CN101278127B - 可扩展的叶轮泵 - Google Patents

可扩展的叶轮泵 Download PDF

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CN101278127B
CN101278127B CN2005800312271A CN200580031227A CN101278127B CN 101278127 B CN101278127 B CN 101278127B CN 2005800312271 A CN2005800312271 A CN 2005800312271A CN 200580031227 A CN200580031227 A CN 200580031227A CN 101278127 B CN101278127 B CN 101278127B
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blade
impeller
wheel hub
equipment
deployment configuration
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CN101278127A (zh
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M·W·麦克布赖德
T·M·马利松
G·狄龙
R·L·坎贝尔
D·伯格
S·A·汉布里克
R·F·孔兹
J·P·朗特
J·M·沃尔什
B·莱斯辛斯基
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Data display Investments Ltd.
Penn State Research Foundation
Thoratec LLC
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Thoratec LLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
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    • F04D29/18—Rotors
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/20—Type thereof
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    • A61M60/216—Non-positive displacement blood pumps including a rotating member acting on the blood, e.g. impeller
    • A61M60/237—Non-positive displacement blood pumps including a rotating member acting on the blood, e.g. impeller the blood flow through the rotating member having mainly axial components, e.g. axial flow pumps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61M60/40—Details relating to driving
    • A61M60/403—Details relating to driving for non-positive displacement blood pumps
    • A61M60/408—Details relating to driving for non-positive displacement blood pumps the force acting on the blood contacting member being mechanical, e.g. transmitted by a shaft or cable
    • A61M60/411—Details relating to driving for non-positive displacement blood pumps the force acting on the blood contacting member being mechanical, e.g. transmitted by a shaft or cable generated by an electromotor
