CN101917047B - Method and circuit for dynamically equalizing battery management system - Google Patents
Method and circuit for dynamically equalizing battery management system Download PDFInfo
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- CN101917047B CN101917047B CN201010259149.3A CN201010259149A CN101917047B CN 101917047 B CN101917047 B CN 101917047B CN 201010259149 A CN201010259149 A CN 201010259149A CN 101917047 B CN101917047 B CN 101917047B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method and a circuit for dynamically equalizing a battery management system. The method comprises the following steps of: 1) detecting the voltage of each single battery in each group of battery packs sequentially connected in series by using embedded control software; 2) judging the location number of the single battery which needs to be charged or discharged separately and has excessively low or high voltage by using a central processing unit (CPU); 3) giving a control command out by using the CPU, controllably gating a corresponding polarity selecting switch block to perform polarity inversion on a collection bus, controllably gating a corresponding battery selecting switch block to perform polarity matching at the same time, controlling the working direction of a bidirectional isolation transformer and connecting the single battery which needs to be charged or discharged separately and has the excessively low or high voltage to the connection bus for charging or discharging so as to realize energy transfer; and 4) repeating the steps 1) to 3) until the voltage of each single battery in each group of battery packs sequentially connected in series is in a set allowable error range so as to realize dynamic equilibrium. The number of charging and discharging devices and circuit complexity of the battery management system can be reduced remarkably.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to battery management system, particularly relate to a kind of battery management system method for dynamically balancing and dynamic equalization circuit thereof.
Background technology
Existing lithium iron battery management system has kinds of schemes.The most frequently used is the energy consumption balance circuit adopting as shown in Figure 1, simple and practical, by respectively as the S1 of switch ... the voltage-stabiliser tube D1 of Sn ... Dn or other control circuits, when single battery BT1 or BTn overtension, connect the bypass branch of single battery BT1 or BTn automatically, shunting is provided, the electric current that flows through battery BT1 or BTn is reduced, avoid battery BT1 or BTn overvoltage, its defect is that energy loss is large, resistance needs heat radiation, can only be for low-power circuit; Energy transfer type balancing circuitry can be in high and medium power circuit as shown in Figure 2; by translation circuit, charge separately to specially low-voltage battery 2; or discharge separately to specially too high voltages battery 5 by translation circuit; thereby make each single battery 1～6 voltage all in controlled range; its defect is can only be for the circuit of a small amount of battery series connection; otherwise; translation circuit adopts too many bidirectional switch and control circuit thereof; high cost; and the transformer tapping of translation circuit is too many, is difficult to scale and implements and apply.
Summary of the invention
A technical problem to be solved by this invention is the defect that makes up above-mentioned prior art, and a kind of method for dynamically balancing of battery management system is provided.
Another technical problem to be solved by this invention is the defect that makes up above-mentioned prior art, and a kind of dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system is provided.
Another technical problem to be solved by this invention is the defect that makes up above-mentioned prior art, and the dynamic equalization circuit of another kind of battery management system is provided
The technical problem of method for dynamically balancing of the present invention is solved by the following technical programs.
The feature of the method for dynamically balancing of this battery management system is:
The ON-OFF control circuit that adopts two-way isolated converter and be provided with the CPU of embedded Control software, described ON-OFF control circuit is controlled polar selecting switch group and battery selector switch group.
There are successively following steps:
1) each single battery voltage in the battery pack of sequentially being connected by each group of embedded Control software detection;
2) by CPU judgement, needed the item of the single battery too low or too high for voltage of independent charge or discharge;
3) by CPU, send control command, control the corresponding polar selecting switch group of gating collection bus is carried out to reversal, control the corresponding battery selector switch group of gating simultaneously and carry out polarities match, and control two-way isolated converter operative orientation, the single battery too low or too high for voltage that needs are discharged and recharged is separately linked into charge or discharge in collection bus, realizes energy and shifts;
4) repeating step 1)～3), until each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group is sequentially connected is within the scope of the permissible error of setting, reach dynamic equalization.
The technical problem of method for dynamically balancing of the present invention is solved by the following technical programs.
