CN101331463A - 优化存储器的写入和磨损性能 - Google Patents

优化存储器的写入和磨损性能 Download PDF

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CN101331463A
CN101331463A CNA2006800473846A CN200680047384A CN101331463A CN 101331463 A CN101331463 A CN 101331463A CN A2006800473846 A CNA2006800473846 A CN A2006800473846A CN 200680047384 A CN200680047384 A CN 200680047384A CN 101331463 A CN101331463 A CN 101331463A
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M·R·福特恩
R·L·莱伊诺尔
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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Abstract

确定并使用要从高速存储器传送到低速存储器的理想长度的存储器可以导致对低速存储器的更快保存以及低速存储器的更长的寿命。

Description

优化存储器的写入和磨损性能
背景
存储器设备具有许多取舍选择。快速的存储器可能是昂贵的。而慢速的存储器则可能是廉价的。由于现代应用程序对存储器的需求超过了消费者系统的物理容量，因此对硬盘驱动器的分页操作会很快使系统和应用程序显得慢速且反应迟钝，特别是当在各个任务或用户间进行切换的时候。在一理想计算机中，所有存储器都应尽可能地快，但是这种计算机太过昂贵以致于是不现实的。此外，存在所有需求仅是低价的、长期的存储的一些应用。结果是，计算机可具有各种存储器，如从接近处理器的超快存储器到诸如基于磁盘的存储器等慢速存储器。另外，计算机具有添加诸如便携式硬盘驱动器、软盘和闪存设备等更多和不同类型的存储器的能力。这些设备中的每一个都具有可能会被最大化的执行和磨损特性。
概述
确定并使用要从高速存储器传送到低速存储器的理想大小的存储器可以导致对低速存储器的更快速的保存，以及低速存储器的更长的寿命。例如，一些闪存设备具有使对闪存的擦写次数最小化的存储器写入打下。其它低速存储器设备可以具有使得低速存储器上的大的块能够存储邻接数据的理想写入大小。此外，数据可以在快速存储器中访问，即使已指示应将该数据发送到较低速的存储器。
附图
图1是可以根据权利要求书操作的计算系统的框图；以及
图2是根据权利要求书的方法的示图。
描述
虽然下文阐明了多种不同实施例的详细描述，但应了解，说明书的合法范围应由在本专利结尾处所阐明的权利要求书中的文字来限定。该详细描述应被解释为只是示例性的，而并没有描述每一个可能的实施例，因为描述每一个可能的实施例即便不是不可能，也是不切实际的。无论使用现有技术，还是本专利申请日以后开发的技术，都能实现许多可选实施例，且这仍将落入权利要求书的范围之内。
应了解，除非本专利中使用句子“如此处所使用的，术语‘’在此被定义为指的是”或类似的句子来对一术语作出明确的定义，否则并没有将该术语的含义无论是明确地还是隐含地限于超出其一般或普通含义的意图，并且不应将该术语解释为限于以本专利的任何部分中(除了权利要求中的语言之外)所作出的任何叙述为基础的范围内。就在本专利末尾处的权利要求书中所提到的任何术语在本专利中都以与单数含义相一致的方式提及而言，这样做只是为了清楚，以便不会使读者混淆，而并非旨在通过限定、隐含或以其它方式来将该权利要求中的术语解释为该单数含义。最后，除非一权利要求要素是通过叙述单词“装置”和功能来限定的，而并没有任何结构叙述，否则并不旨在基于35U.S.C§112第6段的应用来对任何权利要求要素的范围进行解释。
图1示出了其上可实现用于所要求保护的方法和装置的步骤的系统的合适的计算系统环境100的示例。计算系统环境100只是合适的计算环境的一个示例，并非旨在对权利要求书中的方法或装置的使用范围或功能提出任何限制。也不应将该计算环境100解释为对涉及在该示例性计算环境100中说明的任何一个组件或组件组合具有任何依赖性或要求。
所要求保护的方法和装置的步骤是可与许多其它通用或专用计算系统环境或配置一起操作。可以适用于权利要求书的方法或装置的公知的计算系统、环境和/或配置的示例包括，但不限于，个人计算机、服务器计算器、手持式或膝上型设备、多处理器系统、基于微处理器的系统、机顶盒、可编程消费电子产品、网络PC、小型计算机、大型计算机、包含有上述系统或设备中的任何一种的分布式计算环境等。
