CN105100045A - 用于防止在命名数据网络路由器上插入恶意内容的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于防止在命名数据网络路由器上插入恶意内容的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN105100045A
CN105100045A CN201510235805.9A CN201510235805A CN105100045A CN 105100045 A CN105100045 A CN 105100045A CN 201510235805 A CN201510235805 A CN 201510235805A CN 105100045 A CN105100045 A CN 105100045A
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I·索利斯
M·E·莫斯科
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Cisco Technology Inc
Vihana Inc
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    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context

Abstract

对象转发装置能够阻止恶意内容对象通过命名数据网络插入到兴趣的反向路径中。在操作中，所述装置可以通过第一接口接收内容对象，并且可以在未决兴趣表(PIT)中执行查询操作，以识别与所述内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项。所述装置然后从所述PIT表项确定用来转发所述兴趣的出接口。如果所述装置确定所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口匹配，则所述装置通过在所述PIT表项中规定的返回接口转发所述内容对象。另一方面，如果所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口不匹配，则所述装置能够阻止所述内容对象。

Description

用于防止在命名数据网络路由器上插入恶意内容的方法和设备
技术领域
本申请一般涉及计算机网络。更具体地，本申请涉及控制内容对象通过命名数据网络的流动。
背景技术
在内容中心网络(CCN)中，客户端装置能够通过传播包括数据名称的兴趣消息来获得此数据。沿CCN的路由器存储兴趣的反向路径，并朝能够提供所请求的数据的内容生产者传播此兴趣。一旦内容生产者返回满足此兴趣的内容对象，路由器将此内容对象沿反向路径转发到客户端装置。
遗憾的是，恶意实体可能将恶意数据注入到兴趣的反向路径中。为了防止恶意数据返回客户端装置，一些路由器可以对内容对象执行密码认证操作以认证内容对象或他们的发送者。然而，对每个内容对象执行这种密码认证可能显著降低这些路由器的运行性能。
发明内容
一个实施例提供阻止恶意内容对象通过命名数据网络插入到兴趣的反向路径中的对象转发装置。在操作中，所述装置能够通过第一接口接收内容对象，并且能够在未决兴趣表(PIT)中执行查询操作，以识别与所述内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项。所述装置然后从所述PIT表项确定用来转发所述兴趣的出接口(egressinterface)。如果所述装置确定所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口匹配，则所述装置通过在所述PIT表项中规定的返回接口转发所述内容对象。另一方面，如果所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口不匹配，则所述装置能够阻止所述内容对象。
在一些实施例中，所述出接口包括物理接口。
在一些实施例中，所述出接口包括虚拟接口。
在这些实施例的一些变形中，所述虚拟接口与描述一组接口的逻辑关系的合取范式(CNF)表达式关联。
在一些实施例中，所述装置能够通过第二接口接收第二兴趣，并且基于第二兴趣的名称在转发信息库中执行查询操作，以确定用于转发第二兴趣的出接口。一旦所述装置通过出接口转发所述第二兴趣，所述装置能够在兴趣的PIT中创建新表项。此新PIT表项可以包括用来转发兴趣的出接口。
在一些实施例中，在PIT中执行查询操作的同时，所述装置确定PIT表项的分层结构的可变长度识别符(HSVLI)是否与兴趣的名称匹配。
在一些实施例中，PIT表项包括存储散列值的名称字段。同样，在PIT中执行查询操作的同时，所述装置确定PIT表项的散列值是否与兴趣的名称的散列匹配。
附图说明
图1根据实施例图解说明便于阻止恶意内容对象通过命名数据网络插入到兴趣的反向路径中的计算环境。
图2根据实施例图解说明阻止恶意内容对象插入到兴趣的反向路径中的转发器的示例性通信。
