CN101683522B - 新的无白蛋白的因子ⅷ制剂 - Google Patents

新的无白蛋白的因子ⅷ制剂 Download PDF

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CN101683522B
CN101683522B CN2009101711245A CN200910171124A CN101683522B CN 101683522 B CN101683522 B CN 101683522B CN 2009101711245 A CN2009101711245 A CN 2009101711245A CN 200910171124 A CN200910171124 A CN 200910171124A CN 101683522 B CN101683522 B CN 101683522B
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M·贝斯曼
E·比约恩松
F·雅梅
R·卡施
M·皮拉
S·彻萨洛夫
J·卡彭特
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Abstract

一种因子Ⅷ组合物,所述组合物在配制时不加入白蛋白,除因子Ⅷ外,还包括下列制剂赋形剂:2%至6%重量/体积的羟乙基淀粉;1%至4%重量/体积的稳定剂,其选自蔗糖、海藻糖、棉子糖和精氨酸;1mM至5mM的钙盐;100mM至300mM NaCl;以及维持pH在6和8之间的缓冲剂。

Description

新的无白蛋白的因子Ⅷ制剂
本申请是申请日为2000年2月22日、申请号为008063044(国际申请号为PCT/US00/40068)、名称为新的无白蛋白的因子VIII制剂的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本发明背景
因子VIII是在血浆中发现的导致凝血的级联反应中的辅助因子。血液中因子VIII活性量的缺乏可导致称为甲型血友病的凝血障碍,一种主要影响男性的遗传病。目前甲型血友病以因子VIII的疗效性制剂治疗,所述因子VIII制剂来源于人血浆或采用重组DNA技术制备。这些制剂或者针对急性出血(需要治疗)给药或者经常性间隔给药以防止失控性出血(预防)。
已知因子VIII在疗效性制剂中相对不稳定。在血浆中,因子VIII通常与另一种血浆蛋白,维勒布兰得(von Willebrand)因子(vWF)形成复合体,后者以大于因子VIII的摩尔量存在于血浆并且被认为可防止因子VIII的早熟降解。另一种循环血浆蛋白,白蛋白,可能也在体内起到稳定因子VIII的作用。因此目前市售的因子VIII组合物主要依靠采用白蛋白和/或vWF使因子VIII在制备过程和贮藏过程中保持稳定。
目前应用于市售的因子VIII组合物中的白蛋白和/或vWF来源于人血浆,然而,这些物质的采用存在某些缺点。由于通常加入比因子VIII大的摩尔量的白蛋白以增加因子VIII在这些制剂中的稳定性,因而这些制剂中因子VIII蛋白难以体现其自身特性。对重组制备的因子VIII组合物来说加入来源于人的白蛋白到因子VIII中也发现是有缺陷的。这是因为没有这些另加的白蛋白时,重组来源的因子VIII组合物不会含有来源于人的蛋白,因此理论上的传播病毒的危险应当会减少。
配制不含白蛋白或vWF(或使用相对低水平的这些赋形剂)的因子VIII的几种尝试已有描述。例如,Freudenberg的美国专利No.5565427(EP 508194)(转让至Behringwerke)中描述的因子VIII组合物中,除赋形剂如氯化钠和蔗糖外,还含有去污剂和氨基酸的特殊组合,特别是精氨酸和甘氨酸。所描述的去污剂,聚山梨醇酯20或聚山梨醇酯80,以0.001至0.5%(v/v)间的量存在,而精氨酸和甘氨酸的存在量在0.01至1mol/L之间。所描述的蔗糖存在量在0.1至10%之间。该专利的实施例2提出了溶液中稳定性不超过16小时的溶液(1)0.75%蔗糖、0.4M甘氨酸、和0.15M NaCl,和(2)0.01M柠檬酸钠、0.08M甘氨酸、0.016M赖氨酸、0.0025M氯化钙、和0.4M氯化钠,而溶液(3)1%蔗糖、0.14M精氨酸、0.1M氯化钠以及(4)1%蔗糖、0.4M甘氨酸、0.14M精氨酸、0.1M氯化钠、和0.05%吐温80则呈现出稳定性。
Nayer的美国专利No.5763401(欧洲专利818204)(转让至Bayer)也描述了不含白蛋白的治疗用因子VIII制剂,其包括15-60mM蔗糖、最多50mM的NaCl、最多5mM的氯化钙、65-400mM甘氨酸、以及最多50mM的组氨酸。下列特定制剂经检测是稳定的:(1)150mMNaCl、2.5mM氯化钙、和165mM甘露醇;和(2)1%蔗糖、30mM氯化钠、2.5mM氯化钙、20mM组氨酸、和290mM甘氨酸。发现一种糖含量较高的制剂(10%麦芽糖、50mM NaCl、2.5mM氯化钙、和5mM组氨酸)在冷冻干燥状态下与制剂(2)相比呈现出较差的稳定性。