Described step 3) is to control the work of two-way isolated converter forward, and the single battery of the brownout that needs are charged is separately linked in collection bus and charges, and realizes energy and shifts.
Described step 3) is to control two-way isolated converter reverse operation, and the single battery of the overtension that needs are discharged is separately linked in collection bus and discharges, and realizes energy and shifts.
The software that described embedded Control software is is carrier based on embedded type CPU chip, by generating machine code file after computer programming, writes cpu chip by corresponding burning device, and operation automatically after CPU powers on.
Described CPU is the CPU with multi-channel analog/digital (Analog/Digital, initialism is A/D) conversion input interface and multipath high-speed I/O (Input/Output, initialism is I/O) interface.
The technical problem of a kind of dynamic equalization circuit of the present invention is solved by the following technical programs.
The dynamic equalization circuit of this battery management system, comprise the two-way isolated converter that at least one shifts for realizing energy, the positive input of described two-way isolated converter is connected with total bus, by the energy conversion of total bus, it is positive and negative Voltage-output, the quantity of described two-way isolated converter is identical with the quantity of the battery pack of order series connection, and corresponding at least one group battery pack of sequentially connecting managed.
The feature of the dynamic equalization circuit of this battery management system is:
The positive and negative Voltage-output of described two-way isolated converter is the positive and negative Voltage-output of two-way of mutually isolating.
The rear class of described two-way isolated converter is provided with the two-way polar selecting switch group being comprised of two polar selecting switch, one end of two polar selecting switch of described two-way polar selecting switch group is connected with two-way isolated converter Yi road positive voltage output end respectively, the other end of two polar selecting switch respectively in the collection bus a pair of with two is connected, the two-way negative voltage output of two-way isolated converter is distinguished a connection in a pair of collection bus of corresponding two of being connected with another polar selecting switch, for realizing the reversal of collection bus.
Rear class in described polar selecting switch group is provided with battery selector switch group, the single battery quantity of the battery pack of the order series connection that the switching device quantity of described battery selector switch group is its connection adds 1, the battery selector switch of one group of odd number successively in the collection bus a pair of with two of one end is connected, the other end is connected with the odd number single battery anode of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, the battery selector switch of same group of even number successively another in the collection bus a pair of with two of one end is connected, the other end is connected with even number single battery anode and the odd number single battery negative terminal of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, be used for carrying out polarities match, and, the single battery of one group of battery pack of sequentially connecting is shared a two-way isolated converter by described polar selecting switch and described battery selector switch group and is comprised that charge or discharge energy shifts, can save the quantity of two-way isolated converter, reduce volume, reduce costs.
Also be provided with the ON-OFF control circuit of centralized control polar selecting switch group and battery selector switch group, described ON-OFF control circuit, comprise the CPU that is provided with embedded Control software, each single battery voltage in the battery pack that described each group of embedded Control software detection is sequentially connected; The item of the single battery too low or too high for voltage that described CPU judgement need to discharge and recharge separately, and send control command, collection bus is carried out to reversal and polarities match, and control two-way isolated converter operative orientation, the single battery too low or too high for voltage that needs are discharged and recharged is separately linked into charge or discharge in two collection bus, realizing energy shifts, until the every batteries voltage of each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group is sequentially connected is within the scope of the permissible error of setting, reach energy content of battery dynamic equalization.
The technical problem of a kind of dynamic equalization circuit of the present invention is solved by following further technical scheme.
Described two-way isolated converter be can forward and reverse work DC transformating power.
Described polar selecting switch, battery selector switch are a kind of in relay and switching transistor.
Described switching transistor is bipolar junction transistor (Bipolar Junction Transistor, initialism is BJT), metal oxide semiconductor field effect tube (MetalOxide Semicoductor Field Effect Transistor, initialism is MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistor (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor, initialism is IGBT), integrated gate commutated thyristor (Integrated Gate CommutatedThyristor, initialism is IGCT), gate level turn-off thyristor (gate turn-off thyristor, initialism is GTO) in a kind of.