所要求保护的方法和装置的步骤可以在诸如程序模块等由计算机执行的计算机可读指令的一般上下文中描述。一般而言，程序模块包括执行特定任务或实现特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、对象、组件、数据结构等。该方法和装置还可以在其中任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备来执行的分布式计算环境中实施。在分布式计算环境中，程序模块可以同时位于含有存储器存储设备的本地和远程计算机存储介质中。
参考图1，用于实现所要求保护的方法和装置的步骤的示例性系统包括计算机110形式的通用计算设备。计算机110的组件可以包括，但不限于，处理单元120、系统存储器130、和用于将包括系统存储器的各种系统组件耦合到处理单元120的系统总线121。系统总线121可以是各种类型的总线结构中的任意一种，包括存储器总线或存储器控制器、外围设备总线、和使用多种总线体系结构中的任意一种的局部总线。作为示例，而非限制，这种体系结构包括工业标准体系结构(ISA)总线、微通道体系结构(MCA)总线、增强型ISA(EISA)总线、视频电子技术标准协会(VESA)局部总线、和通常被称为夹层(Mazzanine)总线的外围部件互连(PCI)总线。
计算机110通常包括多种计算机可读介质。计算机可读介质可以是可被计算机110访问的任何可用介质，并包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移动和不可移动介质两者。作为示例，而非限制，计算机可读介质可以包括计算机存储介质和通信介质。计算机存储介质包括以用于存储诸如计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它数据等信息的任何方法或技术来实现的易失性和非易失性、可移动和不可移动介质两者。计算机存储介质包括，但不限于，RAM、ROM、EEPRPM、闪存或其它存储器技术、CD-ROM、数字通用盘(DVD)或其它光盘存储、磁带盒、磁带、磁盘存储或其它磁性存储设备、或者可以用来存储期望信息并能被计算机110访问的任何其它介质。通信介质通常以诸如载波或其它传输机制等已调制数据信号来体现计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它数据，并包括所有信息传送介质。术语“已调制数据信号”指以将信息编码到信号中的方式来设置或改变其一个或多个特性的信号。作为示例，而非限制，通信介质包括有线介质，如有线网络或直接线连接等，还包括无线介质，如声学、射频(RF)、红外和其它无线介质。上面任意一种组合也应包含在计算机可读介质的范围内。
系统存储器130包括诸如只读存储器(ROM)131和随机存取存储器(RAM)132等易失性和/或非易失性存储器形式的计算机存储介质。含有诸如在启动期间帮助在计算机110内的各个元件之间传送信息的基本例程的基本输入/输出系统133(BIOS)通常存储在ROM 131中。RAM 132通常包含处理单元120立即可访问和/或目前正在操作的数据和/或程序模块。作为示例，而并非限制，图1说明了操作系统134、应用程序135、其它程序模块136及程序数据137。
计算机110还可以包括其它可移动/不可移动、易失性/非易失性计算机存储介质。仅作为示例，图1示出了可从不可移动、非易失性磁性介质中读取或向其写入的硬盘驱动器140；可从可移动、非易失性磁盘152中读取或向其写入的磁盘驱动器151；以及可从诸如CD ROM或其它光学介质等可移动、非易失性光盘156中读取或向其写入的光盘驱动器155。可以在该示例性操作环境中使用的其它可移动/不可移动、易失性/非易失性计算机存储介质包括，但不限于：磁带盒、闪存卡、数字通用盘、数字录像带、固态RAM、固态ROM等。硬盘驱动器141一般通过诸如接口140等不可移动存储器接口连接到系统总线121，而磁盘驱动器151和光盘驱动器155一般则通过诸如接口150等可移动存储器接口连接到系统总线121。
