CN102575532A - 用于在一个或多个工业过程中管理热问题的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于在一个或多个工业过程中管理热问题的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN102575532A
CN102575532A CN2010800353821A CN201080035382A CN102575532A CN 102575532 A CN102575532 A CN 102575532A CN 2010800353821 A CN2010800353821 A CN 2010800353821A CN 201080035382 A CN201080035382 A CN 201080035382A CN 102575532 A CN102575532 A CN 102575532A
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T·J·赫尔德
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
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    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/10—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
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Abstract

本发明总体上涉及一种既能(i)解决燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、工业加工设备和/或内燃机中的各种热管理问题(例如，入口空气冷却)；又能(ii)获得一种基于超临界流体的热机的系统。在一个实施例中，本发明使用选自氨、二氧化碳、氮气或其他合适的工作流体介质的至少一种工作流体。在另一个实施例中，本发明采用二氧化碳或氨作为工作流体来实现一种系统，该系统能解决燃气轮机、内燃机或其他工业应用场合中的入口冷却问题，同时获得作为利用燃气轮机和/或内燃机余热的第二循环的基于超临界流体的热机，从而产生联合功率循环。

Description

用于在一个或多个工业过程中管理热问题的系统和方法
相关申请数据
本专利申请要求享有2009年6月22日提交的名为“System andMethod for Managing Thermal Issues in Gas Turbine Engines”(用于在燃气涡轮发动机中管理热问题的系统和方法)的美国临时专利申请No.61/219,1956的优先权，在此将其全部内容纳入本文作为参考。
发明领域
本发明总体上涉及一种系统，所述系统既能(i)解决燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、工业加工设备和/或内燃机中的各种热管理问题；又能(ii)获得基于超临界流体的热机。在一个实施例中，本发明使用至少一种选自氨、二氧化碳、氮气或其他合适的工作流体介质的工作流体。在另一个实施例中，本发明采用二氧化碳或氨作为工作流体来实现一种系统，所述系统能解决燃气轮机、内燃机或其他工业应用场合中的入口冷却问题，同时还获得作为利用燃气轮机和/或内燃机余热的第二循环的基于超临界流体的热机，从而产生联合功率循环。
背景技术
已经提出多种途径来解决燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、内燃机和其他工业过程中的各种热管理问题(例如，入口空气冷却、余热回收)。这些途径包括在美国能源部联合新墨西哥大学所做的题为“Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of New Power Cyclesand Advanced Falling Film Heat Exchangers”(新功率循环和先进降落液漠热交换器的实验和理论研究)的报告中所讨论的方案。
在上述报告中基于热力学第二定律提出并研究两种新的热力学循环。开发出两种计算机程序来找出重要系统参数对循环中所有部件的不可逆性分布的影响：(1)第一循环基于能产生高效率的联合三重(布雷顿/兰金/兰金)/(气体/蒸汽/氨)循环；(2)第二循环是带有能产生高功率和高效率的集成压缩机入口空气冷却的联合(布雷顿/兰金)/(气体/氨)循环。所提出的循环以及根据所述循环的第二定律分析获得的结果发表在Energy Conversion and Management(能源转换和管理)和ASME会刊(IMEC&E 2001)上。
