CN104040882A - Photovoltaic-thermal collector apparatus - Google Patents
Photovoltaic-thermal collector apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104040882A CN104040882A CN201280050767.4A CN201280050767A CN104040882A CN 104040882 A CN104040882 A CN 104040882A CN 201280050767 A CN201280050767 A CN 201280050767A CN 104040882 A CN104040882 A CN 104040882A
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- Prior art keywords
- photovoltaic
- heat exchanger
- energy collector
- heat energy
- module
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- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 241000264877 Hippospongia communis Species 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/40—Thermal components
- H02S40/44—Means to utilise heat energy, e.g. hybrid systems producing warm water and electricity at the same time
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/60—Thermal-PV hybrids
Landscapes
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Cooling Or The Like Of Electrical Apparatus (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
There is disclosed a photovoltaic-thermal collector apparatus (1) comprising of a heat exchanger module (15), a mono-crystalline, silicon solar cell photovoltaic, module (16), a blower (11), a ducting (13) to provide path for air flow and a variable voltage regulator (113) for controlling the speed of the blower (11). The heat exchanger module (15) is formed having a cross-sectional honeycomb structure with an inlet (14) and outlet (17) for air flow.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates generally to collect the technical field of solar energy.The present invention relates more specifically to be attached to the small aluminum hexagon cellular heat exchanger module of solar photovoltaic heat energy gatherer, and it can effectively and reliably operate.
Background technology
Along with the demand of regenerative resource is growing, the technology of collecting solar energy also obtains sizable progress in recent years.Part Application of Solar Energy comprise by solar structure carry out space heating and cooling, solar water, solar energy is cooked and industrial high-temperature process heating power.
Active solar energy technology comprises uses photovoltaic (PV) module to remove to make full use of the energy.A significant drawback of PV module is that its efficiency depends on temperature.When temperature rises, the efficiency of PV module reduces because of resistance increment.The efficiency in PV module on sale is on the market claimed by manufacturer, in temperature during in 25 ℃, is only situated between between percent 6 to percent 16.
The efficiency providing due to PV module is relatively low, and solar industry continues to find better method and removes to collect solar energy, and one of them method is used solar photovoltaic heat energy gatherer exactly, also referred to as PV/T technology.PV/T technology is in conjunction with PV module and solar energy gatherer to integrated system.This advanced system is set to for walking heating power from PV modular belt, thus refrigerating module, and go to improve its efficiency by lowering resistance.PV module is for solar radiation is converted to electric energy, and solar energy collector design is for collecting dump energy, and eliminates used heat from PV module.The same time, use the cooling system of air or water as the medium of heat transmission.From the heating power of system output, can be collected and be stored as heat energy.
Although PV/T can overcome the problem of collecting solar energy, still has a lot of research to proceed, to find the method for improvement technology.One of them research field is to utilize heat exchanger to go cooling PV module, and this is because heat exchanger has great impact to system effectiveness.For example, Mo Hamo (Mohd) once studied and had the aluminum that is connected to PV module back
the performance of the one way PV/T system of shape groove baffle, and be respectively electrical efficiency and the heat efficiency and obtain percent 1 and percent 30 increase (Mohd.Yusof Hj.Othman, H.R.2009.Performance Study of.Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) Solar Collector with
-Grooved Absorber Plate (is provided with
the performance study of solar photovoltaic heat energy (PV/T) gatherer of shape groove baffle) .Sains Malaysiana:537-541).It is good that research that another is undertaken by lucky grace (Jin) finds to be provided with the more traditional PV/T system of the heat efficiency of PV/T system of heat exchanger in rectangle tunnel.Ji En (Jin) utilizes the one way gas base solar gatherer that is provided with rectangle tunnel heat exchanger made of aluminum to make full use of solar energy, obtain respectively 10.02 percent and 54.70 percent electrical efficiency and the heat efficiency (Jin, G.L.2010.Evaluation of Single-Pass Photovoltaic-Thermal Air Collector with Rectangular Tunnel Absorber (assessment is provided with the one way photovoltaic heat energy air collector of rectangle tunnel absorber) .American Journal of Applied Sciences (U.S.'s applied science magazine): 277-282).Although these PV/T systems are feasible, but still need to improve the efficiency of PV/T system, to reach to highest level.Therefore, preferably find a kind of can be the electrical efficiency of PV/T system and the maximized alternative heat exchanger of the heat efficiency.
