CN104253532B - Power converter, power conversion system and electric power conversion method - Google Patents
Power converter, power conversion system and electric power conversion method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104253532B CN104253532B CN201310267787.3A CN201310267787A CN104253532B CN 104253532 B CN104253532 B CN 104253532B CN 201310267787 A CN201310267787 A CN 201310267787A CN 104253532 B CN104253532 B CN 104253532B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of power converter, power conversion system and electric power conversion method.Power converter includes converter unit, signal generation unit and control unit.Converter unit is used to output transform electric power.Signal generation unit produces reference signal to receive detection signal.Control unit couples converter unit and signal generation unit, converter unit is controlled to receive reference signal, and according to reference signal, to adjust a controlled quatity of converter unit.Above-mentioned controlled quatity have in multiple part charges, above-mentioned part charge each have in corresponding slope, and above-mentioned part charge at least the two slope it is different.
Description
Technical field
The present invention is that have multiple part charges on a kind of power converter, and in particular to its a kind of controlled quatity
Power converter.
Background technology
With distributed power supply system constantly evolution, in the market for high efficiency, small size, low cost, highly compatible,
The demand of the power converter of high power density, high reliability and high switching frequency increasingly increases.
In the application of wide input voltage range, traditional power converter is designed using constant output voltage, however,
The input voltage range of power supply is narrow in this design, it is impossible to compatible a variety of buses（bus）Voltage, causes the compatibility of power supply not
It is good, it is impossible to reduce cost, there is the shortcomings of efficiency is low, cost is high, power compatibility is poor on.Another conventional electric power becomes
Although parallel operation use opened loop control design can improve efficiency, its shortcoming be then can not busbar voltage representative value
Being provided about one has the interval power supply of constant pressure.
Summary, demand unsolved so far is present in the art, to solve aforementioned drawback and deficiency.
The content of the invention
The present invention is on a kind of power converter, power conversion system and electric power conversion method, to pass through conversion
There is the controlled quatity of multiple part charges so that the efficiency of power converter is improved in unit.
An aspect of of the present present invention is that, on a kind of power converter, it includes converter unit, signal generation unit and control
Unit processed.Converter unit is used to output transform electric power.Signal generation unit produces reference signal to receive detection signal.Control
Unit coupling converter unit and signal generation unit processed, converter unit is controlled to receive reference signal, and according to reference signal,
To adjust a controlled quatity of converter unit.Above-mentioned controlled quatity has each in multiple part charges, above-mentioned multiple part charges
With in corresponding slope, and above-mentioned multiple part charges at least the two slope it is different.
In one embodiment, above-mentioned controlled quatity is included in input voltage, input current, output voltage and output current extremely
Few one.
In one embodiment, above-mentioned detection signal corresponds to input voltage, input current, output voltage and output current
At least one of and produce.
In one embodiment, reference signal has multiple part charges.
In one embodiment, signal generation unit is also to receive a Setting signal, and signal generation unit is used to according to inspection
Survey signal and Setting signal produces reference signal, control unit is used to control converter unit according to reference signal, to adjust conversion
The controlled quatity of unit.
In one embodiment, angle is more than or equal to nine between the slope of adjacent two part charge in above-mentioned multiple part charges
Ten degree.
In one embodiment, converter unit also includes isolation circuit.
In one embodiment, converter unit also includes resonant transform circuit.
In one embodiment, above-mentioned resonant transform circuit is LLC type resonant transform circuits.
In one embodiment, control unit control converter unit so that the operating frequency of converter unit corresponding to it is above-mentioned by
Multiple part charges of control amount change in oscillation in a frequency-tuning range.
In one embodiment, control unit control converter unit so that the dutycycle of converter unit is corresponding to above-mentioned controlled
Multiple part charges of amount change in oscillation in the range of a duty cycle adjustment.
Another aspect of the present invention is that, on a kind of electric power conversion method, its step is included：Exported and become by converter unit
Change electric power；One is received by a signal generation unit and detects signal, produces a reference signal；And received by a control unit
The reference signal and the converter unit is controlled according to the reference signal, the controlled quatity to adjust the converter unit.It is above-mentioned controlled
Measurer has each in multiple part charges, above-mentioned multiple part charges to have corresponding slope, and above-mentioned multiple part charges
In at least the two slope it is different.
In one embodiment, above-mentioned reference signal has multiple part charges.
In one embodiment, the detection signal is received by the signal generation unit, produces the reference signal, then pass through this
Control unit receives the reference signal and also included the step of controlling the converter unit according to the reference signal：Produced by the signal
Raw unit receives a Setting signal, and produces the reference signal according to the detection signal and the Setting signal, and the control unit is used
To control the converter unit according to the reference signal, to adjust the controlled quatity of the converter unit.
In one embodiment, angle is more than or equal to nine between the slope of adjacent two part charge in above-mentioned multiple part charges
Ten degree.
Another aspect of the present invention is that, in a kind of power conversion system, it includes multiple power converter coupled in parallel.Electricity
Each includes converter unit, signal generation unit and control unit in force transducer.Converter unit is to export a conversion
Electric power.Signal generation unit produces a reference signal to receive a detection signal.Control unit, couple the converter unit and
The signal generation unit, the converter unit is controlled to receive the reference signal, and according to the reference signal, to adjust the conversion
One controlled quatity of unit.There is upper controlled quatity each in multiple part charges, the multiple part charge to have accordingly tiltedly
In rate, and the multiple part charge at least the two slope it is different.
In one embodiment, above-mentioned reference signal has multiple part charges.
In one embodiment, signal generation unit is also to receive a Setting signal, and the signal generation unit is according to the inspection
Survey signal and the Setting signal produce the reference signal, the control unit is used to control the converter unit according to the reference signal,
To adjust the controlled quatity of the converter unit.
Using the technology contents of the present invention, power converter efficiency can be not only lifted, cost can also be reduced, or same
The volume or size reduced under the cost of sample needed for power converter.