Preferably, described polar selecting switch, battery selector switch are relays, have cost low, the advantage that loss is little.
The technical problem of the another kind of dynamic equalization circuit of the present invention is solved by the following technical programs.
The dynamic equalization circuit of this battery management system, comprise the two-way isolated converter that at least one shifts for realizing energy, the positive input of described two-way isolated converter is connected with total bus, by the energy conversion of total bus, it is positive and negative Voltage-output, the quantity of described two-way isolated converter is identical with the quantity of the battery pack of order series connection, and corresponding at least one group battery pack of sequentially connecting managed.
The feature of the dynamic equalization circuit of this battery management system is:
The positive and negative Voltage-output in positive and negative Voltage-output Shi Yi road of described two-way isolated converter.
The rear class of described two-way isolated converter is provided with the bridge-type polar selecting switch group being comprised of four polar selecting switch, the pair of horns two ends of described bridge-type polar selecting switch group are connected with the positive and negative voltage output end of two-way isolated converter respectively, two ends, another diagonal angle respectively in the collection bus a pair of with two are connected, for realizing the reversal of collection bus.
Rear class in described polar selecting switch group is provided with battery selector switch group, the single battery quantity of the battery pack of the order series connection that the switching device quantity of described battery selector switch group is its connection adds 1, the battery selector switch of one group of odd number successively in the collection bus a pair of with two of one end is connected, the other end is connected with the odd number single battery anode of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, the battery selector switch of same group of even number successively another in the collection bus a pair of with two of one end is connected, the other end is connected with even number single battery anode and the odd number single battery negative terminal of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, be used for carrying out polarities match, and, the single battery of one group of battery pack of sequentially connecting is shared a two-way isolated converter by described polar selecting switch and described battery selector switch group and is comprised that charge or discharge energy shifts, can save the quantity of two-way isolated converter, reduce volume, reduce costs.
Also be provided with the ON-OFF control circuit of centralized control polar selecting switch group and battery selector switch group, described ON-OFF control circuit, comprise the CPU that is provided with embedded Control software, each single battery voltage in the battery pack that described each group of embedded Control software detection is sequentially connected; The item of the single battery too low or too high for voltage that described CPU judgement need to discharge and recharge separately, and send control command, collection bus is carried out to reversal and polarities match, and control two-way isolated converter operative orientation, the single battery too low or too high for voltage that needs are discharged and recharged is separately linked into charge or discharge in two collection bus, realizing energy shifts, until the every batteries voltage of each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group is sequentially connected is within the scope of the permissible error of setting, reach energy content of battery dynamic equalization.
The technical problem of the another kind of dynamic equalization circuit of the present invention is solved by following further technical scheme.
Described two-way isolated converter be can forward and reverse work DC transformating power.
Described polar selecting switch, battery selector switch are a kind of in relay and switching transistor.
Described switching transistor is a kind of in BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, IGCT, GTO.
Preferably, described polar selecting switch, battery selector switch are relays, have cost low, the advantage that loss is little.
The beneficial effect that the present invention is compared with the prior art is:
The present invention adopts for realizing polar selecting switch group and the battery selector switch group of dynamic equalization, has significantly reduced charge and discharge device number of devices and the complexity in circuits of battery management system, is easier to scale and implements and apply.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the energy consumption balance circuit conditioning schematic diagram in existing lithium iron battery management system;
Fig. 2 be in existing lithium iron battery management system energy transfer type balancing circuitry to low-voltage battery boost charge schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 be in existing lithium iron battery management system energy transfer type balancing circuitry to the too high voltages battery schematic diagram that discharges separately;
Fig. 4 is the step schematic diagram of method for dynamically balancing embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the circuit diagram of the specific embodiment of the invention one;
Fig. 6 is the circuit diagram of the specific embodiment of the invention two.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment and contrast accompanying drawing the present invention will be described.
