CN105243074A - 用于内容中心网络中的并行安全内容引导的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于内容中心网络中的并行安全内容引导的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN105243074A
CN105243074A CN201510363122.1A CN201510363122A CN105243074A CN 105243074 A CN105243074 A CN 105243074A CN 201510363122 A CN201510363122 A CN 201510363122A CN 105243074 A CN105243074 A CN 105243074A
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CN105243074B (zh
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I·索利斯
G·C·斯科特
E·尤祖
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Cisco Technology Inc
Vihana Inc
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Palo Alto Research Center Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/12—Applying verification of the received information
    • H04L63/123—Applying verification of the received information received data contents, e.g. message integrity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F16/00—Information retrieval; Database structures therefor; File system structures therefor
    • G06F16/90—Details of database functions independent of the retrieved data types
    • G06F16/95—Retrieval from the web
    • G06F16/957—Browsing optimisation, e.g. caching or content distillation
    • G06F16/9574—Browsing optimisation, e.g. caching or content distillation of access to content, e.g. by caching
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/20—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for managing network security; network security policies in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/60—Network streaming of media packets
    • H04L65/61—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio
    • H04L65/612—Network streaming of media packets for supporting one-way streaming services, e.g. Internet radio for unicast
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L65/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services for supporting real-time applications in data packet communication
    • H04L65/80—Responding to QoS
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/06—Protocols specially adapted for file transfer, e.g. file transfer protocol [FTP]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context

Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供了一种用于通过网络检索内容集的系统。操作中，所述系统确定与消费所述内容集所需的内容项关联的附加信息：生成多个兴趣，所述多个兴趣包括所述内容集的目录的至少一个兴趣和所述附加信息的至少一个兴趣：以及同时转发所述多个兴趣，从而促进并行检索所述内容集和所述附加信息。

Description

用于内容中心网络中的并行安全内容引导的系统和方法
技术领域
本申请一般涉及内容中心网络(CCN)。更具体地，本申请涉及在内容中心网络(CCN)中并行安全检索内容连同消费内容所需的信息的系统和方法。
背景技术
互联网和电子商务的繁荣继续引发网络行业的革命性变化。当今，从在线观看电影到每日新闻发送、零售和即时消息的相当大量的信息交互是在线进行的。日益增长的互联网应用也变成移动的。然而，当前的互联网基于大型的基于位置的寻址方案工作。两个最普遍存在的协议即互联网协议(IP)和以太网协议都以终端主机地址为基础。即，内容的消费者可以只接收通过从通常与物理对象或位置关联的地址(例如IP地址或以太网介质访问控制(MAC)地址)显式请求内容的内容。此限制性的寻址方案越来越不足以满足不断变化的网络需求。
最近，行业中已经提出信息中心网络(ICN)架构，其中，内容是直接被命名并寻址的。内容中心网络(CCN)是一个示例性ICN架构，它将新方法引入到内容传输。代替在应用等级以内容得以通过的端对端对话查看网络流量，内容是基于其唯一的名称请求或返回的，网络负责将内容从提供者路由到消费者。注意，内容包括可以在通信系统中传输的数据，包括任何形式的数据，诸如文本、图像、视频和/或音频。消费者或提供者可以是位于CCN内部或外部的计算机处的个人或自动过程。一项内容可以指整个内容或内容的相应部分。例如，报纸文章可以由体现为数据包的多项内容代表。一项内容还可以与用诸如鉴别数据、创建日期、内容所有人等的信息描述或扩充该项内容的元数据关联。
在CCN中，内容对象是已签名，并可能是加密的。为了鉴别并访问文件的内容，内容消费者可能需要检索许多个内容对象和另外关于加密密钥和发布者的身份的信息。顺序下载每个内容对象和附加的密钥信息可能需要完成多个往返行程。因此，在内容消费者可以开始消费内容项(可能跨越多个内容对象)之前，内容消费者需要下载元数据，元数据有时候附加到所有可消费内容的末端。这意味着内容消费者可能必须等待直到内容的所有部分被下载以下载解密密钥，因此不能开始消费已经下载的内容部分。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于通过网络检索内容集的系统。操作中，所述系统确定与消费所述内容集所需的内容项关联的附加信息；生成多个兴趣，所述多个兴趣包括所述内容集的目录的至少一个兴趣和所述附加信息的至少一个兴趣；以及同时转发所述多个兴趣，从而促进并行检索所述内容集和所述附加信息。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述附加信息包括以下的一个或多个：与所述目录关联的鉴别和/或解密信息；与所述内容集关联的鉴别和/或解密信息；以及鉴别撤销信息。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述多个兴趣包括对所述内容集的至少一个兴趣。
在此实施例的一个变形中，生成所述内容集的至少一个兴趣涉及包括以下的一个或多个：用户凭证信息和支付信息。
在此实施例的一个变形中，转发所述兴趣涉及以下的至少一个：将一个或多个兴趣转发到委托方(trustauthority)；以及将一个或多个兴趣转发到缓存所述内容集的节点。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述网络是内容中心网络，并且其中，所述兴趣是CCN兴趣。
在此实施例的一个变形中，所述系统还接收对所述多个兴趣的响应；以及缓存所接收的响应。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。
图2呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的清单的格式。
图3呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明内容中心网络中的示例性内容对象。
图4提供一个图形，该图形图解说明传统的内容下载过程。
图5呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的下载内容集的示例性过程。
图6呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的一次性内容请求模块的示例性架构。
图7呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的请求内容的示例性过程。
图8图解说明根据实施例的用于并行内容检索的示例性系统。