基于此，本领域中需要被设计为解决各种装置(例如燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、工业加工设备和/或内燃机)的各种热管理问题的系统。例如，需要能解决燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、内燃机和/或其他工业加工设备中的各种热管理问题(例如，入口空气冷却)的系统。
发明内容
本发明总体上涉及一种系统，所述系统既能(i)解决燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、工业加工设备和/或内燃机中的各种热管理问题(例如，入口空气冷却)；又能(ii)获得基于超临界流体的热机。在一种实施例中，本发明使用选自氨、二氧化碳、氮气或其他合适的工作流体介质的至少一种工作流体。在另一个实施例中，本发明采用二氧化碳或氨作为工作流体来实现一种系统，所述系统能解决燃气轮机、内燃机或其他工业应用场合中的入口冷却问题，同时获得作为利用燃气轮机和/或内燃机余热的第二循环的基于超临界流体的热机，从而产生联合功率循环。
在一个实施例中，本发明涉及到一种系统，所述系统被设计为实现燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、内燃机或其他工业过程(例如，气体或空气压缩)中的入口空气冷却，同时也获得作为利用燃气轮机、内燃机和/或其他工业过程的余热的第二循环的基于超临界流体的热机，从而产生本文所示和所述的联合功率循环。
在另一个实施例中，本发明涉及一种用于对涡轮机入口空气进行温度调节的系统，所述系统包括：至少一个具有入口侧和出口侧的涡轮机；至少一个可操作地联接到该至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的空气入口热交换器，其中该至少一个空气入口热交换器被设计为从被供应到该至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到底部回路；至少一个操作地联接到该至少一个涡轮机的出口侧的空气出口热交换器，其中该至少一个空气出口热交换器被设计为从由该至少一个涡轮机产生的出口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到该底部回路；其中所述底部回路被设计为利用从该至少一个空气入口热交换器和该至少一个空气出口热交换器传递的所述热量，从而提供被适当调节过的工作流体以返回该至少一个空气入口热交换器和该至少一个空气出口热交换器。
在另一个实施例中，本发明涉及一种用于对涡轮机的入口空气进行温度调节的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：提供至少一个具有入口侧和出口侧的涡轮机；提供至少一个可操作地联接到该至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的空气入口热交换器，其中该至少一个空气入口热交换器被设计为从被供应到该至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到底部回路；提供至少一个可操作地联接到该至少一个涡轮机的出口侧的空气出口热交换器，其中该至少一个空气出口热交换器被设计为从由该至少一个涡轮机产生的出口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到该底部回路；其中所述底部回路传递来自该至少一个空气入口热交换器和该至少一个空气出口热交换器的热量，从而提供被适当调节过的工作流体以返回该至少一个空气入口热交换器和该至少一个空气出口热交换器。
在另一个实施例中，本发明涉及一种用于调节空气温度的系统，所述系统包括：至少一个热源；至少一个可操作地联接到该至少一个热源的第一热交换器，所述第一热交换器被设计为去除和/或利用来自热源的余热，从而将该热量传递给工作流体；至少一个通过工作流体可操作地联接到该至少一个第一热交换器的压缩机，其中该至少一个压缩机被设计为接收由该至少一个第一热交换器产生的载热工作流体，并且利用载热工作流体或从载热工作流体抽出热量，从而得到冷却的工作流体；至少一个可操作地联接到该至少一个压缩机的第二热交换器，其中该至少一个第二热交换器被设计为接收冷却的工作流体并且利用冷却的工作流体从空气去除热量或对空气温度进行调节。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明一个实施例的系统的示意图；
图2是根据本发明一个实施例的另一个系统的示意图；
图3是根据本发明一个实施例的另一个系统的示意图；
图4是根据本发明一个实施例的另一个系统的示意图；
