其中一些电介质波导模式。所述波传播模式可以包括基本横电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅有很小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且当导波沿着连线传播时,电场和磁场径向地向外延伸。该导波模式可以具有圆环(donut)形状,其中在电介质波导204或连线202内存在很少的电磁场。波206和208可以包括基本TEM模式,其中的场径向地向外延伸,并且还可以包括其他非基本(例如非对称、更高层级等等)模式。虽然前面讨论了特定波传播模式,但是基于所采用的频率、电介质波导204的设计、连线202的规格和构成、以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等等,其他波传播模式同样是可行的,比如横电(TE)模式和横磁(TM)模式。应当提到的是,取决于频率、连线202的电和物理特性以及所生成的特定波传播模式,导波208可以沿着氧化非绝缘连线、非氧化非绝缘连线、绝缘连线的导电表面以及/或者沿着绝缘连线的绝缘表面行进。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导204的直径小于连线202的直径。对于所使用的微波或毫米带波长,电介质波导204支持构成波206的单波导模式。该单波导模式可以随着作为表面波208耦合到连线202而发生改变。如果电介质波导204更大,则可以支持多于一种波导模式,但是这些附加的波导模式可能不会同样高效地耦合到连线202,并且可能会导致更高的耦合损耗。但是在一些替换实施例中,例如在希望有更高的耦合损耗时或者当与其他技术相结合来使用以便通过其他方式减少耦合损耗时(例如通过锥化的阻抗匹配等等),电介质波导204的直径可以等于或大于连线202的直径。
在一个示例性实施例中,波206和208的波长在尺寸上与电介质波导204和连线202的周长是可比较的或者小于其周长。在一个实例中,如果连线202的直径是0.5cm并且相应的周长是大约1.5cm,则传输的波长是大约1.5cm或更小,从而对应于20GHz或更高的频率。在另一个实施例中,传输和载波信号的适当频率处于30-100GHz的范围内,可能是大约30-60GHz,并且在一个实例中是大约38GHz。在一个示例性实施例中,当电介质波导204和连线202的周长在尺寸上与传输的波长是可比较的或者大于其波长时,波206和208可以表现出多种波传播模式,其中包括传播经过足够的距离以便支持这里所描述的各种通信系统的基本和/或非基本(对称和/或非对称)模式。波206和208因此可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。在一个示例性实施例中,随着导波208沿着连线202向下传播,电和磁场配置从连线202的一个末端到另一个末端将保持相同。在其他实施例中,当导波208遇到干扰或者由于传输损耗而损失能量时,电和磁场配置可能随着导波208沿着连线202向下传播而发生改变。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导204可以由尼龙、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺或者其他塑料构成。在其他实施例中,其他电介质材料也是可行的。连线202的连线表面可以是金属的,其或者具有裸金属表面,或者可以利用塑料、电介质、绝缘体或其他护鞘被绝缘。在一个示例性实施例中,电介质或其他不导电/绝缘波导可以与裸/金属连线或绝缘连线配对。在其他实施例中,金属和/或导电波导可以与裸/金属连线或绝缘连线配对。在一个示例性实施例中,连线202的裸金属表面上的氧化层(例如通过把裸金属表面暴露于氧气/空气而得到)还可以提供类似于由一些绝缘体或护鞘所提供的那些绝缘或电介质属性。
应当提到的是,给出波206、208和210的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波206在例如作为单线传输线操作的连线202上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波208的原理。波210代表在生成导波208之后保留在电介质波导204上的波206的部分。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,一种或多种特定波传播模式,电介质波导204的设计,连线202的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
应当提到的是,电介质波导204可以在电介质波导204的末端处包括端接电路或阻尼器214,其可以吸收来自波210的剩余辐射或能量。端接电路或阻尼器214可以防止和/或最小化朝向传送器电路212反射回去的来自波210的剩余辐射。在一个示例性实施例中,端接电路或阻尼器214可以包括端接电阻器以及/或者实施阻抗匹配以衰减反射的其他组件。在一些实施例中,如果耦合效率足够高并且/或者波210足够小,则可能没有必要使用端接电路或阻尼器214。为了简单起见,在其他附图中没有描绘出这些传送器和端接电路或阻尼器212和214,但是在这些实施例中,也可能使用传送器和端接电路或阻尼器。
此外,虽然给出了生成单个导波208的单个电介质波导204,但是也可以采用放置在沿着连线202的不同点处和/或围绕连线的不同轴向指向处的多个电介质波导204,以便在相同或不同的频率处、在相同或不同的相位处以及/或者在相同或不同的波传播模式下生成和接收多个导波208。可以对一个或多个导波208进行调制,以便通过例如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、多载波调制之类的调制技术以及通过例如频分多路复用、时分多路复用、码分多路复用、经由不同波传播模式的多路复用之类的多址技术以及通过其他调制和接入策略来传达数据。
现在参照图3,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合系统300的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统300实施包括电介质波导304和连线302的耦合器,其具有作为导波围绕连线302的连线表面传播的波306。在一个示例性实施例中,波306可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导304是弯曲的或者具有曲率,并且可以被放置在连线302的附近,从而使得弯曲的电介质波导304的一部分与连线302平行或基本上平行。与连线平行的电介质波导304的部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者是曲线的切线在该处与连线302平行的任一点。当电介质波导304处于连线附近时,沿着连线302行进的导波306可以耦合到电介质波导304并且作为导波308围绕电介质波导304传播。未耦合到电介质波导304的导波306的一部分作为导波310(例如表面波或其他电磁波)沿着连线302传播。
即使当连线302和电介质波导304发生弯曲和屈曲时,导波306和308仍然分别与连线302和电介质波导304保持平行。弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于连线直径、频率和材料。如果电介质波导304的规格是针对高效的电力输送选择的,则导波306中的大多数能量都被耦合到电介质波导304,并且只有很少能量保留在导波310中。
在一个示例性实施例中,接收器电路可以被放置在波导304的末端以便接收波308。端接电路可以被放置在波导304的相对末端,以便接收在与耦合到波导304的导波306相反的方向上行进的导波。因此,端接电路将防止和/或最小化由接收器电路接收到的反射。如果反射很少,则端接电路可能并不必要。
应当提到的是,电介质波导304可以被配置成使得表面波306的所选择的偏振作为导波308被耦合到电介质波导304。举例来说,如果导波306由具有对应的偏振的导波或波传播模式构成,则电介质波导304可以被配置成接收具有所选择的(多种)偏振的一个或多个导波。因此,耦合到电介质波导304的导波308是对应于所选择的(多种)偏振当中的一种或多种的导波的集合,并且另外的导波310可以包括与所选择的(多种)偏振不匹配的导波。
电介质波导304可以被配置成基于电介质波导304被围绕连线302放置的角度/旋转(耦合器的轴向指向)以及导波的场结构的轴向模式来接收具有特定偏振的导波。举例来说,如果耦合器被指向成沿着水平接入馈送导波并且如果导波306被水平偏振(也就是说导波的场结构集中在水平轴上),则大多数导波306作为波308传递到电介质波导。在另一个实例中,如果电介质波导304被围绕连线302旋转90度,则来自导波306的大多数能量将作为导波310保持耦合到连线,并且仅有一小部分将作为波308耦合到连线302。
应当提到的是,波306、308和310在本说明书中的图3和其他附图中利用三个圆形符号示出。这些符号被用来表示一般的导波,而不意味着波306、308和310必须是圆形偏振或圆形指向的。实际上,波306、308和310可以包括基本TEM模式,其中的场径向地向外延伸,并且还包括其他非基本(例如更高层级等等)模式。这些模式的性质也可以是非对称的(例如径向、双边、三边、四边等等)。
还应当提到的是,通过连线的导波通信可以是全双工,从而允许两个方向上的同时通信。在一个方向上行进的波可以经过在相反方向上行进的波。由于适用于波的叠加原理,电磁场可以在特定点处短时间抵消。在相反方向上行进的波在传播时仿佛另一个波并不存在,但是对于观测者的复合效果可能是稳定驻波样式。随着导波经过彼此并且不再处于叠加状态,干涉消退。随着导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)耦合到波导并且移动离开连线,由于其他导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)所导致的任何干涉减小。在一个示例性实施例中,随着导波306(例如表面波或其他电磁波)逼近电介质波导304,在连线302上从左向右行进的另一个导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)(未示出)经过,从而导致局部干涉。随着导波306作为波308耦合到电介质波导304并且移动离开连线302,由于经过的导波所导致的任何干涉都消退。
应当提到的是,给出电磁波306、308和310的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波306在电介质波导304上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波308的原理。导波310代表在生成波308之后保留在连线302上的导波306的部分。作为这样的导波传播的结果所生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素当中的一项或多项而有所不同:电介质波导的形状和/或设计,电介质波导与连线的相对位置,所采用的频率,电介质波导304的设计,连线302的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
现在参照图4,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合系统400的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统400实施包括电介质波导404的耦合器,其具有作为导波围绕电介质波导404的波导表面传播的波406。在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导404是弯曲的,并且电介质波导404的一个末端可以被系结、紧固或者通过其他方式机械耦合到连线402。当电介质波导404的末端被紧固到连线402时,电介质波导404的所述末端与连线402平行或基本上平行。或者,电介质波导的超出一个末端的另一个部分可以被紧固或耦合到连线402,从而使得所述紧固或耦合部分与连线402平行或基本上平行。耦合设备410可以是尼龙扎带(cable tie)或其他类型的不导电/电介质材料,其或者与电介质波导404分开或者被构造成电介质波导404的集成组件。在其他实施例中,电介质波导404可以与连线402机械解耦,从而在耦合器与连线402之间留出气隙。电介质波导404可以邻近连线402而不围绕连线402。
当电介质波导404被放置成使其末端平行于连线402时,沿着电介质波导404行进的导波406耦合到连线402,并且作为导波408围绕连线402的连线表面传播。在一个示例性实施例中,导波408可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。
应当提到的是,给出波406和408的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波406在例如作为单线传输线操作的连线402上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波408的原理。作为这样的波传播的结果所生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素当中的一项或多项而有所不同:电介质波导的形状和/或设计,电介质波导与连线的相对位置,所采用的频率,电介质波导404的设计,连线402的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导404的一个末端可以朝向连线402锥化,以便提高耦合效率。实际上,根据本发明的主题公开内容的一个示例性实施例,电介质波导404的末端的锥化可以提供与连线402的阻抗匹配。举例来说,电介质波导404的一个末端可以被逐渐锥化,以便获得如图4中所示的波406与408之间的所期望的水平的耦合。
在一个示例性实施例中,耦合设备410可以被放置成使得在耦合设备410与电介质波导404的一个末端之间存在较短长度的电介质波导404。当超出耦合设备410的电介质波导404的末端的长度至少是针对正被传送的任何频率的几个波长的长度时,可以实现最大耦合效率,但是更短的长度也是可能的。
现在参照图5,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器和收发器系统500(在这里统称作系统500)的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统500实施具有耦合器的传送设备,所述耦合器包括发动并且接收波(例如到电介质波导502上的导波504)的传送器/接收器设备506。导波504可以被用来通过通信接口501传输接收自和发送到基站设备508、移动设备522或建筑物524的信号。通信接口501可以是系统500的一个集成部分。或者,通信接口501可以系连到系统500。通信接口501可以包括用于利用多种无线信令协议(例如LTE、WiFi、WiMAX、IEEE 802.xx等等)当中的任一种接口到基站508、移动设备522或建筑物524的无线接口。通信接口501还可以包括有线接口,比如光纤线路、同轴电缆、双绞线或者用于向基站508或建筑物524传送信号的其他适当的有线介质。对于其中系统500充当转发器的实施例,通信接口501可以不是必要的。
通信接口501的输出信号(例如Tx)可以在混频器510处与由本地振荡器512生成的毫米波载波相组合。混频器510可以使用外差技术或其他频移技术以便对来自通信接口501的输出信号进行频移。举例来说,发送到和来自通信接口501的信号可以是经过调制的信号,比如正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号,其根据长期演进(LTE)无线协议或者其他无线3G、4G、5G或更高语音和数据协议、Zigbee、WIMAX、超宽带或IEEE 802.11无线协议或者其他无线协议而被格式化。在一个示例性实施例中,这一变频可以在模拟域中进行,其结果是可以在不考虑基站508、移动设备522或建筑物内设备524所使用的通信协议类型的情况下实施该变频。随着新的通信技术被开发,通信接口501可以被升级或替换,并且频移和传送装置可以被保留,从而简化了升级。随后可以把载波发送到功率放大器(“PA”)514,并且可以通过双工器516经由传送器/接收器设备506来传送。
通过双工器516可以把接收自传送器/接收器设备506的被导向通信接口501的信号与其他信号分开。所述传输随后可以被发送到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)518以进行放大。混频器520在本地振荡器512的帮助下可以把所述传输(其在某些实施例中处于毫米波段中或者是大约38GHz)向下频移到固有频率。通信接口501随后可以在输入端口(Rx)处接收所述传输。
在一个实施例中,传送器/接收器设备506可以包括圆柱形或非圆柱形金属(其例如在一个实施例中可以是中空的,但并不是按比例绘制的)或者其他导电或不导电波导,并且电介质波导502的一个末端可以被放置在所述波导或传送器/接收器设备506中或其附近,从而使得当传送器/接收器设备506生成传输时,所述导波耦合到电介质波导502并且作为导波504围绕电介质波导502的波导表面传播。在一些实施例中,导波504可以部分地在电介质波导502的外部表面上传播,并且部分地在电介质波导502的内部传播。在其他实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全地在电介质波导502的外部表面上传播。在其他实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全地在电介质波导502的内部传播。在该后一个实施例中,导波504可以在电介质波导502的一个末端(比如图4中示出的锥化末端)处辐射,以便耦合到例如图4的连线402之类的传输介质。类似地,如果导波504正在传入(从连线耦合到电介质波导502),则导波504随后进入传送器/接收器设备506并且耦合到所述圆柱形波导或导电波导。虽然传送器/接收器设备506被示出为包括单独的波导,但是可以采用天线、空腔谐振器、速调管(klystron)、磁控管(magnetron)、行波管(travelling wave tube)或其他辐射元件在波导502上感生出导波,而无需单独的波导。
在一个实施例中,电介质波导502可以完全由电介质材料(或者其他适当的绝缘材料)构造,并且其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。电介质波导502可以由尼龙、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、其他塑料或者不导电并且适合于促进电磁波至少部分地在此类材料的外部表面上传输的其他材料构成。在另一个实施例中,电介质波导502可以包括导电/金属核心,并且具有外侧电介质表面。类似地,耦合到电介质波导502以用于传播由电介质波导502感生出的电磁波或者用于向电介质波导502提供电磁波的传输介质可以完全由电介质材料(或者其他适当的绝缘材料)构造,并且其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。
