CN105683909A - 控件和部件顺应分层结构 - Google Patents

控件和部件顺应分层结构 Download PDF

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CN105683909A
CN105683909A CN201480054151.3A CN201480054151A CN105683909A CN 105683909 A CN105683909 A CN 105683909A CN 201480054151 A CN201480054151 A CN 201480054151A CN 105683909 A CN105683909 A CN 105683909A
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CN105683909B (zh
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B·奥兰尼科
L·E·韦利基
J·贝克维斯
T·考克斯
V·R·乔希
N·博加瓦拉
A·R·迪亚斯
E·H-W·王
D·安森
T·多恩
S·M·丹顿
K·J·欧文斯
W·M·袁
M·乔希
B·D·米林顿
B·亚历山大
J-S·古皮
L-M·陈
A·比尔克
A·弗尔热
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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Abstract

控件和部件的分层结构，这些控件和部件中的每一个根据计算执行上下文的约束。控件是执行功能并可赋予可视化的可执行代码。部件是可视化容器的单元，其具有其自己的可视化和/或显示来自与该部件相关联的一个或多个顺应控件的可视化。

Description

控件和部件顺应分层结构
背景
用于导航通过各种信息上下文的当前范例是基于窗口的。其经典示例是web浏览器体验。用户可以从占据整个浏览器空间的主页开始。随后，用户可以选择超链接，由此出现新窗口。然而，先前的窗口要么消失，要么在执行在新窗口中打开新页面的选项的情况下，先前窗口被完全、或至少部分地隐藏。
此处要求保护的主题不限于解决任何缺点或仅在诸如上述环境这样的环境中操作的各实施例。相反，提供该背景仅用于例示其中可实现所述一些实施例的一个示例性技术领域。
概述
本文中描述的至少一些实施例涉及控件和部件的分层结构，其中控件和部件中的每一个都根据计算执行上下文的约束。控件是执行功能并可赋予可视化的可执行代码。部件是可视化容器的单元，其具有其自己的可视化和/或显示来自与该部件相关联的一个或多个顺应部件的可视化。
符合计算执行上下文的与控件相关的约束(“控件约束”)的控件在本文中将被称为“顺应控件”。符合计算执行上下文的与部件相关的约束(“部件约束”)的部件在本文中将被称为“顺应部件”。
计算执行上下文可以是例如，允许用户使用可视化来导航通过计算机状态的用户界面或门户。约束可被设计为给出贯穿计算执行上下文的一致的功能和可视化。例如，每个部件可具有与其它部件一致的功能集，并还提供不负面地影响计算执行上下文的外观和感受的一些其它不同的功能性。每个部件还具有可视化，这些可视化允许它们在视觉上很好地与计算执行上下文内的其它部件相适合。控件约束可被类似地设计来保持用户界面的一致性。
应用作者可使用顺应控件库来构造他们自己的要在计算执行上下文内被执行的独特部件。然而，在部件变成可在计算执行上下文内执行之前，这样的部件可经历检查来确保该部件是顺应部件。这样的外来部件(即，不是由计算执行上下文自身提供的部件)可与其他应用作者共享、或被提交到计算执行上下文以供可能包括在顺应部件库中。可使得顺应部件库作为可视化的基本单元对多个应用作者可用。顺应控件可通过对非顺应控件的适当配置来从非顺应控件中自动地生成。
提供本发明内容以便以简化的形式介绍将在以下的具体实施方式中进一步描述的一些概念。本概述并非旨在标识出要求保护的主题的关键特征或必要特征，亦非旨在用作辅助确定要求保护的主题的范围。
附图简述