图3根据实施例呈现图解说明在未决兴趣表中创建表项以将兴趣的名称映射到兴趣的入接口(ingressinterface)和出接口(egressinterface)的方法的流程图。
图4根据实施例图解说明示例性未决兴趣表。
图5根据实施例呈现图解说明基于相应的PIT表项确定是否阻止或转发内容对象的方法的流程图。
图6根据实施例图解说明便于阻止恶意内容对象插入到兴趣的反向路径中的示例性设备。
图7根据实施例图解说明便于阻止恶意内容对象插入到兴趣的反向路径中的示例性计算机系统。
在图中，相同的附图标记指相同的附图元件。
具体实施方式
给出以下描述使得本领域技术人员能够制造和使用实施例，以下描述是在特定应用和其需求的背景下提供的。对所公开实施例的各种改进对本领域技术人员是非常显然的，在不偏离本申请的精神和范围下，本文中定义的一般原理可以应用于其它实施例和应用。因此，本发明不局限于所显示的实施例，而是给予与本文中公开的原理和特征一致的最宽范围。
本发明的实施例提供一种路由器，所述路由器解决了防止恶意实体将恶意数据通过命名数据网络(NDN)注入到数据流中的问题。例如，客户端装置能够通过传播包括数据的名称的兴趣消息通过NDN获得此数据，这建立沿路由器到能够提供所请求数据的内容生产者的反向路径。其它网络装置可能通过沿反向路径向路由器转发包括兴趣名称的内容对象来将恶意数据“注入”到此反向路径中。因此，恶意实体可以利用此弱点来向访问在线服务的客户端或者甚至向在线服务本身提供欺骗性数据。
如果恶意实体继续沿反向路径在路由器上注入恶意数据，此路由器丢弃其具有的兴趣的反向路径信息，原因是路由器不再期望接收此兴趣的内容对象。如果在丢弃反向路径信息之后，路由器从在线服务接收内容对象，则假定反向路径信息不再存在的话，路由器会有效地阻止内容对象。因此，恶意实体还可以利用此弱点通过防止在线服务的客户端从在线服务接收数据来实现服务拒绝(DoS)攻击。
在一些实施例中，NDN的路由器能够通过跟踪哪些出接口用来转发兴趣并且只返回通过其相应兴趣的接口接收的内容对象来防止恶意实体将数据注入到未决兴趣的反向路径中。例如，NDN路由器能够在未决兴趣表(PIT)中存储此出接口。这样，当路由器基于内容对象的名称对PIT执行查询操作时，路由器能够获得包括曾用来转发相应兴趣的出接口以及将用来转发内容对象的返回接口的PIT表项。如果内容对象不是通过兴趣的出接口接收的，则路由器能够阻止内容对象，即使它已经被恶意地插入到反向路径中。否则，路由器能够继续通过返回接口像平常一样返回内容对象。
以下术语描述诸如内容中心网络(CCN)的命名数据网络(NDN)架构的元件：
内容对象(ContentObject)：单一一项命名数据，其绑定到唯一名称。内容对象是“永久的”，这意味着内容对象可以在计算装置内或者在不同的计算装置中移动，但不会改变。如果内容对象的任何组成变化，则出现变化的实体创建包括更新内容的新内容对象，并且将新内容对象绑定到新唯一名称。
名称(Name)：NDN中的名称通常是与位置无关的，唯一地识别内容对象。数据转发装置不管内容对象的网络地址或物理位置如何，可以使用名称或名称前缀将兴趣包向生成或存储内容对象的网络节点转发。在一些实施例中，名称可以是分层结构的可变长度识别符(HSVLI)。HSVLI可以分成几个分层组成，这些组成可以以各种方式构造。例如，个别的名称组成parc，home，ndn，和test.txt可以以左对齐的前缀为主的方式构造，形成名称“/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.”。因此，名称“/parc/home/ndn”可以是“/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.”的“父”或“前缀”。附加组成可以用来区分内容项目的不同形式，诸如合作文档。
在一些实施例中，名称可以包括无层次识别符，诸如由内容对象的数据(例如检验和值)和/或从内容对象的名称的组成部分导出的散列值。基于散列的名称的描述在(发明人IgnacioSolis于2013年3月20日提交的名称为“ORDERED-ELEMENTNAMINGFORNAME-BASEDPACKETFORWARDING”的)美国专利申请号13/847,814中描述。名称还可以是扁平标签(flatlabel)。后面，“名称”用来指在命名数据网络中一条数据的任何名称，诸如层次名称或名称前缀，扁平名称(flatname)，固定长度的名称，任意长度的名称，或者标签(例如多协议标签交换(MPLS)标签)。
兴趣(Interest)：指示对一条数据的请求的包，包括该条数据的名称(或名称前缀)。数据消费者可以在信息中心网络中传播请求或兴趣，NDN路由器可以向可以提供请求数据的存储装置(例如缓存服务器)或数据生产者播送，以满足请求或兴趣。
在一些实施例中，NDN系统可以包括内容中心网络(CCN)架构。然而，本文中公开的方法还可以应用于其它NDN或还有其它信息中心网络(ICN)架构。CCN架构的描述在(发明人VanL.Jacobson和DianaK.Smetters于2008年12月18日提交的名称为“CONTROLLINGTHESPREADOFINTERESTSANDCONTENTINACONTENTCENTRICNETWORK”的)美国专利申请号12/338,175中描述。