    • A61M60/414—Details relating to driving for non-positive displacement blood pumps the force acting on the blood contacting member being mechanical, e.g. transmitted by a shaft or cable generated by an electromotor transmitted by a rotating cable, e.g. for blood pumps mounted on a catheter
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    • A61M60/80—Constructional details other than related to driving
    • A61M60/802—Constructional details other than related to driving of non-positive displacement blood pumps
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • A61M60/122—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body
    • A61M60/126—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable via, into, inside, in line, branching on, or around a blood vessel
    • A61M60/135—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable via, into, inside, in line, branching on, or around a blood vessel inside a blood vessel, e.g. using grafting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/10—Location thereof with respect to the patient's body
    • A61M60/122—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body
    • A61M60/126—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable via, into, inside, in line, branching on, or around a blood vessel
    • A61M60/148—Implantable pumps or pumping devices, i.e. the blood being pumped inside the patient's body implantable via, into, inside, in line, branching on, or around a blood vessel in line with a blood vessel using resection or like techniques, e.g. permanent endovascular heart assist devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
    • A61M60/20—Type thereof
    • A61M60/205—Non-positive displacement blood pumps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B2231/00—Material used for some parts or elements, or for particular purposes
    • B63B2231/40—Synthetic materials
    • B63B2231/42—Elastomeric materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H1/00—Propulsive elements directly acting on water
    • B63H1/02—Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type
    • B63H1/12—Propulsive elements directly acting on water of rotary type with rotation axis substantially in propulsive direction
    • B63H1/14—Propellers
    • B63H1/26—Blades
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H11/00—Marine propulsion by water jets
    • B63H11/02—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water
    • B63H11/04—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps
    • B63H11/08—Marine propulsion by water jets the propulsive medium being ambient water by means of pumps of rotary type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/06—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using expansion or contraction of bodies due to heating, cooling, moistening, drying or the like
    • F03G7/061—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using expansion or contraction of bodies due to heating, cooling, moistening, drying or the like characterised by the actuating element
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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Abstract

依照本发明一个例子的叶轮包括轮毂和至少一个由轮毂支撑的叶片。叶轮具有叶片远离轮毂延伸的展开构造、和通过例如朝轮毂折叠叶片来径向压缩叶轮的存储构造。叶轮可以包括多个叶片，所述多个叶片布置成叶片排以便于径向压缩叶片。叶片的外缘可以具有小翼，叶片的基体可以具有相关联的压痕以便于折叠叶片。

Description

可扩展的叶轮泵
相关申请的引入
本申请要求2004年9月17日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号60/610,938的优先权，该申请的全部内容在此引入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及流体泵送叶轮，特别是可扩展(expandable)叶轮。
背景技术
传统叶轮制造成带有特定叶片构造，一般不希望叶片发生显著变形。传统上，叶轮在存储、移动至其运行位置以及使用期间都具有相同的构造。但是，存在这样的情形，即，进入运行位置需要通过受限制空间，不然，在叶轮存储或运输期间空间溢价，在这样的情况下，传统叶轮的使用可能存在问题。
发明内容