Osterberg的美国专利No.5733873(欧洲专利627924)(转让至Pharmacia&Upjohn)公开的制剂中含有0.01-1mg/ml的表面活性剂。该专利公开的制剂中含有下列范围内的赋形剂:至少0.01mg/ml量的聚山梨醇酯20或80,优选0.02-1.0mg/ml;至少0.1M NaCl;至少0.5mM钙盐;和至少1mM组氨酸。更特殊地,下列特别实施例被公开:(1)14.7-50-65mM组氨酸、0.31-0.6M NaCl、4mM氯化钙、0.001-0.02-0.025%聚山梨醇酯80、有或无0.1%PEG 4000或19.9mM蔗糖;以及(2)20mg/ml甘露醇、2.67mg/ml组氨酸、18mg/ml NaCl、3.7mM氯化钙、和0.23mg/ml聚山梨醇酯80。
其它采用低或高浓度氯化钠的尝试也被描述。Lee的美国专利No.4877608(欧洲专利315968)(转让至Rhone-Poulenc Rorer)指出含相对低浓度氯化钠的制剂,即制剂含有0.5mM-15mM NaCl、5mM氯化钙、0.2mM-5mM组氨酸、0.01-10mM赖氨酸盐酸盐和最多10%的糖。该“糖”可以是最多10%的麦芽糖、10%蔗糖、或5%甘露醇。
Lee的美国专利5605884(欧洲专利0314095)(转让至Rhone-Poulenc Rorer)指出含有相对高浓度氯化钠的制剂。这些制剂包括0.35M-1.2M NaCl、1.5-40mM氯化钙、1mM-50mM组氨酸、和最多10%的“糖”如甘露醇、蔗糖或麦芽糖。作为实例的一种制剂中含有0.45M NaCl、2.3mM氯化钙、和1.4mM组氨酸。
Roser的国际专利申请书WO 96/22107(转让至Quadrant HoldingsCambridge Limited)描述了含有海藻糖的制剂。这些制剂包括:(1)0.1MNaCl、15mM氯化钙、15nM组氨酸、和1.27M(48%)海藻糖;或(2)0.011%氯化钙、0.12%组氨酸、0.002%Tris、0.002%吐温80、0.004%PEG 3350、7.5%海藻糖、和0.13%或1.03%NaCl。
已有技术中的其它治疗用因子VIII组合物一般包含为使因子VIII稳定的白蛋白和/或vWF,因而与本发明无关。例如,Schwinn的美国专利No.5328694(EP 511234)(转让至Octapharma AG)描述的制剂中包括100-650mM二糖和100mM-1.0M氨基酸。特别是,公开了下列制剂:(1)0.9M蔗糖、0.25M甘氨酸、0.25M赖氨酸、和3mM氯化钙;以及(2)0.7M蔗糖、0.5M甘氨酸、和5mM氯化钙。
尽管已经进行了几项配制不含白蛋白或vWF的因子VIII的尝试,但对在不含白蛋白或其它蛋白下稳定的治疗用因子VIII制剂的需求仍然存在。
本发明概述
本发明涉及在不含白蛋白条件下的稳定的治疗用因子VIII组合物。特别地,本发明包括因子VIII组合物,除因子VIII外,还包含:4%至10%的选自甘露醇、甘氨酸和丙氨酸的填充剂;1%至4%的选自蔗糖、海藻糖、棉子糖、精氨酸的稳定剂;1mM至5mM钙盐;100mM至300mM NaCl;以及使pH保持在约6和8之间的缓冲剂。该组合物还可含表面活性剂如聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯80、普卢兰尼克(Pluronic)F68、或玻雷吉(Brij)35。当表面活性剂为聚山梨醇酯80时,其存在量应低于0.1%。
根据本发明的因子VIII组合物的缓冲剂优选以10mM至50mM的浓度存在,并优选选自组氨酸、Tris、BIS-Tris丙烷、PIPES、MOPS、HEPES和ACES。缓冲剂最好是组氨酸或Tris。本发明的因子VIII组合物还可以包含抗氧化剂。
本发明的因子VIII组合物同时包括填充剂和稳定剂。填充剂的存在量可以从约6%至约8%,优选约8%。稳定剂的存在量优选约2%。氯化钠也存在于这些组合物中,优选量是从150至350mM,并且更优选的量为约225mM。该组合物的钙盐也优选氯化钙,并且该组合物自身优选为冻干形式。
在另一种实施方案中,本发明可包括不含白蛋白的配制的因子VIII组合物,其除因子VIII外还包含下列赋形剂:2%至6%羟乙基淀粉;1%至4%的选自蔗糖、海藻糖、棉子糖、精氨酸的稳定剂;1mM至5mM钙盐;100mM至300mM NaCl;以及使pH保持在约6至8之间的缓冲剂。该组合物优选含有约4%羟乙基淀粉,且NaCl的存在量为200mM。还优选稳定剂的存在量为约2%。