应当提到的是,虽然图5A示出了传送器/接收器设备506的开口比电介质波导502宽得多,但是这并非按比例绘制的,并且在其他实施例中,电介质波导502的宽度与中空波导的开口是可比较的或者比之略小。此外虽然没有示出,但是在一个实施例中,被插入到传送器/接收器设备506中的波导502的末端逐渐变细,以便减少反射并且提高耦合效率。
传送器/接收器设备506可以可通信地耦合到通信接口501,并且替换地传送器/接收器设备506还可以可通信地耦合到图1中示出的一个或多个分布式天线112和114。在其他实施例中,传送器/接收器设备506可以构成用于回传网络的转发器系统的一部分。
在耦合到电介质波导502之前,由传送器/接收器设备506生成的导波的一种或多种波导模式可以耦合到电介质波导502以便感生出导波504的一种或多种波传播模式。由于中空金属波导和电介质波导的不同特性,导波504的波传播模式可以不同于中空金属波导模式。举例来说,导波504的波传播模式可以包括基本横电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅有很小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且当导波沿着电介质波导502传播时,电场和磁场从电介质波导502径向地向外延伸。基本横电磁模式波传播模式不可存在于中空波导的内部。因此,由传送器/接收器设备506使用的中空金属波导模式是可以有效地并且高效地耦合到电介质波导502的波传播模式的波导模式。
现在参照图6,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双电介质波导耦合系统600的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。在一个示例性实施例中示出了具有环绕连线602放置的两个或更多电介质波导(例如604和606)以便接收导波608的耦合模块。在一个示例性实施例中,导波608可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。在一个示例性实施例中,一个电介质波导就足以接收导波608。在这种情况下,导波608耦合到电介质波导604并且作为导波610传播。如果导波608的场结构由于各种外部因素环绕连线602振荡或波动,则可以放置电介质波导606从而使得导波608耦合到电介质波导606。在一些实施例中,可以环绕连线602的一部分放置四个或更多电介质波导(例如关于彼此成90度或其他间距),以便接收可能环绕连线602振荡或旋转的导波,其中所述导波是在不同的轴向指向处被感生的,或者具有非基本或更高阶模式,所述非基本或更高阶模式例如具有波瓣和/或空值或者与指向相关的其他非对称性。但是应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,可以环绕连线602的一部分放置少于或多于四个电介质波导。还应当认识到,虽然一些示例性实施例给出了环绕连线602的至少一部分的多个电介质波导,但是这多个电介质波导也可以被视为具有多个电介质波导子组件的单个电介质波导系统的一部分。举例来说,两个或更多电介质波导可以被制造成单个系统,其可以在单个安装中被环绕连线安装,从而使得可以根据所述单个系统预先定位各个电介质波导或者可以将其相对于彼此进行调节(人工或自动调节)。耦合到电介质波导606和604的接收器可以使用分集组合以便组合接收自全部两个电介质波导606和604的信号,从而最大化信号质量。在其他实施例中,如果电介质波导606和604当中的一个或另一个接收到高于预定阈值的传输,则接收器在决定将使用哪一个信号时可以使用选择分集。
应当提到的是,给出波608和610的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波608在电介质波导604上感生出或者通过其他方式发动波610的原理。作为这样的波传播的结果所生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,电介质波导604的设计,连线602的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
现在参照图7,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合系统700的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。这样的系统700实施具有耦合模块的传送设备,所述耦合模块包括可以被放置在连线702附近的两个电介质波导704和714,从而使得沿着连线702传播的导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)作为波706被耦合到电介质波导704,并且随后由转发器设备710增强或转发,并且作为导波716被发动到电介质波导714上。导波716随后可以耦合到连线702,并且继续沿着连线702传播。在一个示例性实施例中,转发器设备710可以通过与连线702(其可以是输电线)的磁性耦合接收被用于增强或转发的至少一部分电力。
在一些实施例中,转发器设备710可以转发与波706相关联的传输,并且在其他实施例中,转发器设备710可以与位于转发器设备710附近的分布式天线系统和/或基站设备相关联。接收器波导708可以接收来自电介质波导704的波706,并且传送器波导712可以把导波716发动到电介质波导714上。在接收器波导708与传送器波导712之间,信号可以被放大以便校正与导波通信相关联的信号损耗和其他低效率,或者信号可以被接收和处理以便提取包含在其中的数据并且将其重新生成以供传送。在一个示例性实施例中,可以从所述传输中提取信号并且对其进行处理,并且另行通过可通信地耦合到转发器设备710的分布式天线将其发射到附近的移动设备。类似地,通过分布式天线接收到的信号和/或通信可以被插入到所生成的传输中,并且通过传送器波导712被发动到电介质波导714上。相应地,图7中描绘出的转发器系统700可以在功能上与图1中的电介质波导耦合设备108和100是可比较的。
应当提到的是,虽然图7示出了分别从左侧进入并且从右侧离开的导波传输706和716,但是这仅仅是简化而不意图作出限制。在其他实施例中,接收器波导708和传送器波导712还可以分别充当传送器和接收器,从而允许转发器设备710是双向的。
在一个示例性实施例中,转发器设备710可以被放置在连线702上的存在中断或障碍物的位置处。这些障碍物可以包括变压器、连接、电线杆以及其他此类输电线设备。转发器设备710可以帮助导波(例如表面波)跳过线路上的这些障碍物,并且同时增强传输功率。在其他实施例中,电介质波导可以被用来跳过障碍物而无需使用转发器设备。在该实施例中,电介质波导的两个末端都可以被系连或紧固到连线,从而为导波提供行进路径而不会被障碍物阻断。
现在参照图8,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合器800的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。在电线杆之间维系有两条或更多条连线的情况下,双向电介质波导耦合器800实施具有耦合模块的传送设备,所述耦合模块可以采用分集路径。由于导波传输基于天气、降水和大气条件对于绝缘连线和非绝缘连线具有不同的传输效率和耦合效率,因此可能有利的是在特定时间在绝缘连线或非绝缘连线上选择性地进行传送。
在图8所示出的实施例中,转发器设备使用接收器波导808接收沿着非绝缘连线802行进的导波,并且使用传送器波导810作为沿着绝缘连线804的导波转发传输。在其他实施例中,转发器设备可以从绝缘连线804切换到非绝缘连线802,或者可以沿着相同的路径转发传输。转发器设备806可以包括传感器,或者可以与表明可能影响传输的状况的传感器进行通信。基于接收自传感器的反馈,转发器设备806可以作出关于是要沿着相同的连线保持传输还是要把传输转移到另一条连线的决定。
现在参照图9,其中示出了双向转发器系统900的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。双向转发器系统900实施具有耦合模块的传送设备,所述耦合模块包括波导耦合设备902和904,其接收并且传送来自位于分布式天线系统或回传系统中的其他耦合设备的传输。
在各个实施例中,波导耦合设备902可以接收来自另一个波导耦合设备的传输,其中所述传输具有多个子载波。双工器906例如可以通过滤波把所述传输与其他传输分开,并且把所述传输导向低噪声放大器(“LNA”)908。混频器928借助于本地振荡器912可以把传输(其在一些实施例中处于毫米波频带中或者是大约38GHz)向下频移到较低频率,不管是用于分布式天线系统的蜂窝频带(-1.9GHz)、固有频率还是用于回传系统的其他频率。提取器932可以提取出对应于天线或其他输出组件922的子载波上的信号,并且把所述信号导向输出组件922。对于在该天线位置处没有被提取的信号,提取器932可以将其重定向到另一个混频器936,所述信号在该处被用来对由本地振荡器914生成的载波进行调制。所述载波与其各个子载波被导向功率放大器(“PA”)916,并且由波导耦合设备904通过双工器920重传到另一个转发器系统。
在输出设备922处,PA 924可以增强信号以供传送到移动设备。LNA 926可以被用来放大接收自移动设备的微弱信号并且随后把所述信号发送到多路复用器934,所述多路复用器934把所述信号与已经接收自波导耦合设备904的信号合并。输出设备922例如可以通过双工器、双向器或者未被具体示出的传送/接收开关耦合到分布式天线系统中的天线或其他天线。接收自耦合设备904的信号已通过双工器920被分离,并且随后传递经过LNA918,并且通过混频器938被向下频移。当各个信号通过多路复用器934被组合时,其通过混频器930被向上频移,并且随后由PA 910增强,并且通过波导耦合设备902被传送回到发动器(launcher)或者被传送到另一个转发器上。在一个示例性实施例中,双向转发器系统900可以仅仅是不具有天线/输出设备922的转发器。应当认识到,在一些实施例中,双向转发器系统900还可以利用两个不同并且分开的单向转发器来实施。在一个替换实施例中,双向转发器系统900还可以是增强器(booster)或者在没有向下频移和向上频移的情况下实施重传。实际上在示例性实施例中,所述重传可以基于接收到信号或导波,并且在所述信号或导波的重传之前实施某种信号或导波处理或重整形、滤波和/或放大。
图10结合前面提到的系统示出了一个处理。图10中的处理例如可以通过分别在图1-9中示出的系统100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800和900来实施。虽然为了解释简单起见将所述方法示出并且描述成一系列方块,但是应当理解并且认识到的是,所要求保护的主题内容不限于所述方块的顺序,这是因为一些方块可以按照与这里所描绘和描述的顺序不同的顺序发生并且/或者与其他方块并发地发生。此外,并不需要所有所示出的方块来实施后文中所描述的方法。
图10示出了一种利用这里所描述的电介质波导耦合器对传输进行传送的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1000可以在1002处开始,其中由传送设备发射至少部分地在波导的波导表面上传播的第一电磁波,其中所述波导的波导表面不整个或大部分环绕连线的连线表面。由传送器生成的传输可以基于接收自基站设备、接入点、网络或移动设备的信号。
在1004处,基于邻近连线配置波导,导波随后把第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到连线表面,从而形成至少部分地环绕连线表面传播的第二电磁波(例如表面波),其中连线与波导邻近。这可以响应于把电介质波导的一部分(例如电介质波导的曲线的切线)定位在连线附近并且与之平行而实现,其中电磁波的波长小于连线和电介质波导的周长。即使当连线弯曲和屈曲时,导波(或表面波)仍然与连线保持平行。弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于连线直径、频率和材料。连线与波导之间的耦合接口还可以被配置成实现这里所描述的所期望的耦合水平,这可以包括锥化波导的末端以改进波导与连线之间的阻抗匹配。
由传送器发射的传输可能表现出一种或多种波导模式。波导模式可以取决于波导的形状和/或设计。由于波导和连线的不同特性,连线上的传播模式可以不同于波导模式。当连线的周长在尺寸上与传输的波长是可比较的或者大于其波长时,导波表现出多种波传播模式。因此,导波可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。随着导波(例如表面波)沿着连线向下传播,电和磁场配置从连线的一个末端到另一个末端可以保持基本上相同,或者随着传输由于旋转、分散、衰减或其他效应经过所述波,电和磁场配置从连线的一个末端到另一个末端可以发生变化。
现在参照图11,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的计算环境的方块图。为了提供针对这里所描述的各个实施例的附加情境,图11和后面的讨论意图提供关于可以在其中实施这里所描述的实施例的各个实施例的适当计算环境1100的简要一般性描述。虽然前面在可以被运行在一台或多台计算机上的计算机可执行指令的一般情境中描述了所述实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所述实施例还可以与其他程序模块相组合以及/或者作为硬件与软件的组合来实施。
通常来说,程序模块包括实施特定任务或者实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、组件、数据结构等等。此外,本领域技术人员将认识到,可以通过其他计算机系统配置来实践本发明的方法,其中包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算机、大型计算机以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备、基于微处理器或可编程的消费电子装置等等,其中的任一项可以可操作地耦合到一个或多个相关联的设备。
除非上下文明确地另有所指,否则在权利要求中使用的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等等仅仅是为了进行阐明,而不表明或暗示任何时间顺序。举例来说,“第一确定”、“第二确定”和“第三确定”并不表明或暗示第一确定将在第二确定之前做出或者反之亦然。
这里所示出的实施例还可以被实践在分布式计算环境中,其中特定任务由通过通信网络链路在一起的远程处理设备实施。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地存储器存储设备和远程存储器存储设备两者中。
计算设备通常包括多种介质,其中可以包括计算机可读存储介质和/或通信介质,这两个术语在这里被彼此不同地如下使用。计算机可读存储介质可以是能够由计算机访问的任何可用的存储介质,并且包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移除和不可移除介质。作为举例而非限制,计算机可读存储介质可以结合任何用于存储信息的方法或技术来实施,所述信息比如有计算机可读指令、程序模块、结构化数据或无结构数据。
计算机可读存储介质可以包括而不限于:随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦写可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存或其他存储器技术,紧致盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字通用盘(DVD)或其他光盘存储装置,磁盒、磁带、磁盘存储装置或其他磁性存储设备,或者可以被用来存储所期望的信息的其他有形和/或非瞬时性介质。在这方面,这里被应用于存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的术语“有形”或“非瞬时性”应当被理解成作为修饰语仅排除传播瞬时性信号本身,而不放弃对于不仅传播瞬时性信号本身的所有标准存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的权利。
计算机可读存储介质可以由一个或多个本地或远程计算设备例如通过访问请求、查询或者其他数据取回协议来访问,以用于关于由所述介质存储的信息的多种操作。
通信介质通常把计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或者其他结构化或无结构数据具体实现在例如已调数据信号之类的数据信号中,例如载波或其他传输机制,并且包括任何信息递送或传输介质。术语“已调数据信号”或信号指的是其一项或多项特性被设定或改变以便将信息编码在一个或多个信号中的信号。作为举例而非限制,通信介质包括例如有线网络或直接连线连接之类的有线介质,以及例如声学、RF、红外之类的无线介质以及其他无线介质。
再次参照图11,用于通过基站(例如基站设备104和508)和转发器设备(例如转发器设备710、806和900)传送和接收信号的示例性环境1100包括计算机1102,计算机1102包括处理单元1104、系统存储器1106和系统总线1108。系统总线1108把各个系统组件(其中包括而不限于系统存储器1106)耦合到处理单元1104。处理单元1104可以是多种可以买到的处理器当中的任一种。双微处理器和其他多处理器架构也可以被采用作为处理单元1104。
系统总线1108可以是几种类型的总线结构当中的任一种,其还可以互连到使用多种可以买到的总线架构当中的任一种的存储器总线(具有或不具有存储器控制器)、外围总线以及本地总线。系统存储器1106包括ROM 1110和RAM 1112。基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)可以被存储在例如ROM、可擦写可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、EEPROM之类的非易失性存储器中,所述BIOS包含有助于例如在启动期间在计算机1102内的各个单元之间传输信息的基本例程。RAM 1112还可以包括例如静态RAM之类的高速RAM以用于高速缓存数据。
计算机1102还包括内部硬盘驱动器(HDD)1114(例如EIDE、SATA),所述内部硬盘驱动器1114还可以被配置成用于适当机架(未示出)中的外部使用,并且还包括磁性软盘驱动器(FDD)1116(其例如用以对可移除盘片1118进行读取或写入)和光盘驱动器1120(其例如读取CD-ROM盘1122,或者对例如DVD之类的其他高容量光学介质进行读取或写入)。硬盘驱动器1114、磁盘驱动器1116和光盘驱动器1120可以分别通过硬盘驱动器接口1124、磁盘驱动器接口1126和光学驱动器接口1128连接到系统总线1108。用于外部驱动实现方式的接口1124包括通用串行总线(USB)以及电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)1394接口技术的至少其中之一或全部二者。这里所描述的实施例还设想到其他外部驱动器连接技术。
