CN1064813A - 治疗及修复软骨缺损或损伤的方法及组合物 - Google Patents
治疗及修复软骨缺损或损伤的方法及组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了治疗和修复人和其他动物软骨缺
损或损伤的方法及组合物。首先用酶处理软骨的缺
损或损伤部位,使蛋白多糖从缺损区域去除。为了诱
导软骨形成,用带孔的可生物降解基质填充或敷裹缺
损部位,其孔的大小足以使修复细胞聚居于基质中。
填充缺损的基质含有增殖剂,其浓度足以刺激修复细
胞增殖,以及在合适传送系统中的转化因子,该系统
释放出足使基质和缺损区域中的修复细胞转化成为
产生软骨的软骨细胞浓度的转化因子。基质还可以
含有趋化剂以吸引修复细胞。
Description
本发明涉及治疗和修复软骨缺损或损伤。特别是本发明涉及治疗软骨缺损或损伤(本文中可以互换使用)的方法和含有可生物降解基质的组合物,该基质含有一种或多种增殖剂以促进修复细胞增殖形成新的稳定的软骨组织。本发明的组合物及方法特别适用于治疗骨关节炎和产生软骨损伤的其他疾病与创伤。
关节是联接骨骼中骨头的普通方式之一。正常的关节联接的骨头的末端是被关节软骨组织覆盖住的,这样就使得骨骼在运动时不会相互摩擦〔L.Weiss,ed.,细胞与组织生物学(Munchen:Urban and Schwarzenburg,1988)第247页〕。
关节的软骨是以特别结构的组织为特征的。它由特定的细胞(软骨细胞)组成,这些细胞包埋在胞间物质(在文献中通常指“软骨基质”)中,该物质富含蛋白多糖,主要为Ⅱ型的胶原原纤维,其他蛋白质和水〔Buckwalter等人,“关节的软骨:损伤与修复”,Injury and Repair of the Musculoskeletal Soft Tissues(Park Ridge,Ⅰ11:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Symposium.1987),第465页〕。软骨组织既不受神经支配,又不被血管或淋巴系统穿过。但是在成年人的成熟关节中,软骨下的骨组织在骨组织与软骨之间形成一个狭窄的、连续的板,它是受神经支配的并且形成了血管。在此骨板下,骨组织形成其中含有骨髓的小梁。在未成熟的关节中,关节软骨只是作为主要骨小梁的衬里。关节中的部分半月板组织也由软骨构成,其组成与关节的软骨相似〔Beaupre,A.等人,Clin.Orthop.Rel.Res.第72-76页,(1986)〕。
在软骨组织中有两种类型的缺损或损伤是公认的,即完全增厚缺损和表面缺损。这两种缺损的区别不仅在于软骨物理损伤的程度,也在于每种损伤所能引起的修复应答的性能。
完全增厚损伤蔓延至软骨下的骨头上,并且由于骨板含有感觉神经末梢能够引起剧痛。这种缺损一般由严重创伤所致或者在退化性关节疾病(如骨关节炎)的晚期产生。完全增厚缺损有时会导致出血并且诱导软骨下骨头的修复反应〔Buckwalter等人,“Articular Cartilage:Composition,Structure,Response to Injury and Methods of Facilitating Repair”Articular Cartilage and Knee Joint Function:Basic Science and Arthroscopy(New York:Raven Press,1990)第19-56页〕。所形成的修复组织是血管化纤维型的软骨,其生物力学性质不足,并且不能长期坚持〔Buckwalter等人,(1990),上文〕。
关节软骨组织的表面缺损限于软骨组织本身。这种缺损很讨厌是众所周知的,因为它们无法治愈并且不具有修复反应的倾向。
这些缺损可以表现为在软骨表面中的裂隙、削起或裂口,或者它们可以在受侵袭的组织中具有“螃蟹肉”外观。它们不含有象在完全增厚缺损中所见的出血血管(血斑)。表面缺损的起因可能不知道,但通常它们是导致软骨组织摩损机械紊乱的结果,机械紊乱可以由关节创伤引起,例如撕裂的半月板组织移位至关节中、半月板切除术、因韧带撕裂所致关节松弛、关节排列不齐或者骨折,或者因遗传病引起。表面缺损的特征还在于早期退化性关节疾病,例如骨关节炎。由于软骨组织不受神经支配〔Ham′S Histology(第9版)(Philadelphia:J.B.Lippincott Co.1987),第266-272页〕或者是非血管化的,因此表面缺损是无痛苦的。但是,尽管无痛苦,表面缺损却无法治愈,并且经常转为完全增厚缺损。
一般认为,由于关节软骨缺少脉管系统,损伤的软骨组织不能得到足够的或适当的刺激以引起修复应答〔Webber等人,“Intrinsic Repair Capabilities of Rabbit Meniscal Fibrocartilage:A Cell Culture Model”,(30th Ann.Orthop.Res.Soc.,Atlanta,Feb.1984);Webber等人,J.Orthop.Res.,3,第36-42页(1985)〕。可以推测,软骨组织中的软骨细胞正常情况下不与足够量的修复刺激剂例如生长因子和纤维蛋白凝块接触,这些刺激剂典型地存在于损伤的血管化组织中。
一种用于将损伤的软骨组织与修复刺激剂接触的方法包括穿过软骨钻入或刮至软骨下的骨头中引起出血〔Buckwalter等人,1990上文〕。不幸的是,该组织对这为外科手术损伤的修复应答通常与完全增厚缺损引起出血中所观察到的自然产生的应答相类似,即形成纤维型软骨,其生物力学性质不足并且不能长期坚持〔Buckwalter等人,1990,上文〕。
已经分离出多种生长因子,并且目前已可供用于研究和生物医学应用〔见例如Rizzino.A.,Dev.Biol.130,第411-22(1988)〕。已有报导,这些生长因子中的一些例如转化生长因子β(TGF-β)在体外在胚胎大鼠间质细胞中能促进特定的软骨分子形成,例如Ⅱ型胶原和特定的软骨蛋白多糖〔例如Seyedin等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,82,第2267-71页(1985);Seyedin等人,J.Biol.Chem.,261,第5693-95页(1986);Seyedin等人,J.Biol.Chem.262,第1946-1949页(1987)〕。
已经有上百万患者被诊断患有骨关节炎,即在他们的关节软骨中患有退化性缺损或损伤。然而,尽管有各种方法声称可以在损伤的软骨中引起修复应答,但是这些方法中没有任何一种被接受实际应用〔Buckwalter等人(1990),上文;Knutson等人,J.Bone and Joint Surg.,68-B,第795页(1986);Knutson等人,J.Bone and Joint Surg.,67-B,第47页(1985);Knutson等人,Clin.Orthop.,191,第202页(1984);Marquet Clin.Orthop.,146,第102页(1980)〕。并且这些治疗方法一般只是暂时缓解。全身使用“软骨保护剂”也打算用于阻止骨关节炎发展并用于引起疼痛缓解。但是这种保护剂未显示出促进软骨组织中损伤或缺损的修复。