Although the present invention is disclosed above with embodiment, so it is not limited to the present invention, any to be familiar with this skill
Person, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, when can be used for a variety of modifications and variations, therefore protection scope of the present invention is worked as
It is defined depending on the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power converter according to one embodiment of the invention；
Fig. 2A~Fig. 2 D are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to illustrate according to the controlled quatity of one embodiment of the invention
Figure；
Fig. 3 A~Fig. 3 B are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to show according to the controlled quatity of another embodiment of the present invention
It is intended to；
Fig. 4 A~Fig. 4 B are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to show according to the controlled quatity of an of the invention embodiment
It is intended to；
Fig. 5 A~Fig. 5 D are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to show according to the controlled quatity of yet another embodiment of the invention
It is intended to；
Fig. 6 A~Fig. 6 D are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to show according to the controlled quatity of another embodiment of the present invention
It is intended to；
Fig. 7 A~Fig. 7 B are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to show according to the controlled quatity of an of the invention embodiment
It is intended to；
Fig. 8 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power converter according to another embodiment of the present invention；
Fig. 9 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power converter according to an of the invention embodiment；
Figure 10 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the converter unit according to one embodiment of the invention；
Figure 11 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 10 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Output voltage is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that input voltage changes in the case of parallel operation；
Figure 12 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 10 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Operating frequency is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that input voltage changes in the case of parallel operation；
Figure 13 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 10 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Efficiency is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that operating frequency changes in the case of parallel operation；
Figure 14 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the converter unit according to another embodiment of the present invention；
Figure 15 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 14 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Output voltage is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that input voltage changes in the case of parallel operation；
Figure 16 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 14 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Dutycycle is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that input voltage changes in the case of parallel operation；
Figure 17 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 14 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
The curve synoptic diagram that efficiency relative duty cycles change in the case of parallel operation；
Figure 18 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power conversion system according to one embodiment of the invention；
Figure 19 A are to illustrate the circuit signal connected according to the power converter of one embodiment of the invention with other power circuits
Figure；
Figure 19 B are to illustrate with the circuit that other power circuits are connected to show according to the power converter of another embodiment of the present invention
It is intended to.
Embodiment
The present invention will be more fully presented below with reference to annexed drawings herein, and wherein annexed drawings are painted with the implementation of the present invention
Example.But the present invention can realize and should not be so limited to the embodiment of this specification statement in many different forms.On the contrary, proposing
These embodiment military order this specification are detailed and complete, and give the technical field of the invention by the scope of the invention is given full expression to
Usual skill.Identical Ref. No. herein means identical element.
Term used in this specification is only description specific embodiment, and without the limitation for meaning the present invention.Singulative is such as
" one ", " this " and "the", as used in this specification, equally also comprising multi-form.More it will be appreciated that when term "comprising",
" comprising " or " having " are in this specification by use, it is detailed row institute chern character, position, integer, step, operation, element
And/or the presence of part, but it is not excluded for other features, position, integer, step, operation, element, part and/or wherein group
The presence or addition of one or more.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms used in this specification（Include technology and scientific words）Had meaning, with this
Being generally understood that for the usual skill of technical field that the present invention belongs to is identical.More widely used it will be appreciated that being for example defined in
Dictionary in term, term should be understood with meaning with using the meaning of one's words in context in the present invention and correlation technique
It is adopted consistent, unless be clearly defined in this manual, otherwise it should not be laid down a definition with the preferable or excessively literal meaning.
On " first " used herein, " second " ... etc., not especially censure the meaning of order or cis-position, also
It is not used to limit the present invention, its element described with constructed term just for the sake of difference or operation.
In addition, on " coupling " used herein or " connection ", can refer to two or multiple element mutually directly put into effect
Body is in electrical contact, or mutually puts into effect body or in electrical contact indirectly, is also referred to as two or multiple element mutual operation or action.
Term as used in this specification, " about ", " about " or " approximate " should typically mean in particular value or scope
Within 20 percent, within 10 preferably, and it is most appropriate within 5 percent.Carried numerical value is approximate herein
Value, is not explicitly indicated that even if meaning, it implies the meaning of term " about ", " about " or " approximate ".
Fig. 1 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power converter according to one embodiment of the invention.As shown in figure 1, electric power becomes
Parallel operation 100 includes converter unit 120, signal generation unit 130 and control unit 140.Converter unit 120 is used to output transform
Electric power（Such as conversion electric power corresponding with output voltage Vo or output current Io）.Signal generation unit 130 is to receive an inspection
Signal SD is surveyed, and produces a reference signal SR.Control unit 140 is coupled with converter unit 120 and signal generation unit 130, and
Control unit 140 controls converter unit 120 to receive reference signal SR, and according to reference signal SR, to adjust converter unit
120 controlled quatity.Aforementioned controlled measurer has each in multiple part charges, and these part charges to have corresponding slope,
And in these part charges at least the two slope it is different.
In the present embodiment, converter unit 120 can also include an at least on-off circuit Q1, and control unit 140 is according to ginseng
Examine signal SR correspondingly controlling switch circuit Q1 so that the controlled quatity of converter unit 120 corresponding to on-off circuit Q1 operation and
Adjust.
In implementation, converter unit 120 includes pulse width modulation converter, and this pulse width modulation converter can be complete
The converter of the pattern such as bridge, half-bridge, flyback, forward, buck, boost, buck-boost.
In one embodiment, above-mentioned controlled quatity includes input voltage vin, input current Iin, output voltage Vo and output
At least one of electric current Io；In other words, above-mentioned controlled quatity can be input voltage vin, input current Iin, output voltage Vo with
And one of output current Io or wherein count person.For example, above-mentioned controlled quatity can be output voltage Vo, or also may be used
With simultaneously including output voltage Vo and output current Io, but be not limited.