所述驱动器及其相关联的计算机可读存储介质提供对于数据、数据结构、计算机可执行指令等等的非易失性存储。对于计算机1102,所述驱动器和存储介质容许按照适当的数字格式存储任何数据。虽然前面关于计算机可读存储介质的描述提到了硬盘驱动器(HDD)、可移除磁盘以及例如CD或DVD之类的可移除光学介质,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到,在所述示例性操作环境中还可以使用可由计算机读取的其他类型的存储介质,比如压缩驱动器、磁盒、闪存卡、卡盒等等,并且任何此类存储介质可以包含用于实施这里所描述的方法的计算机可执行指令。
一定数目的程序模块可以被存储在驱动器和RAM 1112中,其中包括操作系统1130、一个或多个应用程序1132、其他程序模块1134以及程序数据1136。所述操作系统、应用、模块和/或数据的全部或某些部分还可以被高速缓存在RAM 1112中。这里所描述的系统和方法可以利用各种可以买到的操作系统或者操作系统的组合来实施。可以由处理单元1104实施以及通过其他方式执行的应用程序1132的实例包括由转发器设备806实施的分集选择确定。图5中示出的基站设备508同样在存储器上存储了可以由该示例性计算环境1100中的处理单元1104执行的许多应用和程序。
用户可以通过一个或多个有线/无线输入设备(例如键盘1138以及鼠标1140之类的定点设备)把命令和信息输入到计算机1102中。其他输入设备(未示出)可以包括麦克风、红外(IR)遥控器、操纵杆、游戏手柄、触笔、触摸屏等等。这些和其他输入设备常常通过可以耦合到系统总线1108的输入设备接口1142连接到处理单元1104,但是也可以通过其他接口连接,比如并行端口、IEEE 1394串行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)端口、IR接口等等。
监视器1144或其他类型的显示设备也可以通过例如视频适配器1146之类的接口连接到系统总线1108。还应当认识到,在替换实施例中,监视器1144还可以是用于通过任何通信装置(包括通过因特网和基于云端的网络)接收与计算机1102相关联的显示信息的任何显示设备(例如具有显示器的另一台计算机、智能电话、平板计算机等等)。除了监视器1144之外,计算机通常还包括其他外围输出设备(未示出),比如扬声器、打印机等等。
计算机1102可以通过到一台或多台远程计算机(比如(多台)远程计算机1148)的有线和/或无线通信使用逻辑连接在联网环境中操作。(多台)远程计算机1148可以是工作站、服务器计算机、路由器、个人计算机、便携式计算机、基于微处理器的娱乐电器、对等设备或其他常见网络节点,并且通常包括关于计算机1102所描述的许多或所有单元,但是为了简明起见仅仅示出了存储器/存储设备1150。所描绘出的逻辑连接包括到局域网(LAN)1152和/或例如广域网(WAN)1154之类的更大网络的有线/无线连接。这样的LAN和WAN联网环境在办公室和公司中是常见的,并且促进例如内联网之类的企业范围计算机网络,所有这些网络都可以连接到全球通信网络(例如因特网)。
当被使用在LAN联网环境中时,计算机1102可以通过有线和/或无线通信网络接口或适配器1156连接到局域网1152。适配器1156可以促进到LAN 1152的有线或无线通信,LAN1152还可以包括布置在其上的无线AP以用于与无线适配器1156进行通信。
当被使用在WAN联网环境中时,计算机1102可以包括调制解调器1158,或者可以连接到WAN 1154上的通信服务器,或者具有用于通过WAN 1154(比如通过因特网)建立通信的其他装置。调制解调器1158可以处于内部或外部并且可以是有线或无线设备,其可以通过输入设备接口1142连接到系统总线1108。在联网环境中,关于计算机1102描绘出的程序模块或者其某些部分可以被存储在远程存储器/存储设备1150中。应当认识到,所示出的网络连接仅仅是实例,并且可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其他手段。
计算机1102可以适于与可操作地布置在无线通信中的任何无线设备或实体进行通信,例如打印机、扫描仪、台式和/或便携式计算机、便携式数据助理、通信卫星、与无线可检测标签相关联的任何装备或位置(信息亭、报刊亭、休息室)以及电话。这可以包括无线保真(Wi-Fi)和无线技术。因此,所述通信可以是与传统网络一样的预定义结构,或者简单地是至少两个设备之间的自组织通信。
Wi-Fi可以允许在没有连线的情况下从房间内的躺椅、酒店房间内的床或者上班处的会议室连接到因特网。Wi-Fi是类似于使用在蜂窝电话中的无线技术,其允许例如计算机之类的设备在基站的范围内的任何位置在室内和室外发送和接收数据。Wi-Fi网络使用被称作IEEE 802.11(a、b、g、n、ac等等)的无线电技术来提供安全、可靠、快速的无线连接。Wi-Fi网络可以被用来把计算机彼此连接、连接到因特网以及连接到有线网络(其可以使用IEEE 802.3或以太网)。Wi-Fi网络例如操作在无执照的2.4和5GHz无线电频带内或者利用包含全部两个频带(双频带)的产品进行操作,从而使得所述网络可以提供类似于使用在许多办公室中的基本10BaseT有线以太网网络的真实世界性能。
图12给出了可以实施并且利用这里所描述的所公开的主题内容的一个或多个方面的移动网络平台1210的一个示例性实施例1200。在一个或多个实施例中,移动网络平台1210可以生成和接收由基站(例如基站设备104和508)以及与所公开的主题内容相关联的转发器设备(例如转发器设备710、806和900)传送和接收的信号。通常来说,无线网络平台1210可以包括例如节点、网关、接口、服务器或不同平台之类的组件,其促进分组交换(PS)(例如互联网协议(IP)、帧中继、异步传输模式(ATM))和电路交换(CS)通信量(例如语音和数据)以及用于联网无线电信的控制生成。作为一个非限制性实例,无线网络平台1210可以被包括在电信运营商网络中,并且可以被视为运营商侧组件,正如在本文中的别处所讨论的那样。移动网络平台1210包括可以接口接收自传统网络的CS通信量的(多个)CS网关节点1212,所述传统网络比如有(多个)电话网络1240(例如公共交换电话网(PSTN)或公共陆地移动网络(PLMN))或者信令系统#7(SS7)网络1260。(多个)电路交换网关节点1212可以对源于这样的网络的通信量(例如语音)进行授权和认证。此外,(多个)CS网关节点1212可以访问通过SS7网络1260生成的移动性(或漫游)数据;例如存储在可以驻留在存储器1230中的访问位置寄存器(VLR)中的移动性数据。此外,(多个)CS网关节点1212与基于CS的通信量和信令以及(多个)PS网关节点1218进行接口。作为一个实例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)CS网关节点1212可以至少部分地被实现在(多个)网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)中。应当认识到,(多个)CS网关节点1212、(多个)PS网关节点1218以及(多个)服务节点1216的功能和具体操作由移动网络平台1210对于电信所利用的(多种)无线电技术提供和决定。
除了接收和处理CS交换通信量和信令之外,(多个)PS网关节点1218可以对与所服务的移动设备的基于PS的数据会话进行授权和认证。数据会话可以包括与处于无线网络平台1210外部的网络交换的通信量或(多项)内容,比如(多个)广域网(WAN)1250、(多个)企业网络1270以及(多个)服务网络1280,所述(多个)服务网络1280可以被具体实现在(多个)局域网(LAN)中,并且可以通过(多个)PS网关节点1218与移动网络平台1210接口。应当提到的是,WAN1250和(多个)企业网络1270可以至少部分地实现例如IP多媒体子系统(IMS)之类的(多个)服务网络。基于在(多项)技术资源1217中可用的(多个)无线电技术层,(多个)分组交换网关节点1218可以在建立数据会话时生成分组数据协议情境;还可以生成促进分组化数据的路由的其他数据结构。为此目的,在一个方面中,(多个)PS网关节点1218可以包括隧道接口(例如(多个)3GPP UMTS网络中的隧道端接网关(TTG)(未示出)),其可以促进与例如Wi-Fi网络之类的(多个)不同无线网络的分组化通信。
在实施例1200中,无线网络平台1210还包括(多个)服务节点1216,其基于(多项)技术资源内的(多个)可用无线电技术层来传递通过(多个)PS网关节点1218接收到的数据流的各种分组化流动。应当提到的是,对于主要依赖于CS通信的(多项)技术资源,(多个)服务器节点可以在不依赖于(多个)PS网关节点1218的情况下递送通信量;举例来说,(多个)服务器节点可以至少部分地具体实现移动交换中心。作为一个实例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)服务节点1216可以被具体实现在(多个)服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)中。
对于利用分组化通信的无线电技术,无线网络平台1210中的(多个)服务器1214可以执行许多应用,所述应用可以生成多个不同的分组化数据流或流动,并且管理(例如调度、排入队列、格式化等等)这样的流动。这样的(多个)应用可以包括针对由无线网络平台1210提供的标准服务(例如供应、记账、顾客支持等等)的附加特征。数据流(例如作为语音呼叫或数据会话的一部分的(多项)内容)可以被传递到(多个)PS网关节点1218以用于数据会话的授权/认证和发起,并且随后被传递到(多个)服务节点1216以用于通信。除了应用服务器之外,(多个)服务器1214还可以包括(多个)公用事业服务器,公用事业服务器可以包括供应服务器、操作和维护服务器、可以至少部分地实施证书权威机构和防火墙以及其他安全机制的安全服务器等等。在一个方面中,(多个)安全服务器保护通过无线网络平台1210服务的通信,从而除了(多个)CS网关节点1212和(多个)PS网关节点1218可以担当的授权和认证规程之外还确保网络的操作和数据完整性。此外,(多个)供应服务器可以从(多个)外部网络供应服务,比如由不同服务提供商操作的网络;例如WAN 1250或(多个)全球定位系统(GPS)网络(未示出)。(多个)供应服务器还可以通过(例如由相同的服务提供商部署和操作的)关联到无线网络平台1210的网络来供应覆盖,比如通过提供更多网络覆盖而增强无线服务覆盖的图1中示出的(多个)分布式天线网络。如图7、8和9中示出的转发器设备也改进网络覆盖,以便通过UE 1275增强订户服务体验。
应当提到的是,(多个)服务器1214可以包括被配置成至少部分地授予宏网络平台1210的功能的一个或多个处理器。为此目的,所述一个或多个处理器例如可以执行存储在存储器1230中的代码指令。应当认识到,(多个)服务器1214可以包括按照前文中描述的基本上相同的方式操作的内容管理器。
在示例性实施例1200中,存储器1230可以存储与无线网络平台1210的操作有关的信息。其他操作信息可以包括:通过无线网络平台1210服务的移动设备的供应信息;订户数据库;应用智能;定价方案,例如促销费率、固定费率计划、优惠活动;与对应于不同的无线电或无线技术层的操作的电信协议相一致的(多种)技术规范;等等。存储器1230还可以存储来自(多个)电话网络1240、WAN 1250、(多个)企业网络1270或者SS7网络1260的至少其中之一的信息。在一个方面中,存储器1230例如可以作为数据存储库组件的一部分或者作为远程连接的存储器存储库而被访问。
为了提供针对所公开的主题内容的各个方面的情境,图12和后面的讨论意图提供关于可以在其中实施所公开的主题内容的各个方面的适当环境的简要的一般性描述。虽然前面是在运行在一台和/或多台计算机上的计算机程序的计算机可执行指令的一般情境中描述了本发明的主题内容,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所公开的主题内容还可以与其他程序模块相组合来实施。一般来说,程序模块包括实施特定任务和/或实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、组件、数据结构等等。
现在参照图13a、13b和13c,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的开槽波导耦合器系统1300的示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,在波导沿着连线发动导波的联结处附近呈现出各种波导的剖面。在图13a中,所述波导耦合器系统包括相对于波导1302被定位的连线1306,从而使得连线1306装配在形成于波导1302中的开槽内或其附近,其中波导1302相对于连线1306纵向延伸。波导1302的相对末端1304a和1304b以及波导1302本身环绕连线1306的连线表面小于180度。
在图13b中,所述波导耦合器系统包括相对于波导1308被定位的连线1314,从而使得连线1314装配在形成于波导1308中的开槽内或其附近,其中波导1308关于连线1314纵向延伸。波导1308的开槽表面可以是非平行的,并且在图13b中示出了两个不同的示例性实施例。在第一个示例性实施例中,开槽表面1310a和1310b可以是非平行的并且指向朝外,从而略宽于连线1314的宽度。在另一个实施例中,开槽表面1312a和1312b仍然可以是非平行的,但是收窄形成小于连线1314的宽度的开槽开口。非平行开槽表面的任何角度范围都是可能的,这仅仅是其中的两个示例性实施例。
在图13c中,所述波导耦合器系统示出了装配在形成于波导1316中的开槽内的连线1320。该示例性实施例中的开槽表面1318a和1318b可以是平行的,但是连线1320的轴1326不与波导1316的轴1324对准。波导1316和连线1320因此并不同轴对准。在所示出的另一个实施例中,1322处的连线的可能位置也具有不与波导1316的轴1324对准的轴1328。
应当认识到,虽然在图13a、13b和13c中分别示出了三个不同的实施例,其中所述三个实施例示出了a)环绕连线小于180度的波导表面、b)非平行开槽表面、以及c)同轴非对准连线和波导,但是在各个实施例中,可能有所列出的特征的多种组合。
现在参照图14,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导耦合系统1400的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。图14描绘出在图2、3、4等等中示出的波导和连线实施例的剖面表示。如在1400中可见,连线1404可以被直接定位到波导1402的旁边并且接触波导1402。在其他实施例中,如图14b中的波导耦合系统1410中所示,连线1414仍然可以被放置在附近,但是并不实际接触波导条带1412。在全部两种情况下,沿着波导行进的电磁波可以将其他电磁波感生到连线上并且反之亦然。此外,在全部两个实施例中,连线1404和1414被放置在由波导1402和1412的外部表面定义的剖面区域的外部。
出于本公开内容的目的,当波导没有环绕在剖面中看到的连线表面的多于180度的轴向区段时,波导不大部分环绕连线的连线表面。为了避免疑问,当波导环绕在剖面中看到的连线表面的180度或更小的轴向区段时,波导不大部分环绕连线的表面。
应当认识到,虽然图14和14b示出了具有圆形形状的连线1404和1414以及具有矩形形状的波导1402和1412,但是这并非意图作出限制。在其他实施例中,连线和波导可以具有多种形状、尺寸和配置。所述形状可以包括而不限于:椭圆形或其他类椭圆形状、八边形、四边形或具有尖锐或圆化边缘的其他多边形或者其他形状。此外,在一些实施例中,连线1404和1414可以是包括更小量规连线的多股绞线,比如螺旋绞股、编股或者将各个单独绞股耦合成单一连线的其他耦合。在附图中示出并且在本公开内容中描述的任何连线和波导可以包括这些实施例当中的一个或多个实施例。
在本发明的主题说明书中,例如“存储库”、“存储装置”、“数据存储库”、“数据存储装置”、“数据库”之类的术语以及基本上与组件的操作和功能有关的任何其他信息存储组件都指的是“存储器组件”,或者具体实现在“存储器”中的实体或者包括存储器的组件。应当认识到,这里所描述的存储器组件可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器全部二者,作为说明而非限制有易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、盘存储装置和存储器存储装置。此外,非易失性存储器可以被包括在只读存储器(ROM)、可编程ROM(PROM)、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可擦写ROM(EEPROM)或闪存中。易失性存储器可以包括充当外部高速缓冲存储器的随机存取存储器(RAM)。作为说明而非限制,RAM可以通过许多形式获得,比如同步RAM(SRAM)、动态RAM(DRAM)、同步DRAM(SDRAM)、双倍速率SDRAM(DDR SDRAM)、增强型SDRAM(ESDRAM)、同步链路DRAM(SLDRAM)以及直接Rambus RAM(DRRAM)。此外,这里的系统或方法的所公开的存储器组件意图包括而不限于包括前述和任何其他适当类型的存储器。
此外还应当提到的是,所公开的主题内容可以通过其他计算机系统配置来实践,其中包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算设备、大型计算机以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备(例如PDA、电话、手表、平板计算机、上网本计算机等等)、基于微处理器的或者可编程的消费或工业电子装置等等。所说明的各个方面还可以被实践在分布式计算环境中,其中各项任务由通过通信网络链路在一起的远程处理设备实施;但是本发明的主题公开内容的一些(如果不是所有)方面可以在独立的计算机上被实践。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块既可以位于本地存储器存储设备中也可以位于远程存储器存储设备中。
这里所描述的其中一些实施例还可以采用人工智能(AI)以促进这里所描述的一项或多项特征的自动化。举例来说,人工智能可以被用来确定应当环绕连线放置电介质波导604和606的位置,以便最大化传输效率。所述实施例(例如结合自动识别在添加到现有通信网络之后提供最大价值/益处的所获取的蜂窝站点)可以采用多种基于AI的方案以用于实施其各个实施例。此外,可以采用分类器来确定所获取的网络的每一个蜂窝站点的排序或优先级。分类器是把输入属性矢量x=(x1,x2,x3,x4,…,xn)映射到所述输入属于某一类别的置信度的函数,也就是说f(x)=confidence(c lass)。这样的分类可以采用概率和/或基于统计的分析(例如考虑到分析实用工具和成本)以便预测或推断出用户希望自动实施的动作。支持矢量机(SVM)是可以采用的分类器的一个实例。SVM通过在可能输入的空间中找到超曲面(hypersurface)来操作,所述超曲面尝试把触发标准与非触发事件分离。在直观上,这使得分类对于与训练数据接近但是并非完全相同的测试数据是正确的。其他定向(directed)和无定向(undirected)模型分类方法例如包括朴素贝叶斯、贝叶斯网络、决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑模型,并且可以采用提供不同的独立性模式的概率分类模型。这里所使用的分类还包含被利用来开发优先级模型的统计回归。