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a kind of heat efficiency can maximization, and at high temperature maintain the PV/T system of electrical efficiency; This PV/T system comprises heat exchanger module, monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module, hair-dryer, provide air stream passage conduit and control the variable-voltage regulator of the speed of described hair-dryer.Heat exchanger module is set to have honeycomb cross section, and it has the entrance and exit for air stream.This heat exchanger provides a larger surface area, effectively to transmit heating power from monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module.Use aluminum hexagon cellular heat exchanger can at high temperature maintain the electrical efficiency of monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module.In addition, the design of the small-sized and light weight of aluminum hexagon cellular heat exchanger will provide a device very reliably, and it can use in manufacturing the application of comprehensive photovoltaic/heat energy.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, the object of this invention is to provide a kind of can be the maximized photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement of the heat efficiency.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement that can at high temperature maintain electrical efficiency.
These objects of the present invention and other object are to realize by providing with lower device:
Photovoltaic heat energy gatherer, it comprises heat exchanger module, monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module, hair-dryer, provide air stream passage conduit and control the combination of variable-voltage regulator of the speed of described hair-dryer;
It is characterized in that, described heat exchanger module has honeycomb cross section, and it has the entrance and exit for air stream.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Other aspects of the present invention and advantage illustrate in connection with the detailed description of accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 illustrates the perspective view of the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement of one embodiment of the present of invention.
Fig. 2 illustrates the cross-sectional view of the heat exchanger module of one embodiment of the present of invention.
Fig. 3 illustrates the output temperature (T of one embodiment of the present of invention
out) chart of relative quality flow rate value.
Fig. 4 illustrates the entrance of one embodiment of the present of invention and the temperature difference between outlet.
Fig. 5 illustrates the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement that is provided with heat exchanger module of one embodiment of the present of invention and is not provided with the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement of heat exchanger module.
Fig. 6 illustrates the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement that is provided with heat exchanger module of one embodiment of the present of invention and is not provided with the heat efficiency of the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement of heat exchanger module.
Embodiment
Of the present invention the most extensive aspect, photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement comprises heat exchanger module, monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module, hair-dryer, provide air stream passage conduit and control the combination of variable-voltage regulator of the speed of hair-dryer.
With reference now to Fig. 1,, it illustrates the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) of one embodiment of the present of invention, and it is for produce electric energy and heat energy simultaneously.Device (1) comprises that hair-dryer (11), heater (12) and conduit (13) are as parts, so that the air stream of stable and uniform to be provided by photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1).Variable-voltage regulator (113) is for controlling the speed of hair-dryer (11), and another variable-voltage regulator (114) is for the temperature of control heater (12).Device (1) also comprises the heat exchanger module (15) that is arranged on monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) back.Heat exchanger module (15) has honeycomb cross section, and it is by its entrance (14) and outlet (17), to realize the air stream of stable and uniform.Also be provided with flowmeter (not shown), for measuring the air velocity of the entrance (14) of heat exchanger module (15).The temperature of heater (12) is conditioned, to keep the temperature of entrance (14) of heat exchanger module (15) identical with ambient temperature.One folded aluminium (18)-polyethylene (19)-aluminium (110) thin slice is connected under heat exchanger module (15).Polyethylene (19) thin slice is used as heat-barrier material, with the heating power of handle assembly, runs off and minimizes.Also be provided with a plurality of for measuring the T-shaped thermocouple of temperature.A pair of T-shaped thermocouple (not shown) is used for measuring the temperature of the entrance (14) of heat exchanger module (15).Two other T-shaped thermocouple unit is used for measuring the temperature of the outlet (17) of heat exchanger module (15).Four T-shaped thermocouple unit (not shown) are connected to monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) back, and for measuring the temperature of photovoltaic module (16), and two other T-shaped thermocouple unit is connected to aluminum slice (19) back.
With reference now to Fig. 2,, it illustrates the cross-sectional view (2) of heat exchanger module (15).Heat exchanger module (15) has hexagonal cross-sectional view (2).Heat exchanger module (15) is by stacking the forming of polylith corrugation aluminum slice.
Referring again to Fig. 1, photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) was once tested indoor, to study its electrical efficiency and the heat efficiency.For obtaining the stable state of the hot property of solar collector, device (1) is tested under solar simulator.The device (1) that is provided with heat exchanger module (15) and is not provided with heat exchanger module (15) is used for respectively assessing, to make comparisons.The different quality flow rate of Jie 0.011kg/s to 0.113kg/s is introduced in device (1), to observe the impact of mass flowrate on system effectiveness.