Secondly, in one embodiment, detection signal SD corresponds to input voltage vin, input current Iin, output voltage Vo
And at least one of output current Io and produce；In other words, above-mentioned detection signal SD can be corresponding to input voltage vin, defeated
Enter one of electric current Iin, output voltage Vo and output current Io or wherein count person and produce.For example, detection letter
Number SD can be produced correspondingly in after detection output voltage Vo, or can also be in after detection output voltage Vo and output current Io
Produce, but be not limited.
In a secondary embodiment, reference signal SR has multiple part charges so that control unit 140 can control to become according to this
Change unit 120 and correspondingly adjust aforementioned controlled amount.
Operationally, for the power converter 100 depicted in Fig. 1, converter unit 120 receives input electric power（For example：
Input electric power corresponding with input voltage vin or input current Iin）, it is conversion electric power then to convert above-mentioned input electric power（Example
Such as：Conversion electric power corresponding with output voltage Vo or output current Io）.
Furthermore, for the control operation of converter unit 120, control unit 140 controls converter unit according to reference signal SR
Switch element in 120 so that the controlled quatity of converter unit 120 has, and at least one or whole part charges are corresponding
Adjusted in the operation of switch element.It should be noted that, foregoing alleged controlled quatity has multiple part charges, can refer to conversion
Unit 120 is controlled and receives the input voltage vin or input current Iin of the different values of tool, or controlled and produce tool not
With the output voltage Vo or output current Io of value.
In one embodiment, signal generation unit 130 can pass through feedback control loop（Fig. 1 is not illustrated）The detection letter of generation
Number SD（For example：Correspondingly in the detection signal SD produced after detection output voltage Vo or output current Io）Produce reference signal
SR, and control unit 140 controls converter unit 120 according to reference signal SR so that wherein one or more of above-mentioned controlled quatity
Part charge is produced according to this.
In another embodiment, signal generation unit 130 can pass through feed forward control loop（Fig. 1 is not illustrated）The detection of generation
Signal SD（For example：Correspondingly in the detection signal SD produced after detection input voltage vin or input current Iin）Produce with reference to letter
Number SR, and control unit 140 controls converter unit 120 according to reference signal SR so that above-mentioned controlled quatity one of them or it is many
Individual part charge is produced according to this.
In a secondary embodiment, signal generation unit 130 receives detection signal SD, produces reference signal SR, control unit
140 pass through open loop（Fig. 1 is not illustrated）Operation according to reference signal SR control converter unit 120 so that above-mentioned controlled quatity
Wherein one or more part charges produce according to this.
As seen from the above embodiment, the controlled quatity of converter unit 120 has the different multiple part charges of at least two slopes,
In the control loop that can be applicable to various control operations（For example：Feedback control loop, feed forward control loop and open loop）,
So that the design of power converter has bigger elasticity.
Following examples describe the relative detection signal SR's of controlled quatity of converter unit in power converter of the present invention
Change.Fig. 2A~Fig. 2 D are refer to, Fig. 2A~Fig. 2 D are to illustrate to detect signal relatively according to the controlled quatity of one embodiment of the invention
The curve synoptic diagram of SD changes, the controlled quatity that wherein Fig. 2A~Fig. 2 D are illustrated is with detecting that the relative variation pattern of signal can be applicable to
In the power converter of various embodiments of the invention, but it is not limited.
In the present embodiment, each is respectively provided with multiple part charges, these points in the controlled quatity shown in Fig. 2A~Fig. 2 D
Section part in each have corresponding slope, and these part charges at least the two slope it is different；For example, as schemed
Depicted in any one in 2A~Fig. 2 D, the slope of a part charge is constant zero, another part charge adjacent thereto
Slope is non-zero steady state value.
As shown in Figure 2 A, the part charge SA1 of controlled quatity slope is constant negative value, after part charge SA1
Part charge SA2 slope be constant zero.Furthermore, as shown in Figure 2 B, the part charge SA4 of controlled quatity slope is constant negative
Value, but the slope of the part charge SA3 before part charge SA4 is constant zero.Secondly, it is as shown in Figure 2 C, controlled
The part charge SA5 of amount slope is constant positive value, and the slope of the part charge SA6 after part charge SA5 is perseverance
Fixed zero.In addition, as shown in Figure 2 D, the part charge SA8 of controlled quatity slope is constant positive value, but immediately in part charge
The slope of part charge SA7 before SA8 is constant zero.
In another embodiment, as shown in any one in Fig. 2A~Fig. 2 D, adjacent two segmentation in the part charge of controlled quatity
Part（Such as：SA1 and SA2, or SA3 and SA4, or SA5 and SA6, or SA7 and SA8）Slope between angle（Such as：θa、θ
B, θ c or θ d）More than 90 degree.Consequently, it is possible to the change between part charge can be avoided excessively violent, to obtain stable change
Change electric power output.
Fig. 3 A~Fig. 3 B are to illustrate with respect to the curve of change in detection signal to show according to the controlled quatity of another embodiment of the present invention
It is intended to, the controlled quatity that wherein Fig. 3 A~Fig. 3 B are illustrated can be applicable to the power converter of various embodiments of the invention with detection signal
In, but be not limited.
In the present embodiment, each is respectively provided with multiple part charges, these points in the controlled quatity shown in Fig. 3 A~Fig. 3 B
Section part in each have corresponding slope, and these part charges at least the two slope it is different；For example, as schemed
Depicted in any one in 3A~Fig. 3 B, the slope of a part charge is constant positive value, another part charge adjacent thereto
Slope be constant negative value.
As shown in Figure 3A, the part charge SA1 of controlled quatity slope is constant negative value, after part charge SA1
Part charge SA2 slope be constant positive value.Furthermore, as shown in Figure 3 B, the part charge SA4 of controlled quatity slope is constant
Negative value, but the slope of the part charge SA3 before part charge SA4 is constant positive value.
In another embodiment, as shown in any one in Fig. 3 A~Fig. 3 B, adjacent two segmentation in the part charge of controlled quatity
Part（Such as：SA1 and SA2, or SA3 and SA4）Slope between angle（Such as：θ a or θ b）More than 90 degree.Consequently, it is possible to can keep away
The change exempted between part charge is excessively violent, to obtain stable conversion electric power output, but has in the art
Angle is less than or equal to 90 degree between usual skill can realize the slope of adjacent two part charge according to actual demand, without with this
Embodiment is limited.