依照本发明一个实施例的叶轮包括轮毂和至少一个由轮毂支撑的叶片，所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的近端和远端。叶轮具有叶片远离轮毂延伸的展开构造和叶轮被径向压缩的存储构造。在存储构造中，叶片的远端比处于展开构造时更靠近轮毂。叶轮可以包括布置成叶片排的多个叶片。叶片排可以沿轮毂间隔开，每个叶片排包括一个或多个叶片。例如，每个叶片排可以包括两个或三个叶片。例如，叶轮包括两个叶片排，每个叶片排包括两个叶片。
叶轮可以包括单体式叶轮主体，所述单体式叶轮主体包括轮毂和叶片。作为选择，叶片和轮毂可以由不同材料形成。优选地，叶片是柔性的，这样在存储构造，它们可以朝轮毂变形。叶片可以由聚合物例如聚氨酯形成。在叶轮的例子中，叶片由对运行应力的挠曲模量为约10,000psi的聚合物形成，例如低挠曲模量的聚氨酯。例如，叶轮可以包括由对运行应力的挠曲模量为约10,000psi的材料制成的单体式主体，所述单体式主体包括轮毂和叶片。优选地，用于使叶片变形至叶轮的存储状态的模量较小。例如，对运行应力的模量可以为约10,000，而用于使叶轮从展开状态径向压缩至存储状态的模量可以为约1,000，大约小十倍。
叶轮叶片(或多个叶片)在运行期间可以变形，只有在展开和旋转下才能达到叶片的最佳构造。例如，只有因载荷而变形才能达到叶片的最佳设计构造。因此，由于叶片的挠性，使用时的叶片变形不会引起性能的降低。即使当叶轮明显偏离制造形状时，也可以进行成功运行。可以在设计之内的偏差的允许误差的情况下制造叶轮。在预定转速或预定运行范围内运行的变形叶轮的构造可以达到最佳。因此，在本发明进一步的实施例中，叶轮还具有从展开构造通过叶片在载荷下变形而达到的运行构造，例如，当处于展开构造的叶轮在流体内旋转时。优化柔性叶轮的改进方法是优化运行构造。传统上，卸载的展开构造是最佳的。
依照本发明的叶轮还可以附着于轴，例如附着于挠性轴，该轴的一端与叶轮耦合在一起。作用于轴的另一端的转矩用于使叶轮旋转。轴的另一端可以耦合于旋转元件，例如马达，该旋转元件为叶轮的旋转提供动力。轴还可以用于展开叶轮，即，从存储构造到达展开构造。例如，轴可以用来将叶轮从存储套筒、例如金属管中推出。轴还可以用于使叶轮在存储套筒内转动，叶轮在存储套筒内的这种扭转可以有助于叶轮从存储套筒中出来，然后达到展开构造。
依照本发明的叶轮可以在处于存储构造的叶轮存储的应变能量的驱动下，从存储构造自展开至展开构造。例如，如果叶轮被推出存储套筒，在没有任何其它机械介入的情况下，叶片内存储的应变能量可以引起形成展开构造。
依照本发明的叶轮可以用于各种应用，例如用于流体(气体或液体)的轴流泵、用于交通工具的动力、或者其它应用。
在本发明进一步的实施例中，叶轮具有一个或多个压痕，该压痕紧邻叶轮的至少一个叶片近端。叶轮可以具有多个叶片，每个带有至少一个相关压痕。压痕可以是形成在轮毂中的槽，所述槽环绕叶片连接轮毂处的叶片近端(叶片基体)的至少一部分上。压痕可以是延长压痕(例如槽)，所述延长压痕基本上平行并邻近叶片近端地延伸。
压痕可以减少流体相对于叶轮移动时形成的涡流。压痕还可以便于将叶轮压缩至存储构造，例如通过促使叶片远端朝轮毂移动。典型叶片具有压力面和吸力面，压痕可以包括平行且邻近这些面中的一个或两个的槽。叶片可以具有翼型横截面，压痕是平行于叶片的弯曲近端、形成在叶轮中的弯曲槽。
在本发明进一步的实施例中，叶轮包括支撑在轮毂上的叶片，相对于轮毂的叶片远端(叶片尖端)具有小翼。小翼增加了在叶片远端的叶片横截面面积。小翼可以从叶片切向地延伸，切线是叶轮旋转时叶片尖端的圆形运动路径的切线。小翼可以沿叶轮运动方向(从叶轮的压力面)、与运动方向相反的方向(从叶轮的吸力面)或两个方向延伸。叶片提供了叶片旋转时的压力面和吸力面，叶片具有叶片旋转方向，小翼可以平行于叶片旋转方向在任一个或两个方向上延伸(通常，小翼和叶片可以形成近似T形的横截面)。如果叶片在叶片远端具有在压力面与吸力面之间的远端厚度，小翼具有在平行于叶片旋转方向的方向上测量的小翼宽度，所述小翼宽度大约为叶片远端厚度的一倍到三倍之间。如果叶片具有弦长，小翼可以具有近似等于弦长的长度。进一步，小翼与流体所流过的套筒内表面可以形成用于叶轮旋转的液压轴承。
在本发明的实施例中，带有或不带有小翼的叶片远端紧邻圆筒形套筒的内表面，叶片远端与套筒内径之间的距离(尖端间隙)大约为叶片远端的最大厚度的10-50％。
附图说明
图1A和1B分别显示了处于展开构造和存储构造的叶轮；
图2示意性示出了叶轮的展开；
图3A示出了在存储套筒内部的处于存储构造的叶轮；
图3B示出了从存储套筒出来后自展开的叶轮；
图4示出了叶轮的展开构造和运行构造；
图5示出了具有低雷诺数的叶轮结构；
图6A和6B示出了具有三个叶片排的叶轮；