很容易认识到的是,其中一个或多个实施例可以采用明确地训练(例如通过通用训练数据)以及隐含地训练(例如通过观测UE行为、运营商优选项、历史信息、接收外来信息)的分类器。举例来说,SVM可以通过学习或训练阶段被配置在分类器构造器和特征选择模块内。因此,(多个)分类器可以被用来自动学习和实施若干功能,其中包括而不限于根据预定标准确定哪些所获取的蜂窝站点将使得最大数目的订户受益,以及/或者哪些所获取的蜂窝站点将对于现有的通信网络覆盖添加最小的价值等等。
在一些实施例中,在本申请中的一些情境中所使用的术语“组件”、“系统”等等意图指代或包括与计算机有关的实体或者与具有一项或多项特定功能的操作装置有关的实体,其中所述实体可以是硬件、硬件与软件的组合、软件或者执行中的软件。作为一个实例,组件可以是而不限于运行在处理器上的进程、处理器、对象、可执行程序、执行线程、计算机可执行指令、程序以及/或者计算机。作为说明而非限制,运行在服务器上的应用和服务器都可以是组件。一个或多个组件可以驻留在进程和/或执行线程内,并且一个组件可以局部化在一台计算机上并且/或者分布在两台或更多台计算机之间。此外,这些组件可以从具有存储在其上的多种数据结构的多种计算机可读介质执行。所述组件可以例如根据具有一个或多个数据分组(例如来自与本地系统、分布式系统中的另一个组件进行交互以及/或者跨越例如因特网之类的网络通过信号与其他系统进行交互的一个组件的数据)的信号通过本地和/或远程进程进行通信。作为另一个实例,组件可以是具有由通过电气或电子电路操作的机械部件提供的特定功能的装置,其由通过处理器执行的软件或固件应用操作,其中所述处理器可以处于所述装置的内部或外部并且执行所述软件或固件应用的至少一部分。作为另一个实例,组件可以是通过不具有机械部件的电子组件提供特定功能的装置,所述电子组件可以在其中包括处理器,以便执行至少部分地授予所述电子组件的功能的软件或固件。虽然各个组件被图示成单独的组件,但是应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,多个组件可以被实施成单个组件,或者单个组件可以被实施成多个组件。
此外,各个实施例可以被实施成一种方法、装置或制造品,其使用标准编程和/或工程技术以产生软件、固件、硬件或者其任意组合,以便控制计算机实施所公开的主题内容。这里所使用的术语“制造产品”意图涵盖可以从任何计算机可读设备或者计算机可读存储/通信介质访问的计算机程序。举例来说,计算机可读存储介质可以包括而不限于磁性存储设备(例如硬盘、软盘、磁条)、光盘(例如紧致盘(CD)、数字通用盘(DVD))、智能卡以及闪存设备(例如卡、棒、闪存盘)。当然,本领域技术人员将认识到,在不背离各个实施例的范围或精神的情况下可以对这种配置作出许多修改。
此外,这里所使用的单词“实例”和“示例性”用以表明充当实例或说明。在这里被描述成“实例”或“示例性”的任何实施例或设计不一定应当被解释成比起其他实施例或设计是优选的或有利的。相反,使用“实例”或“示例性”一词意图以具体的方式给出概念。在本申请中使用的术语“或者”意图表明包含性的“或者”而不是排他性的“或者”。也就是说,除非另行表明或者从上下文可以清楚看出,否则“X采用A或B”意图表明任何自然包含性排列。也就是说,如果X采用A;X采用B;或者X采用A和B全部二者,则在任何前述实例下都满足“X采用A或B”。此外,除非另行表明或者从上下文清楚看出是针对单数形式,否则在本申请和所附权利要求书中使用的冠词“一个”和“某一”通常应当被解释成意味着“一个或多个”。
此外,例如“用户装备”、“移动站”、“移动”、“订户站”、“接入终端”、“终端”、“手机”、“移动设备”之类的术语(以及/或者表示类似专有名词的术语)可以指代由无线通信服务的订户或用户利用来接收或传递数据、控制、语音、视频、声音、游戏或者基本上任何数据流或信令流的无线设备。前面的术语在这里并且参照有关的附图可以被互换利用。
此外,除非上下文使得有理由在“用户”、“订户”、“顾客”、“消费者”等术语之间作出具体区分,否则所述术语始终被可互换地采用。应当认识到,这样的术语可以指代人类实体或者通过人工智能(例如至少基于复杂的数学形式体系作出推断的能力)所支持的自动化组件,其可以提供模拟视觉、声音辨识等等。
这里所采用的术语“处理器”可以指代基本上任何计算处理单元或设备,其中包括而不限于包括:单核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的单处理器;多核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的多核处理器;具有硬件多线程技术的多核处理器;并行平台;以及具有分布式共享存储器的并行平台。此外,处理器可以指代被设计成实施这里所描述的功能的集成电路、专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、复杂可编程逻辑设备(CPLD)、分立的门或晶体管逻辑、分立的硬件组件或者其任意组合。处理器可以利用纳米尺度架构,比如(而不限于)基于分子和量子点的晶体管、开关和门,以便优化用户装备的空间使用或者增强用户装备的性能。处理器还可以被实施成各个计算处理单元的组合。
现在参照图15,图中所示的方块图示出了导波通信系统1550的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在操作中,传送设备1500从通信网络或其他通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个现在参照图15,图中所示的方块图示出了导波通信系统1550的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在操作中,传送设备1500从通信网络或其他通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个通信信号1510,并且生成用以通过传输介质1525向传送设备1502传递所述数据的导波1520。传送设备1502接收导波1520并且将其转换到包括数据的通信信号1512,以供传送到通信网络或其他通信设备。所述一个或多个通信网络可以包括无线通信网络,比如蜂窝语音和数据网络、无线局域网、卫星通信网络、个人区域网或者其他无线网络。所述一个或多个通信网络可以包括有线通信网络,比如电话网络、以太网网络、局域网、广域网(比如因特网)、宽带接入网络、有线电视网络、光纤网络或者其他有线网络。所述通信设备可以包括网络边缘设备、桥接设备或家庭网关、机顶盒、宽带调制解调器、电话适配器、接入点、基站或者其他固定通信设备,并且可以包括移动通信设备,比如汽车网关、膝上型计算机、平板设备、智能电话、蜂窝电话或者其他通信设备。
在一个示例性实施例中,导波通信系统1550可以按照双向方式操作,其中传送设备1500从通信网络或设备接收包括其他数据的一个或多个通信信号1512,并且生成用以通过传输介质1525向传送设备在一个示例性实施例中,导波通信系统1550可以按照双向方式操作,其中传送设备1500从通信网络或设备接收包括其他数据的一个或多个通信信号1512,并且生成用以通过传输介质1525向传送设备1500传递所述其他数据的导波1522。在这种操作模式中,传送设备1502接收导波1522并且将其转换到包括所述其他数据的通信信号1510,以供传送到通信网络或设备。
传输介质1525可以包括具有被电介质材料环绕的至少一个内部部分的连线或其他导体或内部部分,其中所述电介质材料具有外部表面和相应的周长。在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质1525作为用以引导电磁波的传输的单线传输线操作。当传输介质1525被实施成单线传输系统时,其可以包括连线。所述连线可以是绝缘或非绝缘,并且可以是单股或多股。在其他实施例中,传输介质1525可以包含具有形状或配置的导体,其中包括线束、电缆、连杆、轨道、管道。此外,传输介质1525可以包括例如电介质管道、连杆、轨道或其他电介质构件之类的非导体;导体与电介质材料的组合,或者其他导波传输介质。应当提到的是,传输介质1525可以包括先前结合图1-14所讨论的任何传输介质。
根据一个示例性实施例,导波1520和1522可以与通过自由空间/空气的无线电传输或者电功率或信号经过连线的导体的传统传播相对照。具体来说,导波1520和1522是环绕传输介质的表面的全部或一部分并且以低损耗沿着传输介质从传送设备1500传播到传送设备1502(或者反之亦然)的表面波和其他电磁波。导波1520和1522可以具有主要或基本上处于传输介质1525的外部的场结构(例如电磁场结构)。除了导波1520和1522的传播之外,传输介质1525可以可选地包含作为一个或多个电路的一部分按照传统方式传播电功率或其他通信信号的一条或多条连线。根据一个示例性实施例,导波1520和1522可以与通过自由空间/空气的无线电传输或者电功率或信号经过连线的导体的传统传播相对照。具体来说,导波1520和1522是环绕传输介质的表面的全部或一部分并且以低损耗沿着传输介质从传送设备1500传播到传送设备1502(或者反之亦然)的表面波和其他电磁波。导波1520和1522可以具有主要或基本上处于传输介质1525的外部的场结构(例如电磁场结构)。除了导波1520和1522的传播之外,传输介质1525可以可选地包含作为一个或多个电路的一部分按照传统方式传播电功率或其他通信信号的一条或多条连线。
现在参照图16,该图所示的方块图示出了传送设备1500或1502的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。传送设备1500或1502包括通信接口(I/F)1600、收发器1610和耦合器1620。
在一个操作实例中,通信接口1600接收包括第一数据的通信信号1510或1512。在各个实施例中,通信接口1600可以包括用于根据无线标准协议接收无线通信信号的无线接口,比如LTE或其他蜂窝语音和数据协议、802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议、直接广播卫星(DBS)或其他卫星通信协议或者其他无线协议。作为补充或替换,通信接口1600包括根据以下协议操作的有线接口:以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视数据服务接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字订户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE 1394)协议或者其他有线协议。除了基于标准的协议之外,通信接口1600还可以与其他有线或无线协议相结合来操作。此外,通信接口1600可以可选地与包括多个协议层的协议栈相结合来操作。
在一个操作实例中,收发器1610基于通信信号1510或1512生成用以传递第一数据的第一电磁波。第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。在各个实施例中,收发器1610是操作在一定载波频率处的微波收发器,所述载波频率的相应波长小于传输介质1525的周长。所述载波频率可以处于30GHz-300GHz的毫米波频带内,或者处于微波频带中的3GHz-30GHz的较低频带内。在一种操作模式中,收发器1610仅仅对一个或多个通信信号1510或1512进行上变频,以便在微波或毫米波段内传送第一电磁信号。在另一种操作模式中,通信接口1600或者把通信信号1510或1512转换到基带或近基带信号,或者从通信信号1510或1512中提取出第一数据,并且收发器1610对第一数据、基带或近基带信号进行调制以供传送。
在一个操作实例中,耦合器1620把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质1525。耦合器1620可以通过电介质波导耦合器或者结合图1-14描述的任何耦合器和耦合设备来实施。在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质1525包括被具有外部表面的电介质环绕的连线或其他内部元件。所述电介质材料可以包括绝缘外套、电介质涂层或者传输介质1525的外部表面上的其他电介质。所述内部部分可以包括电介质或其他绝缘体、导体、空气或其他气体或空隙、或者一个或多个导体。在一个操作实例中,耦合器1620把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质1525。耦合器1620可以通过电介质波导耦合器或者结合图1-14描述的任何耦合器和耦合设备来实施。在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质1525包括被具有外部表面的电介质环绕的连线或其他内部元件。所述电介质材料可以包括绝缘外套、电介质涂层或者传输介质1525的外部表面上的其他电介质。所述内部部分可以包括电介质或其他绝缘体、导体、空气或其他气体或空隙、或者一个或多个导体。
在一个操作实例中,第一电磁波到传输介质1525的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的电介质材料的外部表面传播,所述至少一种导波模式包括非对称模式并且可选地还包括一种或多种其他模式,其中包括基本(对称)模式或其他非对称(非基本)模式。所述电介质材料的外部表面可以是绝缘外套、电介质涂层或其他电介质的外部表面。在一个示例性实施例中,由收发器1610生成的第一电磁波被引导通过包括对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着耦合器传播,其中耦合器与传输介质之间的联结感生出第二电磁波的非对称模式并且可选地感生出第二电磁波的对称模式。
在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质1525是具有外部表面和相应的周长的单线传输介质,并且把第一电磁波耦合到单线传输介质。具体来说,第一电磁波到单线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着单线传输介质的外部表面传播,所述至少一种导波模式包括至少一种非对称模式并且可选地包括对称模式和其他非对称模式,其中所述载波频率处于微波或毫米波频带内,并且所述相应的波长小于单线传输介质的周长。在一种操作模式中,第一电磁波被引导通过包括对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着耦合器传播,并且耦合器与传输介质之间的联结既感生出第二电磁波的非对称模式并且当存在时还感生出第二电磁波的对称模式。
虽然前面的描述集中在收发器1610作为传送器的操作上,但是收发器1610也可以操作来通过耦合器1620从单线传输介质接收传递第二数据的电磁波,并且通过通信接口1600生成包括第二数据的通信信号1510或1512。考虑其中传递第二数据的第三电磁波同样沿着传输介质1525的电介质材料的外部表面传播的实施例。耦合器1620同样从传输介质1525耦合第三电磁波以形成第四电磁波。收发器1610接收第四电磁波并且生成包括第二数据的第二通信信号。通信接口1600把第二通信信号发送到通信网络或通信设备。
现在参照图17,该图示出了电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在该实施例中,空气中的传输介质1525包括内部导体1700和电介质材料的绝缘外套1702,并且其剖面被示出。该图包括不同的灰度,所述不同的灰度表示通过具有非对称模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。所述导波具有主要或基本上处于用来引导波的传输介质1525外部的场结构。导体1700内部的区段只有很少或者不具有场。同样地,绝缘外套1702内部的区段具有低场强度。大多数电磁场强度分布在绝缘外套1702的外部表面处的波瓣1704中并且紧邻绝缘外套1702。通过绝缘外套1702的外部表面的顶部和底部处的高电磁场强度(相对于绝缘外套1702的其他侧面的非常小的场强度)示出了非对称导波模式的存在。
所示出的实例对应于通过具有1.1cm的直径和0.36cm厚度的电介质绝缘的连线所引导的38GHz波。由于电磁波通过传输介质1525引导并且大部分场强度集中在外部表面的有限距离内的绝缘外套1702外部的空气中,因此导波能够以非常低的损耗沿着传输介质1525纵向地向下传播。在所示出的实例中,该“有限距离”对应于相距外部表面的小于传输介质1525的最大剖面规格的一半的距离。在本例中,所述连线的最大剖面规格对应于1.82cm的总体直径,但是这一数值可以随着传输介质1525的尺寸和形状而改变。举例来说,如果传输介质具有矩形形状并且具有0.3cm的高度和0.4cm的宽度,则最大剖面规格将是0.5cm的对角线,并且相应的有限距离将是0.25cm。
在一个示例性实施例中,该特定非对称传播模式通过具有一定频率的电磁波在传输介质1525上被感生出来,所述频率落在所述非对称模式的下限截止频率的有限范围内(比如+25%)。对于所示出的包括被绝缘外套1702环绕的内部导体1700的实施例,该截止频率可以基于绝缘外套1702的规格和属性并且潜在地基于内部导体1700的规格和属性而改变,并且可以通过经验确定以具有所期望的模式样式。但是应当提到的是,对于不具有内部导体的中空电介质或绝缘体可以发现类似的效应。在这种情况下,截止频率可以基于中空电介质或绝缘体的规格和属性而改变。
在低于下限截止频率的频率处,所述非对称模式难以在传输介质1525中感生出来,并且只能传播微不足道的距离。随着频率提高到截止频率附近的所述有限频率范围以上,所述非对称模式越来越多地朝向绝缘外套1702的内部偏移。在远高于截止频率的频率处,场强度不再集中于绝缘外套的外部,而是主要集中于绝缘外套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是由于是在绝缘外套1702之内而不是在周围空气中传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加而更加受到限制。
现在参照图18,该图示出了各种电磁场分布的示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,其中示出了类似于图17的剖面图1800,并且共同的附图标记被用来指代类似的单元。在剖面1800中示出的实例对应于通过具有1.1cm的直径和0.36cm厚度的电介质绝缘的连线所引导的60GHz波。由于波的频率高于截止频率的所述有限范围,因此非对称模式已朝向绝缘外套1702的内部偏移。具体来说,场强度主要集中于绝缘外套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是由于是在绝缘外套1702之内传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加与图17的实施例相比更加受到限制。