到目前为止,患有骨关节炎患者的治疗主要是通过使用止痛药和消炎剂直接缓解症状。在不使用能引起关节软骨中表面缺损修复的治疗方法下,软骨经常摩损到软骨下的骨板。在该疾病即严重骨关节炎的这一阶段,持续的疼痛和显著的功能衰退经常导致整个关节被切除,并且用一个金属和/或塑料的人工关节代替。目前每年有50万人实施膝和髋关节切除与人工关节替换手术。〔见例如Graves,E.J.,“1988Summary;National Hospital Discharge Survey”,Advanced Data From Vital and Health Statistics,185,第1-12页,(1990年6月19日)〕。
因此需要可靠的治疗软骨缺损的方法,该方法能够引起修复并使稳定的软骨再生,并且防止表面软骨缺损或损伤发展成为严重的骨关节炎。
本发明通过提供有效的治疗方法和组合物以引起人和其他动物软骨损伤的修复而解决了上面所提到的问题。使用本发明的方法和组合物还可以防止创伤损伤的发展和骨关节炎的早期形成,否则将导致持续疼痛并丧失有效关节功能的严重的骨关节炎,它将导致该关节可能被切除和替换。
总的来讲,本发明修复软骨缺损的方法包括用本发明组合物填充或者覆盖软骨的缺损处,该组合物含有(1)可生物降解的基质或形成基质的材料,(2)促进基质和缺损区域中修复细胞的增殖的,以及在某些具体情况下(3)以吸引修复细胞到基质和缺损区域中去的趋化剂,和(4)存在于合适传送系统中的转化因子,该系统将在合适的时间释放该转化因子以促进基质或缺损区域中的修复细胞分化(即转化)成为产生新的稳定的软骨组织的软骨细胞。或者,可以在适当的时候将转化因子单独加至缺损部位。
在进行单独的关节镜检查和外科术过程中可以使用本发明的方法治疗软骨缺损。根据本发明的某些方法,在确定缺损后,通过下列步骤治疗缺损:(1)用一种酶填充缺损区域,这种酶能使存在于缺损表面的蛋白多糖降解,(2)除去该酶,(3)用一种组合物敷裹缺损,该组合物含有基质、增殖剂和存在于一个合适传送系统中的转化因子。
为了更充分地理解本发明,下面将进行详细的描述。在说明书中使用下列术语。
关节镜检查-用在本文中是指使用关节镜对关节进行检查或进行外科术。
软骨-用在本文中是指一种类型的联接组织,它含有被胞间物质(通常称作“软骨基质”)包裹的软骨细胞,该基质含有胶原原纤维(主要是Ⅱ型胶原与其他次要类型的胶原,如Ⅸ和Ⅺ型)、各种蛋白多糖(例如软骨素硫酸蛋白多糖、角质素硫酸蛋白多糖和皮肤素硫酸蛋白多糖)、其他蛋白质和水。本文所用的软骨包括关节和半月板软骨。关节软骨覆盖于关节中骨骼部分的表面,使关节运动时骨与骨之间不直接接触,因而防止摩损和损伤骨表面。多数正常健康的关节软骨又被描述为“玻璃样的”即具有磨砂玻璃外观这样的特征。通常发现关节中的半月板软骨经受震动和运动。这些部位的半月板软骨包括颞下颌关节、胸锁骨关节、肩峰锁骨关节、腕关节和膝关节〔Gray′s Anatomy(New York:Bounty Books,1977)〕。
细胞粘附促进因子-在本文中是指能够介导细胞粘附于胞外基质的任何化合物或组合物,包括fibronectin和其他与四肽一样小的肽,其中含有三肽Arg-Gly-Asp〔Ruoslathi等人,Cell,44,第517-518(1986)〕。
趋化剂-在本文中用以指在体外趋化性分析中能按标准吸引细胞的任何化合物或组合物,包括肽、蛋白质、糖蛋白和葡糖氨聚糖链〔例如Wahl等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,84,第5788-92(1987);Postlewaite等人,J.Exp.Med.,165,第251-56页(1987);Moore等人,Int.J.Tiss.Reac.,Ⅺ,第301-07(1989)〕。
软骨细胞-在本文中用来指能够产生软骨组织成分例如Ⅱ型软骨原纤维和纤维以及蛋白多糖的细胞。
成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)-从天然、合成或重组来源获得的FGF多肽族中的任何成员或其衍生物〔Gimenez-Gall-ego等人,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.,135,第541-548(1986);Thomas等人,Trends Biochem.Sci.,11,第81-84页(1986)〕,它们能够刺激各种细胞,包括主要的成纤维细胞、软骨细胞、血管和角膜内皮细胞、成骨细胞、成肌细胞、平滑肌和神经胶质细胞〔Thomas等人,1986,上文〕的DNA合成和细胞体外分裂〔对于分析可参见例如Gimenez-Gallego等人,1986,上文;Canalis等人,J.Clin.Invest.,81,第1572-1577(1988)〕。FGF根据其等电点(PI)可以分成酸性FGF(aFGF)和碱性FGF(bFGF)两类。
基质-本文中是指多孔复合的、固体或半固体可生物降解的物质,它具有足够大的孔或空间使细胞可以聚居于该基质中。术语“基质”包括形成基质的材料,即能够在软骨的缺损部位中形成基质的材料。形成基质的材料可以需要添加聚合剂以形成基质,例如向含有纤维蛋白原的溶液中加入凝血酶,以形成纤维蛋白基质。
增殖(促有丝分裂)剂-在本文中是指能够在体外刺激细胞增殖的任何化合物或组合物,包括肽、蛋白质和糖蛋白。在体外分析中,测定肽、多肽和其他化合物的增殖(促有丝分裂)活性是本领域众所周知的〔见例如Canalis等人,J.Clin.Invest.第1572-77(1988);Gimenez-Gallego等人,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.,135,第541-548页(1986),Rizzino,“Soft Agar Growth Assays for Transforming Growth Factors and Mitogenic Peptides”,Methods Enzymol.,146A(New York:Academic Press,1987),第341-52页;Dickson等人,“Assays of Mitogen-Induced Effects on Cellular Incorpora-tion of Precursors for Scavengers,de Novo,and Net DNA Synthesis”,Methods Enzymol.146A(New York:Academic Press,1987),第329-40页〕。一种测定化合物或组合物增殖(促有丝分裂)活性的标准方法是在体外测定其在软琼脂中诱导非转化细胞非固定依赖性生长的能力〔例如Rizzino,1987,上文〕。其他促有丝分裂活性测定体系也是已知的〔例如Gimenez-Gallego等人,1986,上文;Canalis等人,1988,上文;Dickson等人,1987,上文〕。