上述和在图1中示出的驱动器及与其相关联的计算机存储介质为计算机110提供了对计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块和其它数据的存储。在图1中，例如，将硬盘驱动器141示为存储操作系统144、应用程序145、其它程序模块146和程序数据147。应注意，这些组件既可以与操作系统134、应用程序135、其它程序模块136和程序数据137相同，也可以不相同。操作系统144、应用程序145、其它程序模块146和程序数据147在此被赋予了不同的标号，以至少说明它们是不同的副本。用户可以通过如键盘162和定点设备161(一般指鼠标、跟踪球或触摸垫)等输入设备将命令和信息输入到计算机20中。其它输入设备(未示出)可以包括：话筒、操纵杆、游戏手柄、圆盘式卫星天线、扫描仪等。这些和其它输入设备通常通过与系统总线耦合的用户输入接口160连接到处理单元120，但是也可以用如并行端口、游戏端口或通用串行总线(USB)等其它接口和总线结构来连接。监视器191或其它类型的显示设备通过诸如视频接口190等接口也连接到系统总线121。除监视器以外，计算机还可以包括可通过外围设备输出接口190连接的其它外围输出设备，如扬声器197和打印机196等。
计算机110可以使用到诸如远程计算机180等一个或多个远程计算机的逻辑连接在网络环境下操作。远程计算机180可以是个人计算机、服务器、路由器、网络PC、对等设备或其它常见的网络节点，并且通常包括前面相对于计算机110所描述的许多或所有元件，虽然在图1中仅示出了存储器设备181。图1所示的逻辑连接包括局域网(LAN)171和广域网(WAN)173，但也可以包括其它网络。这种网络环境在办公室、企业范围计算机网络、内联网和因特网中都是常见的。
当用于LAN网络环境时，计算机110通过网络接口或适配器170连接到LAN 171。而当用于WAN网络环境时，计算机110通常包括调制解调器172，或用于通过诸如因特网等WAN 173来建立通信的其它装置。调制解调器172可以是内置的或外置的，它可以通过用户输入接口160或其它合适的机制连接到系统总线121。在网络环境中，相对于计算机110所描述的程序模块或其部分可以存储在远程存储器存储设备中。作为示例，而并限制，图1示出远程应用程序185驻留在存储器存储设备181上。应意识到，所示的网络连接是示例性的，并且可以使用在各计算机之间建立通信链路的其它手段。
图2可以说明一种在存在具有数据存储速度分层结构的多种数据存储设备的情况下有效地存储数据的方法。存储器设备可以具有许多取舍选择。快速的存储器可能是昂贵的。慢速的存储器则可能是廉价的。在一理想的计算机中，所有存储器都应尽可能地快，但是这种计算机对于大多数使用来说都太过昂贵。此外，还存在所有需求仅是低价的、长期的存储的一些应用。结果是，计算机可具有各种存储器，如从接近处理器的超快存储器到诸如基于磁盘的存储器等慢速存储器。另外，计算机具有添加诸如便携式硬盘驱动器140和闪存设备152等更多且不同类型的存储器的能力。这些设备中的每一个都具有可以被最大化的执行和磨损特性。
例如，可将闪存152制造成两种常见的形式：或非(NOR)闪存和与非(NAND)闪存。也可以构想其他形式的闪存152。两种类型的闪存152和EEPROM都会因用于存储数据的电荷存储机制周围的绝缘氧化层上的磨损而在多次擦除操作后损坏。典型的或非闪存152单元可以在10,000-100,000次擦/写操作后损坏，而典型的与非闪存152则可以在1,000,000次后损坏。闪存152的一个局限是：虽然它可以用随机访问的方式每次被读取或编程一个字节或一个字，但却每次必须擦除一个“块”。从最新近被擦除的块开始，可对该块中的任何字节编程。然而，一旦某个字节已被编程，在擦除整个块以前，不能再次改变该字节。当与硬盘驱动器140相比时，闪存152的局限在于：它具有有限的擦一写周期数，因此须予以关注以便最小化擦/写周期数。
在其它设备中，写周期的缓慢性可以是确定优选写入大小时的一个因素。例如，如果需要大量的开销时间来设置写入功能，则能够通过最小化写入次数来节约时间，而该最小化是通过最大化要写入的数据的大小来实现的。类似地，在某些存储设备中，重复的小容量的保存可能导致数据分散在存储设备各处，这与在数据被连续存储(可能是更少次数、更大容量的保存的结果)时相比，可以导致更长的读取时间。此外，写周期可以加重处理器的负担，因此在高处理器使用期间，以更少的频率间隔、用更大的存储大小来进行频率较小的保存可能是有意义的。
再次参考硬盘驱动器140，如果不存在高速存储器，则对该硬盘140的每次写入都可能会涉及在系统等待硬盘140以访问该硬盘140上的正确位置并写入数据的同时的执行碰撞(performance hit)。在大多数驱动器上这至少要用10毫秒，这在计算机领域中这是很长的时间，并且的确可能在系统要等待硬盘时使执行变慢。