Embodiment one
A kind of dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as shown in Figure 4,5, comprise M(> 1) the individual two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM shifting for realizing energy, the positive input of two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM is connected with total bus Bus+, Bus-, by the energy conversion of total bus Bus+, Bus-, it is positive and negative Voltage-output, the battery pack that corresponding M group is sequentially connected manages, and every group of battery pack of sequentially connecting is by N(> 1) individual single battery BT1 ... BTn sequentially connects.Two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM is two-way isolated converter, two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM be one can be both can forward work, DC transformating power that also can reverse operation.The positive and negative Voltage-output of two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM is the positive and negative Voltage-output of two-way of mutually isolating.
The rear class of two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM is provided with by two polar selecting switch (S1c1, S1c2), (SMc1, SMc2) the two-way polar selecting switch group forming, one end of two polar selecting switch of two-way polar selecting switch group is connected with two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM Yi road positive voltage output end respectively, the other end of two polar selecting switch respectively in 1# collection bus～n# collection bus a pair of with two is connected, a connection in the corresponding 1# collection bus～n# collection bus being connected with another polar selecting switch of two-way negative voltage output difference of two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM, for realizing the reversal of collection bus.
Rear class in polar selecting switch group is provided with battery selector switch group, the single battery quantity of the battery pack of the order series connection that the switching device quantity of battery selector switch group is its connection adds 1, and battery selector switch has (S11, S12 ..., S1n+1) ... (SM1, SM2 ..., SMn+1).The battery selector switch of one group of odd number successively in 1# collection bus～n# collection bus a pair of with two of one end is connected, the other end is connected with the odd number single battery anode of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, the battery selector switch of same group of even number successively another in 1# collection bus～n# collection bus a pair of with two of one end is connected, the other end is connected with even number single battery anode and the odd number single battery negative terminal of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, be used for carrying out polarities match, and, the single battery of one group of battery pack of sequentially connecting is shared a two-way isolated converter by polar selecting switch and battery selector switch group and is comprised that charge or discharge energy shifts, can save the quantity of two-way isolated converter, reduce volume, reduce costs.
Also be provided with the ON-OFF control circuit of centralized control polar selecting switch group and battery selector switch group, ON-OFF control circuit, comprise the CPU that is provided with embedded Control software, each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group of embedded Control software collection is sequentially connected, the item of the single battery too low or too high for voltage that CPU judgement need to discharge and recharge separately, and send control command, switch corresponding polar selecting switch and carry out polarities match, the collection bus being connected with two-way isolated converter is carried out to reversal, switch corresponding battery selector switch simultaneously and carry out polarities match, the single battery too low or too high for voltage that needs are discharged and recharged is separately linked into charge or discharge in two collection bus, realizing energy shifts, until the every batteries voltage of each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group is sequentially connected is within the scope of the permissible error of setting, reach energy content of battery dynamic equalization.The method step of specific implementation dynamic equalization as shown in Figure 4.
The single battery BT11 brownout of first group of battery pack of sequentially connecting for example, first connect corresponding battery selector switch S11 and S12, in collection bus, obtain left positive right negative voltage, control polar selecting switch S1c1 connects simultaneously again, carry out polarities match, then two-way isolated converter Sub1 forward work, charges the energy obtaining from total bus Bus+, Bus-specially to single battery BT11, realizes energy content of battery dynamic equalization;
The single battery BT12 brownout of first group of battery pack of sequentially connecting for example again, first connect corresponding battery selector switch S11 and S12, in collection bus, obtain left positive right negative voltage, control polar selecting switch S1c2 connects simultaneously again, carry out polarities match, then two-way isolated converter Sub1 forward work, charges the energy obtaining from total bus Bus+, Bus-specially to single battery BT12, realizes energy content of battery dynamic equalization;
In like manner, battery selects the battery voltage detection circuit of control circuit to detect each single battery voltage in the battery pack of order series connection, then successively single-unit too high voltages battery is discharged.
The single battery BT11 overtension of first group of battery pack of sequentially connecting for example, first connect corresponding battery selector switch S11 and S12, in collection bus, obtain left positive right negative voltage, control polar selecting switch S1c1 connects simultaneously again, carry out polarities match, then two-way isolated converter Sub1 reverse operation, the excess energy of single battery BT11 feeds back to total bus Bus+, Bus-by two-way isolated converter, realizes energy content of battery dynamic equalization.