为了描述可获得本发明的上述和其它优点和特征的方式，将通过参考附图中示出的本发明的具体实施例来呈现以上简要描述的本发明的更具体描述。可以理解，这些附图只描绘了本发明的各典型实施例，并且因此不被认为是对其范围的限制，将通过使用附图并利用附加特征和细节来描述和解释本发明，在附图中：
图1抽象地示出其中可采用本文中所描述的原理的示例计算系统；
图2示出本文中描述的原理可在其中操作的示例分层结构架构，并且该架构包括非顺应控件、顺应控件、部件和透镜；
图3示出更具体的示例分层结构架构，并表示图2的分层结构架构的示例，但流从上往下而非从下往上；
图4示出具体得多的用户界面，其包括由大量可选择的元素填充的画布；以及
图5示出包括PDL扩展定义的一般创作环境，该PDL扩展定义是应用定义的示例。
详细描述
本文中描述的至少一些实施例涉及控件和部件的分层结构，其中控件和部件中的每一个都根据计算执行上下文的约束。控件是执行功能并可赋予可视化的可执行代码。部件是可视化容器的单元，其具有其自己的可视化和/或显示来自与该部件相关联的一个或多个顺应部件的可视化。
符合计算执行上下文的与控件相关的约束(“控件约束”)的控件在本文中将被称为“顺应控件”。符合计算执行上下文的与部件相关的约束(“部件约束”)的部件在本文中将被称为“顺应部件”。
计算执行上下文可以是例如，允许用户使用可视化来导航通过计算机状态的用户界面或门户。约束可被设计为给出贯穿计算执行上下文的一致的功能和可视化。例如，每个部件可具有与其它部件一致的功能集，并还提供不负面地影响计算执行上下文的外观和感受的一些其它不同的功能性。每个部件还具有可视化，这些可视化允许它们在视觉上很好地与计算执行上下文内的其它部件相适合。控件约束可被类似地设计来保持用户界面的一致性。
应用作者可使用顺应控件库来构造他们自己的要在计算执行上下文内被执行的独特部件。然而，在部件变成可在计算执行上下文内执行之前，这样的部件可经历检查来确保该部件是顺应部件。这样的外来部件(即，不是由计算执行上下文自身提供的部件)可与其他应用作者共享、或被提交到计算执行上下文以供可能包括在顺应部件库中。可使得顺应部件库作为可视化的基本单元对多个应用作者可用。顺应控件可通过对非顺应控件的适当配置来从非顺应控件中自动地生成。
将参考图1描述对计算设备的一些介绍性讨论。随后，将参考后续的附图来描述示例用户界面、方法和支持体系结构。
计算系统现在越来越多地采取多种多样的形式。例如，计算系统可以是手持式设备、电器、膝上型计算机、台式计算机、大型机、分布式计算系统或甚至常规上不被认为是计算系统的设备。在本说明书以及权利要求书中，术语“计算系统”被广义地定义为包括任何设备或系统(或其组合)，该设备或系统包含至少一个物理且有形的处理器以及其上能具有可由处理器执行的计算机可执行指令的物理且有形的存储器。存储器可以采取任何形式，并可以取决于计算系统的性质和形式。计算系统可以分布在网络环境中，并可包括多个组分计算系统。
如图1所例示，在其最基本的配置中，计算系统100通常包括至少一个处理单元102和存储器104。存储器104可以是物理系统存储器，该物理系统存储器可以是易失性的、非易失性的、或两者的某种组合。术语“存储器”也可在此用来指示诸如物理存储介质这样的非易失性大容量存储器。如果计算系统是分布式的，则处理、存储器和/或存储能力也可以是分布式的。如本文中所使用的，术语“可执行模块”或“可执行组件”可指可在计算系统上执行的软件对象、例程或方法。此处所描述的不同组件、模块、引擎以及服务可以实现为在计算系统上执行的对象或进程(例如，作为分开的线程)。
在随后的描述中，参考由一个或多个计算系统执行的动作描述了各实施例。如果这样的动作是以软件实现的，则执行动作的相关联计算系统的一个或多个处理器响应于已经执行了计算机可执行指令来引导计算系统的操作。例如，这样的计算机可执行指令可以在形成计算机程序产品的一个或多个计算机可读介质上实现。这样的操作的示例涉及对数据的操纵。计算机可执行指令(以及被操纵的数据)可以存储在计算系统100的存储器104中。计算系统100还可包含允许计算系统100例如通过网络110与其他消息处理器通信的通信信道108。