Experimental work is at two different solar irradiation value 583W/m
2and 808W/m
2under carry out.Air is used as radiator liquid, and circulation in device (1).In the setting of each solar irradiation value, five differences of mass flowrate are tested.Mass flowrate is set to 0.011kg/s, 0.032kg/s, 0.049kg/s, 0.078kg/s and 0.113kg/s.As shown in Figure 1, voltage regulator (113) is for controlling the speed of hair-dryer (11), to obtain required mass flowrate.For the consistency of observation experiment result, identical experiment can be repeated three times.In the arranging of each solar irradiation and mass flowrate, parameter is as short circuit current I
sc(A); Electric current I (A); Maximum current I
max(A); Open circuit voltage V
oc(V); Voltage (V); Maximum voltage V
max(V); Ambient temperature (℃); The temperature of heat exchanger module (15) entrance (14) (℃); The temperature of heat exchanger module (15) outlet (17) (℃); The temperature of monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) (℃) and the temperature at aluminum slice (110) back (℃) data measured.While measuring IV curve, use two variable rheostat units (39 Ω and 10 Ω).Number universal instrument He10GeTXing thermocouple unit is used for measuring voltage, electric current and temperature.The data that draw are for calculating electrical efficiency and the heat efficiency of photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1).
The mass flowrate m of air utilizes following formula to calculate:
m＝ρAV
av
Wherein m is mass flowrate; ρ is atmospheric density; A is input area; V
avit is air velocity.
Short circuit current I
scand open circuit voltage V (A)
oc(V) measurement value is obtained to universal instrument by directly connecting monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16).By regulated variable rheostat, IV curve is implemented.From IV curve, determine maximum current I
maxand maximum voltage V (A)
max(V).According to this parameter, maximum power (Pmax) utilizes following formula to calculate:
P
m＝I
m×V
m
The electrical efficiency η of system
elecutilize following formula to calculate:
The area of the monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) being covered by solar cell is by A
crepresentative, S represents solar irradiation.The heat efficiency of device (1) is by the specified temp C of mass flowrate m, air
p; Input temp T
inoutput temperature T
out; The area of monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) A
p; And solar irradiation S is used following formula to calculate:
With reference now to Fig. 3,, it illustrates output temperature (T
out) chart of relative quality flow rate value.Relevant to solar illumination 583W/m
2and 808W/m
2the data that have and be not provided with the systematic function of honeycomb are expressed at figure.This proof back is provided with monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16, with reference to figure 1) heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) large contact surface long-pending make heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) effectively transmit heating power from photovoltaic module (16, with reference to figure 1).In addition, how much honeycombs of heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) can make heating power effectively transmit by radiation, convection current and conduction from photovoltaic module (16, with reference to figure 1).Air is as heat radiation absorption of fluids heating power, and flows to the end of device (1).As shown in Figure 3, in two of solar irradiation arrange, be provided with the output temperature of device (1, with reference to figure 1) of heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) on average higher than 5 ℃, the device that is not provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1).
With reference now to Fig. 4,, it illustrates the temperature difference between entrance and outlet.Entrance and the temperature difference between outlet that it illustrates the device (1, with reference to figure 1) that is provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) are larger, therefore produce the higher heat efficiency.
With reference now to Fig. 5,, it illustrates the electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1, with reference to figure 1) that is provided with and is not provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1).It illustrates mass flowrate increase and causes electrical efficiency to increase.The electrical efficiency of monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16, with reference to figure 1) that is provided with and is not provided with two devices (1) of heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) is at high temperature about percent 7 equally.
With reference now to Fig. 6,, it illustrates the heat efficiency of the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1, with reference to figure 1) that is provided with and is not provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1).It illustrates the heat efficiency of the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1, with reference to figure 1) that is provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) far above the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1, with reference to figure 1) that is not provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1).When mass flowrate is 0.049kg/s, uses heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) to increase the heat efficiency and approach percent 50.The photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement that is provided with heat exchanger module (15, with reference to figure 1) can produce maximum percent 85 the heat efficiency.
Although described the preferred embodiments of the present invention above, it will be appreciated that and can make various variations, modification and modification to it.Therefore it will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to details of the present invention shown in the drawings, and difference in details is apparent to one skilled in the art.