当诸如RAM 132等高速存储器可用时(也称为写入高速缓存被启用)，在系统向硬盘140发送写入时，逻辑电路会将该写入记录在其更快速的高速缓存或者高速存储器132中，并随后立即向操作系统发回实际上表明“已完成”的确认。随后，系统的其余部分可以在不必等待致动器定位和硬盘旋转等的情况下继续工作，这可改善执行。然而，驱动器140在其还没有真正完成——即数据根本不在硬盘上，而只在高速缓存132中时，发回表明“已完成”的确认。硬盘140的逻辑电路开始向该硬盘写入数据，但当然这将花费一些时间。
典型的PC 100的使用涉及加载程序、以及频繁地加载和保存数据。所有这些操作都可能需要访问硬盘140。因此，硬盘140的执行成为问题。令CPU120的速度快得足以在其等待时能够处理两百万条指令不会使用户获益太多，除非CPU在那时有事情需要处理。其中硬盘140的执行问题是最重要的应用程序是诸如多媒体编辑应用程序等要向硬盘进行许多读写、而不是进行许多处理的应用程序，特别是那些要处理大量音频和视频文件的应用程序。
访问时间是表示反映定位在硬盘140中的随机执行的所有其它规范的合成。最常见的定义是：
访问时间＝命令开销时间+寻道时间+稳定时间+等待时间
命令开销可以指从将命令交付给硬盘140直到一些事情实际开始发生以履行该命令所经过的时间。硬盘140的寻道时间可以测量读/写头在盘片表面上的各个磁道间移动所需要的时间量。在各磁道间进行切换要求磁头致动器能物理地移动磁头臂，由于这是机械过程，因此要花费一定量的时间。在两个磁道间进行切换所需要的时间量取决于各个磁道间的距离。然而，由于在磁道切换时涉及一定量的“开销”，因此其关系不是线性的。从磁道1切换到磁道3所要花费的时间可能不是从磁道1切换到磁道2所要花费的时间的两倍。
通常用毫秒(一般缩写为“msec”或“ms”)来表示寻道时间。当然，在现代PC 110中，毫秒是巨大的时间量，因为诸如RAM 132等高速系统存储器可以具有例如用纳秒(小一百万倍)来测量的速度。1GHz处理器(理论上)可以在一毫秒内执行超过一百万条的指令。寻道时间中甚至很小的减少都可以导致整个系统性能的改善，因为系统的其余部分经常要等待硬盘140。
硬盘140的盘片以高速旋转，并且该旋转速度可能与在随机访问硬盘140时将读/写头移动到正确柱面的过程并不同步。因此，在磁头到达正确柱面时，所需要的实际扇区可能会在任何地方。当致动器组件已完成其对正确磁道的寻道后，驱动器140可以等待正确扇区转回到读/写头所在的位置。这个时间称为等待时间。等待时间直接与驱动器的旋转速度有关，因此只受驱动器旋转特性的影响。因此，可以减少访问时间的任何动作都可以对系统性能具有较大的影响。
可用RAM 132的数量也可能会对能够存储到高速存储器中的数据的大小有影响。例如，如果系统只具有8k的高速RAM 132，则与系统具有512kb的高速RAM 132时相比必须发生更频繁的写操作，这仅仅是因为该RAM 132不能存储许多数据。
在框200处，该方法可以接收要存储到低速数据存储设备上的数据。例如，一文字处理文件可被指定为存储到硬盘驱动器140上。在框205处，可以将数据存储到高速存储器中。例如，该文字处理文件可以被存储在RAM 132中的高速缓存中。在框210处，该方法可以收集附加数据到高速存储器132中，直到存储了目的地为诸如硬盘驱动器140等特定低速数据设备的优选数量的数据。在框215处，该方法可以将数据存储到高速存储器132中，直到数据的大小是适合于特定存储设备的写入大小。如前所述，该优选数量的数据可以随设备变化。例如，优选写入大小可以是2的幂，诸如为128kb、256kb和512kb中的一个。在闪存示例中，该大小可以是闪存块的大小，以便可通过仅在整个闪存块都准备好存储时再写入到该闪存设备(而非多次擦/写操作)来使擦/写擦操作最少。在框220处，一旦将适合于该特定设备的写入大小的数据存储到高速存储器设备132中，可将数据写入到低速设备140中。
在框225处，该方法可以将数据保持在高速存储132中，直到确定该数据在高速存储器132中不再需要。例如，如果系统具有剩余RAM 132，则将那些已经写入到低速存储器140中的数据还保持在高速存储器132中可能不会再加重系统的负担。由于数据已经被存储到了低速存储器140中，因此该数据在高速存储器132中不再需要，但是不管怎样，为了方便用户，该数据也可以保留在那里。