计算系统100还包括在其上可以呈现诸如在此所述的用户界面之类的用户界面的显示器112。这样的用户界面可以在渲染之前就在计算机硬件或其他由计算机表现的形式来生成。这样的用户界面的呈现和/或渲染可以由具有处理单元102的计算系统100来执行，所述处理单元执行在一个或多个计算机可读介质上具体化的一个或多个计算机可执行指令。这样的计算机可读介质可以形成计算机程序产品的全部或部分。
本文中描述的各实施例可包括或利用专用或通用计算机，该专用或通用计算机包括诸如例如一个或多个处理器和系统存储器等计算机硬件，如以下更详细讨论的。本文中描述的各实施例还包括用于承载或存储计算机可执行指令和/或数据结构的物理和其他计算机可读介质。这样的计算机可读介质可以是可由通用或专用计算机系统访问的任何可用介质。存储计算机可执行指令的计算机可读介质是物理存储介质。承载计算机可执行指令的计算机可读介质是传输介质。由此，作为示例而非限制，本发明的各实施例可包括至少两种显著不同的计算机可读介质：计算机存储介质和传输介质。
计算机存储介质包括RAM、ROM、EEPROM、CD-ROM或其他光盘存储、磁盘存储或其他磁存储设备、或者可用于存储以计算机可执行指令或数据结构的形式的期望程序代码手段且可由通用或专用计算机访问的任何其他有形介质。
“网络”被定义为使得电子数据能够在计算机系统和/或模块和/或其它电子设备之间传输的一个或多个数据链路。当信息通过网络或另一个通信连接(硬连线、无线、或者硬连线或无线的组合)传输或提供给计算机时，该计算机将该连接适当地视为传输介质。传输介质可以包括可用于携带计算机可执行指令或数据结构形式的期望程序代码装置并可被通用或专用计算机访问的网络和/或数据链路。上述的组合应当也被包括在计算机可读介质的范围内。
此外，在到达各种计算机系统组件之后，计算机可执行指令或数据结构形式的程序代码资料可从传输介质自动传输到计算机存储介质(或反之亦然)。例如，通过网络或数据链路接收到的计算机可执行指令或数据结构可以在网络接口模块(例如，“NIC”)内的RAM中被缓冲，然后最终被传输至计算机系统RAM和/或计算机系统处的较不易失性的计算机存储介质。因而，应当理解，计算机存储介质可被包括在还利用(或甚至主要利用)传输介质的计算机系统组件中。
计算机可执行指令例如包括，当在处理器处执行时使通用计算机、专用计算机、或专用处理设备执行某一功能或某组功能的指令和数据。计算机可执行指令可以是例如二进制代码、诸如汇编语言之类的中间格式指令、或甚至源代码。尽管用结构特征和/或方法动作专用的语言描述了本主题，但可以理解，所附权利要求书中定义的主题不必限于上述特征或动作。相反，上述特征和动作是作为实现权利要求的示例形式而公开的。
本领域的技术人员将理解，本发明可以在具有许多类型的计算机系统配置的网络计算环境中实践，这些计算机系统配置包括个人计算机、台式计算机、膝上型计算机、消息处理器、手持式设备、多处理器系统、基于微处理器的或可编程消费电子设备、网络PC、小型计算机、大型计算机、移动电话、PDA、寻呼机、路由器、交换机等等。本发明也可在其中通过网络链接(或者通过硬连线数据链路、无线数据链路，或者通过硬连线和无线数据链路的组合)的本地和远程计算机系统两者都执行任务的分布式系统环境中实施。在分布式系统环境中，程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备二者中。
图2图示此处所述的原理可在其中操作的示例分层结构架构200。存在示出的分层结构200的四个分层，从下往上包括，源控件210、顺应控件220、部件230和透镜(lense)240。除了源控件210之外，分层结构200的所有分层在计算执行上下文201内操作。
计算执行上下文201包括门户202，该门户202表示在计算执行上下文201内发生的操作的可查看结果。例如，门户202可以是web门户或被呈现在客户端机器上的门户。在后一者情况中，计算执行上下文201还可被呈现在客户端机器上、或可位于客户端机器的远程(诸如在云中)或它们的某一个组合。显示器112可被用于可视化门户202的目的。