修复细胞-本文中用于指当经受合适的刺激时,能分化并转化成为软骨细胞的细胞。修复细胞包括间质细胞、成纤维细胞、类成纤维细胞的细胞、巨噬细胞和消分化软骨细胞。
转化因子-是指能诱导修复细胞分化成为软骨细胞的任何肽、多肽、蛋白质或任何其他的化合物或组合物。化合物或组合物诱导或刺激细胞产生软骨特异的蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原的能力可以通过现有技术已知的体外分析法测定〔Seyedin等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,82,第2267-71页(1985);Seyedin等人,Path.Immunol.Res.,7,第38-42页(1987)〕。
转化生长因子β(TGF-β)-从天然合成或重组来源获得的TGF-β多肽族中任何一个成员或其衍生物〔Derynck,R.等人,Nature,316,第701-705页(1985);Roberts等人,“The trasforming growth factor-β′s”,Peptide growth factors and their receptors I(Berlin:Springer.Verlag,1990),第419页〕,它在软琼脂分析中具有刺激正常鼠肾(NRK)细胞生长并形成克隆的特征性的TGF-β能力〔Roberts等人,1984,上文〕,并且正如它能够在体外通过细胞诱导或刺激产生软骨的特异的蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原所证实的,它能够诱导修复细胞转化成为软骨细胞〔Seyedin等人,1985,上文〕。
本发明涉及治疗软骨缺损或损伤的组合物及方法。本发明的组合物含有可生物降解的基质,该基质具有足够大的孔,使修复细胞能聚居于基质中。该基质还含有增殖剂以刺激基质中修复细胞的增殖。特别是,该增殖剂还具有趋化剂的作用,以吸引修复细胞至基质中。或者,该基质除含有增殖剂外,还含有趋化剂。在本发明优选的具体例子中,该基质还含有合适浓度的转化因子,该转化因子被包含在或结合在传送系统中,该传送系统在适当的时候有效地释放转化因子,将基质中增殖的修复细胞转化为软骨细胞,由软骨细胞产生稳定的软骨组织。该基质还可以含有细胞粘附促进因子。
适用于本发明方法和组合物中以填充或者敷裹软骨缺损的基质材料包括纤维蛋白原(被凝血酶激活,在缺损或损伤处形成纤维蛋白)、胶原、琼脂糖、明胶和任何其他的可生物降解材料,它们能形成具有足够大孔的基质,使得修复细胞能够在基质中聚居并增殖,它们在修复过程中可以被降解并且被软骨替换。
适用于本发明组合物和方法中的此基质可以预制或新鲜配制,例如通过聚合化合物和组合物如纤维蛋白原形成纤维蛋白基质。可以预制的基质包括胶原(如胶原海绵和胶原羊毛状物)、化学修饰的胶原、明胶珠或明胶海绵、形成凝胶的物质如琼脂糖、任何其他形成凝胶的物质或复合物质,它由可生物降解的基质材料组成,该材料将填充于缺损处使修复细胞聚居于基质中,或者上述物质的混合物。
在本发明优选的具体例子中,使用形成基质的材料、优选纤维蛋白原溶液形成基质,在使用前向其中加入凝血酶使其立刻开始聚合。可以使用的纤维蛋白原的浓度为0.5-5mg/ml水缓冲液。优选使用1mg/ml含水缓冲液的纤维蛋白原溶液。该纤维蛋白原溶液在缺损区域聚合,产生具有足够大尺寸(例如约50-200μm)孔的基质,使修复细胞自由聚居于基质中并增殖,以填充基质所占领的缺损体积。优选的是,在使用前不久向纤维蛋白原溶液中加入足量的凝血酶,以在完成聚合前使外科医生有足够的时间将此材料存放于缺损区域。通常凝血酶的浓度应该是使聚合在很少时间至几分钟(2-4分钟)之间完成,因为软骨长时间暴露于空气中将会引起损伤〔Mitchell等人,J.Bone Joint Surg.,71A,第89-95页(1989)〕。不能使用过量的凝血酶,因为凝血酶能够使生长因子分子断裂并使它们灭活。加入到纤维蛋白原溶液中的凝血酶溶液可以制备成每ml含水缓冲液10-500单位,优选100单位。在本发明优选的具体例子中,在填充缺损前,将20μl凝血酶(100μ/ml)与每ml纤维蛋白原溶液(1mg/ml)混合200秒。如果加入凝血酶的浓度较低,则聚合发生得较慢。很显然,所给出的使纤维蛋白在2-4分钟之内聚合所需的凝血酶溶液的量只是大约的,因为这个量取决于环境温度,凝血酶溶液的温度和纤维蛋白原溶液的温度等。通过观测凝血酶诱导的纤维蛋白原溶液外部样品的聚合,可以很容易地监测填充至缺损处的凝血酶活化的基质溶液的聚合。在本发明组合物和方法中,优选的纤维蛋白基质是从自体纤维蛋白原分子形成的,即纤维蛋白原分子是从与被治疗的物种相同的哺乳动物种的血液中获得的。从该物种获得的非免疫原纤维蛋白原也可以使用。
当使用胶原作基质材料时,可以制成足够粘度的溶液,例如使用Collagen-Vliess (“羊毛状的”)或明胶-血液混合物,并且不需要聚合剂。也可以将胶原基质与被聚合剂活化的纤维蛋白原溶液一起使用,于是得到混合的基质。
当使用其他可生物降解的化合物形成基质时,也可不必需使用聚合剂。例如,可以选择琼脂糖溶液,该溶液在39-42℃时为液体基质溶液,而在35-38℃时变成固体(即凝胶状)。琼脂糖也应具有一定的浓度,使得填充至软骨缺损处的凝胶具有一定的筛目大小,因此使修复细胞自由地聚居于基质和缺损区域中。
在本发明的组合物中,可以向基质溶液中加入一种或多种增殖(促有丝分裂)剂。增殖剂应该以合适的浓度范围存在,使其对填充于缺损处的基质中的修复细胞具有增殖作用(见实施例)。优选的是,同一增殖剂还对细胞具有趋化作用(例如TGF-β);但是,仅仅具有增殖作用的因子也可以使用。或者,为了在产生趋化性细胞迁移后诱导细胞增殖,可以使用两种不同的试剂,每种试剂仅具有其中一种特定的作用(或者是趋化性或者是增殖)。
适用于本发明组合物和方法以刺激修复细胞增殖的增殖(促有丝分裂)剂包括转化生长因子(“TGFs”)例如TGF-αS和TGF-βS;类胰岛素生长因子(“IGF I”);酸性或碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(“FGFs”);血小板衍生的生长因子(“PDGF”);表皮生长因子(“EGF”)和造血生长因子例如白细胞介素3(“IL-3”)〔Rizzino,1987,上文;Canalis等人,上文,1988;Growth factors in biology and medicine,Ciba Foundation Symposium,116(New York:John Wiley & Sons,1985);Baserga,R.,ed.,Cell growth and division(Oxford:IRL Press,1985);Sporn,M.A.和Roberts,A.B.,eds.,Peptide growth factors and their receptors,Vols.Ⅰ和Ⅱ(Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1990)〕。但是,这些具体的例子并非是限制。正如体外细胞增殖分析所证实的,任何能够刺激细胞增殖的化合物或组合物都可用于本发明作增殖剂。这些分析方法是本领域已知的〔例如Canalis等人,1988,上文;Gimenez-Gallego等人,1986,上文;Dickson等人,1987,上文;Rizzino,1987,上文〕。