图1根据实施例图解说明便于阻止恶意内容对象通过命名数据网络插入到兴趣的反向路径中的计算环境100。计算环境100可以包括命名数据网络102(或现在已知或以后开发的任何信息中心网络)，命名数据网络102可以包括多个路由节点或网络节点，这些节点能够基于被兴趣包请求的内容的名称朝能够满足此兴趣的内容生产者转发兴趣包。
NDN102可以包括一个或多个转发器104，转发器能够朝与兴趣的名称前缀关联的内容生产者转发兴趣，并且能够沿兴趣的反向路径从内容生产者返回内容对象。例如，相应的转发器可以是路由器、对等网络装置(例如客户端装置)或NDN102中的任何网络装置。转发器可以包括用于确定兴趣的出接口的转发信息库(FIB)，并且可以包括用于缓存内容对象的内容存储(CS)。转发器还可以包括用于确定沿其相应的兴趣的反向路径返回内容对象的返回接口的未决兴趣表(PIT)。
PIT还可以存储兴趣的出接口，转发器可以使用出接口对内容对象是否可能是有效的执行快速检查。许多转发器104可能不能够在其不具有必需的密钥时适当地认证内容对象或其发送者。同样，一些转发器104可以被配置成不对这些内容对象执行密码认证，以避免招致与认证有关的延迟。因此，为了执行快速检查，转发器可以使用来自兴趣的PIT表项的出接口来验证通过曾用来转发兴趣的相同的接口到达的内容对象。
例如，计算环境100可以包括客户端装置106，客户端装置106可以包括智能手机、平板计算机、个人计算装置(例如膝上型计算机)或能够通过NDN102传播兴趣并接收内容对象的任何计算装置。在客户端装置106传播兴趣之后，转发器104.1，104.2和104.4能够朝可以返回满足此兴趣的内容对象的内容生产者108转发兴趣。这些转发器更新其PIT以包括兴趣的反向路径的接口以及沿兴趣的前向路径的出接口。
举另一个例子，计算环境100还可以包括恶意实体110，恶意实体110试图将恶意内容对象112插入到在转发器104.2处的兴趣的反向路径中。转发器104.2可以使用来自相应的PIT表项的出接口，以确定没有通过转发器104.2曾用来转发兴趣的相同的接口接收内容对象112(例如与内容生产者108的接口不同)。
因此，NDN102中的转发器可以执行快速的基于接口的检查以阻止已经被恶意地插入到兴趣的反向路径中的内容。如果恶意内容对象恰巧通过这些快速检查并到达装置106，则装置106仍可以执行确定性认证操作以认证内容对象或其发送者。例如，装置106可以对恶意的内容对象112执行认证操作，在确定恶意实体110没有被批证提供兴趣的名称前缀的数据之后拒绝内容对象112。
图2根据实施例图解说明阻止恶意内容对象插入到兴趣的反向路径中的转发器的示例性通信。在操作中，客户端装置202能够通过NDN传播兴趣210。兴趣210可以到达转发器204(例如路由器)，转发器204将兴趣210转发到装置206。在转发兴趣210之后，转发器204能够在本地PIT中创建表项以存储与兴趣的名称关联的兴趣的入接口和出接口。
在一些实施例中，恶意装置208可能通过将其名称与兴趣210的名称匹配的内容对象208发送到转发器204，尝试将恶意数据插入到兴趣210的反向路径中。此时，转发器204能够在PIT中执行查询操作以确定是否收到匹配的兴趣。查询操作可以返回兴趣210的PIT表项，转发器204用此表项来确定兴趣210的入接口和出接口。然而，一旦确定转发器204接收内容对象212的接口与兴趣210的出接口不匹配(例如，装置206的出接口)，转发器能够阻止内容对象212，并在本地PIT中保持匹配的PIT表项。
在稍后时间，装置206能够将满足兴趣210的内容对象206返回转发器204。例如，装置206可以是本地生成内容对象206或者从本地库中获得内容对象206的内容生产者。替代性地，装置206可以包括从另一转发器或内容生产者或者从内容存储(例如本地缓存)获得内容对象206的路由器或转发器。在接收内容对象214之后，转发器204可以在本地PIT中再次执行查询操作以获得兴趣210的PIT表项。这次，一旦确定与内容对象214关联的接口与兴趣210的出接口匹配，转发器204继续向装置202转发内容对象214，并去掉本地PIT中的匹配的PIT表项。
图3根据实施例呈现图解说明在未决兴趣表中创建表项以将兴趣的名称映射到兴趣的入接口和出接口的方法300的流程图。在操作中，路由器可以接收兴趣(操作302)，并确定路由器从其接收兴趣的出接口(操作304)。
路由器然后使用兴趣的名称在转发信息库(FIB)中执行查询操作，以确定用于转发兴趣的出接口(操作306)。例如，FIB可以包括多个表项，每个表项与HSVLI名称或名称前缀或基于散列的名称关联。路由器能够执行最长前缀匹配查询，以选择名称提供与兴趣的名称最长匹配的FIB表项。此FIB表项将名称前缀映射到朝能够提供满足兴趣的数据的内容生产者的物理或虚拟接口。