计算执行上下文201向顺应控件220施加控件约束221并向部件230施加部件约束231。约束221和231被设计成在计算执行上下文201的外观和行为方面保持与门户202内显现的以及针对计算执行上下文201内的内部操作所需的一致性水平。例如，控件约束221可包括约束控件的操作的功能约束222以及约束控件的执行的结果如何被可视化在门户202内的可视化约束223。部件约束231可包括约束控件的操作的功能约束232以及约束控件的执行的结果如何被可视化在门户202内的可视化约束233。
源控件210不一定满足计算执行上下文201的控件约束221。计算执行上下文201将由此不允许源控件210被计算执行上下文201执行。然而，可至少部分地从源控件210中的一个或多个中得到顺应控件220中的一个或多个。例如，计算执行上下文201示出控件约束器251，该控件约束器251从不满足控件约束221的源控件210中得到满足控件约束221的顺应控件。
系统200的一个益处是，对于计算执行上下文201中涉及的元素的分层结构可以存在多个类别的贡献者，甚至尽管存在约束221和231。由此，多个个体可对全面的体验进行贡献，同时依然保持一致的用户体验。
例如，由于源控件210不具有约束，则源控件可由任意开发者使用对该开发者可用的任意技术来创作，而没有约束。作为一个示例，源控件可以是使用超文本标记语言(HTML)、JavaScript(JS)和层叠样式表(CSS)的组合的常规窗口小部件。图3示出更具体的示例分层结构架构，并表示图2的分层结构架构的示例，但流从上往下而非从下往上。在图3中，源控件210被标记为“Viva”控件。
另一方面，顺应控件220符合预先确定的控件约束集221。计算执行上下文201由此允许顺应控件220执行以从而经由门户202影响计算执行上下文201的状态和可视化显现。在一个实施例中，顺应控件202被结构化为使得不可在计算执行上下文201的外部执行。如之前提到的，顺应控件220可至少部分地从源控件210中得出。替换地，顺应控件220可已经被创作为顺应的。作为进一步的替换，顺应控件可至少部分地从一个或多个其它控件(顺应的或不顺应的)中得出。由此，任意给定的顺应控件可表示单个独立的控件或可能表示控件的复合分层结构。在图3中，“门户控件”被示出作为顺应控件220的示例，并示出示例原生控件(从单个示出的Viva控件中得出)和示例合成控件(从单个示出的Viva控件以及提供总数量的另一控件中得出)。
在一个实施例中，可用顺应控件集220由计算执行环境201的开发者来控制。例如，库管理器252被提供在计算执行上下文201内，并允许顺应控件220针对应用开发者通过门户202被标识。
部件230中的每一个是门户202的基本构建块。部件可使用自定义模板来被创作，而不涉及任意控件。然而，在多个情况下(如果不是大部分情况的话)，部件是可视化容器，其将来自一个或多个顺应控件220的经可视化的结果映射到门户202上。
计算执行上下文的开发者(和/或设置部件约束231以及由此净化部件的实体)可提供固有部件，这些固有部件提供与部件约束231一致的丰富且一致的功能性(例如，用多个大小显示、处理错误、显示进展等)并可被用于跨各种各样的域来操作。就这点而言，计算执行上下文210可被认为是应用开发者可在其中运行他们更加具体的体验的“外壳”或“容器”。
应用开发者还可使用他们的固有部件，或者他们还可创建他们自己的外来部件或“自定义”部件以也许在他们应用的更加具体的域中操作(本文中也称为“扩展”)。为了确保这样的自定义部件符合计算执行环境201，可使用计算执行上下文201内的部件合成组件253来创建和/或验证外来部件。在图3中，部件被示出为由固有部件的门户开发者(即，计算执行上下文201的提供者)和外来部件的扩展开发者(例如，应用开发者)两者提供。部件合成组件253可提供净化，诸如例如，什么脚本和样式可在部件模板中以及什么类可在css样式文件中的过滤器。
固有部件还可经由库管理器252和门户202被使得对扩展开发者可用。此外，扩展开发者可使用计算执行环境的共享模块254来与其他扩展开发者共享他们创建的外来部件。库管理器252还可向应用开发者呈现这样经共享的外来部件。外来部件的创建者还可经由库管理器来应用以将他们的部件作为固有部件来包括，如果该部件具有更一般的应用的话。