适用于本发明组合物和方法以吸引修复细胞的趋化剂包括例如TGF-βs、FGFs(酸或碱)、PDGF、肿瘤坏死因子(例如TNF-α、TNF-β)和蛋白多糖降解产物,例如葡糖氨聚糖链〔Roberts等人,(1990),上文;Growth factors in biology and medicine,Ciba Foundation Symposium,116(New York,John Wiley & Sons,1985);R.Baserga,ed.,Cell growth and division(Oxford:IRL Press,1985)〕。测定多肽和其他化合物趋化性能力的分析方法是本领域已知的〔例如Postlewaite等人,1987,上文;Wahl等人,1987,上文;Moore等人,1989,上文〕。
在本发明优选的具体例子中,基质含有TGF-β作为增殖剂和趋化剂。特别是,TGF-βⅠ或TGF-βⅡ可以用作增殖剂和趋化剂。其他TGF-β形式(例如TGF-βⅢ、TGF-βⅣ、TGF-βⅤ等)或具有TGF-β活性的多肽〔见Roberts,1990,上文〕也可用于此目的,还有将来被发现的该物质的其他形式,以及其他生长因子。为了用作增殖剂和趋化剂,将TGF-β分子溶解或悬浮于基质中,其浓度优选为2-50ng/ml基质溶液,最优选2-10ng/ml基质溶液。很显然,刺激修复细胞增殖的TGF-β的优选浓度可以随着接受治疗的具体动物变化。
在基质中还可以存在转化因子,以便在修复细胞聚居于基质中后,转化因子将以足以促进修复细胞分化(即转化)成为软骨细胞,由软骨细胞形成新的稳定的软骨组织的浓度释放至缺损部位。如果转化因子能够抑制或干扰增殖剂的效果,那么适当控制转化因子的释放速度是特别重要的〔见Roberts等人(1990),上文〕。
适用于本发明组合物和方法的转化因子包括能诱导修复细胞分化成软骨细胞,从而产生特异的软骨蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原的任何肽、多肽、蛋白质或任何其他化合物或组合物。化合物或组合物在细胞中诱导或刺激特异的软骨蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原产生的能力可以用本领域已知的分析方法测定〔例如Seyedin等人,1985,上文;Seyedin等人,1987,上文〕。适用于本发明组合物和方法的转化因子包括例如TGF-βs、TGF-αs和FGFs(酸或碱)。这些转化因子可以单独或混合使用。另外,TGF-β可以与EGF结合使用。
适当控制转化因子的释放速度可以通过将转化因子包裹或结合在合适的传送系统中来实现。适用于本发明组合物和方法的传送系统包括脂质体、bioerodible聚合物、碳水化合物骨架微粒、纤维(例如与肝素硫酸蛋白多糖或其他这类分子化学联接的胶原,转化因子能自动与其粘结)、以及渗透泵。传送系统例如与转化因子结合的脂质体、bioerodible聚合物、纤维和含有转化因子的碳水化合物骨架微粒可以与用于填充缺损的基质溶液混合。这些系统是本领域已知的和市售的〔见P.Johnson和J.G.Lloyd-Jones,eds.,Drug Delivery Systems(Chichester,England:Ellis Horwood Ltd.,(1987)〕。脂质体可以按照Kim等人所述方法制备(Biochem.Biophys.Acta,728,第339-348页,(1983))。也可以使用其他脂质体制备方法。刺激软骨细胞合成软骨组织成分的附加因子可以和转化因子一起包括在传送系统中。
在本发明优选的具体例子中,基质含有TGF-β作为增殖剂和趋化剂,并且含有包裹在传送系统中的TGF-β作为转化因子。特别是,TGF-βⅠ或TGF-βⅡ可以同时用作增殖剂、趋化剂和转化因子。其他TGF-β形式(例如TGF-βⅢ、TGF-βⅣ、TGF-βⅤ等)或具有TGF-β活性的多肽(见Roberts,1990,上文),还有在将来被发现的该物质的其他形式和其他生长因子均可以用于此目的。
在优选的具体例子中,用作增殖剂和趋化剂的TGF-β的浓度优选为2-50ng/ml基质溶液,最优选的是2-10ng/ml基质溶液。在基质组合物中,高得多的浓度的TGF-β作为转化因子以可随后释放的形式存在。优选的是,TGF-β的随后浓度大于200ng/ml基质,最优选的是大于500ng/ml基质。很显然,诱导修复细胞分化的TGF-β的优选浓度随被治疗的具体动物而变化。
由于TGF-β在较高浓度时(例如大于200ng/ml基质溶液),不仅仅将修复细胞转化成为软骨细胞,还将抑制修复细胞的趋化性吸引;而当TGF-β在较低浓度时(例如2-10ng/ml),TGF-β不仅吸引修复细胞并刺激它们增殖,而且还不能诱导修复细胞转化成产生软骨组织的软骨细胞,所以必需错开修复细胞暴露于两种浓度TGF-β中的时间。
在本发明优选的具体例子中,为了获得顺序趋化和增殖,然后转化TGF-β以游离的、未包裹的和包裹的两种形式存在,或者在基质中以其他隔离的形式存在。优选的是,为了吸引并诱导基质和缺损区域中的修复细胞增殖,将TGF-β分子以2-10ng/ml基质溶液的浓度溶解或悬浮于基质中。为了促进基质中的修复细胞转化成软骨细胞,也按照Kim等人所述的方法(1983,上文)将TGF-β分子以隔离在多囊脂质体中的形式存在于基质中,其浓度大于200ng/ml基质溶液,优选的浓度大于500ng/ml。当所吸引的修复细胞聚居于基质中并开始降解基质时,载有TGF-β的脂质体就破裂了。在基质的降解过程中,修复细胞摄入和/或降解脂质体,导致TGF-β以足以诱导修复细胞转化成软骨细胞的浓度释放。
通过转化浓度的TGF-β与可生物侵蚀聚合物混合,也可以实现趋化性、增殖所需TGF-β浓度与转化所需的TGF-β浓度的两阶段释放。或者,也可以用泵,特别是植入的渗透泵来控制TGF-β在缺损处和基质中的浓度。在本发明的此具体例子中,泵控制TGF-β在基质中的浓度,即泵在开始时以趋化性和增殖刺激浓度释放TGF-β,随后以转化浓度释放TGF-β。优选的是,转化浓度的TGF-β在手术后大约1-2周被泵释放。转化因子释放至缺损体积最好集中于缺损部位的基质中。
本发明组合物中的增殖剂以及转化因子(当使用时)在可生物降解基质中施用于缺损部位。因此它们被限制存在于非常集中的部位。这样做就避免了它们游离注射或输注到关节空间中。这种游离输注会产生副作用,刺激滑膜细胞产生关节渗漏。