在图中，相同的附图标记指相同的附图元件。
具体实施方式
概述
本发明的实施例提供了用于并行检索内容和消费内容所需的信息的系统和方法。更具体地，操作中，当请求者通过网络请求命名内容项(诸如文件)时，系统确定消费内容需要哪类信息，并并行地检索内容项和所需信息。换言之，检索鉴别和解密信息的过程被引导到内容下载过程。
通常，CCN使用两种类型的消息：兴趣和内容对象。兴趣承载内容对象的分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)，也称作“名称”，并用作对该对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如路由器)接收对相同名称的多个兴趣，则它可以聚合这些兴趣。在具有匹配的内容对象的兴趣的路径上的网络元件可以缓存并返回该对象，以满足兴趣。内容对象遵循相反的兴趣路径到达兴趣的(若干)原点。内容对象除其它信息外包含相同的HSVLI，对象的有效载荷，以及用来将HSVLI绑定到有效载荷的加密信息。
本申请中使用的词语通常定义如下(但其解释不限于此)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构的可变长度标识符，也称作名称。它是名称组件的排序列表，它可以是可变长度的八位字节字符串。以人可读的形式，HSVLI可以用诸如ccnx：/path/part的形式表示。同样，HSVLI可能不是人可读的。如上文提到的，HSVLI指内容，希望HSVLI能够表示内容的组织结构，并至少部分对人是有意义的。HSVLI的个别组件可以具有任意长度。而且，HSVLI可以具有显式界定的组件，可以包括任何字节序列，不局限于人可读的字符。最长前缀匹配查询在转发具有HSVLI的包时是重要的。例如，指示对“/parc/home/bob”的兴趣的HSVLI会与“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”匹配。按照名称组件的数目，最长匹配被认为是最佳的，原因是它是最具体的。对HSVLI的详细描述可以在发明人VanL.Jacobson和JamesD.Thornton于2009年9月23日申请的名称为“SYSTEMFORFORWARDINGAPACKETWITHAHIERARCHICHALLYSTRUCTUREDVARIABLE-LENGTHIDENTIFIER”、律师案号为PARC-20090115Q的美国专利号8,160,069中找到。
“兴趣(Interest)”：对内容对象的请求。兴趣规定HSVLI名称前缀和可以用来从具有相同的名称前缀的多个对象中选择的其它可选的选择器。其名称与兴趣的名称前缀(以及可选的其它请求参数，诸如发布者密钥-ID匹配)匹配的任何内容对象满足兴趣。
“内容对象(ContentObject)”：响应于兴趣发送的数据对象。它具有通过加密签名绑定在一起的HSVLI名称和内容有效载荷。可选地，所有的内容对象具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要组成的隐式终端名称组件。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不在线上传输，但如果需要在每跳计算。注意，内容对象与内容组件不相同。内容对象具有根据CCN协议特别定义的结构，其大小通常是网络包的大小(对于广域网大约1500字节，对于局域网为8000字节并具有碎片)，而内容组件是用来指任何类型的文件的通用词语，它可以是嵌入的网页对象。例如，网页可以包括许多个嵌入对象，诸如图像、视频文件或交互式组件。每个嵌入对象是一个内容组件，可以跨越多个内容对象。
如之前提到的，HSVLI指示一项内容，是分层结构的，包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续组件。相应的HSVLI的长度是不固定的。在内容中心网络中，与传统的IP网络不同，包可以由HSVLI标识。例如，“abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news”可以是内容的名称，标识相应的(若干)包，即，来自名称为“ABCD”的机构的名字为“Bob”的用户的报纸“ccn”集的“news”文章。为了请求一项内容，节点通过内容的名称表达(例如广播)对该内容的兴趣。对一项内容的兴趣可以是根据内容的名称或标识符对内容集的查询。内容如果在网络上可用，则从存储该内容的任何节点发送回请求节点。路由架构智能地将兴趣传播到可能具有信息的潜在节点，然后携带可用内容沿与兴趣消息行进的路径相反的路径返回。基本上，内容对象遵循兴趣消息留下的碎屑痕迹，因此到达请求节点。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。在此示例中，网络180包括节点100-145。网络中的每个节点耦连到一个或多个其它节点。网络连接185是这种连接的一个示例。网络连接显示为实线，但每条线还代表可以将一个节点耦连到另一节点的子网络或超级网络。网络180可以是内容中心的局域网、超级网络或子网络。这些网络中的每个网络可以互联，使得一个网络中的节点可以到达其它网络中的节点。网络连接可以是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或任何类型的网络连接。节点可以是计算机系统、代表用户的端点和/或可以生成兴趣或发起内容的装置。