图7A和7B示出了具有小翼的叶轮叶片；
图8A-8C示出了可行的小翼构造；
图8D示出了可行的小翼边缘几何结构；
图9A-9D示出了叶轮叶片的端视图，进一步示出了小翼构造；
图10A和10B示出了在叶片近端周围具有槽的叶片；
图11是模制聚合物叶轮的照片；
图12显示了叶轮叶片材料的应力-应变曲线；和
图13和14显示了标准平均流体剪切应力与尖端间隙尺寸之间的函数关系。
具体实施方式
依照本发明一个实施例的叶轮包括轮毂和至少一个由轮毂支撑的叶片。本发明的实施例包括叶轮，所述叶轮具有至少一个柔性叶片，所述叶轮具有叶片远离轮毂延伸的展开构造和叶轮被径向压缩的存储构造。例如，叶片可以朝轮毂折叠起来，并由诸如金属管或套管的存储套筒保持在那里。在存储构造中，叶片远端比处于展开构造时更靠近轮毂，半径能够明显减少，例如小于展开状态的半径的一半。套筒可以包括非扩展部分和可扩展部分，叶轮存储在非扩展部分中，叶轮可以移动至可展开部分以便展开。叶轮在套筒的可扩展部分内部展开。
依照本发明的叶轮可以包括布置成叶片排的多个叶片。叶片排沿轮毂间隔开，每个叶片排包括一个或多个叶片。例如，每个叶片排可以包括两个或三个叶片。通过设置多个叶片排，而不是例如设置绕轮毂弯曲的单个长叶片，更有利于实现存储构造。单个长叶片更加难以朝轮毂折叠。
本发明的实施例还可以包括套筒，叶轮的至少一部分位于套筒内部，当叶轮旋转时，流体流过套筒。套筒可以是可扩展的，套筒具有叶轮在展开构造时的扩展构造和叶轮在存储构造时的存储构造。套筒可以起到将叶轮约束在存储构造的作用。作为选择，也可以设置单独的存储套筒，当推出存储套筒时，叶轮和可扩展套筒两者都扩展。可扩展套筒可以包括金属框架，例如包括形状记忆合金。弹性聚合物薄膜可以设置在金属框架上。叶轮叶片在叶片远端具有小翼，小翼和套筒提供对叶轮旋转的液压轴承。例如，套筒可以具有圆筒形内表面，叶轮在所述圆筒形内表面内旋转，流体流过套筒，当叶轮旋转时，各叶片的小翼紧邻圆筒形内表面运动，小翼与圆筒形内表面之间的流体形成对叶轮旋转的液压轴承。
叶轮可以在存储套筒中存储，在流体管中展开，当叶轮旋转时，流体流过该流体管。存储套筒的直径近似等于或小于流体管直径的一半。存储套筒可以是金属管，在展开之前，叶轮存储在该金属管中。流体管可以是公用管(水、气、污水等等)、身体导管(例如血管)、用于交通工具的推进单元的一部分、或者流体可流过的其它结构。存储构造中的叶轮可以运输至期望位置，然后自展开至扩展、展开状态。存储构造有利于将叶轮运输至期望位置，使其能够通过比展开状态直径小的开口。
流体管可以是存储套筒的扩展形式，存储套筒的扩展允许叶轮展开。在这种情况下，无需将叶轮推出套筒以实现展开构造。例如，依照本发明一个例子的叶轮在存储构造下可以通过小的进入孔插入具有较大直径的管中。通过利用驱动轴使叶轮从存储套筒中移出来，可以展开叶轮。然后叶轮利用存储在叶片材料中的应变能量伸展至展开状态。
叶轮的旋转还可以使叶片构造变化到运行构造。叶轮可以具有柔性叶片，当在设计载荷工况下旋转和运行时，所述柔性叶片变形至最佳流体动力形状。
本发明的实施例包括具有至少一个叶片的叶轮，叶片具有小翼。在运行状态下，小翼可以改善叶轮的流体动力性能，减少存在于流体内部的剪切应力。叶轮可包括多个便于折叠至存储状态的叶片。叶片可以布置成多个叶片排，与折叠沿轮毂延伸一段类似距离的单个叶片相比，这便于使叶片折叠至存储状态。叶片和(可选)轮毂可以由低模量材料构成，例如聚合物。叶轮可以是单体式结构，叶片和叶轮由同一材料形成，例如通过模制聚合物而形成。
带有多个叶片排的叶轮还有利于输入较大数值的流体压头或压力升高。依照本发明的轴流式叶轮的比速可与混流泵的比速相匹敌。
叶轮可以在折叠状态插入管，随后展开。当叶轮在流体流动管中展开时，叶轮可以进一步变形至运行构造，这时，流体在叶轮旋转的带动下被泵送。在叶轮运行结束时，叶轮可以例如通过重新折叠柔性叶片而被径向压缩回存储构造，并通过直径小于流体管或展开构造的进入孔取出。例如，可以重新折叠叶片，借助于附着的回转驱动轴或尺度索，将叶轮放至圆筒形存储空腔内。
依照本发明的叶轮可以在低雷诺数管流动中运行，其中管边界层包括管中的大部分流动。与传统叶轮和泵相比，叶片上的相对流动的雷诺数低。
可以优化叶轮，以在非牛顿流体中运行。可以优化叶轮，以在包含精细颗粒的流体中运行(例如乳状液滴、细胞等等)，这些精细颗粒会因受到流体中的过大剪切应力而被破坏。叶轮可以设计成使运行构造达到最佳，不一定与空载下的展开构造相同。
当在存储构造时，在轮毂中绕叶片根部周围带有压痕的叶轮在叶片内部具有已减小的内部机械应力。压痕还可以用来进一步减少由运行状态的叶轮诱导的流体剪切应力。