Fibronectin或含有氨基酸序列Arg-Gly-Asp的任何其他化合物,包括象四肽这样小的肽,也可以用作细胞粘附促进因子〔Ruoslathi等人,1986,上文〕以促进修复细胞开始粘附在沉积于缺损部位的基质中。纤维蛋白和某些胶原基质已经含有该序列〔Ruoslathi等人,1986,上文〕。当使用其他可生物降解基质时,在基质用于敷裹缺损之前,这些细胞粘附促进因子可以与基质材料混合。含有Arg-Gly-Asp的肽也可以化合偶合到基质材料(例如其纤维或网状结构)上,或者偶合到基质中的化合物例如白蛋白上。
前面所述的组合物适用于在动物的软骨组织中缺损或损伤的选择性部位诱导软骨形成的方法。
本发明的方法可以用于治疗动物包括人的软骨缺损,该方法使用简单并且被限制集中于受侵袭的关节区域。可以在单一独一个的关节镜或开放性外科术中进行全部治疗。
为了实施本发明的治疗软骨缺损或损伤的方法,要对缺损或损伤进行鉴定、制备和敷用本发明的可生物降解基质组合物。在基质组合物中含有适当浓度的增殖(促有丝分裂)剂,以刺激基质和缺损或损伤处的修复细胞增殖。只要所使用的因子对细胞增殖和趋化性具有综合作用,就可以使用此浓度的同一试剂作为趋化剂以吸引修复细胞(例如浓度为2-10ng/ml基质的TGF-β)。或者,可以在基质中存在两种不同的试剂,一种具有特定的增殖作用,另一种具有特定的趋化作用。或者在另一个具体例子中,当缺损区域用可生物降解的基质敷裹后,可以将增殖剂,以及如果需要将趋化剂直接注射到基质填充的缺损区域。
在随后的步骤中,将基质中的修复细胞暴露于转化因子中适当的时间,转化因子的浓度足以使修复细胞转化成为产生稳定的软骨组织的软骨细胞。这可以通过在上述基质组合物中包括一种含有转化因子的合适的传送系统来实现。或者,可以在合适的时间通过直接注射来传送转化剂到基质填充的缺损区域。转化剂的浓度应该制成在可生物降解基质开始植入缺损区域后的1-2周使细胞可得到。附加因子可以加到传送系统中或者直接注射以更好地促进此时间点的软骨基质成分合成。
在关节的关节镜检查过程中或者在简单的开放式外科术检查损伤或缺损过程中,动物软骨缺损或损伤很容易通过肉眼识别。软骨缺损还可以通过使用计算机辅助照相术(CAT扫描)、X射线检查、磁共振成像(MRI)、滑液或血清标记分析或者通过任何本领域已知的其他方法推断识别。
一旦识别出缺损,外科医生可以选择外科手术修饰缺损,以提高缺损物理保留上述治疗方法中所加入的溶液和基质材料的能力。优选的是,为了更好地保留上述治疗方法中所加入的溶液和基质材料,缺损不应是扁平的或浅凹面的几何形状,而是具有或形成垂直的边缘或者是倒凹的。
除了上述改善基质粘附到缺损部位的机械方法之外,化学方法也可以促进基质粘附。这些方法包括使缺损表面上软骨蛋白多糖的表面层降解而将软骨的胶原原纤维暴露出来,这样它们就可以与基质中的胶原原纤维(当使用胶原基质时)或者与基质中的纤维蛋白原纤维(当使用纤维蛋白基质时)相互作用。软骨表面的蛋白多糖不仅仅趋于干扰纤维蛋白或其他可生物降解基质对软骨的粘附,还将局部抑制凝血酶的活性。有利的是,蛋白多糖降解产物还可以对修复细胞具有趋化作用〔Moore,A.R.等人,Int,J.Tiss.Reac.,Ⅺ(6)第301-307页(1989)〕。
此外,基质对缺损软骨的粘附还可以通过使用纤维蛋白兰(即血液因子ⅩⅢ或纤维蛋白稳定因子)促进基质中原纤维与缺损表面上软骨胶原原纤维的结合(交联)来提高〔见Gibble等人,Transfusion,30(8),第741-47(1990)〕。谷氨酰胺转移酶也可用于相同的作用〔见例如Ichinose等人,J.Biol.Chem.,265(23),第13411-14(1990);“Transglutaminase”,Eds:V.A.Najjar和L.Lorand,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers(Boston,1984)〕。还可以使用能促进胞外物质粘附的其他化合物。
本发明方法的一个具体例子是,通过用灭菌吸收纸吸收缺损区域使缺损表面干燥,并用灭菌酶溶液填充缺损体积2-10分钟使软骨表面存在的蛋白多糖降解,并定位在缺损表面的约1-2μm深。各种酶可以在灭菌缓冲含水溶液中单独或混合使用,使蛋白多糖降解。溶液的PH值应调节至最佳酶活性。
在本发明方法中适用于降解蛋白多糖的酶包括软骨素酶(Chondroitinase)ABC、软骨素酶AC、透明质酸酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、链霉蛋白酶、stromelysin和Staph V8蛋白酶。具体的酶或酶混合物的合适浓度取决于该酶溶液的活性。
在本发明优选的具体例子中,用浓度为1μ/ml的软骨素ABC的灭菌溶液填充缺损,并使其消化4分钟。通过用电子显微镜检测兔关节软骨组织决定优选的软骨素酶ABC的浓度,该组织已经按照实施例1所述方法用各种浓度的酶处理不同的时间。所使用的任何其他的酶都应该以一定浓度在一定时间内使用,使得只有约1-2μm深的表面蛋白多糖被降解。
酶溶液施用的时间应保持在最小量,使其主要在修复区域影响蛋白多糖的降解。对于浓度为1μ/ml的软骨素酶ABC,消化时间超过10分钟会导致缺损区域以外的蛋白多糖不必要的和潜在有害的降解。而且,消化时间超过10分钟会使整体操作时间过长。整体操作时间应保持在最小,特别是在开放性关节切开术过程中,因为软骨暴露在空气中会受到损伤〔Mitchell等人,(1989),上文〕。由于这些原因,在包括了通过酶消化使蛋白多糖降解步骤的本发明方法的具体例子中,推荐消化时间少于10分钟,最优选的是消化时间少于5分钟。
按照本发明的方法,在酶使缺损表面的蛋白多糖降解之后,应该将酶溶液从缺损区域除去。通过使用装有细吸气顶端的吸气器后在用具有棉花的海绵吸收,可以有效地除去酶溶液。或者,可以只用棉花吸收除去酶溶液。
除去酶溶液后,应该用灭菌生理盐水(例如0.15M NaCl)彻底清洗缺损处,最好洗三次。然后应该将清洗过的缺损部位干燥。可以用无菌纱布或棉花对缺损部位进行干燥。
或者,除了酶处理步骤之外,还可以用化合物例如纤维蛋白胶或谷氨酰胺转移酶敷裹缺损部位,以促进基质对缺损部位的粘附。在优选的具体例子中,将纤维蛋白胶或谷氨酰胺转移酶施用于酶处理后经清洗和干燥后的缺损部位。
按照本发明的方法,然后用本文所述的本发明组合物敷裹缺损部位,以填充缺损,优选用基质组合物填充其边缘,使得形成扁平的平面。该组合物含有一种基质材料和一种增殖剂,以及如果需要,含有一种趋化剂。此步骤中使用的组合物还可以含有包裹在合适传送系统中的一种转化因子。在本发明最优选的方法中,基质含有一种增殖剂,一种趋化剂(它可以和增殖剂不同)和包裹或结合在传送系统中的一种转化因子,该转化因子在一定时间(此时聚居于基质中的修复细胞开始改造胞间物质)以一定浓度(该浓度可以将修复细胞转化成为软骨细胞释放。上述组合物是优选的。