根据本发明的实施例，消费者可以生成对一项内容的兴趣，并将该兴趣转发到网络180中的节点。一项内容可以通过发布者或内容提供者存储在网络180中的节点上，发布者或内容提供者可以位于网络内部或外部。例如，在图1中，对一项内容的兴趣源于节点105。如果在该节点上内容不可用，则兴趣流向耦连到第一节点的一个或多个节点。例如，在图1中，兴趣流向(兴趣流150)节点115，节点115并不具有可用的内容。接着，兴趣从节点115流向节点125(兴趣流155)，节点125也不具有该内容。兴趣然后流向(兴趣流160)节点130，节点130具有可用的内容。内容对象的流动则以相反路径折回(内容流165、170和175)，直到它到达节点105，内容在节点105被传送。可能在内容流中，涉及诸如鉴别的其它过程。
在网络180中，在内容持有者(节点130)和兴趣生成节点(节点105)之间的路径中的任何数目的中间节点(节点100-145)可以在内容行进通过网络时参与缓存内容的本地副本。通过隐式共享对本地缓存内容的访问，缓存降低了对位于其它订阅者附近的第二订阅者的网络负载。
在CCN中，清单(也称作目录)用来代表数据集。例如，CCN节点可以包含视频集，视频集包括大量的视频文件，视频集的清单可以是标识与视频文件对应的内容对象的排序列表。注意，由于内容对象的大小限制，视频文件可以跨越多个内容对象。而且，CCN节点可以存储网页内容，网页的清单标识网页的不同组件，诸如标记文档和嵌入对象(包括Java脚本、图像文件、音频文件、视频文件等)。
在清单中，每个内容对象由其名称和相应的摘要标识，其中，摘要是内容对象的散列值(通常使用加密散列函数计算，诸如散列函数SHA-256)。在一些实施例中，每个内容对象还由指示内容被修改的时间的修改时间标识。图2呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的清单格式。
在图2中，清单200包括由集合名称204标识的内容对象的排序列表和以下的一个或多个：内容对象名称230.1-230.n；摘要232.1-232.n；以及修改时间234.1-234.n。摘要232.1-232.n包括分别由名称230.1-230.n标识的内容对象的散列值。清单200还包括根散列202，根散列202是基于集合中的个别内容对象的散列值232.1-232.n的附加散列值。清单200的根散列202是清单200的唯一标识符。
如图2中所示，清单200可以指示集合中表示的每个内容对象的名称和相应摘要。可选地，清单200还可以包括集合中表示的每个内容对象的修改时间。修改时间字段的使用取决于底层应用或所执行的服务。除了排序列表之外，清单还可以构造为同步树，同步树包含内容对象以及内容对象的嵌套集。
在一些实施例中，为了下载文件集，请求者可能需要首先下载清单。在某些情况下，清单本身受保护，在阅读清单之前，请求者或内容消费者需要鉴别清单，可能还需要解密清单。
在CCN中，每个内容对象被签名并可能被加密。图3呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明内容中心网络中的示例性内容对象。在图3中，内容对象300包括名称组件302、密钥-ID组件304、可选的密钥组件306、载荷组件308和签名组件312。名称组件302是非加密的用户分配的字符串，非加密的用户分配的字符串可以是人可读形式或扁平名称的HSVLI。密钥-ID组件304标识用来对内容对象300签名的公钥。公钥可以可选地作为密钥组件306包括于内容对象300中。有效载荷组件308包括用户数据。签名组件310是将名称组件302绑定到有效载荷组件308的加密签名。签名可以使用RSA方案生成。例如，内容的发布者可以使用其私钥生成签名，私钥可使用公钥306验证。注意，代替对所有的字节签名，签名通常由对名称组件302、密钥-ID组件304、密钥组件306和有效载荷组件308的散列(显示为签名散列310)签名生成。
在一些实施例中，内容对象300可以被加密，内容对象300可以包括规定解密密钥的附加组件。在又一些实施例中，整个内容组件可以是任何类型的文件，诸如音频、视频、Java脚本文件等，整个内容文件可以作为整体被加密、签名。例如，大的视频文件可能跨越许多内容对象，为了确保文件的内容是秘密的，整个视频文件，以及许多内容对象被加密。为了保证文件的每个分块(或每个内容对象)的真实性，发布者可以对每个内容对象签名。而且，为了将所有的分块(内容对象)绑定到一起，发布者还可以整体地对内容组件的所有分块签名。加密密钥的标识符和整个组件的签名可以插入到最后的分块(内容对象)中，或者包括于单独的内容对象中。