在又一种实施方案中,本发明包括不含白蛋白的配制的因子VIII组合物,其包含:300mM至500mM NaCl;1%至4%的选自蔗糖、海藻糖、棉子糖、精氨酸的稳定剂;1mM至5mM钙盐;和保持pH约6至8之间的缓冲剂。NaCl优选以约400mM的量存在。
另一种实施方案中,本发明包括采用冷冻干燥机在容器中将含水因子VIII组合物冷冻干燥的方法,其中该方法包括初次冷冻步骤,且该初次冷冻步骤进一步包括下列步骤:(a)使冻干机冻干室温度降低至至少-45℃;(b)使冻干室的温度上升至约-15℃至-25℃;随后(c)使冻干室温度降低至至少-45℃。在该方法中,冻干室温度上升或下降的速率优选在每分钟约0.5℃至约1.0℃之间。在步骤(a)中,其温度优选保持约1小时,再降低到约-55℃。在步骤(b)中,温度优选在-15℃至-25℃之间,且更优选在-22℃保持约1至3小时,并且步骤(c)中的温度优选保持约1小时。在该方法中采用的因子VIII组合物优选含有4%至10%的选自甘露醇、甘氨酸和丙氨酸的试剂,还优选含有1%至4%的选自蔗糖、海藻糖、棉子糖和精氨酸的试剂。此外,在该方法中使用的因子VIII组合物还优选含有约100mM至300mMNaCl。
本发明详述
定义
除非另有说明外,用于本文时,下列术语及其变化形式应作如下定义:
因子VIII-天然存在的以及在治疗用制剂中作为非均质分布的多肽(来源于单一基因产品)的因子VIII分子(参见,例如,Andersson等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,83,2979-2983,1986年5月)。术语“因子VIII”用于本文时指所有这些多肽,不论是来源于血浆或是采用重组DNA技术制备。商业上可以获得的含因子VIII的治疗用制剂实例包括以商品名HEMOFIL M和RECOMBINATE销售的那些制剂(可以从美国伊利诺斯州Deerfield的Baxter Healthcare Corporation获得)。目前在开发中的其它制剂主要含单一亚型的因子VIII分子,其分子缺少B结构域蛋白。
国际单位,IU-国际单位,或IU,是一种以标准测定法测定因子VIII血液凝集活性的度量单位,例如下列方法之一:
一步测定法。一步测定法在本领域内是已知的,例如Lee,MartinL等,在An Effect of Predilution on Potency Assays of Factor VIIIConcentrates(预先稀释对因子浓度效力分析的影响),ThrombosisResearch(血栓形成研究)(Pergamon Press Ltd.)30,511-519(1983)中描述的方法。
显色测定法。显色测定试剂盒可以从商业上购得,例如CoatestFactor VIII,可以从瑞典Molndal的Chromogenix AB获得。
退火-术语退火用于表示进行药用制剂冷冻干燥的冻干过程中的一个步骤,在制剂的冷冻-干燥之前,其制剂温度由较低温度上升至较高温度然后在一段时间后再次冷却。
填充剂-在本申请的目的中,填充剂是这样的化学物,它使药用制剂冻干后形成“饼状物”或残余固态团块的结构并且防止它塌陷。可结晶的填充剂应当指所述填充剂可以在冻干过程中结晶,氯化钠除外。HES不包括在这组可结晶填充剂之内。
冷冻-干燥、冷冻、冻干-“冷冻-干燥”,除非通过其出现的上下文而另有说明外,应当用于表示冻干过程中的药用制剂的温度被升高以除去制剂中的水分的这一部分。冻干过程中的“冷冻”步骤是发生在冷冻干燥之前的那些步骤。除另有说明外,“冻干”应指冻干全过程,包括冷冻步骤和冷冻-干燥步骤。
除另有说明外,术语百分比表示重量/体积百分比并且温度是摄氏温度。
制剂组分
本发明的因子VIII组合物包括填充剂、稳定剂、缓冲剂、氯化钠、钙盐、以及,最好含有其它赋形剂。选择这些赋形剂目的是获得因子VIII在冻干制剂中的最大限度的稳定性。而且,本发明的VIII组合物在液体状态下也呈现出稳定性。
本发明制剂中所采用的填充剂,其形成冻干产品中的晶体部分(HES情况下除外),选自甘露醇、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、和羟乙基淀粉(HES)。甘露醇、甘氨酸或丙氨酸以4-10%,优选6-9%,且更优选约8%的量存在。当采用HES作为填充剂时,其存在量为2-6%,优选3-5%,且更优选约4%。
用于本发明制剂中的稳定剂选自蔗糖、海藻糖、棉子糖和精氨酸。这些物质在本发明制剂中的存在量在1-4%之间,优选2-3%,更优选约2%。山梨糖醇和甘油被认为是可能的稳定剂,但发现在本发明制剂中是较差的稳定剂。