路由器然后使用出接口转发兴趣(操作308)，并在兴趣的本地未决兴趣表(PIT)中创建新的表项(操作310)。此新的PIT表项将兴趣的名称映射到兴趣的入接口和出接口(操作312)。路由器能够使用此PIT表项的出接口来阻止具有通过不同接口到达的兴趣的名称的恶意内容对象。
在一些实施例中，新的PIT表项的接口可以包括物理接口，或者可以包括与描述一组接口的逻辑关系的合取范式(CNF)表达式关联的虚拟接口。例如，如果路由器通过多个物理接口转发兴趣，则路由器能够将这多个接口与一个逻辑接口关联，并将此逻辑接口作为出接口添加到PIT表项。这样，当路由器接收名称与PIT表项的名称匹配的相应的内容对象时，路由器能够检查内容对象从其到达的物理接口是否满足PIT表项的逻辑出接口的CNF表达式。
图4根据实施例呈现图解说明示例性未决兴趣表400。具体地，PIT400可以包括多个行，每个行对应于一个PIT表项，并且可以包括名称列402、入接口列404和出接口列406。名称列402可以包括一组未决兴趣的名称，诸如HSVLI或基于散列的名称。入接口列404包括从其接收兴趣的接口，出接口列406包括通过其转发兴趣的接口。因此，相应的PIT表项将未决兴趣的名称映射到未决兴趣的入接口和出接口。
在一些实施例中，PIT表项可以包括表达式标题散列(expressheaderhashes)。例如，PIT表项的名称列402可以存储兴趣的相似性散列，来代替兴趣的全名，PIT表项的出接口列406可以存储曾用来转发兴趣的接口的一个或多个转发散列。注意，在名称列402中存储相似性散列时，两个未决兴趣可以映射到相同的相似性散列。典型地，在此情形中，路由器可以使用匹配相似性散列的第一PIT表项以返回内容对象。然而，在一些实施例中，当内容对象的名称和接口与PIT表项的相似性散列和转发散列匹配时，路由器通过只使用PIT表项来确定内容对象的返回接口，来提高表达式标题散列的PIT查询操作的准确性。
图5根据实施例呈现图解说明基于相应的PIT表项确定是否阻止或转发内容对象的方法400的流程图。在操作中，路由器可以接收内容对象(操作502)，并确定路由器从其接收内容对象的入接口(操作504)。
路由器然后在本地PIT中执行查询操作以识别与内容对象的名称关联的PIT表项(操作506)。例如，内容对象的名称可以包括HSVLI或基于散列的名称。在执行查询操作的同时，路由器搜索名称精确地匹配内容对象的名称的PIT表项。路由器然后通过PIT表项确定曾用来转发与PIT表项关联的兴趣的出接口(操作508)。
路由器然后确定内容对象的入接口是否与兴趣的出接口匹配(操作510)。如果匹配，则内容对象可能是有效的，路由器沿兴趣的反向路径继续返回内容对象。这样做，路由器能够通过PIT表项确定返回接口(操作512)，并且通过返回接口转发内容对象(操作514)。
然而，如果内容对象的入接口与兴趣的出接口不匹配，则内容对象很可能包括恶意数据。因此，路由器例如通过丢弃内容对象不沿反向路径转发内容对象来阻止内容对象(操作516)。注意当路由器阻止内容对象时，路由器不去掉与内容对象的名称匹配的PIT表项。这允许路由器在稍后的时间沿兴趣的反向路径转发有效的内容对象。
图6根据实施例图解说明便于阻止恶意内容对象插入到兴趣的反向路径中的示例性设备600。设备600可以包括多个模块，这些模块可以通过有线或无线通信信道彼此通信。设备600可以使用一个或多个集成电路实现，并且可以包括比图6中所示的更多或更少的模块。而且，设备600可以集成在计算机系统中，或者实现为能够与其它计算机系统和/或装置通信的单独的装置。具体地，设备600可以包括通信模块602、兴趣处理模块604、对象处理模块606、接口确定模块608和接口检查模块610。
在一些实施例中，通信模块602可以通过第一接口接收兴趣，兴趣处理模块604可以在FIB中执行查询操作以确定用于转发兴趣的出接口。接口检查模块610能够在兴趣的PIT中创建新的表项，该表项包括兴趣的入接口和出接口。
通信模块602还能够通过第二接口接收内容对象，对象处理模块606可以在PIT中执行查询操作，以识别与内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项。接口确定模块608可以通过PIT表项确定用来转发兴趣的出接口。接口检查模块610还可以确定PIT表项的出接口是否与内容对象的第一接口匹配。
图7根据实施例图解说明便于阻止恶意内容对象插入到兴趣的反向路径中的示例性计算机系统702。计算机系统702包括处理器704、存储器706和存储装置708。存储器706可以包括充当管理存储器的易失性存储器(例如RAM)，并且可以用来存储一个或多个存储器池。而且，计算机系统702可以耦连到显示装置710、键盘712和定位装置714。存储装置708可以存储操作系统716、包转发系统718和数据730。
包转发系统718可以包括指令，这些指令由计算机系统702执行时，可以引起计算机系统702执行本申请中描述的方法和/或过程。具体地，包转发系统718可以包括用于通过命名数据网络接收兴趣或或接收内容对象的指令(通信模块720)。进一步地，包转发系统718可以包括用于在FIB中执行查询操作以确定用于转发兴趣的出接口的指令(兴趣处理模块722)，并且可以包括用于在兴趣的PIT中创建新表项的指令，这包括兴趣的入接口和出接口(接口检查模块728)。