The single battery BT12 overtension of first group of battery pack of sequentially connecting for example again, first connect corresponding battery selector switch S11 and S12, in collection bus, obtain left positive right negative voltage, control polar selecting switch S1c2 connects simultaneously again, carry out polarities match, then two-way isolated converter Sub1 reverse operation, the excess energy of single battery BT12 feeds back to total bus Bus+, Bus-by two-way isolated converter, realizes energy content of battery dynamic equalization.
Embodiment two
A dynamic equalization circuit for battery management system as shown in Fig. 4,6, its electric circuit constitute and embodiment one are basic identical.Difference be two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM just, negative voltage output Shi Yi road just, negative voltage output, and the rear class of two-way isolated converter is provided with by four polar selecting switch (S1c1, S1c2, S1c3 and S1c4), (SMc1, SMc2, SMc3 and SMc4) the bridge-type polar selecting switch group that forms, the pair of horns two ends of bridge-type polar selecting switch group respectively with two-way isolated converter Sub1～SubM just, negative voltage output connects, two ends, another diagonal angle respectively in 1# collection bus～n# collection bus a pair of with two are connected, for realizing the reversal of collection bus.Its process and embodiment one that realizes energy content of battery dynamic equalization is basic identical.
For example polar selecting switch group S1c1 and S1c4 are simultaneously open-minded, and 1# collection bus is left positive right negative, by cell switch, selects the odd number battery charging and dischargings such as BT11, BT13 to manage.
For example polar selecting switch group S1c2 and S1c3 are simultaneously open-minded again, and the left negative right side of 1# collection bus just, is selected the even number battery charging and dischargings such as BT12, BT14 to manage by cell switch.
Above content is in conjunction with concrete preferred implementation further description made for the present invention, can not assert that specific embodiment of the invention is confined to these explanations.For general technical staff of the technical field of the invention; make without departing from the inventive concept of the premise some alternative or obvious modification that are equal to; and performance or purposes identical, all should be considered as belonging to the present invention by the definite scope of patent protection of submitted to claims.
Claims (8)
1. the dynamic equalization circuit of a battery management system, comprise the two-way isolated converter that at least one shifts for realizing energy, the positive input of described two-way isolated converter is connected with total bus, wherein total bus comprises positive electrode bus Bus+, negative pole bus Bus-, two positive inputs of described two-way isolated converter respectively with positive electrode bus Bus+, negative pole bus Bus-connects, by the energy conversion of total bus for just, negative voltage output, the quantity of described two-way isolated converter is identical with the quantity of the battery pack of order series connection, corresponding at least one group battery pack of sequentially connecting managed, it is characterized in that:
Described two-way isolated converter just, negative voltage output be isolation mutually two-way just, negative voltage output, its rear class is provided with the two-way polar selecting switch group being comprised of two polar selecting switch, one end of two polar selecting switch of described two-way polar selecting switch group is connected with two-way isolated converter Yi road positive voltage output end respectively, the other end of two polar selecting switch is connected with in a pair of collection bus one respectively, another connection in the corresponding a pair of collection bus being connected with another polar selecting switch of two-way negative voltage output difference of two-way isolated converter, for realizing the reversal of described a pair of collection bus,
Rear class in described polar selecting switch group is provided with battery selector switch group, the single battery quantity of the battery pack of the order series connection that the switching device quantity of described battery selector switch group is its connection adds 1, the battery selector switch of one group of odd number successively one end is connected with in described a pair of collection bus one, the other end is connected with the odd number single battery anode of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, the battery selector switch of same group of even number successively one end is connected with another in described a pair of collection bus, the other end is connected with even number single battery anode and the odd number single battery negative terminal of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, be used for carrying out polarities match, and, the single battery of one group of battery pack of sequentially connecting is shared a two-way isolated converter by described polar selecting switch and described battery selector switch group and is comprised that charge or discharge energy shifts,
Also be provided with the ON-OFF control circuit of centralized control polar selecting switch group and battery selector switch group, described ON-OFF control circuit, comprise the CPU that is provided with embedded Control software, each single battery voltage in the battery pack that described each group of embedded Control software detection is sequentially connected; The item of the single battery too low or too high for voltage that described CPU judgement need to discharge and recharge separately, and send control command, described a pair of collection bus is carried out to reversal and polarities match, and control two-way isolated converter operative orientation, the single battery too low or too high for voltage that needs are discharged and recharged is separately linked into charge or discharge in described a pair of collection bus, realizing energy shifts, until the every batteries voltage of each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group is sequentially connected is within the scope of the permissible error of setting, reach energy content of battery dynamic equalization.