在框230处是权利要求1中的方法，其中，将要写入到低速存储设备140的数据备份到附加低速存储设备140上。在一些情况中，用户或程序可以指示将数据存储到低速存储设备140上。该方法可以在写入低速存储器前等待最优数量的数据。同时，可以将诸如闪存单元152等低速存储器从系统中移除。在这些情况下，在附加低速存储设备中具有数据的备份可能是有好处的。可以将数据从高速存储器132移动到速度比高速存储器132低、但比该低速存储器高的附加存储器中。在框235处，当低速存储设备152在数据从高速存储器132写入到低速存储器设备152之前已经从系统中移除时，该方法可以警告用户还没来得及将数据写入到诸如闪存152等低速存储器设备中。在框240处，可以在移出低速存储器设备之前向用户呈现将数据从高速存储器132写入低速存储器152的选项。在框245处，该方法可以等待，直到写入到低速存储设备的低系统活动时段。
作为示例，用户或方法可以指示将一文字处理文件存储到闪存152上。本方法可以等待有足够的数据匹配用于闪存152的最优写入大小，因此如果该文字处理文件的大小小于该最优写入大小的大小，则可能不会立即将该数据写入到闪存152中。如果闪存152被移除，则可以警告用户还没来得及将数据写入到闪存152中。另外，数据可能已经被备份到一“中间”速度存储设备中，且该备份可以用于防止数据在高速存储设备132中时被盖写。
在框250处，该方法可以组织高速存储器132中的数据，使得对低速存储器140的写入更有效。这种组织可以像将高速存储器132中的数据重新排列为邻接的那样简单，以使向低速存储器140的传送可以更有效地进行。
在框255处，该方法可以分析高速存储器132中的数据，以便确定在数据被写入到低速存储器140之前该数据中的任一个是否被一较新的数据替换。在框260处，该方法可以分析高速存储器132中的数据，以便确定要写入到低速存储器140中的数据中的任意一个是否是重复数据，其中较旧的重复数据不被写入低速存储器140设备中。在框265处，该方法可以在写操作在高速存储器132中的块被提交给低速设备140之前影响这些块时使这些块无效。
在框270处，该方法可以将要写入低速存储器140中的数据的索引保持在高速存储器132中，并且如果要写入低速设备140的数据驻留在高速存储器132中，则该方法可以服务对来自高速存储器132的数据的读请求，而无需关心该数据是否已被写入低速存储器140中。
在框275处，该方法可以测试低速存储器140，以确定对于该低速存储器140的优选写入大小。例如，该方法可以询问闪存152什么是理想的擦/写大小。在框280处，该方法还可以使用来自低速存储设备140的指示来计算优选写入大小。例如，在如闪存152的示例中，该方法可以确定块是以1024字节的增量来擦除的，因此该方法可以确定保存操作应当以1024字节的增量发生。优选写入大小可能与低速存储器152的优选擦除大小有关。
虽然前文阐明了多种不同实施例的详细描述，但应了解，本专利的范围应由在本专利结尾处阐明的权利要求书中的文字来限定。该详细描述将被解释为只是示例性的，而并没有描述每一个可能的实施例，因为描述每一个可能的实施例即便不是不可能，也是不切实际的。无论使用现有技术，还是本专利申请日以后开发的技术，都能实现许多可选实施例，且这仍将落入权利要求书的范围。
因此，对在此描述和说明的技术和结构可以作出许多实施例和变化，而不会偏离该权利要求书的精神与范围。因此，应了解，在此描述的方法和装置只是说明性的，而并不会限制权利要求书的范围。

Claims (20)

1.一种在存在数据存储速度分层结构的多个数据存储设备的情况下有效地存储数据的方法，包括：
接收要存储在低速数据存储设备上的数据；
将所述数据存储到高速存储器中；
收集附加数据到所述高速存储器中，直到存储了目的地为一特定低速数据设备的优选数量的数据；
将所述数据存储在高速存储器中，直到所述数据的大小是适合于一特定存储设备的写入大小；以及
一旦在所述高速存储器设备中存储了适合于所述特定设备的写入大小的数据，将所述数据写入所述低速设备中。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括将所述数据保留在所述高速存储中，直到确定在高速存储中不再需要所述数据。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，要被写入到所述低速存储设备的所述数据被备份在一附加低速存储设备上。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述低速设备是闪存设备。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述写入大小是所述闪存的擦除块大小。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括等待，直到写入所述低速存储设备的低系统活动时段。