叶片可以由聚合物材料例如聚氨酯形成。可以使用具有10,000psi模量的聚合物，例如聚氨酯。在某些例子中，叶片可以具有近似等于厚橡胶圈的硬度。因此，叶轮具有一定的硬度，但在运行载荷下会变形。例如，可以选择材料，以致具有允许可预测的载荷变形的对运行应力的线性模量和用于将叶片折叠至存储构造的对较高应力的非线性模量。
图1A显示了处于展开构造的叶轮，叶轮包括轮毂10和诸如叶片12的叶片。叶轮具有从轮毂的中心长轴线到最外面的叶片尖端测量的半径R1。图中还显示了流体流动套筒14，流体相对于叶轮流过该流体流动套筒14。叶轮可以用作轴流泵，以将流体穿过套筒泵送。作为选择，叶轮还可以用作用于交通工具的动力提供装置。例如，叶轮可以为诸如喷水推进艇的船或其它水上船舶提供动力，套筒为浸没于交通工具周围的水中的管。在该构造中，叶片是展开的。
图1B显示了处于存储构造的叶轮，叶片12朝轮毂10折叠或进行其它变形。半径R2小于图1A中所示的半径R1。
依照本发明一个实施例的叶轮具有柔性叶片，所述柔性叶片可以被折叠成，使叶轮在折叠状态的最大直径近似等于或小于叶轮在运行状态的直径的一半。参照图1A和1B，这相当于R2≈≤(R1/2)。
图2是示出了叶轮的展开的简图。叶轮具有轮毂20和叶片(例如22)，叶轮以存储构造由存储套筒24保持。回转轴30用于驱动叶轮。该图还显示了在回转轴内部的尺度索(guide wire)28，所述尺度索28可以用于定位叶轮，也可以有助于从存储套筒推出叶轮。存储套筒可以是例如金属管。轴的旋转也辅助展开叶轮，例如，如果存储套筒的内表面具有螺纹结构，将叶轮扭转出存储套筒。在左边显示了流体管26，当叶轮展开并旋转时，流体流过该流体管26。
处于存储构造的叶轮可以存储在由直径近似等于或小于流体管26直径一半的存储套筒24形成的圆筒形空腔中。
存储套筒可以是金属管，在展开之前，叶轮存储于其中。流体管26是流体可以相对于叶轮流经的任何结构，例如软管或身体导管。存储构造中的叶轮可以在流体管内部传输至期望位置，然后自展开至扩展、展开状态。存储构造允许叶轮在由叶片旋转而掠出时经过的面积小于展开状态面积的开口。
作为选择，流体管26可以是存储套筒24的扩展形式，约束套筒的扩展允许叶轮展开。在这种情况下，叶轮不需要推出套筒以实现展开构造。例如，叶轮可以通过较小孔插入流体管中，例如小支管或管壁中的孔。然后通过利用驱动轴使叶轮从存储套筒中移出来，可以展开叶轮。利用叶片在存储构造时存储的应变能量，可以在没有任何外部能量输入的情况下进行展开。
图3A进一步示出了处于存储构造的叶轮，显示了诸如叶片34的叶片和轮毂30。叶片由存储套筒36保持折叠地靠在轮毂上。图3B显示了从存储套筒推出并自展开的叶轮。正如在展开状态更加清楚地可以看到的，叶轮具有两排叶片，第一排包括叶片34，第二排包括叶片32。
图4显示的叶轮包括轮毂60和多个叶片，叶片显示了展开构造和运行构造。展开构造是空载下的叶片构造，运行构造是叶轮以运行旋转速度旋转时的构造。以62A、64A和66A显示展开构造的叶片。当在载荷下时，例如在流体中旋转时，叶片变形至叶片为62B、64B和66B的运行构造。叶轮的旋转使叶片构造从展开构造(空载)变化到运行构造。当在设计载荷工况下旋转和运行时，柔性叶片可以变形至最佳流体动力形状。
图4比较了展开的叶片形状与运行的叶片形状。对由相同的聚合物形成的轮毂和叶片来说，模拟实验表明，当第二叶片排在根部相对于第一叶片排转动时，轮毂也以转动的方式稍微偏转。一般而言，叶片向前偏转，叶片的上升使它们产生推力、即指向该图的左侧的力，该力使叶片朝该图的右侧移动。第二叶片排的前缘被遮挡住了。存在两个叶片排，每个带有两个相同的叶片。
可以利用标准计算流体动力学分析(CFD)，使叶片形状优化。但是，传统上，非旋转、空载的构造是最佳的。(如果叶轮不可扩展，则展开形状是叶轮没有旋转时的形状，不存在存储构造)。改进的叶轮具有最佳的运行构造，设计叶轮的改进方法包括优化运行构造。结构计算确定在载荷作用下从展开状态变形的允许误差。
图5示出了具有低雷诺数的叶轮结构。叶轮包括轮毂80和两排叶片，每排具有两个叶片。第一排包括叶片82和84，第二排包括叶片86和88。
该图例显示了低雷诺数叶轮的设计元件，其中流体管壁上的边界层厚度和管径一样厚。叶轮具有高度弯曲的前缘线和后缘线，在这些线上，根据相对流动角的局部数值，调整叶片螺距角。第二排叶片具有凹槽状结构，该结构具有从前缘到后缘的螺旋路径。这是由于叶展载荷变化的缘故，允许使用这种叶轮的轴流泵达到类似于混流泵的压头升高(head rise)。叶片叶展中间的载荷较高，导致产生该结构。第二排叶片可以进一步分成两个分开的叶片排，该结构尽管会出现，但不那么明显。