图5是根据本发明一个实施例的另一个系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明总体上涉及一种系统，所述系统既能(i)解决燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、工业加工设备和/或内燃机中的各种热管理问题(例如，入口空气冷却)；又能(ii)获得基于超临界流体的热机。在一种实施例中，本发明使用选自氨、二氧化碳、氮气或其他合适的工作流体介质的至少一种工作流体。在另一个实施例中，本发明采用二氧化碳或氨作为工作流体来实现一种系统，所述系统能解决燃气轮机、内燃机或其他工业应用场合中的入口冷却问题，同时还获得作为利用燃气轮机和/或内燃机余热的第二循环的基于超临界流体的热机，从而产生联合功率循环。
在一个实施例中，本发明有双重目的：(i)作为利用燃气轮机和/或内燃机(ICE)余热的第二循环的基于超临界流体的热机，以产生联合功率循环；和(ii)为燃气轮机/ICE入口空气冷却提供整体解决方案(示意性提及)。在该实施例中，本发明被设计为主要是带有动态蒸汽压缩式冷却部件的底部循环热机，所述底部循环热机能够在遇到更高的环境条件并因此提高联合循环的整体输出的时候使用。在另一个实施例中，基于超临界流体的循环能被用于向空气或气体压缩装置提供进气冷却，因此减少压缩所要求的热功。这个过程的热输入全部或者部分由压缩的余热提供。
在一个实施例中，本发明将通过General Electric GE-10燃气轮机来描述。但是，本发明不限于此。相反地，本发明能被用于任何合适的涡轮机、燃气轮机、工业加工设备和/或内燃机。鉴于此，图1的实施例所预期的性能涉及General Electric GE-10燃气轮机的工况和采用根据本发明的一个实施例的集成系统所带来的优点。出于说明的目的，当环境温度从15℃(59°F)上升到45℃(113°F)时，通常的燃气轮机(例如，GE-10)损失高达28％的功率。同时，天热期间由于住宅和商业的空调需求增加，电力成本会大幅增加。燃气轮机的性能下降还会导致第二循环的性能下降。例如，当示例GE10经历前述的温度变化/温度差时，NH3第二循环中的输出功率下降5.0％。
关于本发明被用于General Electric 10(GE-10)燃气轮机的实施例，本文中的示范性计算涉及GE-10燃气轮机在15℃(59°F)和30℃(86°F)的环境温度下的运行。依据GE-10运行规范，在15℃(59°F)和30℃(86°F)的环境下，燃气轮机的烟气温度分别是489.5℃(914°F)和505℃(941°F)。在上述两种环境下，未进行入口冷却的烟气质量流分别是47kg/s(373,086lbs/hr)和42kg/s(333，396lbs/hr)。用于集成的入口冷却条件的烟气质量流率与15℃(59°F)的状况相匹配。用于集成的入口冷却条件的空气吸入量通过基于规定的热耗率(对于天然气来说为9,570kJ/kg(20,000btu/lb))去除所需的天然气质量来确定。用于集成方案的输入空气流率是46.2kg/s(366,966lbs/hr)。
在15℃(59°F)下利用来自GE-10的余热的氨驱动第二循环的性能会给GE-10燃气轮机的输出11,250kW增加3,310kW的净能量，从而等于联合循环的输出为14,560kW。这等于比单一循环增加29.4％的功率。在30℃(86°F)的环境条件中没有入口冷却的情况下，第二循环输送的功率量在30℃(86°F)下下降到3,189kW。再加上燃气轮机的额定功率下降到10,000kW，联合循环的总输出功率下降9.4％。第二循环输出功率的下降是燃气轮机功率下降的直接结果。
当增加集成冷却循环后，燃气轮机功率不再下降到10,000kW而是维持在11,250kW，这是因为无论环境温度如何入口空气温度都维持在15℃(59°F)。另外，简单循环的热耗率维持在11,500kJ/kW-hr(10,900Btu/kW-hr)，而不会增加到30℃(86°F)时的12,100kJ/kW-hr(11,374Btu/kW-hr)。由于压缩机能耗的增加，第二循环的输出下降到3,123kW。燃气轮机性能的提高加上氨第二循环的输出，导致联合循环的输出为14,374kW；在30℃(86°F)的情况下相比基本的氨联合循环提高9.0％，并且比在相同的环境温度下简单循环的性能提高45.1％。
在氨工作流体被用于GE-10的例子中，工况的一些变化包括：高压侧压力通常从10.3-20.7MPa(1500-3000psia)，高压侧温度通常从149℃-482℃(300-900°F)，低压侧热机压力通常从2.1-4.2MPa(300-600psia)，制冷压力通常从0.1-.69MPa(14.7-100psia)以及环境条件高达50℃(12°F)。鉴于此，本发明不限于任何一组工况，也不限于特定的工作流体。相反地，如本领域技术人员所能理解那样，本发明能被设计为在各种工况的宽范围中运行，以及使用若干种不同的工作流体。所以，本发明可以根据本文所公开的内容被宽泛地解释。
在一个实施例中，本发明产生多种优点，包括但不限于(i)超临界流体的使用消除了与蒸发相关的温度节点以及处理两相流的问题；(ii)超临界流体的使用会产生余热交换器的设计，所述余热交换器的设计相对于单一压力的基于蒸汽的热回收蒸汽发生器而言，允许更高的工作流体温度；(iii)超临界二氧化碳或氨的使用允许运行在涡轮机内没有冷凝而不用添加过热器的循环。