本发明制剂中含氯化钠的量为100-300mM,优选150-250mM,且最优选约225mM。在本发明的一种实施方案中,氯化钠自身可以被使用而没有任何上述填充剂,在此情况下制剂的NaCl含量应当在300mM和500mM之间,优选350至450mM NaCl,且更优选约400mMNaCl。
此外,在这些制剂中存在缓冲剂,因为一般认为冻干过程中的pH改变可能对因子VIII的分子产生不利影响。在冻干过程中pH优选保持在6至8的范围之内,且更优选pH约为7。缓冲剂可以是任何生理学上可接受的能够充当缓冲剂的化学物或化学物的组合,包括组氨酸、Tris、BIS-Tris丙烷、PIPES、MOPS、HEPES、MES和ACES。所有这些缓冲剂的化学名列于下表1中。这些缓冲剂的标准含量浓度为10-50mM。当制剂中加入组氨酸,其单独或与其它缓冲剂例如Tris一起时,采用超过20mM的浓度并优选约25mM。特别优选组氨酸用于本发明组合物,这在下文中将更详细地叙述。
               表1--缓冲剂
  Tris   三-(羟甲基)-氨基甲烷
  BIS-Tris丙烷   1,3-双-[三-(羟基-甲基)-甲氨基]-丙烷
  PIPES   哌嗪-N,N’-双-(2-乙磺酸)
  MOPS   3-(N-吗啉代)丙磺酸
  HEPES   N-2-羟乙基-哌嗪-N’-2-乙磺酸
  MES   2-(N-吗啉代)乙磺酸
  ACES   N-2-乙酰氨基-2-氨基乙磺酸
为保护因子VIII的活性,本发明制剂还含有可以与因子VIII相互作用并维持其活性的钙或另一种二价阳离子是十分重要的,推测这是通过维持因子VIII的重链和轻链的联系实现的。可以采用1mM至5mM的钙盐,更优选3-4mM,并最优选约4mM。钙盐优选氯化钙,但也可以是其它的钙盐如葡萄糖酸钙、葡萄糖二酸(glubinate)钙、葡庚酸(gluceptate)钙。
本发明因子VIII组合物还优选含有表面活性剂,优选量为0.1%或更低,且更优选的量约为0.03%。其表面活性剂可以,例如,选自聚山梨醇酯20、聚山梨醇酯80、普卢尼克多元醇类、和玻雷吉35(聚氧乙烯23十二烷基醚)。可以得到几个等级的普卢尼克多元醇(以商品名普卢尼克出售,BASF Wyandotte公司制造)。这些分子量(从1000到大于16000)以及理化性质不同的多元醇被用作表面活性剂。分子量为5000的普卢尼克F-38,和分子量为9000的普卢尼克F-68,都含有80%(重量比)的亲水性的聚氧乙烯基团和20%疏水性的聚氧丙烯基团。然而,本发明制剂中优选吐温-80,一种商品化的聚山梨醇酯,尤其是来源于植物的吐温-80。
本发明因子VIII组合物还优选含有抗氧化剂。已发现向本发明冻干制剂中加入抗氧化剂可以改善这些制剂的稳定性,并且延长其贮存期。所采用的抗氧化剂对于所采用的药用制剂必须是相容性的,此外还优选是水溶的。当制剂中加入抗氧化剂时,优选在冻干之前的过程中尽可能晚地加入这些抗氧化剂,以避免抗氧化剂的迅速氧化。下表2列举了合适的抗氧化剂,其可以在商业上从一些公司如Calbiochem及Sigma获得。
表2-抗氧化剂
  N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸/高半胱氨酸
  谷胱甘肽
  6-羟基-2,5,7,8-四甲基色满-2-羧酸(Trolox)
  硫辛酸
  甲硫氨酸
  硫代硫酸钠
  铂
  甘氨酸-甘氨酸-组氨酸(三肽)
  丁化羟基甲苯(BHT)
在上述抗氧化剂中,优选谷胱甘肽。已发现浓度在约0.05mg/ml至1.0mg/ml以上的范围都能够增加因子VIII组合物的稳定性,并且相信更高的浓度也应该是有用的(直至达到任何毒性作用或对制备有不良影响,例如降低冻干产品玻璃化转变温度)。
特别是发现组氨酸与谷胱甘肽组合对因子VIII组合物的稳定性产生有益的协同作用。组氨酸,当被用作缓冲剂时,也可以充当金属螯合剂。对于因金属诱导的氧化作用导致的因子VIII失活程度,组氨酸可以通过结合这些氧化的金属离子从而使因子VIII稳定。一般认为通过结合这些金属,谷胱甘肽(或存在的其它任何氧化剂)能够由此进一步发挥抗氧化保护作用,因为组氨酸已经限制了金属离子的氧化作用。
其它螯合剂也可以用于本发明组合物。如果钙盐被用于组合物时,这些螯合剂应当以大于对钙的亲和力优先结合金属如铜和铁。这些螯合剂的其中之一是去铁敏(deferoxamine),一种轻易除去Al++和铁的螯合剂。甲磺酸去铁敏,C25H48N6O8*CH4O3S,可以从Sigma(Sigma产品No.D9533)获得。它是铝和铁(II)螯合剂,其仅螯合+3价氧化态的铁(为1∶1螯合复合物),而非+2价氧化态,并且还可以结合镁离子和其它金属。去铁敏的使用量最好为0.25mg/l。