如果基质不含增殖剂和趋化剂,为了传送优选的浓度以促进修复细胞的趋化性和增殖,可以将上述试剂直接注射到基质填充的缺损区域。在本发明的此具体例子中,优选的是,在用基质敷裹缺损后,将TGF-β局部注射到基质中,得到2-10ng/ml基质的浓度。注射应该集中在基质填充的缺损区域中,以避免滑膜细胞暴露在生长因子中,导致细胞增殖和关节渗漏。
在用基质组合物敷裹缺损部位后(以及,就纤维蛋白基质来说,一旦基质已经固化)并且如果需要,将增殖剂注射到基质填充的缺损部位后,关节囊和皮肤切口就可以关闭,关节镜检查或开放式外科术就可以终止了。
如果在合适传送系统的基质中不含有转化因子,那么在手术后大约1-2周,可以将转化因子直接加入到基质中,例如通过注射或通过渗透泵,其浓度足以将修复细胞转化成软骨细胞。优选的是,在本发明的该具体例子中,在手术后大约1周时直接将TGF-β加入到基质中,得到大于200ng/ml基质的浓度,最优选的是浓度大于500ng/ml基质。
当缺损没有延伸到软骨下的骨头时,本文所述的修复关节软骨缺损的方法是最有效的。本文所述的方法也可以用于修复半月板软骨组织缺损。
为了更充分地理解本文所述的发明,举出下列实施例。应该理解,这些实施例是用于说明本发明,而不是对本发明任何方式的限制。
实施例1
蛋白多糖迁移的酶试验
为了促进和改善基质沿着关节软骨组织的表面缺损表面粘附,可以使表面软骨基质中的蛋白多糖分子酶促迁移,以使胶原纤维网络暴露在外部施用的基质中并使修复细胞迁移。各种蛋白酶和葡糖氨多糖降解酶也适用于此目的,但是应该控制PH值,使各种酶具有最大的活性。
在此实施例中,我们对软骨素酶ABC(0.5-5μ/ml)和胰蛋白酶(0.5-4%)影响蛋白多糖迁移的能力进行了试验。使用从当地屠夫处获得的刚宰杀兔的膝关节。将机械产生的表面软骨缺损暴露在酶溶液中4分钟。然后用吸收纸除去溶液,并用生理盐水清洗缺损部位。完成此过程后,将软骨组织立刻在含有0.7%(w/v)六胺三氯化钌(RHT)的2%(v/v)戊二醛溶液(用0.05M卡可酸钠缓冲,PH7.4)固定,进行组织检查。固定后的介质含有1%RHT-四氧化锇溶液(用0.1M卡可酸钠缓冲)。将组织在梯度系列乙醇中脱水并包埋在Epon812中。将组织制成薄切片,用乙酸双氧铀和柠檬酸铅染色,并用电子显微镜检查。在这些切片中,RHF固定的(即沉淀的)蛋白多糖呈现为黑色染色颗粒。使不超过1-2μm厚的表面层蛋白多糖迁移的酶的浓度是最佳的(酶更深的渗透会影响下面的软骨细胞)。我们发现软骨素酶ABC浓度为约1μ/ml时具有最佳活性。胰蛋白酶浓度为约2.5%时具有最佳活性。其他葡糖氨聚糖酶或蛋白酶的最佳活性范围可以用同样的方法测定。任何缓冲液,如果没有毒性并且其最大缓冲容量在接近最大酶活性所需的PH值时出现,都可以与酶一起使用。
实施例2
基质对表面缺损的粘附
我们对通过控制表面软骨蛋白多糖的酶消化来促进基质沿着缺损表面粘附的可能性进行了研究。通过用整平(planing)刀切,使三只成年兔的膝关节产生缺损。这些缺损不用酶处理。用纤维蛋白基质填充缺损,该基质是在填充缺损前约200秒时将20μl凝血酶溶液(100μ/ml含水缓冲液)与每ml纤维蛋白原溶液(1mg/ml水缓冲液)混合制成的。一个月后将兔子处死,对膝关节进行检查,以测定纤维蛋白基质对缺损部位的粘附程度。将所得结果与用纤维蛋白基质填充缺损前用软骨素酶ABC(1μ/ml4分钟)治疗缺损的兔子(见实施例3、4和5)所得结果进行比较。
沉积于未用酶处理过的剩余缺损区域中的纤维蛋白基质对缺损表面的粘着具有很低的亲和力。经酶处理后,纤维蛋白基质的粘着能力(通过测量粘着的机械强度,即通过试验用镊子尖用手推动基质的容易程度测定,以及通过记录在整个实验过程中成功地保持基质粘着的缺损数目间接测定)显著增加了。基质对未用酶处理的缺损表面亲和力低可能是由于蛋白多糖分子局部抑制基质粘着以及纤维蛋白聚合受到抑制。通过将沿着缺损表面区域的表面蛋白多糖酶促迁移,可以防止上面两种作用。
实施例3
将生长因子施用于缺损部位以趋化性刺激修复
细胞使之迁移到缺损区域并诱导修复细胞增殖
我们对各种生长因子刺激修复细胞趋化性迁移至缺损区域以实现治愈缺损的作用进行了试验。
所使用的生长因子包括a)表皮生长因子(EGF),b)碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF),c)类胰岛素生长因子I(IGF·I),d)人生长激素(hGH)和e)转化生长因子-β(TGF-β),其浓度为5-10ng/ml。
将每种生长因子局部施用于膝关节产生的缺损部位,该缺损部位先按照实施例2所述方法用软骨素酶ABC处理并清洗。总共使用10只动物(每种生长因子用两只)。每种生长因子能够足以趋化性地吸引或局部刺激修复细胞增殖到缺损表面,使缺损表面被全部覆盖。但是,细胞只存在于缺损表面,并且修复细胞的增殖不能填充全部缺损体积。
(据信,蛋白多糖降解产物本身,即在不需加入任何其他试剂下,就能产生足够的趋化作用,将修复细胞吸引到缺损部位。Moore,A.R.等人〔Int.J.Tiss.Reac.,Ⅺ(b),第301-107页,1989〕已证明蛋白多糖降解产物本身具有趋化作用)。
实施例4
将包裹在可生物降解基质中的生长因子
施用于缺损部位以趋化性刺激修复细胞
迁移至缺损区域并诱导修复细胞增殖
由于按照实施例3的条件局部施用生长因子不能诱导修复细胞增殖到足以填充缺损体积,因此使用同样的生长因子重复此实验,只是这次将生长因子包裹在可生物降解的基质中。所使用的可生物降解基质是纤维蛋白,胶原和琼脂糖。使用足够量的含有生长因子的基质将缺损体积完全填充。
在填充到缺损部位前约200秒时,将20μl凝血酶溶液(100μ/ml水缓冲液:佛罗那乙酸盐缓冲液,PH7.0)与每ml纤维蛋白原溶液(1mg/ml水缓冲液:0.05M Tris PH7.4,0.1M NaCl)混合制成纤维蛋白基质。如果用胶原作基质,可以用Colagen-Vliess 或明胶-血液混合物制成足够粘度的溶液。如果用琼脂糖作基质,则用39-42℃的琼脂糖液体溶液填充缺损。冷却(35-38℃)后,在缺损处形成琼脂糖基质。
用30只兔子进行该实验(每种类型基质和生长因子用两只兔子)。在所有放置的基质,保持与缺损粘附的情况下缺损由成纤维细胞样的修复细胞完全聚集。这种状况早在手术后8-10天就发现了。除了可生物降解基质被修复细胞改造并且被松散的、结缔组织类型的胞外基质替代之外,在手术后4周没有进一步发现修复组织的结构组织发生改变。
该组织没有转化成为软骨组织。
实施例5
将包裹在可生物降解基质中的生长因子
施用于缺损部位以趋化性刺激修复细胞
迁移至缺损区域并诱导修复细胞增殖
然后在第二阶段适时地、局部释放
转化因子以使缺损部位转化成透明软骨
在施用生长因子后,缺损体积中的基质被修复细胞完全填充,以及这些细胞能改变过沉积的基质(见实施例4)-这些发现促使我们研究引进包裹形式(例如脂质体)的转化因子(例如TGF-β)的作用,当基质完全被修复细胞聚集(该细胞开始改造胞间结构)时,转化因子就从包裹形式中释放出来。