图6A和6B分别示出了叶轮的端视图和侧视图。叶轮包括：轮毂100；包括叶片102和104的第一排叶片；包括叶片106和108的第二排叶片；和包括叶片110和112的第三排叶片。
对于类似性能的混流式叶轮，轮毂直径通常很大，因此，不可能折叠成为展开直径一半的存储直径。
图7A和7B显示了叶片120的侧视图和端视图，叶片120在远端具有小翼122。图7A用短划线显示了叶片的远端横截面。图7B显示了紧邻流体流动套筒内表面移动的小翼，该构造可用作叶轮的液压轴承。
叶轮可以具有至少一个具有小翼的叶片。在有些实施例中，叶片排内部的所有叶片都包括小翼；其它叶片可以具有或不具有小翼。小翼可以改善叶轮的流体动力性能。小翼还可以减少流体内存在的剪切应力，例如减低生物结构(例如可以存在于流体内部的细胞)的降解。
图8A-8C显示了可行的小翼构造。叶轮叶片通常具有一对相对的面：叶片在流体中旋转时诱导流体穿过压力相对运动的压力面；和通过吸入作用诱导流体运动的吸力面。叶片还具有在叶片旋转时切削流体的前缘、后缘和外缘(该外缘也可以被称为叶片尖端或叶片远端边缘)。小翼由外缘或叶片尖端支撑，具有翼型形状。如图所示，叶片的吸力侧在右边，压力侧在左边。
图8A显示了吸力侧小翼，小翼142从叶片140外缘的吸力侧延伸。这是从前缘观测的横截面视图，这样，叶片朝观测方向旋转。图8B显示了压力侧小翼146，其从叶片144的压力面延伸。参数可以类似于吸力侧小翼。压力面小翼的功能是减少通过该间隙的流动。存在较小的形成流体动力轴承的作用，但是压力侧小翼从流体管内表面“刮擦”低动量流体，防止该流体进入该间隙然后用于梢涡的核心。这可以减少流体流动主体中的剪切应力。
图8C示出了组合小翼，其从外缘的压力和吸力两侧延伸。本发明的实施例包括图8A-8C所示的构造。可用数值方法来设计小翼构造。在叶弦的长度长以及叶片具有明显的螺旋度的地方，叶片尖端和小翼的几何结构和形状可以变得复杂。
图8D显示了可以使用的可行小翼边缘几何结构。该图显示了圆角边缘150、轮廓明晰的边缘152和凿形边缘154、156。
图9A-9D进一步示出了小翼构造，支撑小翼的叶片在这些例子中保持相同的形状。图9A示出了没有小翼的叶片160的外缘。
图9B显示了延伸外叶片边缘的压力侧的压力侧小翼，其在部分164上延伸。小翼的部分162相当于图9A所示的叶片原始外缘区域。
图9C显示了吸力侧小翼，部分166从叶片外缘的吸力侧延伸，部分168相当于从叶片的原始外缘。在本发明的实施例中，叶片的压力侧的半径大约为叶片厚度或宽度的1/3到1/2。小翼的范围可以为叶片厚度的1/2到3倍。显示的厚度近似等于叶片厚度。小翼主要位于如图所示的叶片下游一半。目的是在小翼外面紧靠着叶片运行的流体管内表面的地方形成流体动力轴承。间隙中的流动强度降低，很少形成梢涡。这减少了流体中的剪切应力。该间隙可以为基底叶片最大厚度的约10％到约25％之间。间隙是大体平行于壳体管的表面。它可以是圆筒形、圆锥形或弧形侧缸筒，其中半径是叶片元件的轴向位置的函数。用于压力侧和组合(如下所述)小翼的参数可以类似。
图9D显示了从叶片的压力面和吸力面两者延伸的组合压力侧和吸力侧小翼、从压力面延伸的部分170、从吸力面延伸的部分174、以及相当于叶片的原始外缘的部分172。
小翼优选为空气动力学平滑的形状。小翼具有流动冲击小翼边缘的前缘和流动从小翼表面排出的后缘。通常在平均流动的方向，小翼优选具有平滑的空气动力横截面，该平均流动的方向平行于沿叶片尖端表面的流动方向。
图10A和10B示出了紧邻叶片基底的压痕装置，在此为槽。图10A显示了由槽182环绕的叶片180。槽形成在轮毂184中，并基本上平行于叶片近边缘且紧邻叶片近边缘，叶片的近边缘在叶片连接轮毂的叶片基底周围延伸。图10B是截面图，显示了槽182和叶片180。压痕也可以被称为“dillet”。
靠近叶片根部的压痕，例如一些或所有叶片根部周围的槽，可以有助于减少叶片在存储构造、例如折靠在轮毂上的时候在叶片上的内部机械应力。压痕还可以用来减少运行状态中的流体剪切应力。
图11是叶轮的照片，其模制成依照本发明实施例的构造。该叶轮是从模具中取出的聚氨酯叶轮，叶轮具有各带有三个叶片的两个叶片排。
图12是非线性材料的应力-应变关系图，该非线性材料可用于形成依照本发明的叶轮。左边(低应力)和右边(高应力)圆点分别对应于叶轮运行点和存储工况。叶轮运行点上的应力/应变关系大致为线性。叶轮折靠在轮毂上的存储工况在材料性质曲线的高应变非线性部分之内。这允许在没有到拉伸破坏点的情况下实现存储构造。在叶轮的例子中，存储构造中的最大材料延长率大约为75％。