本发明的制剂中所用的因子VIII可以是高度纯化的来源于人血浆的因子VIII也可以是更加优选的重组产品因子VIII。重组因子VIII可以由携带因子VIII分子DNA序列密码的介导物转染的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞生产。建立这种转染的CHO细胞的方法被特别描述于Toole,Jr.的美国专利No.4757006中,尽管其它方法也为本领域内所已知(见,例如,也属于Toole,Jr.的美国专利No.4868112,以及PCT国际专利申请WO-A-91/09122)。用于培养这些CHO细胞以产生因子VIII的方法也为本领域内所已知,例如Genetics Institute的欧洲专利申请No.0362218,标题为“改进的制备因子VIII的方法:C-型蛋白”。而且,重组因子VIII也可以在其它细胞系中产生,例如,幼年仓鼠肾(BHK)细胞。因子VIII分子自身,如果是重组产物,可以是全长因子VIII或者是其缺失衍生物,例如B结构域缺失的因子VIII分子。
尽管本申请中所述的因子VIII组合物可以冻干并以指定的浓度重配,但是本领域内的技术人员应当理解这些制剂也可以以更加稀释的形式重新配制。例如,被冻干且/或通常重配成2ml的溶液的本发明制剂也可以重配成更大体积的稀释液,例如5ml。这特别适用于当因子VIII制剂快速注射给患者时,因为此时因子VIII失活的可能性更小,因子VIII溶液越稀释其注射就可以越快。
制剂及冻干过程的改进
为获得最佳稳定性,本发明的因子VIII组合物优选被冻干。在冻干过程中,因子VIII由含水相转变成无定形相,这被认为能够保护蛋白质以避免化学和/或结构的不稳定性。该冻干制剂不仅含有无定形相,而且还含有在冻干过程中结晶的组分。这被认为能使因子VIII组合物快速冻干以及形成更加精致的饼状物(即,饼状物从冻干容器壁上的收缩尽可能小)。在本发明制剂中,稳定剂被选择存在于冻干产品的初始无定形分散相中,而填充剂(HES除外)被选择在冷冻过程中结晶。
因子VIII和稳定剂都优选分散于无定形相的冻干饼状物中。稳定剂质量也优选比无定形形式中的其它赋形剂大。此外,无定型相的表观玻璃化转变温度(Tg’)优选在冷冻-干燥过程中相对较高,而固体的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)同样优选在储存期间较高。已发现产品中氯化钠的结晶是合乎需要的,因为无定形氯化钠可降低无定形相的Tg’。
为避免特定组合物的饼状物的坍塌,初次干燥优选在产品温度低于冷冻浓缩物的表观玻璃化转变温度下进行。还可能需要增加干燥时间以补偿下降的Tg’。其它关于冻干的资料可以见于Carpenter,J.F.和Chang,B.S.著,蛋白质药物的冻干(Lyophilization of ProteinPharmaceuticals),K.E.Avis和V.L.Wu主编:生物技术与生物药生产,加工及保存(Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing,Processing  and Preservation),(Buffalo Grove,IL;Interpharm Press,Inc.),199-264页(1996)。
实施例1
在数项研究中调查了因子VIII的浓度以及添加稳定剂对因子VIII复性的影响。采用甘露醇作为标准填充剂及蔗糖作为标准稳定剂进行这些研究。下表3所示三种制剂样品在这些研究中被采用。这些研究中的所有制剂都含有10mM Tris,200mM NaCl,8%甘露醇,4mMCaCl2,及0.02%吐温-80并在pH7.0下进行。
  样品代码   起始因子VIII(IU/ml)   蔗糖%
  IAIBIC   6006060   --2
这些样品采用下表4所示的冻干周期进行冻干以维持产品温度低于表观玻璃化转变温度(Tg’)。差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究表明甘露醇制剂约在-40℃出现转化。为维持产品温度低于此值,在初次干燥过程中将支架温度设定在-32℃。在这些条件下初次干燥进行约55小时,其整个周期时间约为80小时。
  冷冻/工艺方法   说明
  I(冷冻)   冷却至+5℃;以1℃/分钟速度冷却至-5℃,保持20分钟;以1℃/分钟速度冷却至-20±5℃,保持1小时(最多3小时);以0.5℃/分钟速度冷却至-45℃,保持1小时;
  II   一次方法I的冷冻(Freeze per method I)于-35℃下保持48小时;
  III   一次方法I的冷冻于-35℃下保持48小时;于-20℃下保持48小时;
  IV(冷冻-干燥)   在首次冷冻约55小时(最多100小时)期间支架温度-32℃;在初次干燥期间产品温度<-40℃;以0.2℃/分钟速度由-32℃上升至+40℃;在二次干燥3小时期间支架温度为+40℃