将TGF-β以低浓度(例如2-10ng/ml)混入纤维蛋白原溶液(1mg/ml)中,以引起最初的趋化和增殖作用。TGF-β也按照Kim等人〔(1983),上文〕的方法包裹在脂质体中。将含有TGF-β的脂质体加到同样的纤维蛋白原溶液中,其浓度应该在该脂质体破裂并释放出TGF-β时足以提供较高浓度(100-1000ng/ml纤维蛋白原)的TGF-β,以便在纤维蛋白基质聚集的修复细胞开始改变胞间物质的第二阶段期间促使修复细胞转化成软骨细胞和促使基质填充的缺损转化成软骨。
按照实施例2的方法使10只成年兔的表面膝关节软骨产生缺损,通过将含有游离的和脂质体包裹的TGF-β的纤维蛋白原混合物施用于缺损部位对缺损进行治疗。在这一系列实验中的各个实验中,游离TGF-β的浓度保持在2-10ng/ml纤维蛋白原的范围,同时包裹的TGF-β的浓度是变化的,以便以100ng的间隔(根据从脂质体释放TGF-β的多少)提供100-1000ngTGF-β/ml纤维蛋白原的浓度,在所有各例的治疗部位均形成透明软骨组织。在高于200ng包裹的TGF-β/ml纤维蛋白原溶液的浓度下,最好是在高于500ng TGF-β/ml纤维蛋白原溶液的浓度下得到最能复现的结果。
实施例6
测定组织转化的时间点
在此实验中,按照实施例2的方法对一组6只成年兔进行膝外科术,以产生表面缺损。对表面缺损修复实施一个全面的治疗方案,即用软骨素酶ABC(1μ/ml)处理(4分钟),然后用含有游离TGF-β(约2-10ng/ml)和包裹TGF-β(约800ng/ml)的脂质体的纤维蛋白基质(1mg/ml纤维蛋白原溶液,20μl100μ/ml凝血酶溶液/ml纤维蛋白原溶液)填充缺损部位。在手术后第8、10和12天杀死三只兔子,在20、24和28天杀死剩余的三只。在这种动物模型中,在12-20天,原始的、成纤维细胞样的修复细胞组织转化成为透明软骨组织。这是根据组织检查测定的。在8-12天,仍然存在松散的纤维性修复组织(所施用的纤维蛋白基质被部分或全部改造),而在20天及20天以后,缺损的空间被透明软骨组织部分或完全填充。
实施例7
在小猪模型中使用软骨修复方法
将上面用于兔子模型的实验方法用于更大的动物模型-小猪。通过用刮刀(planing knife)在四只成年小猪(2-4龄,80-110磅)的髌骨沟和内侧髁切割,产生表面缺损(0.6mm宽,0.6mm深,10-15mm长)。然后用软骨素酶ABC处理缺损(1μ/ml,处理4分钟,按照上文对兔子使用的那样)。除去酶溶液,使缺损干燥,用生理盐水清洗,然后再干燥。然后用纤维蛋白原基质溶液填充缺损部位。用于该实验的纤维蛋白基质溶液每ml含有2-6ng游离的TGF-β,并且每ml纤维蛋白原溶液含有1500-2000ng脂质体包裹的TGF-β。在填充缺损前,按照上面兔子实验中所述方法,将凝血酶加到该基质溶液中。
手术后6周将小猪杀死,对基质填充的缺损部位进行组织检查。所有部位表明都治愈了,即在治疗部位形成了透明软骨组织。
Claims (32)
1、治疗或修复软骨缺损或损伤的组合物,该组合物含有:
可生物降解基质或形成基质的材料,该基质用于敷裹软骨的缺损或损伤区域,和
适当浓度的增殖剂,以刺激基质和缺损或损伤区域中的修复细胞的增殖。
2、如权利要求1的组合物,该组合物进一步含有与传送系统结合的适当浓度的转化因子,以使在转化因子传送给基质和缺损区域中的修复细胞后,该修复细胞转化成为产生软骨组织的软骨细胞。
3、如权利要求1或2的组合物,该组合物进一步含有适当浓度的趋化剂,以将修复细胞吸引到基质和缺损区域中。
4、如权利要求3的组合物,其中趋化剂选自TGF-βs、FGFs、PDGF、TGF-α、TGF-β和蛋白多糖降解产物。
5、如权利要求1或2的组合物,其中增殖剂选自TGF-βs、FGFs、IGF I、PDGF、EGF、TGF-αs、人生长激素和造血生长因子。
6、如权利要求2的组合物,其中转化因子选自TGF-βs、TGF-αs和FGFs。
7、如权利要求1或2的组合物,其中用于填充缺损区域的可生物降解的基质选自纤维蛋白、胶原、明胶、琼脂糖或其混合物。
8、如权利要求3的组合物,其中增殖剂、趋化剂和转化因子都选自TGF-βs。
9、如权利要求2的组合物,其中转化因子是一种或多种转化因子的混合物。
10、如权利要求8的组合物,其中增殖剂和趋化剂是在基质中浓度为2-50ng/ml的TGF-β,转化因子是与合适的传送系统结合的TGF-β,该系统能在基质中提供大于200ng/ml浓度的TGF-β。
11、如权利要求2的组合物,其中该传送系统选自脂质体,可生物侵蚀的聚合物,与肝素硫酸蛋白多糖化学联接的胶原纤维和碳水化合物骨架的颗粒。
12、治疗或修复软骨缺损或损伤的组合物,该组合物含有:
纤维蛋白基质,该基质是通过向纤维蛋白原溶液中加入凝血酶形成的,
以2-10ng/ml纤维蛋白原溶液的浓度存在的TGF-β,和
以大于200ng/ml纤维蛋白原溶液的浓度存在的包裹在脂质体中的TGF-β。
13、在动物软骨组织的选择部位诱导软骨形成的方法,该方法包括用权利要求2的组合物敷裹该部位。
14、在动物软骨组织的选择部位诱导软骨形成的方法,该方法包括用权利要求12的组合物敷裹该部位。
15、治疗动物软骨缺损或损伤的方法,该方法包括:
用含有下列成分的可生物降解基质填充该缺损部位,这些成分是有效量的增殖剂以刺激修复细胞增殖;有效量的趋化剂以吸引修复细胞至基质和缺损部位;以及有效量的与一个传送系统结合的转化因子以将修复细胞转化成为软骨细胞。
16、在动物软骨的选择部位治疗缺损或损伤的方法,该方法包括:
用可生物降解的基质填充该缺损或损伤部位,该基质含有有效量的趋化剂以吸引修复细胞至基质和该缺损或损伤部位,以及有效量的增殖剂以刺激修复细胞的增殖,
并且在用基质填充该缺损后约1-2周将一种转化因子传送到基质中,该转化因子的浓度足以将修复细胞转化成软骨细胞。
17、如权利要求15或16的方法,该方法包括在用可生物降解的基质填充该缺损前,用纤维蛋白胶或谷氨酰胺转移酶覆盖该缺损表面的步骤。
18、治疗动物软骨缺损或损伤的方法,该方法包括:
用一种从缺损表面去除蛋白多肽的试剂填充该缺损,
除去该试剂,以及
用一种可生物降解基质敷裹该缺损,该基质含有一种有效量的增殖剂以刺激修复细胞增殖,并且该基质含有与一个传送系统结合的一种转化因子,该系统释放出足以使修复细胞转化成软骨细胞浓度的转化因子。
19、治疗动物软骨缺损或损伤的方法,该方法包括:
用一种从缺损表面去除蛋白多糖的试剂填充该缺损
除去该试剂
用一种可生物降解基质敷裹缺损,该基质含有一种有效量的增殖剂以刺激修复细胞的增殖,以及
在填充该缺损后约1-2周,将一种转化因子传送给基质,该转化因子的浓度要足以使修复细胞转化成为软骨细胞。
20、如权利要求18或19的方法,该方法进一步包括在用可生物降解基质敷裹该缺损或损伤之前,用纤维蛋白胶或谷氨酰胺转移酶覆盖该缺损或损伤表面的步骤。
21、如权利要求18或19的方法,其中的可生物降解基质还含有趋化剂,其浓度足以将修复细胞吸引到基质和该软骨缺损或损伤的区域中。
22、如权利要求18或19的方法,其中将蛋白多糖从缺损表面除去的试剂选自软骨素酶ABC、软骨素酶AC、透明质酸酶、骨蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、链霉蛋白酶、stromelysin和Staph V8蛋白酶。