图示1802、1804、1806和1808还给出了空气中的传输介质1525的实施例,其包括在纵向剖面中示出的内部导体和电介质材料的绝缘外套。这些图示包括不同的灰度,所述不同的灰度表示通过具有不同频率处的非对称模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。正如通过图示1808所表示的那样,在低于下限截止频率的频率处,电场并未严密地耦合到传输介质1525的表面。所述非对称模式难以在传输介质1525中感生出来,并且只能传播微不足道的距离。正如通过图示1806所表示的那样,在处于截止频率的所述有限范围内的频率处,虽然其中一些电场强度处于绝缘外套内,但是导波具有主要或基本上处于用来引导波的传输介质1525外部的场结构。正如结合图17所讨论的那样,导体1700内部的区段只有很少或者不具有场,并且在合理的距离上支持传播。正如通过图示1804所表示的那样,随着频率提高到截止频率附近的所述有限频率范围以上,所述非对称模式越来越多地朝向传输介质1525的绝缘外套的内部偏移,从而增加传播损耗并且减小作用距离。正如通过图示1802所表示的那样,在远高于截止频率的频率处,场强度不再集中于绝缘外套的外部,而是主要集中于绝缘外套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是由于是在绝缘外套1702之内而不是在周围空气中传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加而更加受到限制。
现在参照图19,其中示出了传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,其中给出了类似于图16的图示,并且共同的附图标记被用来指代类似的单元。传送设备1500或1502包括接收包括数据的通信信号1510或1512的通信接口1600。收发器1610基于通信信号1510或1512生成用以传递第一数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合器1620把第一电磁波耦合到具有被电介质材料环绕的至少一个内部部分的传输介质1525,所述电介质材料具有外部表面和相应的周长。第一电磁波被耦合到传输介质以形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着电介质材料的外部表面传播。所述导波模式包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式,并且所述载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
传送设备1500或1502包括可选的训练控制器1900。在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器1900通过独立的处理器或者与传送设备1500或1502的一个或多个传送设备1500或1502包括可选的训练控制器1900。在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器1900通过独立的处理器或者与传送设备1500或1502的一个或多个其他组件共享的处理器来实施。训练控制器1900基于反馈数据选择处于下限截止频率的所述有限范围内的载波频率,所述反馈数据是由收发器1610接收自被耦合来接收第二电磁波的至少一个远程传送设备。
在一个示例性实施例中,由远程传送设备1500或1502传送的第三电磁波传递第二数据,所述第三电磁波同样沿着传输介质1525的电介质材料的外部表面传播。可以生成包括反馈数据的第二数据。在操作中,耦合器1620同样从传输介质1525耦合第三电磁波以形成第四电磁波,收发器接收第四电磁波并且处理第四电磁波以便提取第二数据。
在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器1900基于反馈数据操作来评估多个候选频率,并且作为所述多个候选频率的其中之一选择处于下限截止频率的所述有限范围内的载波频率。举例来说,可以基于以下标准来选择候选频率:处于微波或毫米波频带内,具有大于传输介质1525的外部周长的波长,小于构成传输介质1525的一部分的导体中的平均电子碰撞频率,基于表明对应于特定传输介质1525和所选非对称模式的截止频率附近的有限频率范围的实验结果,以及/或者基于实验结果或仿真。
考虑下面的实例:传送设备1500在训练控制器1900的控制下开始操作,这是通过在相应的多个候选频率处发送多个导波以作为测试信号(比如1)或导频波,其被导向耦合到传输介质1525的远程传送设备1502。传送设备1500可以生成第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波被耦合到传输介质上以作为第二电磁波。虽然导波模式可以不同,但是第二电磁波的一个或多个载波频率通常等于第一电磁波的一个或多个载波频率。但是在所述耦合由于联结、耦合器的非线性单元或者其他非线性而包括非线性的情况下,第二电磁波的一种或多种导波模式的载波频率可以处于一个或多个谐波频率,处于两个或更多载波频率之和,或者处于两个或更多载波频率之差。在任一种情况下,可以选择在传输介质上发动的电磁波的一个或多个载波频率,这是基于关于所述耦合的线性或非线性效应的知识,并且还基于关于为了在传输介质上发动波而被耦合的波的一个或多个载波频率的选择。
所述导波可以附加地或替换地包括相应的多个候选频率处的测试数据,其被导向耦合到传输介质1525的传送设备1502。所述测试数据可以表明信号的特定候选频率。在一个实施例中,远程传送设备1502处的训练控制器1900接收来自被正确接收到的任何导波的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定最佳候选频率、可接受候选频率的集合或者候选频率的排序。所述一个或多个候选频率由训练控制器1900基于一条或多条优化标准生成,所述优化标准比如有接收信号强度、误比特率、分组错误率、信噪比、具有降低的或最低传播损耗的载波频率、被检测到的载波频率、基于对于任一条先前标准的分析、处于非基本模式的截止频率的有限范围内,或者可以由远程传送设备1502的收发器1610生成其他优化标准。训练控制器1900生成表明一个或多个候选频率的反馈数据,并且把反馈数据发送到收发器1610以供传送到传送设备1500。传送设备1500或1502随后可以利用所表明的一个或多个载波频率彼此传送数据。
在其他实施例中,包含测试信号和/或测试数据的电磁波被远程传送设备1502反射回到、转发回到或者通过其他方式回传到传送设备1502,以便由发起这些波的传送设备1502的训练控制器1900进行接收和分析。举例来说,传送设备1502可以向远程传送设备1502发送信号以发起测试模式,其中切换线路上的物理反射器,改变端接阻抗以引起反射,接通回传电路以把电磁波耦合回到来源传送设备1502,并且/或者启用转发器模式以便放大电磁波并且将其重传回到来源传送设备1502。来源传送设备1502处的训练控制器1900接收来自被正确接收到的任何导波的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定最佳候选频率、可接受候选频率的集合或者候选频率的排序。所述一个或多个候选频率由训练控制器1900基于一条或多条优化标准生成,所述优化标准比如有接收信号强度、误比特率、分组错误率、信噪比,或者可以由远程传送设备1502的收发器1610生成其他优化标准。
虽然前面的规程是在启动或初始化操作模式中描述的,但是每一个传送设备1500或1502也可以在其他时间发送测试信号或者通过其他方式评估候选频率。在一个示例性实施例中,传送设备1500与1502之间的通信协议可以包括周期性测试模式,其中对于候选频率的一个子集的完全测试或者更加有限的测试进行测试和评估。在其他操作模式中,通过由于干扰、天气状况等等所导致的性能降低可以触发重新进入这样的测试模式。在一个示例性实施例中,收发器1610的接收器带宽或者宽到足以包括所有候选频率,或者可以由训练控制器1900选择性地调节到训练模式,其中收发器1610的接收器带宽具有足以包括所有候选频率的宽度。
虽然前面将导波描述成在传输介质1525的外部电介质表面的外部表面上传播,但是同样可以采用传输介质1525的其他外部表面,其中包括裸线的外部表面。此外,虽然前面将训练控制器1900描述成选择处于非对称模式的下限截止频率的有限范围内的候选频率,但是训练控制器1900也可以被用来基于一条或多条性能标准来建立优化、显著优化或者Pareto优化沿着传输介质1525的传播的候选频率,所述性能标准比如有吞吐量、分组错误率、信号强度、信噪比、信干噪比、多信道系统中的信道分离以及/或者其他性能标准,而不管是否具有非对称模式,也不管候选频率是否落在任何特定模式的下限截止频率的有限范围内。
图20a是传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图,并且图20b提供了根据这里所描述的各个方面的各种耦合器形状的示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,所示出的传送设备2000包括多个收发器(Xcvr)2020,每一个收发器具有耦合到相应的波导2022和耦合器2004的传送设备(或传送器)和/或接收设备(接收器)。所述多个耦合器2004可以被统称作“耦合模块”。这样的耦合模块的每一个耦合器2004包括接收部分2010,其通过波导2022从收发器2020的传送设备接收传递第一数据的电磁波2006。耦合器2004的引导部分2012把电磁波2006引导到用于把电磁波2006耦合到传输介质2002的联结2014。在所示出的实施例中,联结2014出于说明性目的包括气隙,但是无论具有还是不具有气隙的其他配置都是可能的。引导部分2012包括通过特定锥化形状示出的端接在联结2014处的耦合末端2015;但是其他形状和配置同样是可能的。耦合器2004的耦合末端2015例如可以具有锥化、圆化或斜切形状(2050、2052、2054或2056)或者更加复杂的多维形状。具体来说,与耦合设备相交从而产生所述锥化、斜切或圆化的平面的数目可以是两个或更多,从而使得所得到的形状比沿着单一平面的简单角度切割更加复杂。
在操作中,耦合末端2015的锥化、圆化或斜切可以减少或者基本上消除沿着引导部分返回的电磁波的反射,同时还增强到和来自传输介质2002的这些电磁波的耦合(例如耦合效率)。此外,接收部分2010可以具有接收末端,其同样被锥化、圆化或斜切以便增强到和来自收发器2020的波导2022的耦合。虽然没有被明确示出,该接收末端可以凹陷在波导2022内。引导部分2012、波导2022、接收部分2010和耦合末端2015的剖面可以分别是形状2060、2062、2064、2066、2068或2070当中的任一种。
每一个电磁波2006通过至少一种第一导波模式传播。电磁波2006通过一个或多个联结2014到传输介质2002的耦合形成多个电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008通过可以每一个电磁波2006通过至少一种第一导波模式传播。电磁波2006通过一个或多个联结2014到传输介质2002的耦合形成多个电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008被引导通过可以不同于第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着传输介质2002的外部表面传播。传输介质2002可以是单线传输介质或其他传输介质,其支持电磁波2008沿着传输介质2002的外部表面的传播以便传递第一数据。应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,这里所描述的单线传输介质可以由被捆束或编股在一起的多个绞股或线段构成。
在各个实施例中,电磁波2006通过一种或多种第一导波模式沿着耦合器2004传播,所述一种或多种第一导波模式可以排他地或者基本上排他地包括对称(基本)模式,但是作为补充或替换可以可选地包括其他模式。根据这些实施例,如果受到传输介质2002的特性的支持,电磁波2008的第二导波模式包括未被包括在沿着每一个耦合器2004传播的电磁波2006的导波模式中的至少一种非对称(非基本)模式。举例来说,在一个实施例中,绝缘连线传输介质可以支持至少一种非对称(非基本)模式。在操作中,联结2014在传输介质2002上感生出电磁波2008从而可选地包括对称(基本)模式,而且还有未被包括在沿着耦合器2004传播的电磁波2006的导波模式中的一种或多种非对称(非基本)模式。
更一般来说,考虑将通过模式集合S1定义的一种或多种第一导波模式,其中:
S1=(m11,m12,m13,…)
并且其中各种单独的模式m11,m12,m13,…可以分别是传播超出微不足道的距离的对称(或基本)模式或非对称(或非基本)模式,也就是说沿着从接收末端2010到另一末端2015的耦合器2004的引导部分2012的长度传播。在一个实施例中,电磁波2006的一种或多种导波模式包括场分布,所述场分布在联结2014处与传输介质2002具有高度重叠,从而把很大一部分或者大部分的电磁能耦合到传输介质。除了减少反射之外,耦合末端2015的锥化、圆化和/或斜切也可以促进这样的效果(例如高耦合效率或能量转移)。随着耦合器的剖面积沿着耦合末端2015减小,场分布的尺寸可以增大,从而在联结2014处以及在传输介质2002处或其附近涵盖更多场强度。在一个实例中,由耦合器2004在联结2014处感生出的场分布具有近似传输介质本身的一种或多种传播模式的形状,从而增加被转换到传输介质的传播模式的电磁能的数量。
此外还考虑将通过模式集合S2定义的一种或多种第二导波模式,其中:
S2=(m21,m22,m23,…)
并且各种单独的模式m21,m22,m23,…可以分别是沿着传输介质2002的长度传播超出微不足道的距离的对称(或基本)模式或非对称(或非基本)模式,也就是说高效地传播以到达耦合在传输介质2002上的不同位置处的远程传送设备。
在各个实施例中,所述至少一种第一导波模式不同于至少一种第二导波模式的条件意味着S1≠S2。具体来说,S1可以是S2的真子集,S2可以是S1的真子集,或者S1与S2之间的交集可以是空集。
除了作为传送器操作之外,传送设备2000还可以作为接收器操作或者包括接收器。在这种操作模式中,传递第二数据的多个电磁波2018同样沿着传输介质2002的外部表面传播,但是在与电磁波2008相反的方向上传播。每一个联结2014从传输介质2002耦合其中一个电磁波2018,从而形成通过引导部分2012被引导到相应的收发器2020的接收器的电磁波2016。
在各个实施例中,通过多个第二电磁波2008传递的第一数据包括彼此不同的多个数据流,并且所述多个第一电磁波2006当中的每一个传递所述多个数据流当中的一个。更一般来说,收发器2020操作来通过时分多路复用或者某种其他形式的多路复用(比如频分多路复用或者模分多路复用)传递相同的数据流或不同的数据流。通过这种方式,收发器2020可以与MIMO传输系统相结合地被使用来通过轴向分集、循环延迟分集、空间编码、空间时间块编码、空间频率块编码、混合空间时间/频率块编码、单流多耦合器空间映射或者其他传送/接收方案来发送和接收全双工数据。
虽然传送设备2000被显示成具有安排在传输介质2002的顶部和底部处的两个收发器2020和两个耦合器2004,但是其他配置可以包括三个或更多收发器和相应的耦合器。举例来说,可以在0、π/2、π和3π/4的等距指向处环绕圆柱形传输介质的外部表面成角度地安排具有四个收发器2020和四个耦合器2004的传送设备2000。考虑另一个实例,具有n个收发器2020的传送设备2000可以包括相隔2π/n角度环绕圆柱形传输介质的外部表面成角度地安排的n个耦合器2004。但是应当提到的是,也可以使用耦合器之间的不相等的角度位移。
图21是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,传送设备2100被显示成可以被实施成双向转发器2150的一部分,比如结合图7呈现出的转发器设备710或者包括两个类似的收发器2020和2020’的其他转发器的全部或一部分。来自图20的类似单元由共同的附图标记表示。此外,传送设备2100还包括屏蔽2125。在一个实施例中,屏蔽2125(其在一个实施例中可以包括阻尼器)由吸收或阻尼材料构造并且环绕传输介质2002。在一个通信方向上,当电磁波2014耦合到耦合器2004以生成电磁波2108时,其一部分可以作为电磁波2106沿着传输介质2002继续。屏蔽2125基本上或者完全吸收电磁波2106,从而使其将不会继续传播,从而缓解了与处于屏蔽2125另一侧的收发器2020’的操作的干扰。为了继续这一通信的流程,通过收发器2020接收到的来自电磁波2108的数据或信号被耦合到收发器2020’,并且在相同的方向上在传输介质2002上被重新发动。
屏蔽2125可以对于相反方向上的通信实施类似的功能。当电磁波2110被耦合到耦合器2004以生成电磁波2114时,其一部分作为电磁波2112沿着传输介质2002继续。屏蔽2125基本上或者完全吸收电磁波2112,从而使其将不会继续传播,从而缓解了与处于屏蔽2125另一侧的收发器2020的操作的干扰,同时加强并且增强耦合器2004的固有方向性。如图所示,屏蔽2125在全部两侧都被锥化、圆化或斜切,以便最小化反射并且/或者提供阻抗匹配,但是其他设计同样是可能的。
图22a是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。具体来说,对于包括耦合器2202的传送设备在二维中呈现出电磁分布2200,所述耦合器2202比如是先前所描述的任何电介质波导耦合器。耦合器2202耦合电磁波以用于沿着传输介质2204的外部表面传播,所述传输介质2204比如是单线传输介质。
耦合器2202通过对称导波模式将电磁波引导到x0处的联结。如图所示,沿着耦合器2202传播的电磁波的大部分能量被包含在耦合器2202内。x0处的联结在对应于传输介质2204底部的方位角角度处把电磁波耦合到传输介质。这一耦合感生出被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播的电磁波。沿着传输介质2204传播的电磁波的大部分能量处于传输介质2204的外部但是紧邻其外部表面。在所示出的实例中,x0处的联结形成同时通过对称模式和掠过传输介质2204的表面的至少一种非对称表面模式传播的电磁波,比如结合图17呈现出的一阶模式。
沿着传输介质2204的表面传播的电磁波的(多种)对称和非对称传播模式的组合形成一个包络,所述包络作为相对于定义耦合器2202关于传输介质2204的指向的方位角角度的角度偏差的函数并且作为相对于x0处的联结的纵向位移的函数而变化。考虑将通过函数W(Δθ,Δx,t)表示的电磁波,其中Δθ表示相对于定义耦合器2202关于传输介质2204的指向的方位角角度的角度偏差,Δx表示相对于x0处的联结的纵向位移的函数,并且t表示时间。电磁波W的包络可以通过A(Δθ,Δx)表示,其中对于0≤t≤∞:
A(Δθ,Δx)=Max(W(Δθ,Δx,t))
因此,随着波沿着传输介质的长度(Δx)传播,电磁波W作为时间的函数而变化,包络A则是对应于任何时间(t)的电磁波的最大幅度。与驻波相同,包络A是沿着传输介质的纵向位移的相对时间平稳函数。包络可以基于传输介质的缓慢改变的参数(比如温度或其他环境条件)而变化,同时包络通常不会作为时间的函数而变化。但是不同于驻波,包络函数的波长与电磁波的波长不同。具体来说,包络函数的波长远大于底层电磁波的波长。在所示出的实例中,底层电磁波的波长是λc≈0.8cm,包络函数的波长则是超过10倍大。此外,不同于传统的驻波,包络A还作为Δθ的函数而变化,其中Δθ是相对于定义耦合器2202关于传输介质2204的指向的方位角角度的角度偏差。