Fig. 4 A~Fig. 4 B are to illustrate the curve according to the relative detection signal SD changes of the controlled quatity of an of the invention embodiment
The controlled quatity that schematic diagram, wherein Fig. 4 A~Fig. 4 B are illustrated can be applicable to the power converter of various embodiments of the invention with detection signal
In device, but it is not limited.
In the present embodiment, each is respectively provided with multiple part charges, these points in the controlled quatity shown in Fig. 4 A~Fig. 4 B
Section part in each have corresponding slope, and these part charges at least the two slope it is different；For example, as schemed
Depicted in any one in 4A~Fig. 4 B, two adjacent part charges are steady state value, and both values are different.As shown in Figure 4 A,
The part charge SA1 and SA3 of controlled quatity are steady state value, and SA3 value is more than SA1 value.Furthermore, as shown in Figure 4 B,
The part charge SA4 and SA6 of controlled quatity are steady state value, and SA4 value is more than SA6 value.
Fig. 5 A~Fig. 5 D are illustrated according to the relative curve for detecting signal SD changes of the controlled quatity of yet another embodiment of the invention
The controlled quatity that schematic diagram, wherein Fig. 5 A~Fig. 5 D are illustrated becomes with the detection signal SR electric power that can be applicable to various embodiments of the invention
In parallel operation, but it is not limited.
In the present embodiment, each is respectively provided with multiple part charges, difference point in the controlled quatity shown in Fig. 5 A~Fig. 5 D
Section part has different slopes.For example, as depicted in any one in Fig. 5 A~Fig. 5 D, the slope of a part charge is
It is non-constant on the occasion of or non-constant negative value, the slope of another part charge adjacent thereto is constant zero.
As shown in Figure 5A, the part charge SA1 of controlled quatity slope is constant zero, after part charge SA1
Part charge SA2 slope for it is non-constant on the occasion of.Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5 B, the part charge SA3 of controlled quatity slope is perseverance
Fixed zero, but the slope of the part charge SA4 after part charge SA3 is non-constant negative value.Secondly, such as Fig. 5 C institutes
Show, the part charge SA6 of controlled quatity slope is constant zero, the slope of the part charge SA5 before part charge SA6
For it is non-constant on the occasion of.In addition, as shown in Figure 5 D, the part charge SA8 of controlled quatity slope is constant zero, however immediately in point
The slope of part charge SA7 before section part SA8 is non-constant negative value.
In addition, as shown in any one in Fig. 5 A~Fig. 5 D, adjacent two part charge in the part charge of controlled quatity（Such as：SA1
With SA2, or SA3 and SA4, or SA5 and SA6, or SA7 and SA8）Slope between angle（Such as：θ a, θ b, θ c or θ d）Greatly
Yu Jiushi degree.
Fig. 6 A~Fig. 6 D are illustrated according to the relative curve for detecting signal SD changes of the controlled quatity of another embodiment of the present invention
The controlled quatity that schematic diagram, wherein Fig. 6 A~Fig. 6 D are illustrated becomes with the detection signal SD electric power that can be applicable to various embodiments of the invention
In parallel operation, but it is not limited.
In the present embodiment, each is respectively provided with multiple part charges, these points in the controlled quatity shown in Fig. 6 A~Fig. 6 D
Section part in each have corresponding slope, and these part charges at least the two slope it is different；For example, as schemed
Depicted in 6A~Fig. 6 D, the slope of a part charge is constant positive value or constant negative value, another subsection part adjacent thereto
Point slope for non-constant negative value or it is non-constant on the occasion of.
As shown in Figure 6A, the part charge SA1 of controlled quatity slope is non-constant on the occasion of immediately in part charge SA1
The slope of part charge SA2 afterwards is constant negative value.Furthermore, as shown in Figure 6B, the part charge SA3 of controlled quatity slope is
Constant negative value, however the slope of part charge SA4 after part charge SA3 for it is non-constant on the occasion of.Secondly, such as scheme
Shown in 6C, the part charge SA5 of controlled quatity slope is constant positive value, the part charge SA6 after part charge SA5
Slope be non-constant negative value.In addition, as shown in Figure 6 D, the part charge SA8 of controlled quatity slope is constant positive value, but
The slope of part charge SA7 before part charge SA8 is non-constant negative value.
In addition, as shown in any one in Fig. 6 A~Fig. 6 D, adjacent two part charge in the part charge of controlled quatity（Such as：SA1
With SA2, or SA3 and SA4, or SA5 and SA6, or SA7 and SA8）Slope between angle（Such as：θ a, θ b, θ c or θ d）Can
More than 90 degree, it is to avoid the change between part charge is excessively violent, to obtain stable conversion electric power output.But in this skill
Angle is equal to or less than nine between having usually intellectual in art field the slope of adjacent two part charge being realized according to actual demand
Ten degree, without being limited with the present embodiment.
Fig. 7 A~Fig. 7 B are to illustrate the curve according to the relative detection signal SD changes of the controlled quatity of an of the invention embodiment
The controlled quatity that schematic diagram, wherein Fig. 7 A~Fig. 7 B are illustrated becomes with the detection signal SD electric power that can be applicable to various embodiments of the invention
In parallel operation, but it is not limited.
In the present embodiment, each is respectively provided with multiple part charges, these points in the controlled quatity shown in Fig. 7 A~Fig. 7 B
Section part in each have corresponding slope, and these part charges at least the two slope it is different；For example, as schemed
Depicted in any one in 7A~Fig. 7 B, the slope of a part charge is to be non-constant on the occasion of another segmentation adjacent thereto
Partial slope is non-constant negative value.