一旦接收内容对象，为了鉴别所接收的内容对象，请求者需要验证签名密钥。在一些实施例中，密钥验证过程涉及联系委托方以验证密钥(由所接收的内容对象中包括的密钥信息规定)是否实际上被授权对内容签名，并涉及计算以及验证所接收的内容对象中包括的签名。此外，为了访问加密内容，请求者需要获得解密密钥。在某些情况下，解密内容(诸如电影)所需的密钥是基于试图消费内容的用户(诸如看电影的用户)生成的。例如，当用户下载电影时，可能针对该用户生成会话密钥。用户需要获得这些会话密钥。而且，在清单被加密的情况下，请求者还需要获得该清单的解密密钥。在传统的系统中，请求者通常需要按顺序次序下载清单、内容、清单和内容的鉴别信息、清单和内容的解密信息(以便获得解密密钥)，以及用于鉴别的任何可能的撤销信息。这意味着在请求者获得消费内容所需的所有信息之前，需要许多往返行程。
图4提供图解说明传统的内容下载过程的图形。在图4中，请求者402正在从一个或多个响应者404上下载内容集。操作中，请求者402通过向(若干)响应者408发布请求清单408的一组兴趣消息406，来开始下载过程。在一些实施例中，清单408包括内容对象的排序列表。一旦接收清单408，清单408作为内容对象410的集合返回请求者402，请求者402可能需要向委托方420发送请求412，询问用来签名内容对象组410的一个或若干密钥是否是授权的(若干)密钥，并接收响应414。可选地，请求者402还可以向(若干)响应者404发送请求会话密钥的请求416，接收响应418。注意，鉴别请求和密钥请求是以兴趣的形式发送的，响应是内容对象的形式。一旦请求者402鉴别并解密清单408，请求者阅读清单408(操作422)，开始通过发送兴趣消息的附加集，诸如兴趣集424和426请求内容集的分块。取决于内容集的大小，许多兴趣或兴趣集可能需要检索内容块430。在内容块430作为整体签名的情况下，请求者402可能需要在一完成内容块430的下载时，向委托方420发送验证签名密钥的请求432，并接收响应434。此外，如果内容块430是加密的，请求者402可能需要请求解密密钥，解密密钥可以涉及一个或多个往返行程。请求者402和委托方420之间的附加通信可以包括请求者402从委托方420请求可能的撤销信息，诸如认证撤销。
通过图4，可以看出请求者402需要许多往返行程来完成清单和内容块的下载，以鉴别清单和内容块(通过验证签名)，并且获得解密密钥。换言之，用户或内容消费者可能需要在可以消费内容之前等待许多往返行程。这么长的等待时间是不期望的。例如，如果用户想在线看电影，则用户希望可以在下载电影的末尾部分时开始查看电影的前面部分。然而，在传统的CCN系统中，内容是在下载之后被鉴别和解密的，用户可能需要在开始看电影之前首先下载整个电影。
为了解决延迟的内容消费的问题，在一些实施例中，在请求内容集时，请求者并行地发送用于检索内容块的兴趣和用于检索消费内容所需的信息的兴趣。因此，包括鉴别信息和解密信息的消费内容所需的信息可以与内容本身并行地检索，用户不再需要等到所有的内容块下载之后才开始消费内容。在电影下载的示例中，在下载电影的第一部分时，用户可以同时获得会话密钥，并验证所接收的第一部分的真实性。随后，用户可以在电影的剩余部分在下载时开始看电影(在解密之后)。类似地，如果内容集是文件库，则用户可以开始消费已经下载的文件，同时其它文件仍然在下载。
图5呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的下载内容集的示例性过程。在图5中，请求者502正在从一个或多个响应者504请求内容集510。内容集510包括各个组件，诸如清单512和内容块514。注意，清单512和内容块514各自可以包括符合CCN标准的多个内容对象。而且，内容对象可以单独地被签名或作为整体被签名。在一些情况下，清单512和/或内容块514可以被加密，请求者502还需要请求解密信息516，以便访问清单512和/或内容块514。解密信息516可以指示解密内容块514需要哪些类型的密钥或者哪些密钥。
代替一个接一个地请求清单512、内容块514和解密信息516，请求者502可以一次发送对他们的兴趣。换言之，请求者502可以使用汇总的兴趣集请求清单、内容块和解密信息。注意，在一些实施例中，内容块可以包括其名称或散列值对请求者502不可知的嵌入对象。在这种情况下，请求者502可能需要首先下载并阅读清单，之后发出请求内容块连同解密信息的大的兴趣集。在某些情况下，清单和嵌入对象可以放置在一个分块名称空间下的单个内容流中，请求者502可以在该分块名称空间中发送兴趣集，以同时请求清单512和内容块514。
而且，为了鉴别清单512和内容块514，请求者502还可能需要向委托方506发送兴趣集，以询问签名密钥。在一些实施例中，请求者502可以在请求者502发送初始兴趣集的同时发送这种询问。在这种情况下，因为请求者502还没有下载清单512或内容块514，所以请求者502不知道使用哪个密钥或哪些密钥来对清单512和内容块514签名。然而，即使不知道这些，请求者502可以向委托方506发送请求，请求被授权对清单512和/或内容块514签名的签名密钥的列表。例如，如果内容集510在名称空间“/foo/abc”下，请求者502可以向委托方506发送请求，请求被授权在名称空间“/foo/abc”下签名的签名密钥的列表。