在所示出的实例中,耦合器2202在传输介质2204的第一表面(底部)处在传输介质2204上感生出电磁波。在x0处的联结处,电磁波集中在传输介质的底部,并且在与传输介质2004的第一侧(顶部)相反的第二表面上具有小得多的辐射水平。传输介质2204的第一表面(底部)处的电磁波的包络在传播方向2206上沿着传输介质减小,直到在x1处达到最小值。替换地考虑传输介质2204的第二表面(顶部),电磁波的包络在传播方向2206上沿着传输介质减小,直到在x1处达到最大值。通过这种方式,随着电磁波沿着传播方向2206传播,所述包络大致遵循蛇形图案(serpentine pattern),其在最小值与最大值之间振荡,并且沿着传输介质2204的第一表面(顶部)和第二表面(底部)集中。应当认识到,基于耦合器2202关于传输介质2204的定位,在另一个实施例中可以交换第一和第二表面。举例来说,在一个实施例中,第一表面可以处在其中耦合器2202与传输介质交会的相同表面上。
数值Δθ=0对应于相对于定义耦合器2202关于传输介质2204的指向的方向角角度没有角度偏差——也就是传输介质2204的第一表面(底部)。传输介质2204的顶部处的相对表面对应于Δθ=π,也就是弧度为π的角度偏差。在所示出的实施例中,对于Δθ=0,所述包络在x0和x2处具有局部最大值,并且在x1处具有局部最小值。相反,对于Δθ=π,所述包络在x0和x2处具有局部最小值,并且在x1处具有局部最大值。
图22b是根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。具体来说,对于包括先前所描述的任何耦合器的传送设备在二维中呈现出电磁分布2210。电磁波2212沿着传输介质2214的外部表面传播,比如单线传输介质或者先前讨论过的其他传输介质。
沿着传输介质2214传播的电磁波2212的大部分能量处于传输介质2214的外部但是紧邻其外部表面。电磁波2214的(多种)对称和非对称传播模式的组合形成一个包络,所述包络作为角度指向的函数并且作为沿着传输介质2214的纵向位移的函数而变化。随着电磁波2212沿着传播方向2216传播,电磁波2212的包络大致遵循蛇形图案,其在最小值与最大值之间振荡,并且沿着传输介质2214的顶部和底部集中。
考虑对应于传输介质2214的底部的方位角指向θ=0。传输介质2904的顶部处的相对表面对应于θ=π,也就是弧度为π的方位角指向。在所示出的实施例中,对于θ=0,所述包络在(x1,x3,x5,x7)处具有局部最大值,并且在(x2,x4,x6)处具有局部最小值。相反,对于θ=π,所述包络在(x1,x3,x5,x7)处具有局部最小值,并且在(x2,x4,x6)处具有局部最大值。
图23是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的函数的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。具体来说,曲线图2300呈现出对应于两个不同的固定角度偏差Δθ的包络A的近似。如图所示,包络A是在最大值Amax与最小值Amin之间变化的周期性函数。
函数2302呈现出对应于固定角度偏差Δθ=0的包络A的近似。在这种情况下:
A(0,Δx)=((Amax-Amin)D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λs))+Amin
其中,D(Δx)是具有D(0)=1的数值的单调递减函数,其表示电磁波W沿着传输介质的长度传播时的幅度的逐渐衰减,并且其中λs表示包络的波长。在所示出的实例中:
λs=2(x1–x0)
在该例中,对于Δθ=0,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=0,λs,2λs…
或者更一般来说是在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=Nλs
其中,N是整数。此外,对于Δθ=0,所述包络在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=λs/2,3λs/2…
或者更一般来说是在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=(2N+1)λs/2
函数2304呈现出对应于固定角度偏差Δθ=π的包络A的近似。在这种情况下:
A(π,Δx)=((Amax-Amin)D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λs+π))+Amin
在该例中,对于Δθ=π,所述包络在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=0,λs,2λs…
或者更一般来说是在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=Nλs
其中,N是整数。此外,对于Δθ=0,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=λs/2,3λs/2…
或者更一般来说是在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=(2N+1)λs/2
虽然函数2302和2304呈现出传输介质的顶部和底部处的包络A的近似,但是在一个实施例中,电磁波W的至少一种导波模式随着波沿着传输介质的长度传播而发生角度旋转。在这种情况下,取决于轴向旋转是顺时针还是逆时针,包络A可以被如下近似:
A(Δθ,Δx)=((Amax-Amin)D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λs+Δθ))+Amin
或者
A(Δθ,Δx)=((Amax-Amin)D(Δx)cos(-2πΔx/λs+Δθ))+Amin
应当提到的是,与前面给出的实例一致,对于Δθ=π,所述包络在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=Nλs
并且对于Δθ=0,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=(2N+1)λs/2
考虑Δx的固定数值,对于Δx=0,所述包络在下处具有局部最小值:
Δθ=π
并且在下处具有局部最大值:
Δθ=0
对于Δx=λs/2,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δθ=π
并且在下处具有局部最小值:
Δθ=0
使用前面的近似,还可以对于其他轴向偏差计算局部最小值和最大值。考虑其中Δθ=π/2的情况和顺时针旋转,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=λs/4,5λs/4…
并且在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=3λs/4,7λs/4…
考虑其中Δθ=-π/2的情况和逆时针旋转,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=λs/4,5λs/4…
并且在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=3λs/4,7λs/4…
包络A的近似在设计传输介质中的多个耦合器的放置方面可以是有用的,以便通过轴向或空间分集支持经由多个电磁波W的同时通信。举例来说,通过把一个耦合器放置在对应于所述包络的局部最小值的相对于另一个耦合器的一定轴向偏差和/或纵向位移处,增加了电磁波之间的隔离并且减少了这些耦合器之间的干扰的数量。此外,通过在相应的局部最大值处把接收耦合器放置在相对于传送耦合器的一定轴向偏差和/或纵向位移处,可以提高从传送耦合器传送到接收耦合器的电磁波的信号增益和数据吞吐量。后面将结合图24-34来探索包括各种可选功能和特征的此类配置的另外的实例。
图24是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。所呈现出的传输系统2400包括沿着传输介质2002间隔开一定距离的两个传送设备。在该系统中,传送器2410生成传递第一数据的电磁波2402。耦合器2450把电磁波2402引导到联结2412,所述联结2412在第一方位角角度处把电磁波2402耦合到传输介质2002,从而形成被引导通过一种或多种导波模式沿着传输介质2002的外部表面传播的电磁波2404。电磁波2404具有作为相对于第一方位角角度的角度偏差Δθ以及相对于联结2412的纵向位移Δx的函数而变化的包络。所述函数在相对于第一方位角角度的角度偏差Δθ=θ1和相对于联结2412的角度位移Δx=x1处具有局部最小值。联结2418处的耦合器2454从电磁波2404形成电磁波2406,并且把电磁波2454引导到接收器2440以便接收第一数据。
远程传送器2430生成传递第二数据的电磁波2432,其作为电磁波2434在联结2414处通过耦合器2456被耦合到传输介质2002上。电磁波2434在与电磁波2404相反的方向上沿着传输介质2002的外部表面传播。耦合器2452在联结2416处从传输介质2002耦合电磁波2434,从而形成被引导到接收第二数据的接收器2420的电磁波2436。联结2416处的耦合器2452对应于相对于第一方位角角度的角度偏差Δθ=θ1和相对于联结2412的纵向位移Δx=x1。如图所示,θ1=π和Δx=0把耦合器2452放置在电磁波2404的包络的局部最小值处。耦合器2452在联结2416处的这一放置帮助减少到接收器2420的电磁波2404的渗漏(bleedthrough)。在传送器2430与接收器2440之间发生类似的效应。
在各个实施例中,接收器/传送器对2410/2440的耦合器被指向在相同的轴向指向处,并且联结2412与2418之间的纵向位移d1被选择成使得接收耦合器2454被放置在包络的局部最大值处。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d1=Nλs
如果电磁波2432在与电磁波2402相同的载波频率处被传送,则每一个电磁波具有相同的波长,并且在联结2414与2416之间发生类似的效应。
系统2400的两个传送设备当中的每一个传送设备包括类似于训练控制器1900操作的训练控制器2425。但是在该实施例中,训练控制器2425基于由接收器2420通过电磁波2436接收到的反馈数据选择由传送器2410生成的电磁波2402的至少一个载波频率。训练控制器2435基于由接收器2440接收到电磁波2406而生成该反馈数据,并且通过由传送器2430生成的电磁波2432来传送所述反馈数据。各个训练控制器可以相互操作以便建立电磁波2434的载波频率。或者,训练控制器2425和2435可以按照协作方式操作来选择单个载波频率,其不仅促进电磁波2404和2434沿着传输介质2002的传播,而且还增大接收耦合器处的所期望的电磁波的包络并且同时减少对应于每一个传送设备的传送器渗漏。
虽然每一个耦合器(2450、2452、2454或2456)被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式进行双向通信。
此外,虽然已经在对准包络的最小值和最大值以便增强传输并且减少设备之间的干扰方面描述了传输系统2400的操作,但是相同的原理可以被应用来减少共享相同的传输介质的不同的波之间的干扰。在相关的部分中,可以调节波的包络并且/或者可以调节特定传送器和接收器的角度或纵向位置,以便对准共享传输介质的一个或多个此外,虽然已经在对准包络的最小值和最大值以便增强传输并且减少设备之间的干扰方面描述了传输系统2400的操作,但是相同的原理可以被应用来减少共享相同的传输介质的不同的波之间的干扰。在相关的部分中,可以调节波的包络并且/或者可以调节特定传送器和接收器的角度或纵向位置,以便对准共享传输介质的一个或多个同时波(contemporaneous wave)以获得有益的效果。
在各个实施例中,波导系统(比如传输系统2400的一个或多个组件)确定第一非对称电磁波的第一传输包络,其中第一传输包络具有减少第一非对称电磁波与第二非对称电磁波之间的信号干扰的第一波长,所述第二非对称电磁波在第二波长下具有第二传输包络。这一确定可以由训练控制器2425通过波导系统的其他组件或者通过系统的初始设计和设置而作出。所述确定可以包括确定第一非对称电磁波的第一信号部分与第二非对称电磁波的第二信号部分之间(例如两个信号的包络的感兴趣点(最小值或最大值)之间)的角度位移。
波导系统根据第一传输包络在传输介质的外部表面上传送第一非对称电磁波,与此同时第二非对称电磁波在传输介质的外部表面上传播。该波导系统可以根据所述角度位移调节第一非对称电磁波的传送。这例如是通过调节由波导系统传送的非对称电磁波的操作频率或者波导系统的耦合器关于传输介质的位置。
图25是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统2500按照与传输系统2400类似的方式操作。传送器2510和接收器2520是与包括传送器2540和接收器2530的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2520发送向接收器2530传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2540发送向接收器2520传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相反的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备的传送器和接收器对耦合在相反的轴向指向处,但是耦合在相同的空间位移处。因此,传送器2510和接收器2520耦合在相同的位置(例如基本上相同的纵向位置)处,但是耦合在传输介质2002的相对侧。同样地,传送器2540和接收器2530耦合在相同的位置(例如基本上相同的纵向位置)处,但是耦合在传输介质2002的相对侧——与另一个传送设备的耦合点的距离是d2。
但是在该实施例中,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对被指向在不同的轴向偏差处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2510/2530的耦合器被指向在不同(相反)的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d2被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d2=Nλs+λs/2
如果传送器/接收器对2540/2520采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相反方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图26是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统2600按照类似于传输系统2400的方式操作。传送器2410和接收器2420是与包括传送器2430和接收器2440的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2410发送向接收器2440传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2430发送向接收器2420传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相反的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备内的传送器和接收器在相反的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d3处。在这种情况下,d3的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=π的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d3=Nλs
在这种情况下,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对在传输介质的顶部或底部被指向在相同的轴向指向处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2420/2430的耦合器在传输介质2002的顶部被指向在相同的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d1被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。在这种情况下:
d1=Nλs
如果传送器/接收器对2410/2440采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相反方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图27是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统2700按照类似于传输系统2400的方式操作。传送器2510和接收器2520是与包括传送器2540和接收器2530的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2510发送向接收器2530传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2540发送向接收器2520传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相反的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备内的传送器和接收器在相反的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d3处。在这种情况下,d3的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=π的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d3=Nλs
在该实施例中,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对也被指向在不同的轴向偏差处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2510/2530的耦合器被指向在不同(相反)的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d2被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d2=Nλs+λs/2
如果传送器/接收器对2540/2520采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相反方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图24-27给出了其中处于相反方向上的两个电磁波共享相同的传输介质的实例,图28-31则给出了支持相同方向上的同时电磁波传输的类似配置。