Claims (11)
1. a photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1), it comprises:
Heat exchanger module (15);
Monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16);
Hair-dryer (11);
Conduit (13); And
Control the variable-voltage regulator (113) of the speed of described hair-dryer (11);
It is characterized in that, described heat exchanger module (15) has honeycomb cross section, and it has entrance (14) and outlet (17) for air stream.
2. photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement as claimed in claim 1 (1), is characterized in that, is provided with flowmeter (not shown) for measuring the air velocity of the described entrance (14) of described heat exchanger module (15).
3. the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) as described in as arbitrary in aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, heater (12) is incorporated in described device (1), for keeping the temperature of described entrance (14) of described heat exchanger module (15) identical with ambient temperature.
4. photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement as claimed in claim 3 (1), is characterized in that, is provided with variable-voltage regulator (114) for controlling the operation of described heater (12).
5. the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) as described in as arbitrary in aforementioned claim, is characterized in that, described heat exchanger module (15) is laterally arranged on the passage that is positioned at described monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) back.
6. photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement as claimed in claim 5 (1), is characterized in that, folded aluminium (18)-polyethylene (19)-aluminium (110) thin slice is connected under described heat exchanger module (15).
7. the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) as described in as arbitrary in aforementioned claim, it is characterized in that, be provided with a plurality of T-shaped thermocouple (not shown) for measuring the described entrance (14) of described heat exchanger module (15), the temperature of the described outlet (17) of described heat exchanger module (15), described monocrystaline silicon solar cell photovoltaic module (16) and described aluminum slice (110).
8. photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement as claimed in claim 7 (1), is characterized in that, the described outlet (17) of described heat exchanger module (15) is coated with cardboard (111) so that itself and environmental aspect are intercepted.
9. the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) as described in as arbitrary in aforementioned claim, is characterized in that, a pair of fan (112) arranges above described conduit, with the Halogen lamp LED from solar simulator, removes infrared radiation.
10. the photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement (1) as described in as arbitrary in aforementioned claim, is characterized in that, described photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement is small-scale structure type.
11. photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangements as claimed in claim 10 (1), is characterized in that, described photovoltaic heat energy collector arrangement is used for collecting solar energy.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| MYPI2011003877A MY173884A (en) | 2011-08-18 | 2011-08-18 | Photovoltaic-thermal collector apparatus |
| MYPI2011003877 | 2011-08-18 | ||
| PCT/MY2012/000229 WO2013025094A2 (en) | 2011-08-18 | 2012-08-13 | Photovoltaic-thermal collector apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104040882A true CN104040882A (en) | 2014-09-10 |
Family
ID=47715619
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201280050767.4A Pending CN104040882A (en) | 2011-08-18 | 2012-08-13 | Photovoltaic-thermal collector apparatus |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104040882A (en) |
| MY (1) | MY173884A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2013025094A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105245184B (en) * | 2015-11-03 | 2017-09-19 | 广东五星太阳能股份有限公司 | Plate photovoltaic photo-thermal comprehensive utilization device with nocturnal radiation refrigerating function |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4884631A (en) * | 1988-03-17 | 1989-12-05 | California Institute Of Technology | Forced air heat sink apparatus |
| US20090223511A1 (en) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-10 | Cox Edwin B | Unglazed photovoltaic and thermal apparatus and method |
-
2011
- 2011-08-18 MY MYPI2011003877A patent/MY173884A/en unknown
-
2012
- 2012-08-13 WO PCT/MY2012/000229 patent/WO2013025094A2/en active Application Filing
- 2012-08-13 CN CN201280050767.4A patent/CN104040882A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4884631A (en) * | 1988-03-17 | 1989-12-05 | California Institute Of Technology | Forced air heat sink apparatus |
| US20090223511A1 (en) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-10 | Cox Edwin B | Unglazed photovoltaic and thermal apparatus and method |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| J.K.TONUL ET AL.: "Improved PV/T solar collectors with heat extraction by forced or natural air circulation", 《RENEWABLE ENERGY》 * |
| MOHD.YUSOF HJ.OTHMAN ET AL.: "Performance analysis of a double-pass photovoltaic/thermal（PV/T）solar collector with CPC and fins", 《RENEWABLE ENERGY》 * |
| SWAPNIL DUBEY ET AL.: "Analytical expression for electrical efficiency of PV/T hybrid air collector", 《APPLIED ENERGY》 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MY173884A (en) | 2020-02-26 |
| WO2013025094A3 (en) | 2013-05-16 |
| WO2013025094A2 (en) | 2013-02-21 |
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Application publication date: 20140910 |