2. the dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that:
Described two-way isolated converter be can forward and reverse work DC transformating power.
3. the dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that:
Described polar selecting switch, battery selector switch are a kind of in relay and switching transistor.
4. the dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as claimed in claim 3, is characterized in that:
Described switching transistor is a kind of in bipolar junction transistor (BJT), metal oxide semiconductor field effect tube (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT), gate level turn-off thyristor (GTO).
5. the dynamic equalization circuit of a battery management system, comprise the two-way isolated converter that at least one shifts for realizing energy, the positive input of described two-way isolated converter is connected with total bus, wherein total bus comprises positive electrode bus Bus+, negative pole bus Bus-, two positive inputs of described two-way isolated converter respectively with positive electrode bus Bus+, negative pole bus Bus-connects, by the energy conversion of total bus for just, negative voltage output, the quantity of described two-way isolated converter is identical with the quantity of the battery pack of order series connection, corresponding at least one group battery pack of sequentially connecting managed, it is characterized in that:
The positive and negative Voltage-output in positive and negative Voltage-output Shi Yi road of described two-way isolated converter, its rear class is provided with the bridge-type polar selecting switch group being comprised of four polar selecting switch, the pair of horns two ends of described bridge-type polar selecting switch group are connected with the positive and negative voltage output end of two-way isolated converter respectively, two ends, another diagonal angle are connected with in a pair of collection bus one respectively, for realizing the reversal of described a pair of collection bus;
Rear class in described polar selecting switch group is provided with battery selector switch group, the single battery quantity of the battery pack of the order series connection that the switching device quantity of described battery selector switch group is its connection adds 1, the battery selector switch of one group of odd number successively one end is connected with in described a pair of collection bus one, the other end is connected with the odd number single battery anode of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, the battery selector switch of same group of even number successively one end is connected with another in described a pair of collection bus, the other end is connected with even number single battery anode and the odd number single battery negative terminal of the battery pack of respective sets order series connection, be used for carrying out polarities match, and, the single battery of one group of battery pack of sequentially connecting is shared a two-way isolated converter by described polar selecting switch and described battery selector switch group and is comprised that charge or discharge energy shifts,
Also be provided with the ON-OFF control circuit of centralized control polar selecting switch group and battery selector switch group, described ON-OFF control circuit, comprise the CPU that is provided with embedded Control software, each single battery voltage in the battery pack that described each group of embedded Control software detection is sequentially connected; The item of the single battery too low or too high for voltage that described CPU judgement need to discharge and recharge separately, and send control command, described a pair of collection bus is carried out to reversal and polarities match, and control two-way isolated converter operative orientation, the single battery too low or too high for voltage that needs are discharged and recharged is separately linked into charge or discharge in described a pair of collection bus, realizing energy shifts, until the every batteries voltage of each single battery voltage in the battery pack that each group is sequentially connected is within the scope of the permissible error of setting, reach energy content of battery dynamic equalization.
6. the dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that:
Described two-way isolated converter be can forward and reverse work DC transformating power.
7. the dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as claimed in claim 6, is characterized in that:
Described polar selecting switch, battery selector switch are a kind of in relay and switching transistor.
8. the dynamic equalization circuit of battery management system as claimed in claim 7, is characterized in that:
Described switching transistor is a kind of in bipolar junction transistor (BJT), metal oxide semiconductor field effect tube (MOSFET), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT), gate level turn-off thyristor (GTO).
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