本发明还能实现贯穿功率循环的稳定质量流，同时为入口冷却器产生随着环境温度改变而可变的制冷量。在一个实施例中，这通过在功率循环的冷凝步骤之后去除制冷剂并且将其在泵之前重新导入来实现。这样做的一个优点是：持续运行的功率循环将一直保持在压力、质量流和温度相同的运行点。运行的这种持续性使所有部件能最佳地运行，并且因此将循环效率保持在其设计点。当天热期间对制冷剂的需求增加时，工作流体将从系统的低压侧被去除，但是会以一种可用的形式在泵之前被重新导入，而不会影响功率循环。
另外，本发明能从功率产生循环高压部分上的任意点得到工作流体的支流，并且将其用于冷却循环上的喷射器。这允许使用低成本的部件以及避免压缩机电机效率引起的性能下降(仍然有和喷射器相关的效率损失)。
另外，在另一个实施例中，本发明能使在基于氨的过程中产生的任何氮气和氢气成分分离，并利用所述氮气和/或氢气进行下列一种或多种操作：(i)通过哈珀制氨法(Haber process)重新产生氨，然后将所产生的氨添加回系统；(ii)收集游离氢气并作为燃烧和/或燃料电池的原料；(iii)分别收集氢气和氮气用于商业消费；和/或(iv)排出氮气并燃烧氢气。应当注意到的时，以上条目(i)到(iv)实际上是示范性的，并且本发明的系统所产生的任何这些氮气和/或氢气存在许多其他可能的用途，这里为简明不作列举。
本发明还能使烟气从燃气轮机后端再循环到入口，由此通过提供更浓的CO2流来提高捕捉燃气轮机的CO2排放物的能力，并且通过降低火焰峰值温度来减少NOX排放。该过程中主要的困难是高温，在该高温下，再循环烟气(高达40％的烟气流)被重新引到入口。本发明和图1所示的集成方案以多种方式消除这个问题。首先，烟气已被热交换器冷却到低温从而为功率产生循环去除热量。其次，增加送往入口空气的冷却剂以抵消再循环烟气引入时的任何温度升高。第三，降低同流换热器的效力以允许从烟气中去除更多的能量。这允许烟气温度降低并随后被添加到燃气轮机的入口，而不会影响性能。
本发明还能使目前的基于氨的选择性催化还原剂(SCR)和基于氨的热机集成。SCR单元与燃气轮机一起使用，以减少NOX的排放来满足EPA标准。氨的支流能从系统中任何位置被去除，然后通过补充(makeup)系统被注入烟气流中，从而将氨在泵之前添加回热机。
图1公开根据本发明一个实施例的一种系统100。在系统100中，氨被用于实现一种系统，所述系统既能解决燃气轮机和/或内燃机中的入口冷却问题，又能获得作为利用燃气轮机和/或内燃机余热的第二循环的基于超临界氨的热机，从而产生联合功率循环。如图1所示，系统100包括热交换器102，所述热交换器102被设计为降低供给到涡轮机104的空气的入口温度。涡轮机104是任何合适的涡轮机，包括但不限于燃气轮机。在一个实施例中，涡轮机104包括压缩机106、燃烧器108和涡轮机110。本领域技术人员应当意识到，本发明不限于燃气轮机、或者具有前述结构的燃气轮机。相反地，本发明能被宽泛地解释并且被用于各种喷气发动机，或者期望控制入口空气温度的其他工业过程，比如气体或空气压缩。在本文中，与本发明的实施例结合使用的压缩机可以独立地选自机械压缩机或流体压缩机(例如喷射器)。
关于热交换器102，可以使用任何合适的热交换器，包括但不限于各包含一个或多个内核的一个或多个热交换器，其中每个内核都采用微通道技术。
在本文中，“微通道技术”包括但不限于包含一个或多个微通道、中通道(mesochannels)和/或迷你通道的热交换器。本文中术语“微通道”、“中通道”和/或“迷你通道”可以互换使用。另外，本发明的微通道、中通道和/或迷你通道不限于任何具体的尺寸、宽度和/或长度。取决于各种因素，可以采用任何合适的尺寸、宽度和/或长度。另外，微通道、中通道和/或迷你通道的任何方位可以与本发明的各种实施例结合使用。
在另一个实施例中，根据本发明的热交换器可以形成有一个或多个内核，所述内核具有一个或多个印刷电路热交换(PCHE)板。这些板在现有技术中已知，并且在美国专利6,921,518；7,022,294；和7,033,553中公开，因为所述专利的教示涉及印刷电路热交换(PCHE)板，所以它们的全部内容纳入本文作为参考。美国专利申请2006/0254759中公开图1所示的系统中用作再生器的其他合适的热交换器，该专利的全部内容纳入本文。
在另一个实施例中，可以使用本领域技术人员已知的任何类型的热交换器，只要该热交换器能管理和/或满足其所在系统的热需求。在另一个实施例中，本发明不仅提供一种能解决高级燃气涡轮发动机中各种热管理问题的系统，还提供一种被设计为能解决功率管理问题的系统。