包转发系统718可以包括用于在PIT中执行查询操作以识别与内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项的指令(对象处理模块724)。包转发系统718还可以包括用于通过PIT表项确定用来转发兴趣的出接口的指令(接口确定模块726)。进一步地，包转发系统718可以包括用于确定PIT表项的出接口是否与内容对象的第一接口匹配的指令(接口检查模块728)。
数据730可以包括通过本申请中描述的方法和/或过程作为输入请求的或作为输出生成的任何数据。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储于计算机可读存储介质上，计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机系统使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据，这些代码和/或数据可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机系统读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且，上面描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块中。例如，硬件模块可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)和现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块被激活时，硬件模块执行硬件模块中包括的方法和过程。

Claims (9)

1.一种计算机实现的方法，包括：
通过第一接口接收内容对象；
在未决兴趣表PIT中执行查询操作，以识别与所述内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项；
从所述PIT表项确定用来转发所述兴趣的出接口；以及
响应于确定所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口匹配，通过在所述PIT表项中规定的返回接口转发所述内容对象。
2.一种存储指令的非暂态计算机可读存储介质，所述指令由计算机执行时引起所述计算机执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
通过第一接口接收内容对象；
在未决兴趣表PIT中执行查询操作，以识别与所述内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项；
从所述PIT表项确定用来转发所述兴趣的出接口；以及
响应于确定所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口匹配，通过在所述PIT表项中规定的返回接口转发所述内容对象。
3.一种设备，包括：
通信模块，所述通信模块通过第一接口接收内容对象；
对象处理模块，所述对象处理模块在未决兴趣表PIT中执行查询操作，以识别与所述内容对象关联的兴趣的PIT表项；
接口确定模块，所述接口确定模块从所述PIT表项确定用来转发所述兴趣的出接口；
接口检查模块，所述接口检查模块确定所述PIT表项的出接口是否与所述内容对象的第一接口匹配；以及
其中，响应于所述接口检查模块确定所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口匹配，所述通信模块还被配置成通过在所述PIT表项中规定的返回接口转发所述内容对象。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备，其中，响应于确定所述PIT表项的出接口与所述内容对象的第一接口不匹配，所述通信模块还被配置成阻止所述内容对象通过所述返回接口被转发。
5.根据权利要求3所述的设备，其中，所述出接口包括物理接口。
6.根据权利要求3所述的设备，其中，所述出接口包括虚拟接口。
7.根据权利要求6所述的设备，其中，所述虚拟接口与描述一组接口的逻辑关系的合取范式CNF表达式关联。
8.根据权利要求3所述的设备，其中，所述通信模块还被配置成通过第二接口接收第二兴趣；
其中，所述设备还包括兴趣处理模块，所述兴趣处理模块基于所述第二兴趣的名称在转发信息库中执行查询操作，以确定用于转发所述第二兴趣的出接口；以及
其中，所述接口检查还被配置成在所述兴趣的PIT中创建新表项，其中，所述新PIT表项包括响应于所述通信模块通过所述出接口转发所述第二兴趣用来转发所述兴趣的出接口。
9.根据权利要求3所述的设备，其中，所述PIT表项包括存储以下中的一个或多个的名称字段：
分层结构的可变长度识别符HSVLI；以及
散列值。
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