这些样品的因子VIII的活性,如由一步凝血检测法测定的,与保持-45℃的对照组比较。检测结果见下表5所示。
Figure G2009101711245D00131
这些结果表明蛋白质浓度对冷冻期间的因子VIII的恢复有影响。含60IU/ml的制剂在冷冻步骤中失去起始因子VIII活性的37-42%,而含600IU/ml的制剂则失去6.7%的因子VIII活性。这些结果表明较高的蛋白质浓度在冷冻期间具有保护性作用。尽管蔗糖在保持中间温度期间以及冷冻-干燥期间对因子VIII提供了一定的保护作用,但在初次冷却步骤中不能保护蛋白质。
实施例2
随着实施例1所述冻干过程的改进,进一步进行了该步骤的优化。已发现可以如下制备具有较高玻璃化转变温度的冻干组合物(而且,在理论上,因子VIII的稳定性更好):(1)首先降低冷冻温度至-45℃或更低(例如降低到约-50℃或-55℃);(2)升温至-20℃或-22℃(±5℃);然后(3)再次降低温度至-45℃或更低。在条件可能时,温度以约每分钟0.5℃至约1.0℃之间的速率升高或降低。当达到所需温度时,组合物在此温度下保持1至3小时。这种改进的冷冻周期见下表6所示。
                        表6
  冷冻方法   说明
  I   冷却至+5℃以0.5-1℃/分钟的速率冷却至-5℃,保持20分钟;以0.5-1℃/分钟的速率冷却至-55℃和-45℃之间,保持约1小时;以0.5-1℃/分钟的速率升温至-22℃(±5℃),保持1至3小时;以0.5-1℃/分钟的速率冷却至-45℃,保持约1小时。
除另有说明外,在该实施例中以及其它实施例中涉及的温度是指冻干机冻干架温度而实际上不是指产品本身温度。根据改进的冷冻周期,其余冻干步骤可以按照上述实施例1所述、或另外按照本文进一步描述或按照本领域内技术人员决定进行。
已发现这种改进的冻干方法对那些含甘氨酸作为填充剂以及那些采用甘露醇的制剂是有用的。它还被认为也适用于那些利用本发明其它填充剂的制剂。
实施例3
一般认为为了生产出具有可接受的饼状物外形以及玻璃化转变温度的冻干产品,含有氯化钠的冻干药用制剂的填充剂,如甘氨酸或甘露醇,可能需要被结晶。因此发展了下列适合可结晶填充剂的改进的冻干方法。
                表7a--冷冻步骤
  加工步骤   温度   步骤时程
  初次冷冻   -40℃或更低   1小时
  首次退火   -23℃至-27℃之间   3小时
  再次冷冻   -55℃   1小时
  再次退火   -36℃   4小时
  第三次冷冻   -50℃   1小时
               表7b--冷冻步骤
  加工步骤   温度   步骤时程
  首次干燥   -35℃   最多100小时
  二次干燥:第一步   40℃   3小时
  二次干燥:第二步   45℃   3小时
  二次干燥:第三步   50℃   3小时
在冷冻步骤中,温度的改变以约0.5℃/分钟至1℃/分钟的速率进行。一般认为步骤的时程较长也有效。
首次冷冻步骤之前,使温度在约2℃至8℃之间保持约1小时,目的是使所有管形瓶达到大约相同的温度。此后使冻干机冷冻至-5℃。首次冷冻步骤应在低于-30℃的温度下进行,优选低于-35℃,并且更优选在约-40℃。在此之后,首次退火步骤应在-30℃和-19℃之间进行,更优选在约-25℃和-28℃之间(如果甘氨酸是填充剂)或在-21℃和-24℃之间(如果甘露醇是填充剂),最优选的温度是在-23℃和-26℃之间,一般认为可结晶填充剂在此温度下结晶,至少部分结晶。无论如何,对于含有甘露醇和精氨酸的制剂不推荐低于约-27℃的范围。该步骤优选进行约3小时。
首次退火步骤之后,温度被降低,优选至低于-50℃并且更优选低于-55℃,持续约1小时。一般认为制剂中的氯化钠在这时形成核晶。
二次退火步骤中,药用制剂的温度上升至约-30℃和-39℃之间,并且对于含甘露醇的组合物优选至约-33℃而对于含甘氨酸的组合物优选-36℃。相信在这时出现NaCl晶体的生长,至少是部分晶体生长。这个步骤优选进行约4小时。在此之后,冻干机温度降低至约-50℃,优选持续约1小时,以便降低制剂的温度。
在随后的冷冻-干燥步骤中,温度的改变以约0.1℃/min至0.5℃/min的速度发生。当冻干机压力降低至约65mTorr后,温度上升至约-32℃和-35℃之间进行初次干燥。制剂中冰晶在此温度下升华。这个步骤进行最多约100小时,或直到绝大部分的冰已经从制剂中升华。绝大部分的冰已经升华的时间点可以,例如,采用露点传感器检测,当其读数降低时(回折点)表明冰升华的终止。