关于涡轮机104，来自该涡轮机的烟气通过合适的输送手段被供应给另一个热交换器112。关于热交换器112，该热交换器可以选择类似于前面所讨论热交换器102的热交换器。另外，如图1所示，入口空气被热交换器102冷却并且通过合适的输送手段被供应给涡轮机104。涡轮机104的子部件以本领域技术人员已知的方式被合适地依次连接。关于合适的输送手段，所述手段包括但不限于导管、管子、管道、烟道等，它们被设计为能承受在本文所公开的涡轮机应用场合中所面临的各种环境条件。这些设计准则是本领域技术人员已知的，为简明在本文中不做讨论。
从图1的实施例中可以看出，系统100将合适的工作流体与各种热交换器以及合适的输送手段组合使用，以将“热量”从进入热交换器102的入口空气中取出，由此产生通往涡轮机104的冷却入口空气。关于图1的系统100，工作流体可以是任何合适的工作流体，包括但不限于氨、二氧化碳(超临界状态或其他状态)、氮气、惰性工作流体、或者上述两种或两种以上工作流体的任何合适的组合。例如，图1的系统使用氨工作流体。在阅读理解图1之后将会明白，本发明的工作流体不是一直处于液态。相反地，如对本领域技术人员明显的是，本发明的工作流体为完成系统100的所述目标会经历各种相的变化。
从图1可以看出，系统100包含各种其他的热交换器(例如热交换器114，116，118和120)、至少一个其他的压缩机(例如122)、至少一个其他的膨胀机(例如124)、合适数量的阀门(例如128)、静态混合器(例如126)、至少一个泵(例如130)以及至少一个膨胀阀(例如132)。本领域技术人员可以明白，图1中的过程参数实际上是示范性的，而不意味着限制本发明的范围。相反地，本发明可以被广泛地用于期望从系统的一个点或区域“取出”热量并将热量“移”到另一个点或区域的各种情形。
在另一个实施例中，静态混合器126可以做以下改动。混合器126可以被设计为低温液体从顶部进入，高温蒸汽从中部的合适点进入，且增加冷凝所需的其他冷却。所述冷凝可以与热交换器114和116集成。所有被冷凝的液体从底部排出。
关于系统100的两个底部回路中的其他部件，各种其他的热交换器可以从上述的热交换器中选择。所述至少一个其他的压缩机(例如122)、所述至少一个其他的膨胀机(例如124)、所述阀门(例如126和128)、所述至少一个泵(130)和所述至少一个膨胀阀(例如132)可以从市场上能购买到的这些已知类型的多种部件中选择，或者被有目的地设计以用于所公开的系统。再有，图1的底部回路的其他部件通过选自上文所述的合适的输送手段进行连接。在该情况下所选择的部件的类型取决于所要产生的系统的正确设计规范。
一种用于系统100的所有上述部件的布置在图1中示出。图1中，系统100被用于降低来自环境的入口空气的温度，例如，从环境86°F降低到59°F。这通过使用热交换器102和供应到热交换器102的工作流体来实现。降温后的空气随后作为入口空气被供应到涡轮机104，所述涡轮机104被设计成燃烧燃料(例如天然气、煤或油)并向热交换器112供应排气和余热。
在另一个实施例中，取决于所要完成的目标，可以省略系统100的各种部件，以获得简化的系统。或者，系统100的各种部件可以由控制阀和喷射器来替代。图3是系统300的图，其示出用喷射器334取代图1中的压缩机122。喷射器的驱动流体可以来自热交换器318之前、热交换器312之前或膨胀机324之前。控制阀在最佳点处被加入系统中，以用于去除流体，从而作为喷射器的驱动流体。
在另一个实施例中，为分离和收集热机内氨工作流体的热循环期间产生的任何氢气和氮气，一些部件被加入系统100内。图4示出系统400，其使用与图1相同的热机和入口冷却。但是，系统400包括哈珀制氨反应器以重新产生氨。图4示出增加闪蒸罐434，所述闪蒸罐434用于分离热交换器420中的氨冷凝步骤之后仍然存在的气态氮和氢。气态氮和氢在闪蒸罐434中被分离，并被供应给压缩机436，在压缩机436中气态氮和氢被压缩到反应压力。压缩后的氮和氢被送到催化反应器438，并生成气态氨，过量的氮和氢被再循环到反应器的前端。热量需要被输送到催化反应器438，所述热量来自外部热源或者来自内部余热。氨通过膨胀阀440膨胀到热机的低压侧运行压力。膨胀后的流体与压缩气体阀442组合。图4中的其他部件与图1中一致。在另一个实施例中，系统400被设计为利用CO2布雷顿或兰金顶部循环来实现与燃气轮机排气的直接交换(图5)。
图2示出根据本发明的另一个实施例的系统200，其中涡轮机204排出的气体通过采用根据本发明的基于工作流体的系统被冷却。在一个实施例中，所述工作流体是二氧化碳。但是，该实施例不限于此。相反地，任何合适的工作流体、或者工作流体的组合都能用于该实施例。系统200的涡轮机204包括压缩机206、燃烧器208和涡轮机210。涡轮机204向热交换器212供应烟气，所述烟气随后被冷却并被供应给热交换器250用于进一步冷却。热交换器212和250被连接到双回路系统，所述双回路系统利用选自前述的工作流体从涡轮机204产生的烟气中取出热量。本文中使用的“涡轮机”是指燃气轮机、燃气涡轮发动机、内燃机或其他产生排气并吸入空气的工业加工设备。