As shown in Figure 7 A, the part charge SA1 of controlled quatity slope is non-constant negative value, immediately in part charge SA1
The slope of part charge SA2 afterwards for it is non-constant on the occasion of.Furthermore, as shown in Figure 7 B, the part charge SA4's of controlled quatity is oblique
Rate is non-constant negative value, however the slope of part charge SA3 before part charge SA4 for it is non-constant on the occasion of.
In addition, as shown in Fig. 7 A~Fig. 7 B, adjacent two part charge in the part charge of controlled quatity（Such as：SA1 and SA2, or
It is SA3 and SA4）Slope between angle（Such as：θ a or θ b）More than 90 degree.But have usually intellectual in the art
Can realize that angle is equal to or less than 90 degree between the slope of adjacent two part charge according to actual demand, without using the present embodiment as
Limit.
From the embodiment shown in Fig. 2A~Fig. 7 B, the controlled quatity of the converter unit 120 shown in Fig. 1 have at least the two
The different multiple part charges of slope (except Fig. 4 situation), and power converter 100 can be implemented shown in application drawing 2A~Fig. 7 B
The combination of various part charges or various part charges in example so that the operation of power converter 100 has more elasticity.
Figure 2 above A to Fig. 7 B embodiment is that the part charge of the controlled quatity of the present invention is relative to detect signal in order to describe
SD change, but above example is not limited to the present invention, in other words, in the art with usual knowledge
Person, can it is under this invention spirit by above example part charge combine or change, so as to for actual demand realize this
The power converter of invention.
Fig. 8 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power converter according to another embodiment of the present invention.Power converter 200 is same
Sample includes converter unit 220, signal generation unit 230 and control unit 240.For Fig. 1, converter unit 220 is also wrapped
Containing isolation circuit 223, wherein isolation circuit 223 can include an isolating transformer.
Fig. 9 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the power converter according to an of the invention embodiment.Power converter 300 is same
Sample includes converter unit 320, signal generation unit 330 and control unit 340.Compared to Fig. 8, signal generation unit 330 is also used
To receive Setting signal SG, and to produce corresponding reference signal SR according to detection signal SD and Setting signal SG.Control
Unit 340 controls converter unit 320 according to corresponding reference signal SR, to adjust the controlled quatity of converter unit 320.
Operationally, control unit 340 controls on-off circuit Q1a, Q1b of converter unit 320 according to reference signal SR, makes
The controlled quatity of converter unit 320 is adjusted by on-off circuit Q1a, Q1b operation, wherein converter unit 320 by
Control measurer has multiple part charges, and have in part charge each in corresponding slope, above-mentioned part charge at least the two
Slope it is different.
Embodiment as shown in Figure 9 understands that Setting signal SG can be incorporated in the design of power converter so that electric power becomes
The design of parallel operation has more elasticity, in other words, and the control operation of converter unit 320 is not required to be limited to detection signal SD.
Figure 10 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the converter unit according to one embodiment of the invention.This converter unit 420 can be answered
Used in the power converter shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, but it is not limited.
In the present embodiment, converter unit 420 includes resonant transform circuit 421, and wherein resonant transform circuit 421 can be complete
Bridge LLC type resonant transform circuits, but be not limited, that is, have usually intellectual in the art, can be for actual
Demand with series resonance translation circuit, parallel resonance translation circuit, series parallel resonance translation circuit, LLC series resonant circuits or
Person other similar resonant transform circuits realize resonant transform circuit 421.
Figure 11 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 10 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Output voltage Vo in the case of parallel operation（That is, the voltage at output capacitance COUT two ends）The curve changed with respect to input voltage vin
Schematic diagram.Dotted line represents that power converter is designed using conventional constant voltage, and the output voltage of traditional power converter is defeated for constant pressure
Go out.Solid line represents the output voltage of the power converter using the technology of the present invention.Compared to conventional constant voltage design, converter unit
420 output voltage Vo has multiple part charges with the change of input voltage vin, and each part charge has corresponding oblique
Rate, some of part charges are that constant pressure is interval（The slope of part charge is zero）, the part charge of part is not areas of permanent pressure
Between（The slope of part charge is not zero）, input voltage vin and output voltage Vo meet piecewise function relation.
Figure 12 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 10 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Operating frequency is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that input voltage vin changes in the case of parallel operation.As shown in figure 12, dotted line represents that electric power becomes
The operating frequency change that parallel operation is designed using conventional constant voltage, solid line represents operation frequency of the power converter using the embodiment of the present invention
Rate changes.For using the power converter of conventional constant voltage design, the operating frequency of power converter（For example：The behaviour of switch
Working frequency）Change in frequency-tuning range fmin~fmax, and with power converter using for the embodiment of the present invention, it becomes
Changing the operating frequency change of unit then accordingly has the controlled quatity of multiple part charges（Such as：Output voltage Vo）Model is adjusted in frequency
Change in oscillation in fmin1~fmax1 is enclosed, the resonant frequency fr of the power converter is within the frequency-tuning range, wherein
Resonant frequency fr can be determined by Figure 10 resonant inductance LR and resonant capacitance CR.
From above-described embodiment, designed compared to conventional constant voltage, the conversion in the power converter of the embodiment of the present invention
Unit its operating frequency change is smaller.Therefore, in the case of certain operating frequency variable quantity, the electric power of the embodiment of the present invention
The input voltage range of converter is wider, can compatible a variety of busbar voltages.
Figure 13 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 10 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Efficiency is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that operating frequency changes in the case of parallel operation.As shown in Figure 12, with using in the embodiment of the present invention
For the converter unit of controlled quatity with multiple part charges, the operating frequency of converter unit is in frequency-tuning range fmin1
Change in oscillation in~fmax1, than the operating frequency of the power converter designed using conventional constant voltage（The operating frequency is adjusted in frequency
Change in adjusting range fmin~fmax）It is small, therefore, as shown in Figure 13, under the conditions of same hardware design, have using in the present invention
The controlled quatity for having multiple part charges is designed compared with conventional constant voltage is easier the power converter that design is showed with high efficiency（Example
Such as：Efficiency improves about more than 1%）So that under same efficiency requirements, compared with traditional power converter, using skill of the present invention
The power converter of art can be not required to the hardware design of raising efficiency so that the cost reduction about more than 15% of power converter, and
Under same cost conditions, the size reduction more than 15% of power converter.