初次干燥后,温度上升至+40℃,优选速率约为0.2℃/min,开始二次干燥以进一步从制剂中除去水分。此温度优选保持约3小时。在第一步之后进行第二步和第三步的二次干燥步骤,其温度上升到约+45℃保持约3小时再到约+50℃保持3小时以上,以使冻干饼的水分减少到2%以下(w/w)。
实施例4
为特别考察组氨酸对于含甘氨酸或甘露醇作为填充剂的冻干因子VIII组合物的影响而进行另一项研究。采用非转向热流(Non-reversing heat flow)(改进的DSC,mDSC)检测这些填充剂在冷冻期间的结晶过程。测定结晶温度以及从结晶放热反应测定总结晶热。升温过程中NaCl低共熔体熔化的吸热表现被用于确定NaCl结晶过程。在mDSC中,结晶程度采用全热流信号由制剂熔化的焓对纯NaCl溶液熔化的焓的比率确定。此外,进行X-光衍射分析以测定冻干制剂中的结晶程度。
当组氨酸浓度低于20mM时对甘氨酸的结晶没有显著影响,50mM组氨酸降低甘氨酸的结晶程度。精制的NaCl结晶放热在含甘氨酸制剂的冷却过程中没有被发现。然而,加热过程中低共熔体熔化吸热表明在冷却至-50℃以下以及在-30℃、-35℃和-40℃下退火之后NaCl被结晶(>50%)。在含甘氨酸的制剂中,含50mM组氨酸可阻碍NaCl结晶。其后,为达到相应的结晶度,这些制剂的退火时间增加了3倍。
然而,20mM组氨酸对含甘氨酸制剂中的NaCl的结晶影响极小。在冷冻-干燥研究中,视觉观察到含有50mM组氨酸的含甘氨酸制剂中冻干饼的坍塌。X-光粉末衍射数据表明含组氨酸样品中NaCl结晶度减低。含甘露醇制剂中,一般有83%-90%的在-40℃和-45℃间的冷却期间结晶且无须退火。而含20mM组氨酸的制剂在冷冻过程中受到抑制的NaCl结晶,退火可以产生约40%的NaCl结晶。
因此,在含可结晶填充剂,如甘氨酸或甘露醇,以及NaCl的制剂中,含有组氨酸可能降低NaCl的结晶程度。尽管这在某些情况下导致冻干过程中形成的饼状物的坍塌,但在这些制剂中使用相对较低浓度的组氨酸可以减少这种影响。不过,含35mM和50mM浓度的组氨酸能够形成可接受的饼状物。在基于甘露醇和甘氨酸的制剂中,组氨酸作为缓冲剂还可能优于HEPES,因为已经观察到采用HEPES比类似量的组氨酸使Tg’降低程度更大。
实施例5
在另一项研究中评价了一些活性因子VIII制剂的物理性质,其含有七种侯选的稳定剂和五种填充剂。除填充剂和稳定剂外,下表8中列举的所有制剂(制剂11除外)含有10mM Tris·HCl、200mM NaCl、0.02%吐温-80、4mM CaCl2且pH为7.0。制剂11含有10mM Tris·HCl、0.02%吐温-80,及4mM CaCl2,并且pH也是在7.0。pH测定全部在环境温度下进行。
                  表8
Figure G2009101711245D00181
通过冷冻-干燥显微镜检测定的坍塌温度以及DSC测定的热转变(transition)被用于预测冷冻-干燥的行为。DSC、X-光粉末衍射以及偏振光显微术也被用于测定冻干样品的结晶度。还评价了重新配制时间以及样品外观。所有这些测定的结果概括在下表9中。
                                    表9
  样品代码   Tpe(℃)   Te(℃)   Tg(℃)   重配时间(秒)   含水量(%)   外观
  123456789101112   -14-20-15--n/c------   -10-15-10--n/c------   545354--<10℃*<10℃*86546366-   646277--63-4922181157   n/c1.41.7--0.6-0.70.8-0.40.5   精致顶部部分坍塌精致部分坍塌坍塌精致精致精致但从侧面收缩精致精致精致(铺于底层)精致
*山梨糖醇和甘氨酸的玻璃化转变温度<10℃。DSC扫描范围不包括此范围内的温度。
n/c=不清楚
Tpc=冷冻-干燥显微镜检中发生部分坍塌的温度
Tc=冷冻-干燥显微镜检中发生完全坍塌的温度
Tg=玻璃化转变温度
除甘露醇:赖氨酸外,所有制剂均呈现出适当的物理学外观。赖氨酸干扰甘露醇及甘氨酸的结晶,这导致玻璃化转变温度降低和冻干饼的坍塌。
实施例6
上述表8中描述的因子VIII组合物被放置在-70℃、25℃、40℃和50℃下贮存不同时间长度以评价它们的稳定性。因子VIII的活性水平在2周、1月、2月、和3月后评价,而此结果被概括在下表10中。其中两种样品,一种采用甘露醇作为填充剂和山梨糖醇作为稳定剂,而另一种采用甘露醇作为填充剂和甘油作为稳定剂,呈现出较差的稳定性。其余制剂都呈现出稳定因子VIII的能力。
                     表10
Figure G2009101711245D00201
  25   100.00   83.13
  40   100.00   81.09   73.61   67.16