在一些实施例中，请求者502在汇总兴趣集中可以包括响应者504可能需要的附加信息，以便响应者504发送回与兴趣对应的内容对象。此附加信息可以包括但不限于：用户信息(诸如用户证书)和某些支付信息，或者内容提供者需要的任何其它信息。
在一些实施例中，内容和消费内容所需的信息的并行下载可以由请求者发送的对该内容的初始兴趣集来触发。例如，请求者可以通过网络广播名称空间“/foo/abc/video/video_1”下的兴趣集。兴趣到达中间系统或节点，诸如路由器、网关、代理服务器或缓存服务器，他们又确定名称空间“/foo/abc/video/video_1”下的内容块是单独(或共同)签名和加密的。在一些实施例中，中间节点可以给请求者指示消费内容将需要签名信息和解密信息。在又一些实施例中，中间节点可以代表内容请求者同时发布下载内容的兴趣、验证签名的兴趣(发送给委托方)以及获得解密信息的兴趣。中间节点还可以向委托方发布获得用于鉴别的可能的撤销信息的兴趣。
除了发布并行下载内容和其它相关信息的兴趣之外，中间节点还可以负责处理对兴趣的响应。例如，中间节点可以接收已授权签名密钥的列表，将该列表与内容块中包括的签名进行比较以确定内容块的真实性，然后将鉴别结果转发到内容请求者。而且，如果响应指示解密内容块所需的解密密钥的类型，则中间节点可以(通过某些计算)获得解密密钥，并转发给请求者。注意，确定需要哪些信息以及生成下载内容连同相关信息的并行请求(兴趣)的过程可以对请求内容的应用是透明的。在一些实施例中，应用只需要发送一个兴趣以请求内容集，并且在其它层上运行的过程处理对并行下载的附加兴趣的生成。
图6呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的一次性内容请求模块的示例性架构。在图6中，一次性内容请求模块600包括接收模块602、分析模块604、信息收集模块606、请求生成模块608和转发模块610。接收模块602负责接收对内容集的兴趣。在一些实施例中，接收模块602可以接收单个初始兴趣或初始兴趣的集合，请求某个名称空间下的一项内容。分析模块604负责分析初始兴趣并确定传送和消费内容需要哪些附加信息。例如，分析模块604可以基于所接收的兴趣确定在内容可以传送给请求者之前需要进行支付，或者分析模块604可以确定内容块是加密的，消费内容需要解密信息。在一些实施例中，分析模块604可以直接地与内容生产者交互(基于由初始兴趣指定的名称空间)，以确定需要哪种类型的附加信息。另外，分析模块604可以与目录服务交互，以找出需要哪些信息。
信息收集模块606负责从请求者收集在可以传送内容之前需要的附加信息。例如，信息收集模块606可以从请求者收集用户证书和/或支付信息。请求生成模块608负责生成请求内容块和消费内容所需的信息(诸如鉴别信息和解密信息)可以使用的并行兴趣的集合。在一些实施例中，请求生成模块608基于分析模块604的分析结果和由信息收集模块606收集的信息生成并行兴趣的集合。例如，如果需要鉴别，则请求生成模块608生成可以发送到委托方以用于鉴别目的的请求。而且，如果需要支付信息，则请求生成模块608生成包括支付信息的内容请求。转发模块610负责将所生成的请求集合并行地转发到委托方和内容提供者。
图7呈现一个图形，该图形图解说明根据本发明的实施例的请求内容的示例性过程。操作中，系统接收对内容项的兴趣(操作702)，基于所接收的兴趣确定传送和消费内容项可能需要的附加信息(操作704)。基于所述确定，系统生成请求内容块(可以包括目录或清单)和消费内容所需的信息(诸如鉴别信息、解密信息和可能的鉴别撤销信息)的多个兴趣或兴趣的集合(操作706)。例如，系统可以生成对被授权在特定的名称空间下签名的签名密钥的列表。注意，如果内容或其目录没有加密，则不需要生成对解密信息的兴趣。
系统然后同时地向其潜在目的地转发生成的兴趣或兴趣的集合，潜在目的地可以包括委托方和缓存内容块的副本的节点(操作708)。一旦转发了兴趣，系统可以开始接收响应，响应可以包括内容块或鉴别结果(操作710)。在一些实施例中，鉴别响应可以包括标识签名密钥的列表，所述签名密钥被授权在特定的名称空间下对内容对象签名。系统可选地缓存所接收的响应，包括鉴别响应，使得后续的请求可以被更快地服务(操作712)。
注意，图6中所示的一次性内容请求模块600可以位于与内容请求者相同的本地机器，或者一次性内容请求模块600可以位于远程的中间系统，诸如路由器、网关、代理或缓存服务器等。类似地，图7中所示的内容请求过程可以出现在本地系统或远程系统。
还要注意并行地发布多个兴趣或兴趣集合的目的是降低内容请求者可以开始消费所接收的内容之前所需的往返行程的数目。理想地，请求者可以在一个或甚至少于一个往返行程内消费内容，原因是对内容块和相关鉴别或解密信息的兴趣是同时发出的。然而实际上，在请求者接收内容块和消费内容所需的附加信息之前可能需要超过一个往返行程或超过一个消息交互。例如，在一些内容对象包括外部链接的情况下，请求者可能需要首先解析外部链接，然后在链接之后发布兴趣。