Figure 14 is the circuit diagram for illustrating the converter unit according to another embodiment of the present invention.This converter unit 520 can
Apply in the power converter shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, but be not limited.
In the present embodiment, converter unit 520 includes pulse width modulation（Pulse-Width-Modulation,PWM）
Translation circuit 521, hereinafter referred to as PWM translation circuits, wherein PWM translation circuits 521 can be full-bridge type（full-bridge）PWM
Translation circuit, but be not limited.In other words, have usually intellectual in the art, can for actual demand with
And spirit under this invention is with semibridge system（half-bridge）PWM translation circuits, flyback（flyback）PWM translation circuits,
Feed forward type（feed-forward）PWM translation circuits, buck（buck）PWM translation circuits, boost type（boost）PWM is converted
Circuit, step-down/up type（buck-boost）PWM translation circuits or other similar PWM translation circuits realize PWM translation circuits
521。
Figure 15 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 14 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Output voltage Vo in the case of parallel operation（That is, the voltage at output capacitance COUT two ends）The curve changed with respect to input voltage vin
Schematic diagram.Dotted line represents that power converter is designed using conventional constant voltage, and the output voltage of traditional power converter is defeated for constant pressure
Go out.Solid line represents the output voltage of the power converter using the technology of the present invention.Compared to conventional constant voltage design, converter unit
520 output voltage Vo has multiple part charges with the change of input voltage vin, and each part charge has corresponding oblique
Rate, some of part charges are that constant pressure is interval（The slope of part charge is zero）, the part charge of part is not areas of permanent pressure
Between（The slope of part charge is not zero）, input voltage vin and output voltage Vo meet piecewise function relation.
Figure 16 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 14 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Dutycycle is with respect to the curve synoptic diagram that input voltage changes in the case of parallel operation.As shown in figure 16, dotted line represents power converter
The change in duty cycle designed using conventional constant voltage, solid line represents that power converter uses the change in duty cycle of the embodiment of the present invention.
For using the power converter of conventional constant voltage design, the dutycycle of power converter（For example：The operation dutycycle of switch）
Change in scope Dmin~Dmax, and for the power converter to use the embodiment of the present invention, the duty of its converter unit
The controlled quatity with multiple part charges is then corresponded to than change（Such as：Output voltage Vo）Duty cycle adjustment scope Dmin1~
Change in oscillation in Dmax.In the present embodiment, so that for using the power converter of the embodiment of the present invention, its converter unit is accounted for
Sky ratio（duty）Corresponding to the work period of converter unit（duty cycle）.
From above-described embodiment, designed compared to conventional constant voltage, the conversion in the power converter of the embodiment of the present invention
Its change in duty cycle of unit is smaller.Therefore, in the case of certain change in duty cycle amount, the electricity designed compared to conventional constant voltage
The input voltage range of force transducer, the input voltage range of the power converter of the embodiment of the present invention is wider, can be compatible many
Plant busbar voltage.
Figure 17 is that the converter unit illustrated according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in a kind of application drawing 14 becomes in the electric power shown in Fig. 1
The curve synoptic diagram that efficiency relative duty cycles change in the case of parallel operation.As shown in Figure 16, with multiple using having for the present invention
For the converter unit of the controlled quatity of part charge, the dutycycle of the converter unit change in oscillation in scope Dmin1~Dmax, than
Duty cycle range Dmin~Dmax of the power converter designed using conventional constant voltage is small, therefore, as shown in Figure 17, same hard
Under part design condition, design tool is easier compared with conventional constant voltage design using the controlled quatity with multiple part charges in the present invention
There is the power converter that high efficiency is showed（For example：Efficiency improves about more than 1%）So that under same efficiency requirements, compared with biography
The power converter of system, the hardware design of raising efficiency can be not required to using the power converter of the technology of the present invention so that electric power becomes
The cost reduction about more than 15% of parallel operation, and under same cost conditions, the size reduction more than 15% of power converter.
As seen from the above embodiment, the controlled quatity with multiple part charges of the technology of the present invention can be applied to various differences
Translation circuit（Resonant transform circuit or PWM translation circuits）So that the design of power converter has higher elasticity.
In addition, under the conditions of same hardware design, using the controlled quatity with multiple part charges in the present invention compared with biography
Constant pressure of uniting design is easier the power converter that design is showed with high efficiency（For example：Efficiency improves about more than 1%）So that
Under same efficiency requirements, compared with traditional power converter, lifting effect can be not required to using the power converter of the technology of the present invention
The hardware design of rate so that the cost reduction about more than 15% of power converter, and under same cost conditions, power converter
The size reduction more than 15% of device.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of power conversion system.Figure 18 is illustrated according to one embodiment of the invention
Power conversion system circuit diagram.As shown in figure 18, electric power of the power conversion system 60 comprising multiple coupled in parallel becomes
Parallel operation 600a~600n, wherein at least one of power converter 600a~600n can be the electric power of the foregoing embodiment of the present invention
Converter, and multiple power converter 600a~600n being connected in parallel are electrically coupled in load.
Figure 19 A and Figure 19 B are to illustrate to connect with other power circuits according to the power converter of the embodiment of the present invention
Circuit diagram.As shown in Figure 19 A, in one embodiment, power converter 700 is the power converter of the foregoing embodiment of the present invention
Device, and connected with other power circuits 800, wherein power converter 700 is close to load end, and other power circuits 800 can be electricity
Power circuit beyond force transducer, for example, bus-bar converter（bus converter）.
As shown in Figure 19 B, in another embodiment, power converter 700 is connected with other power circuits 900, wherein electricity
Force transducer 700 is close to input, and other power circuits 900 can be the power circuit beyond power converter, for example, lock phase is returned
Road circuit（Phase-Lock-Loop circuit）.