部件的可视化是数据驱动的。换言之，对部件进行驱动的数据中的改变可影响该部件的可视化和/或与该部件相关联的信息的可视化。此外，可基于数据驻留于其中的域来确定部件显示信息的能力。例如，数据可在特定数据库内或在特定网站内。即使数据是相同的，部件被可视化的方式可取决于域而不同。由此，如果部件在各域之间移动(例如，从网站到数据库)，则该部件的可视化可归因于数据的改变而改变，但是即使数据是相同的，可视化依然可归因于域的改变而不同。在图2中，例如，域260被示出为包括部件230可位于其中的潜在域。示出的域包括域261和262，但是省略号263表示可以有部件230可位于其中的其它可能数量的域260。计算执行上下文201依然知晓域260以及每个部件被显示在每个域260中的方式。
应用开发者可将部件组合到透镜240中。在本描述和权利要求书中，“透镜”是可被视为单元(例如，被一起四处移动)的部件的逻辑编组。
这个模型实现不同等级的共享和保护。可在计算执行上下文201外部操作的和/或被批准来共享源代码的控件可被添加到源控件210。另一方面，对于没有使得代码被共享、但依然希望在计算执行上下文中使用的控件，可直接创建控件220。对于非常简单的功能性或甚至对于非常复杂的功能性，可使用自定义模板来创建部件，而根本无需支持任意控件。
在一个实施例中，透镜可进一步由应用开发者组合到刀片(blade)中。为了示出部件、透镜和刀片之间的关系，图4示出具体得多的用户界面400，其包括由大量可选择的元素填充的画布。这些可选择的元素中只有几个被标记，因为它们与本文中的讨论更加相关。
在图4的上下文中，用户界面是画布，该画布在用户与该画布交互时可水平地向右扩展。画布可向右和向左滚动。画布可初始地仅包括收藏区域410，该收藏区域410包括多个可选择的部件(包括部件411)。当用户选择部件411时，刀片420出现。刀片是用户界面组件，该用户界面组件占据沿着该画布的可扩展方向的位置范围并基本占据画布在该位置处的所有正交范围。
刀片420包括多个可选择的元素(例如，部件)，其中的一些可能被编组到透镜中。例如，刀片420包括部件421和422以及其它部件。部件421和422被组合到透镜中，使得它们作为单元被一起移动。当部件421被选择时，进一步的刀片430出现，其进一步包括可选择的元素(诸如部件431)。当部件431被选择时，进一步的刀片440出现，其进一步包括可选择的元素(诸如部件441)。这可持续以允许用户参与自定义历程，该自定义历程构建显示所采取的到达用户当前之处的路径的历史的画布。
创作工具(诸如创作语言)可被创建以协助应用开发者创建用于它们的扩展的部件、透镜和刀片。作为一个示例，可基于可扩展标记语言(XML)来提供“门户定义语言”(PDL)。固有部件和外来部件两者均可被使用在创作语言内。然而，对于外来部件，开发者可提供模板以及描述该外来部件的行为的可执行代码(也称为“ViewModel(查看模型)”)。
图5示出包括PDL扩展定义501(应用定义的一个示例)的一般创作环境500。定义501包括标识被该定义使用的部件目录502的部件目录，其中部件还依赖于控件503(例如，顺应控件220)。定义501还包括刀片列表。每个刀片定义包括透镜列表。每个透镜定义包括被包括在该透镜内的一个或多个部件的定义。对于固有部件，开发者仅标识ViewModel和到数据的绑定。对于外来部件，开发者提供viewmodel并附加地标识针对该部件的绑定和模板。由此，应用定义包括对每个部件的功能集和可视化设置集的定义。一个可能的约束是控件和部件使用“MVVM”(模型查看ViewModel(查看模型))模式来实现，该模式要求ViewModel(查看模型)。部件对该ViewModel中的改变作出看得见的反应。
应用定义随后被编译。例如，在图5中，PDL扩展定义501使用如被箭头510表示的门户定义编译器(PDC)来编译。结果是可执行代码，对于每个部件，该可执行代码执行功能集中至少那些与对应于计算执行上下文201的功能部件约束232一致的部分，以及可视化集中至少那些与可视化部件约束一致的部分。例如，结果可能是基于JavaScript/typescript(类型脚本)的中间DSL语言，如图5中的门户表示511所表示的。