图8图解说明根据实施例的用于并行内容检索的示例性系统。用于并行内容检索的系统800包括处理器810、存储器820和存储装置830。存储装置830通常存储可以加载到存储器820中并由处理器810执行的执行上文提到的方法的指令。在一个实施例中，存储装置830中的指令可以实现兴趣分析模块832、并行请求生成模块834和并行请求转发模块836，所有这些可以通过各种手段彼此通信。
在一些实施例中，模块832、834和836可以部分或完全以硬件实现，并且可以是处理器810的一部分。进一步地，在一些实施例中，系统可以不包括单独的处理器和存储器。而且，除了执行特定的任务之外，模块832、834和836单独地或者一起可以是通用或专用计算引擎的一部分。
存储装置830存储由处理器810执行的程序。具体地，存储装置830存储实现用于促进并行内容检索的系统(应用)的程序。操作中，应用程序可以从存储装置830加载到存储器820中，由处理器810执行。结果，系统800可以执行上文描述的功能。系统800可以耦连到可选的显示器880(可以是触摸屏显示器)、键盘860和定位装置870；系统800还可以通过一个或多个网络接口耦连到网络882。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储于计算机可读存储介质上，计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机系统使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据，这些代码和/或数据可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机系统读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且，本文描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或代码片段的专用或共用处理器，和/或现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块或设备被激活时，他们执行其中包括的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于通过网络检索内容集的计算机可执行的方法，所述方法包括：
通过计算机确定与消费所述内容集所需的内容项关联的附加信息；
生成多个兴趣，所述多个兴趣包括所述内容集的目录的至少一个兴趣和所述附加信息的至少一个兴趣；以及
同时转发所述多个兴趣，从而促进并行检索所述内容集和所述附加信息。
2.一种存储指令的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，所述指令由计算装置执行时引起所述计算装置执行一种用于通过网络检索内容集的方法，所述方法包括：
通过计算机确定与消费所述内容集所需的内容项关联的附加信息；
生成多个兴趣，所述多个兴趣包括所述内容集的目录的至少一个兴趣和所述附加信息的至少一个兴趣；以及
同时转发所述多个兴趣，从而促进并行检索所述内容集和所述附加信息。
3.根据权利要求2所述的计算机可读存储介质，其中，所述附加信息包括以下的一个或多个：
与所述目录关联的鉴别和/或解密信息；
与所述内容集关联的鉴别和/或解密信息；以及
鉴别撤销信息。
4.一种用于通过网络检索内容集的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
处理器；以及
存储装置，所述存储装置耦连到所述处理器，并存储指令，所述指令由所述处理器执行时引起所述处理器执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
通过计算机确定与消费所述内容集所需的内容项关联的附加信息；
生成多个兴趣，所述多个兴趣包括所述内容集的目录的至少一个兴趣和所述附加信息的至少一个兴趣；以及
同时转发所述多个兴趣，从而促进并行检索所述内容集和所述附加信息。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统，其中，所述附加信息包括以下的一个或多个：
与所述目录关联的鉴别和/或解密信息；
与所述内容集关联的鉴别和/或解密信息；以及
鉴别撤销信息。
6.根据权利要求4所述的系统，其中，所述多个兴趣包括所述内容集的至少一个兴趣。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统，其中，生成所述内容集的至少一个兴趣涉及包括以下的一个或多个：用户凭证信息和支付信息。
8.根据权利要求4所述的系统，其中，转发所述兴趣涉及以下的至少一个：
将一个或多个兴趣转发到委托方；以及
将一个或多个兴趣转发到缓存所述内容集的节点。
9.根据权利要求4所述的系统，其中，所述网络是内容中心网络，并且其中，所述兴趣是CCN兴趣。
10.根据权利要求4所述的系统，其中，所述方法还包括：
接收对所述多个兴趣的响应；以及
缓存所接收的响应。
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