23、权利要求21的方法,其中增殖剂、趋化剂和转化因子都是TGF-β。
24、权利要求18的方法,其中传送转化因子的传送系统选自脂质体、可生物侵蚀的聚合物、与肝素硫酸蛋白多糖化学联接的胶原纤维和碳水化合物骨架颗粒。
25、权利要求15、16、18或19的方法,其中可生物降解基质选自纤维蛋白、胶原、明胶、琼脂糖或其混合物。
26、如权利要求15、16、18或19的方法,其中可生物降解基质是纤维蛋白,它是就在用纤维蛋白原溶液填充缺损或损伤之前将凝血酶加到纤维蛋白原溶液中形成的。
27、如权利要求21的方法,其中增殖剂和趋化剂是浓度为2-10ng/ml基质的TGF-β,转化剂是包裹在脂质体中的浓度大于200ng/ml基质的TGF-β。
28、如权利要求18或19的方法,其中使蛋白多糖从缺损表面去除的试剂是软骨素酶ABC,并且该缺损用含有浓度为1单位/ml的软骨素酶ABC的溶液填充4分钟。
29、如权利要求15、16、18或19的方法,其中可生物降解基质进一步含有含三肽Arg-Gly-Asp的细胞粘附促进因子。
30、治疗动物软骨缺损或损伤的方法,该方法包括:
用浓度为1单位/ml的无菌软骨素酶ABC溶液填充该缺损或损伤4分钟,
除去软骨素酶ABC溶液,
用无菌生理盐水清洗缺损区域,
使该缺损区域干燥,
向每毫升基质形成溶液中加入2单位凝血酶,该溶液含有1mg/ml的纤维蛋白原,并且含有2-10ng/ml浓度的TGF-β和浓度大于200ng/ml的包裹在脂质体中的TGF-β,以及
在加入凝血酶后立刻用该基质形成溶液填充该缺损部位。
31、如权利要求30的方法,该方法进一步包括在用该基质形成溶液填充该缺损前,用纤维蛋白胶或谷氨酰胺转移酶覆盖该缺损表面的步骤。
32、如权利要求30的方法,其中脂质体中TGF-β的浓度大于500ng/ml。
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- 1992-01-30 KR KR1019930702276A patent/KR100235391B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-01-30 DE DE69202332T patent/DE69202332T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1992-01-30 DK DK92906351.9T patent/DK0569541T3/da active
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- 1992-01-30 WO PCT/US1992/000840 patent/WO1992013565A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-01-30 AU AU14128/92A patent/AU667032B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 1992-01-31 CN CN92101431A patent/CN1056083C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1321681C (zh) * | 1996-06-28 | 2007-06-20 | 罗伯特·弗朗西斯·肖 | 使用功能性屏障治疗和修复软骨或骨缺损或损伤的方法及组合物 |
CN100435859C (zh) * | 1999-02-01 | 2008-11-26 | 遗传研究所公司 | 用于关节软骨愈合和修复的骨软骨移植物的制备方法和组合物 |
CN100389826C (zh) * | 2001-12-28 | 2008-05-28 | 协和发酵工业株式会社 | 关节炎的治疗药 |
CN115605236A (zh) * | 2020-05-14 | 2023-01-13 | 国家健康与医学研究院(Fr) | 用于软骨损伤的骨关节再生的复合产品 |
CN115605236B (zh) * | 2020-05-14 | 2024-02-13 | 国家健康与医学研究院 | 用于软骨损伤的骨关节再生的复合产品 |
CN114984298A (zh) * | 2022-07-18 | 2022-09-02 | 重庆大学 | 一类软骨组织粘合剂及其制备方法和用途 |
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DE69202332T2 (de) | 1996-01-04 |
HK1006416A1 (en) | 1999-02-26 |
IE67515B1 (en) | 1996-04-03 |
NO307735B1 (no) | 2000-05-22 |
CA2101556A1 (en) | 1992-08-01 |
NO932748L (no) | 1993-09-29 |
US5368858A (en) | 1994-11-29 |
KR100235391B1 (ko) | 1999-12-15 |
DE69202332D1 (de) | 1995-06-08 |
AU1412892A (en) | 1992-09-07 |
IE920309A1 (en) | 1992-07-29 |
NO932748D0 (no) | 1993-07-30 |
JP2004230184A (ja) | 2004-08-19 |
US5206023A (en) | 1993-04-27 |
ES2072144T3 (es) | 1995-07-01 |
IL100799A0 (en) | 1992-09-06 |
CA2101556C (en) | 2002-07-23 |
IL100799A (en) | 1996-10-16 |
TW214514B (zh) | 1993-10-11 |
WO1992013565A1 (en) | 1992-08-20 |
ATE121943T1 (de) | 1995-05-15 |
JPH06505258A (ja) | 1994-06-16 |
ZA92726B (en) | 1992-11-25 |
DK0569541T3 (da) | 1995-07-10 |
EP0569541B1 (en) | 1995-05-03 |
NZ260125A (en) | 1997-07-27 |
EP0569541A1 (en) | 1993-11-18 |
CN1056083C (zh) | 2000-09-06 |
AU667032B2 (en) | 1996-03-07 |
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