图28是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统2800按照与传输系统2400类似的方式操作。传送器2810和2830是与包括接收器2820和2840的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2810发送向接收器2840传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2830发送向接收器2820传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相同的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备的传送器和接收器对耦合在相反的轴向指向处,但是耦合在相同的空间位移处。因此,传送器2810和2830耦合在相同的位置(例如基本上相同的纵向位置)处,但是耦合在传输介质2002的相对侧。同样地,接收器2820和2840耦合在相同的位置(例如基本上相同的纵向位置)处,但是耦合在传输介质2002的相对侧——与另一个传送设备的耦合点的距离是d1。
在这种情况下,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对在传输介质的顶部或底部被指向在相同的轴向指向处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2830/2820的耦合器在传输介质2002的顶部被指向在相同的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d1被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。在这种情况下:
d1=Nλs
如果传送器/接收器对2810/2840采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相同方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图29是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统2900按照与传输系统2400类似的方式操作。传送器2910和2940是与包括接收器2920和2930的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2910发送向接收器2930传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2940发送向接收器2920传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相同的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备的传送器和接收器对耦合在相反的轴向指向处,但是耦合在相同的空间位移处。因此,传送器2910和2940耦合在相同的位置处,但是耦合在传输介质2002的相对侧。同样地,接收器2920和2930耦合在相同的位置处,但是耦合在传输介质2002的相对侧——与另一个传送设备的耦合点的距离是d2。
但是在该实施例中,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对被指向在不同的轴向偏差处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2910/2930的耦合器被指向在不同(相反)的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d2被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d2=Nλs+λs/2
如果传送器/接收器对2940/2920采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相同方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图30是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统3000按照类似于传输系统2400的方式操作。传送器2810和2830是与包括接收器2820和2840的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2810发送向接收器2840传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2830发送向接收器2820传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相同的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备内的传送器和接收器在相反的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d3处。在这种情况下,d3的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=π的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d3=Nλs
在这种情况下,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对在传输介质的顶部或底部被指向在相同的轴向指向处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2820/2830的耦合器在传输介质2002的顶部被指向在相同的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d1被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。在这种情况下:
d1=Nλs
如果传送器/接收器对2810/2840采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相同方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图31是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统3100按照类似于传输系统2400的方式操作。传送器2910和2940是与包括接收器2920和2930的远程传送设备进行通信的一个传送设备的一部分。在操作中,传送器2910发送向接收器2930传递数据的电磁波,并且传送器2940发送向接收器2920传递数据的另一个电磁波。这两个电磁波在相同的方向上行经传输介质2002。
每一个传送设备内的传送器和接收器在相反的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d3处。在这种情况下,d3的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=π的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d3=Nλs
在该实施例中,彼此通信的传送器/接收器对也被指向在不同的轴向偏差处。具体来说,接收器/传送器对2910/2930的耦合器被指向在不同(相反)的轴向指向处,并且联结之间的纵向位移d2被选择成使得接收耦合器仍然被放置在包络的局部最大值处。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d2=Nλs+λs/2
如果传送器/接收器对2940/2920采用相同的载波频率,则对于沿着传输介质的相同方向上的传输会发生类似的效果。
虽然没有具体示出,但是每一个传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得每一个接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图24-31给出了其中传送设备的传送器和接收器(或者更一般来说是收发器)在不同的轴向指向处耦合到传送设备以便支持电磁波的同时传送和接收的实例,图32-34则给出了通过其中传送器、接收器或收发器被耦合在轴向对准中的传送设备支持同时电磁波传输的类似配置。
图32是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统3200按照与传输系统2400类似的方式操作。传送设备内的传送器2410和接收器2420在相同的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d4处。在这种情况下,d4的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=0的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d4=Nλs+λs/2
对于N=0的情况:
d4=Nλs+λs/2
虽然没有具体示出,但是传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器或接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图33是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统3300按照与传输系统2400类似的方式操作。传送设备内的传送器2410在相同的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d4处。在这种情况下,d4的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=0的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d4=Nλs+λs/2
对于N=0的情况:
d4=Nλs+λs/2
虽然没有具体示出,但是传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过传送器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
图34是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。该系统3400按照与传输系统2400类似的方式操作。传送设备内的接收器2420在相同的轴向指向处耦合到传输介质2002,但是耦合在不同的空间偏差d4处。在这种情况下,d4的数值被选择成对应于包络中的对应于Δθ=0的局部最小值。此外还考虑结合图23给出的实例:
d4=Nλs+λs/2
对于N=0的情况:
d4=Nλs+λs/2
虽然没有具体示出,但是传送设备可以包括训练控制器,比如训练控制器2425或2435,以便调节电磁波的载波频率,从而使得接收器耦合器的放置尽可能紧密地对应于包络的局部最大值。虽然每一个耦合器2004被显示成通过接收器进行单向通信,但是更一般来说,每一个耦合器可以按照类似于结合图20描述的传送设备的方式耦合到同时包括传送器和接收器的收发器,以便进行双向通信。
虽然结合图24-34给出的实例集中在具有轴向偏差Δθ=0或Δθ=π的传送设备和通信系统上,但是其他偏差Δθ也是可能的。正如结合图23所讨论的那样,电磁波可以通过支持相应的纵向位移Δx处的其他轴向偏差Δθ的具有局部最大值和最小值的包络传播。考虑其中通过下式近似所述包络的实例:
A(Δθ,Δx)=((Amax-Amin)D(Δx)cos(2πΔx/λs+Δθ))+Amin
并且Δθ=π/2,所述包络在下处具有局部最大值:
Δx=λs/4,5λs/4…
并且在下处具有局部最小值:
Δx=3λs/4,7λs/4…
相同的传送设备的两个收发器可以通过Δθ=π/2和Δx=3λs/4来放置,并且类似的远程传送设备可以被放置在以下距离处:
d=(4N+1)λs/4
具有其他轴向偏差和/或更多数目的收发器的其他实例同样是可能的。
图35是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。导波通信系统3500可以是包括一个或多个基站设备(例如基站设备3504)的分布式天线系统,所述基站设备可通信地耦合到宏蜂窝站点3502或其他网络连接。基站设备3504可以通过如图所示的有线(图35是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。导波通信系统3500可以是包括一个或多个基站设备(例如基站设备3504)的分布式天线系统,所述基站设备可通信地耦合到宏蜂窝站点3502或其他网络连接。基站设备3504可以通过如图所示的有线(例如光纤和/或电缆)连接或者通过无线(例如微波无线)连接而被连接到宏蜂窝站点3502。宏蜂窝(比如宏蜂窝站点3502)可以具有到移动网络的专用连接,并且基站设备3504可以共享和/或通过其他方式使用宏蜂窝站点3502的连接。基站设备3504可以被安装在管线3510上或者附着到其上。管线3510可以是例如被用于能量配送的天然气管线或石油管线之类的国家基础设施管线,被用于碳捕获、重复使用或储存的二氧化碳管线,或者其他管道或管线系统。在相关的部分中,管线3510充当传输介质——从而取代连线或单线传输介质。因此,电磁波作为表面波或其他导波沿着外部表面传播,正如先前结合图1-34所描述的那样。
基站设备3504可以促进到用于移动设备3522的移动网络的连接。安装在传送设备3508或管线3510上的天线3512可以从基站设备3504接收信号,并且在比天线3512位于基站设备3504处或其附近的情况宽广得多的区域内将这些信号传送到移动设备3522。
在该例中,传送设备3506把数据从基站设备3504传送到被用来与移动设备3522进行通信的天线3512。为了传送信号,传送设备3506对来自基站设备3504的信号进行上变频(例如通过混频),或者通过其他方式把来自基站设备3504的信号转换到具有处于毫米波频带内的至少一个载波频率的毫米波段信号。传送设备3506发动毫米波段电磁波,所述毫米波段电磁波作为沿着管线3510的外部表面行进的导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)传播。
另一个传送设备3508接收导波(并且可选地可以按照需要或期望对其进行放大,或者作为数字转发器操作以便接收导波并且重新生成导波),并且可以将其作为管线3510上的导波传输(例如表面波或其他电磁波)向前发送到沿着管线3510的更远处的另一个传送设备。传送设备3508还可以从毫米波段导波中提取信号,并且对其进行下变频或者通过其他方式转换到其原始蜂窝带频率(例如1.9GHz或其他已定义的蜂窝频率)或另一个蜂窝(非蜂窝)带频率。天线3512可以把经过下变频的信号传送(例如无线传送)到移动设备3522。
来自移动设备3522的传输还可以由天线3512接收。传送设备3508可以对蜂窝带信号进行上变频或者通过其他方式将其转换到毫米波段,并且将所述信号作为管线3510上的导波传输(例如表面波或其他电磁波)通过传送设备3506传送到基站设备3504。
在一个示例性实施例中,系统3500可以基于不同的轴向指向、不同的频率或者不同的传播导波模式采用分集路径。不同分集路径之间的选择可以是基于信噪比的测量或者基于所确定的天气/环境条件(例如水分检测器、天气预报等等)。系统3500内的分集路径的使用可以允许备用路由能力、负载平衡、增加的负载应对、并发的双向或同步通信、扩谱通信等等。
应当提到的是,图35中的传送设备3506和3508的使用仅仅是作为举例,并且在其他实施例中,其他使用也是可能的。举例来说,传送设备3506和3508可以被使用在回传通信系统中,从而提供基站设备3504与其他基站设备之间的网络连接。如果希望通过传输介质传送导波通信的话,在许多情况下可以使用传送设备3506和3508。
还应当提到的是,虽然在一个示例性实施例中示出了基站设备3504和宏蜂窝站点3502,但是其他网络配置同样是可能的。举例来说,可以按照类似的方式采用例如接入点或其他无线网关之类的设备,以便扩展例如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据通信协议操作的其他无线网络之类的其他网络的范围,所述通信协议比如有802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议或者其他无线协议。
图36是根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,传送设备3600被显示成包括收发器2020,其具有耦合到相应的波导2022和耦合器2004的传送设备(或传送器)和/或接收设备(接收器),正如先前结合图20所描述的那样。但是更一般来说,该耦合器2004可以通过这里给出的任何其他耦合器来实施,其中通过管线3510取代系统中的连线或单线传输介质。这样的耦合模块的耦合器2004包括接收部分2010,其从收发器2020的传送设备接收传递第一数据的电磁波2006。
在操作中,电磁波2006通过至少一种第一导波模式传播。电磁波2006到管线3510的耦合形成电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008被引导通过可以不同于所述至少一种第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着管线3510的外部表面传播。管线3510支持第二电磁波2008沿着管线3510的外部表面的传播以便传递第一数据。
在各个实施例中,电磁波2006通过一种或多种第一导波模式沿着耦合器2004传播,所述一种或多种第一导波模式可以排他地或者基本上排他地包括对称(基本)模式,但是作为补充或替换可以可选地包括其他模式。根据这些实施例,所述至少一种第二导波模式包括未被包括在沿着耦合器2004传播的电磁波2006的导波模式中的至少一种非对称模式。