如图2所示，系统200包括至少一个其他的热交换器(例如256和258)、至少一个其他的压缩机(例如252)、至少一个其他的膨胀机(例如254)、各种阀门(例如260和262)以及至少一个泵(例如260)。另外，图2的底部回路的其他部件通过选自前述的合适的输送手段进行连接。该情况中所选择的部件类型取决于所要产生的系统的正确设计规范。
本领域技术人员应当明白，图2中所详示的过程参数实际上是示范性的，并不意味着限制本发明的范围。相反地，本发明可以被广泛地用于期望从系统的一个点或区域“取出”热量并将热量“移”到另一个点或区域的各种情形。
图5示出本发明的另一个实施例，其中本发明包含至少两个不同的回路，并且每个回路采用其自身的工作流体。例如，每个回路可以使用相同或者不同的工作流体。从前述的工作流体选择合适的工作流体。在另一个实施例中，在每个回路中采用不同的工作流体。例如，一个回路采用CO2作为工作流体，另一个采用氨(NH3)。从图5中可以看出，使用双循环系统来冷却用于燃气轮机的入口空气，在所述双循环系统中，一个循环使用二氧化碳作为工作流体而另一个使用氨作为工作流体。在该实施例中，所述两个循环通过一个热交换器相互连接。
图5的系统500包括被定位在燃气轮机504的入口端处的热交换器502，其中热交换器502是前述的类型或者设计，并且能在入口气体进入燃气轮机504之前利用工作流体来调节入口气体(例如，空气)的温度。燃气轮机504向前述类型或者设计的余热交换器506供应余热。余热交换器506可操作地联接到涡轮机508和泵510。从图5可以看出，泵510还可操作地联接到冷凝器512。涡轮机508、冷凝器512和第二涡轮机514都可操作地联接到热交换器516，如图5所示。涡轮机514可操作地联接到第二冷凝器518。如图5所示，冷凝器518还操作地联接到压缩机或者泵520、膨胀阀522和第二泵524，如图5所示。压缩机或泵520以及膨胀阀522两者还都以图5所示的方式可操作地联接到热交换器502。最后，在图5的实施例中，第二泵524以图5所示的方式可操作地联接到热交换器516。
关于图1至5，这些图示出本发明的实施例，所述实施例被设计为利用任何工业过程或燃烧过程的余热实现空气或气体入口的同时冷却。鉴于此，图1至5仅是本发明的示范实施例的说明，对这些实施例的改动也落入本发明范围之内，并且对于本领域技术人员是明显的。
从本发明的系统获益的工业过程或燃烧过程包括任何工业过程或燃烧过程，其中当气体(例如空气)以增加其密度和/或降低其温度的方式被调节时该过程变得更有效率。在一个实施例中，这些过程包括但不限于由燃气轮机、内燃机、空气压缩机、气体压缩机或它们的组合执行的过程。在一个实施例中，本发明的优点在于允许对入口空气的温度进行调节，以提高在吸气入口温度升高时性能会下降的装置的运行效率。
在另一个实施例中，本发明包括以下子系统的组合：被设计成实现气体(例如工业过程的入口气体或入口空气)的温度调节的子系统，以及被设计成利用余热来驱动所述被设计成实现温度调节的子系统、并且在某些实施例中也允许余热子系统产生可用于任何所需目的的其他可用能量或功率的子系统。因此，在该实施例中，本发明的余热子系统在本文中有时是指利用工作流体(如本文中所定义的)来实现前述目标的底部回路、环路或循环。因此，例如，本发明实现以下子系统的集成：被设计成实现气体(例如用于工业过程的入口气体或入口空气)的温度调节的子系统，以及被设计成利用余热来驱动所述温度调节子系统、以及允许余热子系统产生可用于任何所需目的的其他可用能量或功率的子系统。例如，该实施例通过底部回路(从图1至5的底部部分可以看出)来实现，所述底部回路利用提供给其的余热来驱动和完成上述温度调节，并且作为能产生或生产其他功率或能量的热机来运行，所述其他功率或能量能被输出系统并用于任何所需目的。
关于图1至5中任一附图或者所有附图所公开的温度和/或压力而言，这些温度和压力实际上是示范性的。对于本领域技术人员明显的是，取决于本发明被应用的装置和/或条件，所述温度和压力可能、能够或者将改变。另外，在某些例子中，本发明的系统是过临界或超临界的。因此，本领域技术人员在阅读和理解本发明后应知道，本发明的系统的某些部分会是亚临界，而其他部分会是超临界的。事实上，本发明系统的一个方面在于工作流体在系统内的不同位置可以是超临界流体、亚临界液体和/或亚临界蒸汽。
虽然本发明特别参考本文详述的某些方面进行了详细地描述，但是其他方面也能获得相同的结果。本发明的变型和改型对于本领域技术人员来说是明显的，并且本发明意欲覆盖后附权利要求中所有的这些改型和等同物。

Claims (37)

1.一种用于对涡轮机的入口空气进行温度调节的系统，所述系统包括：
至少一个涡轮机，所述涡轮机具有入口侧和出口侧；
至少一个空气入口热交换器，所述空气入口热交换器可操作地联接到所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧，其中所述至少一个空气入口热交换器被设计为从被供应到所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到底部回路；