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括当一低速存储器设备在所述数据从所述高速存储器设备写入所述低速存储器设备之前已从所述系统中移除时，警告用户还没来得及将所述数据写入所述低速存储器设备中。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，在将所述低速存储器设备移除之前，向所述用户呈现将所述数据从所述高速存储器写入所述低速存储器的选项。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括组织所述高速存储器中的所述数据，以使对所述低速存储器的写入更有效。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括分析所述高速存储器中的所述数据，以便确定在所述数据被写入所述低速存储器之前所述数据中的任意一个是否已被较新的数据替换。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括分析所述高速存储器中的所述数据，以便确定要写入所述低速存储器的所述数据中的任意一个是否是重复数据，其中较旧的重复数据不被写入所述低速存储器设备中。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括当写操作在所述高速存储器中的块被提交给所述低速存储器之前影响这些块时，令所述块无效。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括将所述数据从所述高速存储器移至一速度比所述高速存储器低、但比所述低速存储器高的附加存储器。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括将要写入低速存储器的数据的索引保持在高速存储器中，并且如果要写入所述低速设备中的所述数据驻留在所述高速存储器中，则服务对来自所述高速存储器的数据的读请求，而无需关心所述数据是否已被写入低速存储器中。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括测试所述低速存储器，以便确定对于所述低速存储器的优选写入大小。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，还包括将所述优选写入大小计算为与所述低速存储器的优选擦除大小相关。
17.一种具有计算机可执行指令的计算机可读介质，所述指令用于在存在具有数据存储速度分层结构的多个数据存储设备的情况下有效地存储数据，所述计算机指令包括：
接收要存储到一低速数据存储设备上的数据；
将所述数据存储在高速存储器中；
收集附加数据到所述高速存储器中，直到存储了目的地为一特定低速数据设备的优选数量的数据；
将所述数据存储在高速存储器中，直到所述数据的大小是适合于一特定存储设备的写入大小；
分析所述高速存储器中的所述数据，以便确定在所述数据被写入到所述低速存储器之前所述数据中的任意一个是否已被较新的数据替换；以及
一旦在所述高速存储器设备中存储了适合于所述特定设备的写入大小的数据，将所述数据写入所述低速设备中。
18.如权利要求17所述的计算机可读介质，其特征在于，所述计算机指令还包括测试所述低速存储器，以便确定对于所述低速存储器的优选擦除和优选写入大小。
19.一种计算机系统，包括处理器、输入输出设备和存储器，所述处理器执行计算机可执行指令，且所述存储器存储计算机可执行指令，其中所述计算机可执行指令用于在存在具有数据存储速度分层结构的多个数据存储的情况下有效地存储数据，所述计算机指令包括：
接收要存储到一低速数据存储设备上的数据；
将所述数据存储在一高速存储器中；
测试所述低速存储器，以便确定对于所述低速存储器的优选擦除和优选写入大小；
收集附加数据到所述高速存储器中，直到存储了目的地为一特定低速数据设备的优选数量的数据；
将所述数据存储在所述高速存储器中，直到所述数据的大小是适合于一特定存储设备的写入大小；
分析所述高速存储器中的所述数据，以便在所述数据被写入到所述低速存储器前所述数据中的任意一个是否已被较新的数据替换；以及
一旦在所述高速存储器设备中存储了适合于所述特定设备的写入大小的数据，将所述数据写入所述低速设备中。
20.如权利要求19所述的计算机系统，其特征在于，所述计算机可执行指令还包括将要写入低速存储器的数据的索引保持在高速存储器中，并且如果要写入所述低速设备中的所述数据驻留在所述高速存储器中，则服务对来自所述高速存储器的数据的读请求，而无需关心所述数据是否已被写入低速存储器中。
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