  50   100.00   71.69   68.52   54.25   47.11
  甘露醇:甘油   -70
  25
  40
  50
  甘露醇:山梨糖醇   -70   100.00   104.06
  25   100.00
  40   100.00
  50   100.00   32.73
  HES:蔗糖   -70   100.00   102.74   103.03   100.90
  25   100.00
  40   100.00   76.89   77.47
  50   100.00   71.47   67.40   30.02
  NaCl:蔗糖   -70   100.00   88.54   88.44   95.58
  25   100.00
  40   100.00   71.56   58.30
  50   100.00   52.71   37.90   30.34
  丙氨酸:蔗糖   -70   100.00   109.78   109.67   108.96
  25   100.00
  40   100.00   92.99   73.03
  50   100.00   83.25   74.91   57.65
  甘氨酸:棉子糖   -70   100.00   111.57   114.51   105.25
  25   100.00
  40   100.00   89.20   82.10
  50   100.00   93.21   72.22   53.24
实施例7
基于在实施例5和实施例6所述研究过程中获得的资料判定,包含下表11所示赋形剂的侯选制剂应当有进一步的改善。
            表11
  赋形剂   浓度
  甘露醇或甘氨酸   6-9%
  精氨酸或海藻糖   1-3%
  吐温-80   0.005-0.04%
  NaCl   200-250mM
  CaCl2   3-5mM
  TRIS   20-30mM
  组氨酸或HEPES   10-50mM
  谷胱甘肽   0.15-0.25mg/ml
以这些参数为基础,开发下列特定制剂:
                                表12
  制剂#1   制剂#2   制剂#3
  10mM HEPES20mM Tris225mM NaCl0.03%(v/v)吐温-808%(w/v)甘露醇2%(w/v)海藻糖0.2mg/ml还原性谷胱甘肽4mM CaCl2   10mM HEPES20mM Tris225mM NaCl0.03%(v/v)吐温-808%(w/v)甘氨酸2%(w/v)海藻糖0.2mg/ml还原性谷胱甘肽4mM CaCl2   10mM HEPES20mM Tris225mM NaCl0.03%(v/v)吐温-808%(w/v)甘露醇2%(w/v)精氨酸0.2mg/ml还原性谷胱甘肽4mM CaCl2
  制剂#4   制剂#5
  25mM组氨酸20mM Tris225mM NaCl0.03%(v/v)吐温-808%(w/v)甘露醇2%(w/v)海藻糖0.2mg/ml还原性谷胱甘肽4mM CaCl2   25mM组氨酸20mM Tris225mM NaCl0.03%(v/v)吐温-808%(w/v)甘氨酸2%(w/v)海藻糖0.2mg/ml还原性谷胱甘肽4mM CaCl2

Claims (6)

1.一种因子VIII组合物,所述组合物在配制时不加入白蛋白,除因子VIII外,还包括下列制剂赋形剂:
2%至6%重量/体积的羟乙基淀粉;
1%至4%重量/体积的稳定剂,所述稳定剂为蔗糖;
1mM至5mM的钙盐;
100mM至300mM NaCl;以及
维持pH在6和8之间的缓冲剂。
2.根据权利要求1的因子VIII组合物,其中羟乙基淀粉的量为4%重量/体积。
3.根据权利要求1的因子VIII组合物,其中NaCl的浓度为200mM。
4.根据权利要求1的因子VIII组合物,其中蔗糖的量为2%重量/体积。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的因子VIII组合物在制备治疗血友病的药物中的用途。
6.一种改进的冻干根据权利要求1至4中任何一项的因子VIII组合物的方法,其中所述方法包括下列步骤:
(a)在低于-35℃的温度下冷冻根据权利要求1至4中任何一项的因子VIII组合物;
(b)使该组合物在-30℃至-19℃之间退火;
(c)使该组合物的温度降低到-50℃以下;
(d)使该组合物在-30℃至-39℃之间退火;然后
(e)冷冻一干燥该组合物。
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