至少一个空气出口热交换器，所述空气出口热交换器可操作地联接到所述至少一个涡轮机的出口侧，其中所述至少一个空气出口热交换器被设计为从由所述至少一个涡轮机产生的出口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到所述底部回路；
其中所述底部回路被设计为利用从所述至少一个空气入口热交换器和所述至少一个空气出口热交换器传递的所述热量，从而提供被适当调节过的工作流体以返回所述至少一个空气入口热交换器和所述至少一个空气出口热交换器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述工作流体选自氨、二氧化碳或它们的组合。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是二氧化碳。
4.根据权利要求3所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是超临界二氧化碳。
5.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是氨。
6.根据权利要求5所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是超临界氨。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述至少一个空气入口热交换器采用微通道技术。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述至少一个空气入口热交换器采用一个或多个印刷电路热交换器内核。
9.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述至少一个空气出口热交换器采用微通道技术。
10.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述至少一个空气出口热交换器采用一个或多个印刷电路热交换器内核。
11.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述底部回路被设计为利用存在于所述至少一个涡轮机的出口侧的余热以及所述至少一个空气入口热交换器来降低被提供给所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气的温度。
12.根据权利要求11所述的系统，其中所述底部回路包括：
至少一个第一底部回路热交换器，所述第一底部回路热交换器被设计为接收来自所述至少一个空气出口热交换器的载热工作流体；以及
至少一个底部回路压缩机，所述底部回路压缩机通过所述工作流体可操作地联接到所述至少一个第一底部回路热交换器，其中所述至少一个底部回路压缩机被设计为利用所述载热工作流体或从所述载热工作流体抽出热量，从而产生冷却的工作流体，
其中所述冷却的工作流体被提供给所述至少一个空气入口热交换器，以用于降低被提供给所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气的温度。
13.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中所述底部回路是被设计为利用所传递的热量来调节入口空气并产生剩余的功率或能量的热机。
14.一种用于对涡轮机的入口空气进行温度调节的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
提供至少一个涡轮机，所述涡轮机具有入口侧和出口侧；
提供至少一个空气入口热交换器，所述空气入口热交换器可操作地联接到所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧，其中所述至少一个空气入口热交换器被设计为从被供应到所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到底部回路；
提供至少一个空气出口热交换器，所述空气出口热交换器可操作地联接到所述至少一个涡轮机的出口侧，其中所述至少一个空气出口热交换器被设计为从由所述至少一个涡轮机产生的出口空气去除热量，并通过工作流体将所述热量传递到所述底部回路；
其中所述底部回路传递来自所述至少一个空气入口热交换器和所述至少一个空气出口热交换器的热量，从而提供被适当调节过的工作流体以返回所述至少一个空气入口热交换器和所述至少一个空气出口热交换器。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述工作流体选自氨、二氧化碳或它们的组合。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述工作流体是二氧化碳。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法，其中所述工作流体是超临界二氧化碳。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述工作流体是氨。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法，其中所述工作流体是超临界氨。