除了作为传送器操作之外,传送设备3600也可以作为接收器操作。在这种操作模式中,传递第二数据的电磁波2018同样沿着管线3510的外部表面传播,但是在与电磁波2008相反的方向上传播。耦合器2004从管线3510耦合电磁波2018,从而形成通过波导2022被引导到相应的收发器2020的接收器的电磁波2016。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,收发器2020基于通信信号生成用以传递数据的电磁波2006。电磁波2006具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。耦合器2004把电磁波2006耦合到管线3510的外部表面。电磁波2006到管线3510的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过包括非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着管线3510的外部表面传播,其中所述至少一个载波频率处于毫米波频带内,并且所述至少一个相应的波长小于管线3510的波长。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,收发器2020基于通信信号生成用以传递第一数据的电磁波2006。耦合器2004把电磁波2006耦合到管线3510的外部表面,其中所述管线被电介质涂层、物质或其他材料环绕。电磁波2006到管线3510的外部表面的耦合形成电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008被引导通过包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着所述电介质材料的外部表面传播,并且电磁波2006的所述至少一个载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,收发器2020基于通信信号生成用以传递第一数据的电磁波2006。耦合器2004把电磁波2006耦合到管线3510的外部表面。电磁波2006到管线3510的外部表面的耦合形成电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008被引导通过包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着管线3510的外部表面传播,并且电磁波2006的所述至少一个载波频率被选择成处于所述下限截止频率的有限范围内。
在一个或多个在一个或多个实施例中,所述耦合器包括从收发器2020接收传递第一数据的电磁波2006的接收部分。引导部分把电磁波2006引导到用于把电磁波2006耦合到管线3510的联结。电磁波2006通过至少一种第一导波模式传播。电磁波2006到管线3510的耦合导致电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008被引导通过不同于所述至少一种第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着管线3510的外部表面传播。
虽然没有明确示出,但是在一个或多个实施例中,耦合器2004是包括多个接收部分的耦合模块的一部分,所述多个接收部分接收传递第一数据的虽然没有明确示出,但是在一个或多个实施例中,耦合器2004是包括多个接收部分的耦合模块的一部分,所述多个接收部分接收传递第一数据的相应的多个电磁波2006。多个引导部分把所述多个电磁波2006引导到相应的多个联结,所述相应的多个联结用于把所述多个电磁波2006耦合到管线3510。所述多个电磁波2006通过至少一种第一导波模式传播,并且所述多个电磁波2006到管线3510的耦合形成多个电磁波2008,所述多个电磁波2008被引导通过不同于所述至少一种第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着管线的外部表面传播。
虽然没有明确示出,但是在一个或多个虽然没有明确示出,但是在一个或多个实施例中,耦合器2004是具有至少另一个耦合器的耦合模块的一部分。耦合器2004把电磁波2006引导到第一联结以形成电磁波2008,所述电磁波2008被引导通过一种或多种导波模式沿着管线3510的外部表面传播。所述一种或多种模式具有作为相对于传送耦合器的指向的角度偏差和/或相对于传送耦合器的纵向位移的函数而变化的包络。未被明确示出的第二耦合器从第二联结引导另一个电磁波,所述第二联结从管线3510耦合该另一个电磁波。第二联结被安排成具有角度偏差和/或纵向位移以便对应于包络的局部最小值。
图37是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导耦合系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,在联结的附近描绘出管线3510的剖面表示3700,其中两个耦合器3702从管线3510的表面发动和/或接收电磁波。每一个耦合器3702可以通过呈现在图36中的耦合器2004或者通过这里给出的其他耦合器设计来实施。如图所示,耦合器3702与弧度为π的角度偏差角度对准,并且直接被定位到管线3510的旁边并且与管线3510的表面留下气隙。在其他实施例中,耦合器3702可以接触管线3510的表面。
应当认识到,虽然图37示出了具有圆形形状的管线3510以及具有圆化的矩形形状的耦合器3702,但是这并不意图作出限制。在其他实施例中,连线和波导可以具有多种形状、尺寸和配置。所述形状可以包括而不应当受限于:椭圆形或其他类椭圆形状、八边形、四边形或具有尖锐或圆化边缘的其他多边形或者其他形状。此外,虽然示出了两个耦合器,但是传送设备可以包括单个耦合器或者安排在不同的轴向指向和/或空间位移处的两个或更多耦合器,正如先前结合其他传输介质所讨论的那样。
图38是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导耦合系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,图中描绘出类似于图35-37的实施例操作的管线3510(比如天然气或二氧化碳管线或者其他管线)的剖面表示3800,但是其中传送设备3506和3508在管线3510内部而不是在外部表面上操作。在这种情况下,两个耦合器3802从管线3510的内部表面发动和/或接收电磁波。应当提到的是,在管线内部发动的波可能起初表现为表面波,但是其可以演变成填充管道的内部空间(例如整个空间或者简单地是其一部分)的传统的对称、基本波导模式。每一个耦合器3802可以通过呈现在图36中的耦合器2004或者通过这里给出的其他耦合器设计来实施。应当提到的是,耦合器3802的设计可以被流线化,以便最小化经过管线的产品流中的中断。如图所示,耦合器3802可以直接被定位到管线3510的旁边并且与管线3510的表面留下气隙。在其他实施例中,耦合器3802可以接触管线3510的内部表面。
应当认识到,虽然图38示出了具有圆形形状的管线3510以及具有圆化的矩形形状的耦合器3802,但是这并不意图作出限制。在其他实施例中,连线和波导可以具有多种形状、尺寸和配置。所述形状可以包括而不应当受限于:椭圆形或其他类椭圆形状、八边形、四边形或具有尖锐或圆化边缘的其他多边形或者其他形状。此外,虽然示出了两个耦合器,但是传送设备可以包括单个耦合器或者安排在不同的轴向指向和/或空间位移处的两个或更多耦合器,正如先前结合其他传输介质所讨论的那样。
现在参照图39,其中示出了传送方法3900的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。所述方法可以与结合图1-38描述的一项或多项功能和特征相结合来使用。步骤3902包括从传送设备接收传递第一数据的第一电磁波。步骤3904包括把第一电磁波引导到用于把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的联结,其中第一电磁波通过至少一种第一导波模式传播,并且第一电磁波到传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过不同于所述至少一种第一导波模式的至少一种第二导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。
在各个实施例中,所述至少一种第二导波模式包括未被包括在所述至少一种第一导波模式中的非对称模式。所述至少一种第一导波模式可以包括对称模式,并且所述联结可以感生出第二电磁波,从而使得所述至少一种第二导波模式包括非对称模式。所述至少一种第一导波模式可以包括对称模式,并且所述联结可以感生出第二电磁波,从而使得所述至少一种第二导波模式既包括非对称模式也包括对称模式。
在各个实施例中,传递第二数据的第三电磁波同样可以沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。所述联结可以包括气隙。所述联结可以从传输介质耦合第三电磁波,从而形成被引导到接收器的第四电磁波。
现在参照图40,其中示出了传送方法4000的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。所述方法可以与结合图1-39描述的一项或多项功能和特征相结合来使用。步骤4002包括从传送设备生成传递第一数据的第一电磁波。步骤4004包括将第一电磁波在第一方位角角度处引导到用于把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的第一联结从而形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面传播,其中第二电磁波具有作为相对于第一方位角角度的角度偏差的函数而变化的包络,并且所述函数在相对于第一方位角角度的第一角度偏差处具有局部最小值。步骤4006包括从第二联结引导第三电磁波,所述第二联结在相对于第一方位角角度的第一角度偏差处从传输介质耦合第三电磁波,从而形成被引导到第一接收器的第四电磁波,其中传递第二数据的第三电磁波在与第一电磁波相反的方向上沿着传输介质的外部表面传播。
在各个实施例中,对于相对于第一方位角角度的第一角度偏差,第二电磁波的包络作为相对于第一联结的纵向偏差的函数而变化,并且第一角度偏差处的局部最小值在相对于第一联结的第一纵向位移处发生。对于相对于第一方位角角度的第一角度偏差,第二电磁波的包络可以作为相对于第一联结的纵向偏差的正弦函数而变化。
所述正弦函数具有相应的包络波长,并且传送器可以把第一数据传送到具有第三耦合器的至少一个远程传送设备,所述至少一个远程传送设备通过被远程移位在相对于第一联结的第二纵向位移处的第三联结接收第二电磁波。第二纵向位移可以基本上包络波长的整数倍。第一接收器可以从具有第三耦合器的至少一个远程传送设备接收第二数据,所述至少一个远程传送设备通过被远程移位在相对于第二联结的第二纵向位移处的第三联结形成第三电磁波。
所述方法还可以包括基于由接收器从被耦合来接收第二电磁波的至少一个远程传送设备接收到的反馈数据来选择第一电磁波的至少一个载波频率的步骤。
这里所使用的术语“毫米波”指的是落在30GHz到300GHz的“毫米波频带”内的电磁波。术语“微波”指的是落在300MHz到300GHz的“微波频带”内的电磁波。
这里所使用的例如“数据存储装置”、“数据库”之类的术语以及与组件的操作和功能相关的基本上任何其他信息存储组件指的是“存储器组件”或者嵌入在“存储器”中的实体或者包括存储器的组件。应当认识到,这里所描述的存储器组件或计算机可读存储介质可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器全部二者。
此外,流程图可以包括“开始”和/或“继续”指示。“开始”和“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以可选地被合并在其他例程中或者通过其他方式与其他例程相结合来使用。在本上下文中,“开始”表明所给出的第一个步骤的开头,并且前面可以存在未明确示出的其他活动。此外,“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以被实施多次,并且/或者后面可以存在未明确示出的其他活动。此外,虽然流程图表明了特定的步骤排序,但是在因果原理得以保持的前提下,其他排序同样是可能的。
同样是可能在这里使用的(多个)术语“可操作地耦合到…”、“耦合到…”和/或“耦合”包括项目之间的直接耦合以及/或者经由一个或多个中间项目的项目之间的间接耦合。同样是可能在这里使用的(多个)术语“可操作地耦合到…”、“耦合到…”和/或“耦合”包括项目之间的直接耦合以及/或者经由一个或多个中间项目的项目之间的间接耦合。这样的项目和中间项目包括而不限于联结、通信路径、组件、电路元件、电路、功能块和/或设备。作为间接耦合的一个实例,从第一项目传递到第二项目的信号可以由一个或多个中间项目进行修改,这是通过修改信号中的信息的形式、性质或格式,同时仍然按照可以由第二项目进行辨识的方式传递信号中的信息的一个或多个单元。在间接耦合的另一个实例中,作为一个或多个中间项目中的动作和/或反应的结果,第一项目中的动作可以导致第二项目上的反应。
前面所描述的内容仅仅包括各个实施例的实例。当然不可能出于描述这些实例的目的而描述每一种可设想到的组件或方法组合,但是本领域技术人员可以认识到,本发明的实施例可能有许多另外的组合和排列。相应地,这里所公开并且/或者要求保护的实施例意图涵盖落在所附权利要求书的精神和范围内的所有这样的改动、修改和变型。此外,就在具体实施方式部分或权利要求书中使用的术语“包含”而言,这样的术语意图是包含性的,其方式类似于在作为连接词被采用在权利要求中的术语“包括”的解释方式。
Claims (15)
1.一种传送设备,包括:
生成传递第一数据的第一电磁波的传送器;以及
耦合到所述传送器的第一耦合器,其将第一电磁波引导到用于以第一方位角将第一电磁波耦合到传输介质以形成第二电磁波的第一联结,所述第二电磁波通过至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面被引导,其中所述第二电磁波具有作为相对于第一方位角的角度偏差的函数而变化的包络,并且其中所述函数在相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差处具有局部最小值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中,所述函数在沿着传输介质对应于第一联结的位置的第一纵向位移处相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差具有局部最小值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中,对于相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差,所述第二电磁波的包络作为相对于第一联结的纵向偏差的函数而变化,并且所述第一角度偏差处的局部最小值发生在相对于第一联结的第一纵向位移处。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中,在与所述第一电磁波相反的方向上沿着传输介质的外部表面传播的第三电磁波传递第二数据;并且
第二耦合器从第二联结引导所述第三电磁波,所述第二联结用于以相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差从所述传输介质耦合所述第三电磁波以形成被引导到第一接收器的第四电磁波。
5.根据权利要求4所述的传送设备,其中,对于相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差,所述第二电磁波的包络作为相对于第一联结的纵向偏差的正弦函数而变化。
6.根据权利要求5所述的传送设备,其中,所述正弦函数具有相应的包络波长,其中所述传送器把第一数据传送到具有第三耦合器的至少一个远程传送设备,所述第三耦合器通过被远程移位在相对于第一联结的第二纵向位移处的第三联结接收第二电磁波,并且其中所述第二纵向位移基本上是包络波长的整数倍。
7.根据权利要求5所述的传送设备,其中,所述正弦函数具有相应的包络波长,其中所述第一接收器从具有第三耦合器的至少一个远程传送设备接收第二数据,所述第三耦合器通过被远程移位在相对于第二联结的第二纵向位移处的第三联结形成第三电磁波,并且其中所述第二纵向位移基本上是包络波长的整数倍。
8.根据权利要求4所述的传送设备,还包括:
耦合到所述传送器和所述第一接收器的训练控制器,所述训练控制器基于由所述接收器从被耦合以接收所述第二电磁波的至少一个远程传送设备接收的反馈数据选择所述第一电磁波的至少一个载波频率。
9.根据权利要求4所述的传送设备,还包括:
耦合到所述传送器和所述第一接收器的训练控制器,所述训练控制器基于所述第四电磁波的接收生成反馈数据;并且
其中所述反馈数据包括在由所述传送器传送到被耦合以接收所述第二电磁波的至少一个远程传送设备的第一数据中。
10.一种方法,包括:
通过传送器生成传递第一数据的第一电磁波;以及
通过耦合到所述传送器的第一耦合器将第一电磁波引导到用于以第一方位角将第一电磁波耦合到传输介质以形成第二电磁波的第一联结,所述第二电磁波通过至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的外部表面被引导,其中所述第二电磁波具有作为相对于第一方位角的角度偏差的函数而变化的包络,并且其中所述函数在相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差处具有局部最小值。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述函数在沿着传输介质对应于第一联结的位置的第一纵向位移处相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差具有局部最小值。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,对于相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差,所述第二电磁波的包络作为相对于第一联结的纵向偏差的函数而变化,并且所述第一角度偏差处的局部最小值发生在相对于第一联结的第一纵向位移处。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,在与所述第一电磁波相反的方向上沿着传输介质的外部表面传播的第三电磁波传递第二数据,并且其中所述方法还包括通过第二耦合器从第二联结引导所述第三电磁波,所述第二联结用于以相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差从所述传输介质耦合所述第三电磁波以形成被引导到第一接收器的第四电磁波。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,对于相对于第一方位角的第一角度偏差,所述第二电磁波的包络作为相对于第一联结的纵向偏差的正弦函数而变化。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述正弦函数具有相应的包络波长,其中所述传送器把第一数据传送到具有第三耦合器的至少一个远程传送设备,所述第三耦合器通过被远程移位在相对于第一联结的第二纵向位移处的第三联结接收第二电磁波,并且其中所述第二纵向位移基本上是包络波长的整数倍。
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US20200145054A1 (en) | 2020-05-07 |
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WO2016064506A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
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BR112017008276A2 (pt) | 2018-06-19 |
KR20170071600A (ko) | 2017-06-23 |
EP3210254B1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
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