As seen from the above embodiment, the mode that power converter of the invention can be connected in parallel is applied to power converter system
In system, power converter of the invention can also be connected in series the design for realizing power converter with other power circuits so that
Power converter can be flexibly applied in various circuits.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of electric power conversion method, and it can be applied to the electricity shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 8, Fig. 9
Force transducer, but be not limited with it.For the sake of clear and convenient explanation, following electric power conversion methods are with the electric power shown in Fig. 1
Explained exemplified by converter 100.
First, the output transform electric power of converter unit 120 is passed through（For example：It is corresponding with output voltage Vo or output current Io
Convert electric power）.Then, detection signal SD is received by signal generation unit 130, to produce reference signal SR.Afterwards, control is passed through
Unit 140 processed receives reference signal SR, and controls converter unit 120 according to reference signal SR, so as to adjustment converter unit 120
Controlled quatity.Above-mentioned controlled quatity has multiple part charges, and above-mentioned each part charge has corresponding slope, and at least two points
The slope of section part is different.
In the present embodiment, above-mentioned controlled quatity includes input voltage vin, input current Iin, output voltage Vo and output
At least one of electric current Io；In other words, above-mentioned controlled quatity can be input voltage vin, input current Iin, output voltage Vo with
And one of output current Io or wherein count person.For example, above-mentioned controlled quatity can be output voltage Vo, or also may be used
With simultaneously including output voltage Vo and output current Io, but be not limited.
Secondly, so that for detecting signal SD, detection signal SD is corresponding to input voltage vin, input current Iin, output electricity
Press at least one of Vo and output current Io and produce；In other words, above-mentioned detection signal SD can correspond to input voltage
One of Vin, input current Iin, output voltage Vo and output current Io or wherein count person and produce.For example,
Detect that signal SD can be produced correspondingly in after detection output voltage Vo, or can also be in detection output voltage Vo and output electricity
Flow and produced after Io, but be not limited.
In one embodiment, reference signal SR has multiple part charges.
It should be noted that above-mentioned controlled quatity and detection signal can application drawing 2A~Fig. 3 B and Fig. 5 A~Fig. 7 B embodiment
To set so that controlled quatity has multiple part charges, each part charge has in corresponding slope, and above-mentioned part charge
At least the two slope it is different.Controlled quatity and the specific descriptions of detection signal in this as described above, therefore repeat no more.
In another embodiment, angle can be designed between the slope of adjacent two part charge in the part charge of above-mentioned controlled quatity
For more than or equal to 90 degree.
On the implementation, at least one of part charge of above-mentioned controlled quatity corresponding to converter unit 120 adjustment operation and
Produce so that the design of electric power conversion method has more elasticity.Specifically, control unit 140 can pass through feedback control and return
The reference signal SR generations of road, open loop or feed forward control loop control converter unit 120 to be produced according to detection signal SD
Wherein one or more part charges of above-mentioned controlled quatity.
On the other hand, following another embodiments that will illustrate electric power conversion method with Fig. 9 power converter 300, but not
As limit.
In the present embodiment, electric power conversion method also receives Setting signal SG by signal generation unit 330, and according to inspection
Survey signal SD and Setting signal SG and produce reference signal SR；Then, reference signal SR, and foundation are received by control unit 340
Reference signal SR controls the on-off circuit Q1a and Q1b of converter unit 320, is adjusted with the operation by on-off circuit Q1a, Q1b
The controlled quatity of whole converter unit 320.
From above-described embodiment, electric power conversion method can be introduced into Setting signal SG in the design of power converter, make
Obtaining the design of electric power conversion method has more elasticity, in other words, and the control operation for converter unit 340 is not required to be limited to inspection
Survey signal SD.
From described above, for using the power converter of the technology of the present invention, the controlled measurer of its converter unit
There are multiple part charges so that efficiency of the efficiency of power converter of the invention than power converter that conventional constant voltage is designed
It is high.Therefore,, can using the power converter of the technology of the present invention compared with traditional power converter under same efficiency requirements
It is not required to the hardware design of raising efficiency so that the cost reduction of power converter, and under same cost conditions, power converter
The size reduction of device.
Secondly, compared to conventional constant voltage design, for using the power converter of the technology of the present invention, in power converter
Converter unit operating frequency or change in duty cycle it is smaller.Therefore, in certain operating frequency or the feelings of change in duty cycle amount
Under shape, the input voltage range of the power converter designed compared to conventional constant voltage, using the power converter of the technology of the present invention
Input voltage range it is wider, can compatible a variety of busbar voltages.
Although the present invention is disclosed above with embodiment, so it is not limited to the present invention, any to be familiar with this skill
Person, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, when can be used for a variety of modifications and variations, therefore protection scope of the present invention is worked as
It is defined depending on the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.
Claims (17)
1. a kind of power converter, it is characterised in that include：
One converter unit, to export a conversion electric power；
One signal generation unit, to receive a detection signal, produces a reference signal；And
One control unit, couples the converter unit and the signal generation unit, to receive the reference signal, and foundation
The reference signal controls the converter unit, to adjust a controlled quatity of the converter unit；
There is wherein described controlled quatity each in multiple part charges, the multiple part charge to have corresponding slope, and
In the multiple part charge at least the two slope it is different, wherein the controlled quatity comprising an input voltage, an input current,
At least one of one output voltage and an output current, wherein an input electric power and the input of converter unit reception
Voltage or input current correspondence, wherein the conversion electric power and the output voltage or described of converter unit output
Output current correspondence.
2. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the detection signal is corresponding to the input electricity
At least one of pressure, the input current, the output voltage and the output current and produce.
3. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the reference signal has multiple part charges.
4. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the signal generation unit also to receive one to
Determine signal, the signal generation unit is used to produce the reference signal, institute according to the detection signal and the Setting signal
State control unit to be used to control the converter unit according to the reference signal, to adjust the described controlled of the converter unit
Amount.
5. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that adjacent two subsection part in the multiple part charge
Angle is more than or equal to 90 degree between the slope divided.
6. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the converter unit also includes an isolation circuit.
7. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the converter unit is also comprising resonant transformation electricity
Road.
8. power converter according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the resonant transform circuit is a LLC type resonance
Translation circuit.
9. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described control unit controls the converter unit,
So that the multiple part charge that an operating frequency of the converter unit corresponds to the controlled quatity adjusts model in a frequency
Enclose interior change in oscillation.
10. power converter according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described control unit controls the converter unit,
So that a dutycycle of the converter unit corresponds to the multiple part charge of the controlled quatity in a duty cycle adjustment scope
Interior change in oscillation.
11. a kind of electric power conversion method, it is characterised in that include：
Electric power is converted by converter unit output one；
One is received by a signal generation unit and detects signal, produces a reference signal；And
The reference signal is received by a control unit and the converter unit is controlled according to the reference signal, to adjust
The controlled quatity of the converter unit；
There is wherein described controlled quatity each in multiple part charges, the multiple part charge to have corresponding slope, and
In the multiple part charge at least the two slope it is different, wherein the controlled quatity comprising an input voltage, an input current,
At least one of one output voltage and an output current, wherein an input electric power and the input of converter unit reception
Voltage or input current correspondence, wherein the conversion electric power and the output voltage or described of converter unit output
Output current correspondence.
12. electric power conversion method according to claim 11, it is characterised in that the reference signal has multiple subsection parts
Point.
13. electric power conversion method according to claim 11, it is characterised in that institute is received by the signal generation unit
Detection signal is stated, the reference signal is produced, then the reference signal is received and according to the reference by described control unit
The step of signal controls the converter unit also includes：
One Setting signal is received by the signal generation unit, and institute is produced according to the detection signal and the Setting signal
Reference signal is stated, described control unit is used to control the converter unit according to the reference signal, to adjust the conversion
The controlled quatity of unit.
14. electric power conversion method according to claim 11, it is characterised in that adjacent two points in the multiple part charge
Angle is more than or equal to 90 degree between the slope of section part.
15. a kind of power conversion system, it is characterised in that include：
Multiple power converter coupled in parallel, wherein each is included in the multiple power converter：
One converter unit, wherein the converter unit is to export a conversion electric power；
One signal generation unit, to receive a detection signal, produces a reference signal；And
One control unit, couples the converter unit and the signal generation unit, to receive the reference signal, and foundation
The reference signal controls the converter unit, to adjust a controlled quatity of the converter unit；
There is wherein described controlled quatity each in multiple part charges, the multiple part charge to have corresponding slope, and
In the multiple part charge at least the two slope it is different, wherein the controlled quatity comprising an input voltage, an input current,
At least one of one output voltage and an output current, wherein an input electric power and the input of converter unit reception
Voltage or input current correspondence, wherein the conversion electric power and the output voltage or described of converter unit output
Output current correspondence.
16. power conversion system according to claim 15, it is characterised in that the reference signal has multiple subsection parts
Point.
17. power conversion system according to claim 15, it is characterised in that the signal generation unit is also to receive
One Setting signal, the signal generation unit produces the reference signal, institute according to the detection signal and the Setting signal
State control unit to be used to control the converter unit according to the reference signal, to adjust the described controlled of the converter unit
Amount.
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| CN201310267787.3A CN104253532B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Power converter, power conversion system and electric power conversion method |
| TW102125490A TWI493858B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-07-17 | Power converter, power conversion system and power conversion method |
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| CN201310267787.3A CN104253532B (en) | 2013-06-28 | 2013-06-28 | Power converter, power conversion system and electric power conversion method |
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| CN107947123A (en) * | 2017-10-24 | 2018-04-20 | 深圳市必易微电子有限公司 | ACDC protective circuit of switch power source and ACDC switching power units |
| CN114244137B (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-06-30 | 西南交通大学 | LLC resonant matrix converter control method based on alternating current link |
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| US5051880A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-09-24 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Mixed mode regulation controller for a resonant power converter |
| CN1885699A (en) * | 2006-07-06 | 2006-12-27 | 艾默生网络能源有限公司 | Resonance circuit output characteristic controlling method |
| CN1992493A (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2007-07-04 | 艾默生网络能源系统有限公司 | Resonant DC/DC converter and control method thereof |
| CN102684464A (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-09-19 | 雅达电子国际有限公司 | Resonant converter device and use method therefor |
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| FR2855677B1 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2016-11-04 | Valeo Equip Electr Moteur | PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR MULTI MODE ELECTRIC MACHINE AND MULTI MODE ELECTRIC MACHINE EQUIPPED WITH SUCH A CONTROL CIRCUIT |
| JP4619822B2 (en) * | 2005-03-03 | 2011-01-26 | 株式会社リコー | Switching regulator and voltage control method thereof |
| RU2529465C2 (en) * | 2009-11-19 | 2014-09-27 | Конинклейке Филипс Электроникс, Н.В. | Method and hardware system for determination of phase angle of brightness control and selective determination of universal input voltage for solid-state lighting installations |
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2013
- 2013-06-28 CN CN201310267787.3A patent/CN104253532B/en active Active
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Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5051880A (en) * | 1989-12-29 | 1991-09-24 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Mixed mode regulation controller for a resonant power converter |
| CN1992493A (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2007-07-04 | 艾默生网络能源系统有限公司 | Resonant DC/DC converter and control method thereof |
| CN1885699A (en) * | 2006-07-06 | 2006-12-27 | 艾默生网络能源有限公司 | Resonance circuit output characteristic controlling method |
| CN102684464A (en) * | 2011-03-15 | 2012-09-19 | 雅达电子国际有限公司 | Resonant converter device and use method therefor |
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| CN104253532A (en) | 2014-12-31 |
| TW201501457A (en) | 2015-01-01 |
| TWI493858B (en) | 2015-07-21 |
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