20.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述至少一个空气入口热交换器采用微通道技术。
21.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述至少一个空气入口热交换器采用一个或多个印刷电路热交换器内核。
22.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述至少一个空气出口热交换器采用微通道技术。
23.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述至少一个空气出口热交换器采用一个或多个印刷电路热交换器内核。
24.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述底部回路利用存在于所述至少一个涡轮机的出口侧的余热以及所述至少一个空气入口热交换器来降低被提供给所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气的温度。
25.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述底部回路包括：
至少一个第一底部回路热交换器，所述第一底部回路热交换器被设计为接收来自所述至少一个空气出口热交换器的载热工作流体；以及
至少一个底部回路压缩机，所述底部回路压缩机通过所述工作流体可操作地联接到所述至少一个第一底部回路热交换器，其中所述至少一个底部回路压缩机被设计为利用所述载热工作流体或从所述载热工作流体抽出热量，从而产生冷却的工作流体，
其中所述冷却的工作流体被提供给所述至少一个空气入口热交换器，以用于降低被提供给所述至少一个涡轮机的入口侧的入口空气的温度。
26.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其中所述底部回路是被设计为利用所传递的热量来调节入口空气并产生剩余的功率或能量的热机。
27.一种用于调节空气温度的系统，所述系统包括：
至少一个热源；
至少一个第一热交换器，所述第一热交换器可操作地联接到所述至少一个热源，所述第一热交换器被设计为去除和/或利用来自热源的余热，从而将所述热量传递给工作流体；
至少一个压缩机，所述压缩机通过所述工作流体操作地联接到所述至少一个第一热交换器，其中所述至少一个压缩机被设计为接收由所述至少一个第一热交换器产生的载热工作流体，并且利用载热工作流体或从载热工作流体抽出热量，从而得到冷却的工作流体；
至少一个第二热交换器，所述第二热交换器可操作地联接到所述至少一个压缩机，其中所述至少一个第二热交换器被设计为接收冷却的工作流体以及利用冷却的工作流体从空气去除热量或者对空气温度进行调节。
28.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中所述工作流体选自氨、二氧化碳或它们的组合。
29.根据权利要求28所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是二氧化碳。
30.根据权利要求29所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是超临界二氧化碳。
31.根据权利要求28所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是氨。
32.根据权利要求31所述的系统，其中所述工作流体是超临界氨。
33.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中所述至少一个第一热交换器采用微通道技术。
34.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中所述至少一个第一热交换器采用一个或多个印刷电路热交换器内核。
35.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中所述至少一个第二热交换器采用微通道技术。
36.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中所述至少一个第二热交换器采用一个或多个印刷电路热交换器内核。
37.根据权利要求27所述的系统，其中所述至少一个热源选自至少一个燃气轮机、至少一个燃气涡轮发动机、至少一个内燃机、或它们任意两种或更多种的组合。
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