编译过程在确定自定义部件中的每一个的经定义的功能集和经定义的可视化集与对应于计算执行上下文的预先确定的部件约束集一致之际被执行。如果不是这个情况，则编译会失败。在那种情况下，编译过程提供关于什么出错的反馈，从而帮助开发者快速地解决他们的问题。
因此，本文中描述的各实施例提供控件和部件的可组合的分层结构，这些控件和部件可由第三方创作并仍符合周围用户界面上下文的外观、感受和行为。
本发明可具体化为其它具体形式而不背离其精神或本质特征。所描述的实施例在所有方面都应被认为仅是说明性而非限制性的。从而，本发明的范围由所附权利要求书而非前述描述指示。落入权利要求书的等效方案的含义和范围内的所有改变应被权利要求书的范围所涵盖。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于构造程序的系统，包括：
顺应控件集，所述顺应控件集中的每一个顺应控件a)符合计算执行上下文的预先确定的控件约束集，以及b)可用于在所述计算执行上下文内执行；以及
部件集，所述部件集中的至少一些部件与所述控件集中的一个或多个控件相关联，使得当相关联的控件在所述计算执行上下文内被执行时，对应的部件可视地包括所述执行的结果，其中所述部件集中的每一个部件满足所述计算执行上下文的预先确定的部件约束集。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述部件集包括由提供所述计算执行上下文或设置所述部件约束的实体创建的至少一个固有部件。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述部件集包括由使用部件合成组件的实体创建的至少一个外来部件，所述部件合成组件强制所述外来部件满足所述预先确定的部件约束集。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述顺应控件集中的至少一特定顺应控件至少部分地从不满足所述计算执行上下文的所述控件约束的源控件中得出。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，进一步包括：
控件约束器，所述控件约束器从不满足所述控件约束的源控件中得出满足所述控件约束的顺应控件。
6.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述顺应控件集中的至少一特定顺应控件至少部分地从所述顺应控件集中的各顺应控件中的另一顺应控件中得出。
7.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述控件约束包括所述顺应控件集的功能约束。
8.如权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，所述控件约束包括所述顺应控件集的可视化约束。
9.一种包括其上具有计算机可执行指令的一个或多个计算机可读存储介质的计算机程序产品，所述计算机可执行指令被结构化成使得在由计算系统的一个或多个处理器执行时，使所述计算系统执行一种用于便于部件的合成的方法，所述部件表示在计算执行上下文内执行的经可视化的容器，所述方法包括：
用户定义包括功能集和可视化设置集的定义的部件的动作；
自动地确定经定义的功能集和经定义的可视化集与对应于所述计算执行上下文的预先确定的部件约束集一致的动作；以及
响应于所述自动确定的动作，生成可执行代码的动作，所述可执行代码表示所述部件并且所述可执行代码执行所述功能集中至少那些与对应于所述计算执行上下文的功能部件约束一致的部分以及所述可视化集中至少那些与所述可视化部件约束一致的部分。
10.如权利要求9所述的计算机程序产品，其特征在于，所述定义部件的动作包括：
参考包括在控件集中的至少一个控件的动作，所述控件集中的每一个控件a)满足所述计算执行上下文的预先确定的控件约束集，以及b)可用于在所述计算执行上下文内执行。
CN201480054151.3A 2013-09-30 2014-09-25 控件和部件顺应分层结构 Active CN105683909B (zh)

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