优选地，非线性材料用于叶片。叶片材料在运行载荷下可以比较硬，同一材料在高应变下例如在叶片折叠在存储工况的时候可能比较柔软。例如，应变在运行载荷下可能为10％，而折叠时为75％；应力/应变曲线在运行载荷具有高模量(例如10000)，在与折叠相关的高载荷下具有低模量(例如1000)。应力-应变曲线可以具有两个大致线性的区域，折点位于运行点和折叠点应变之间。
图13和14示出了对示例叶轮的流体剪切应力的优化。叶轮叶片的远端紧邻圆筒形套筒的内表面移动，叶片远端与套筒内径之间的尖端间隙大约为叶片远端的最大厚度的10-50％。
这些曲线被双双标准化，设计点数值两者都为1.0，刻度看作是设计流量的百分比和设计点应力值的因子倍数。例如，图13显示，在设计流量的70％处，剪切应力为设计工况数值的1.3倍。图14表明，以较小的因子，尖端间隙越小，剪切应力越高，而该间隙越大，应力越小。所以，在没有显著影响泵送效率的情况下，可以降低流体剪切应力。
依照实施例的叶轮可以被压缩和封装至存储套筒内，例如金属管、导管，或用于插入物体的其它结构。对于诸如活体对象的物体，存储套筒直径可以大约为三到四毫米或更小。插入该设备后，叶轮可以原地展开至几何结构，该几何结构的直径大约为六到七毫米。然后可以利用与对象外部的外部驱动马达耦合在一起的柔性驱动轴，旋转叶轮。依照本发明的叶轮可以以存储状态插入，然后展开至扩展构造(相对于存储状态)，并能够作为例如医学辅助装置每分钟泵送4公升。在这种设备的代表性例子中，叶轮以大约30,000RPM转速旋转。叶轮可以包括形成轴流泵的两个或以上成翼型形状的叶片。叶轮可以利用尺度索定位，并利用柔性轴旋转。尺度索可以在柔性轴的中空中心内部延伸，中空中心还可以输送盐溶液或用于浸渍、冷却和/或润滑用途的其它流体。如果需要，可以移除尺度索。利用具有3-4mm直径的插管可以实现植入活体对象内而不需要外科手术。对于医学植入，可以使用包括金属编织物或聚合物或复合材料编织物的驱动轴，驱动轴直径可以约为11/2到2毫米，驱动轴可以是中空的，以允许尺度索通过。
在进一步的实施例中，套筒具有可扩展部分和非扩展部分。叶轮存储在非扩展部分，以便插入。当叶轮位于或接近期望位置时，则将叶轮从套筒非扩展部分推入到扩展部分。存储在叶轮的柔性叶片内的弹性能量诱导叶轮自展开，并且诱导套筒可扩展部分扩展。然后扩展的套筒可以扮演流体流动管的角色，当叶轮旋转时，流体流过该流体流动管。可扩展套筒可以包括金属或聚合物网状物、或纺织纤维、和平滑鞘，以提供柔性、可扩展的管子。
可扩展套筒可包括由诸如聚合物、金属等柔性材料或其它材料形成的网状物。在一个例子中，网状物由镍钛合金、记忆合金制成。利用激光切割厚度约为千分之一英寸的薄板或金属缸筒，以便留下网状结构。作为选择，网状物可以由聚合物形成。用于网状物的其它合适材料包括其它金属(例如包括记忆合金的合金)、聚合物等等。然后在网状物上设置涂层，例如弹性涂层。例如，可以使用弹性聚合物，例如埃斯坦TM(EstaneTM)，或者其它聚氨酯。
因此，可扩展套筒可以包括网状物，例如钢丝网基体，或者带有表示线之间的间距的激光切割空隙的机制金属缸筒，或者在一个方向变形时在垂直方向上延长的其它材料。网状物则可以由弹性(elastane)薄膜覆盖，以形成流体流过的流体流动管。网状物可以形成缸筒，流动入口孔在远端，流动排出孔在近端，近端靠近物体(例如管或活体对象)的插入点。当套筒长度缩短时，例如利用尺度索，缸筒扩展至较大直径，允许较大流速。六角形晶胞基体结构或其它结构可以用于网状物。例如通过溶液铸膜法可以将涂层(例如生物相容的、耐腐蚀的、或改善流动的)涂敷于套筒，。
可以选择套筒的网状物或纺织纤维的方向，以允许实现两种稳定构造，即存储构造和展开构造。在设计用于在存储状态植入对象的一个例子中，处于展开构造的可扩展套筒大约为20-30cm长、直径大约为6-7mm。该直径允许较高的流体流速并减小摩擦压力损失。在存储构造，可扩展部分相对于展开构造大约延长30％，直径大约为3mm。该组件的最后部分(远端)包括第二组开口和板，以形成入口或用于注入要泵送的流体的开口。套筒还可以设置用于流体排出的尺度索附着开口。套筒的短(例如1cm)部分可以包含布置在套筒中心轴线周围的线性元件(翼片)，流体通过套筒排出。翼片可以充当静止定子叶片，从叶轮排出流中移除涡旋速度。翼片可以制造成翼型横截面。在可扩展套筒内部展开的叶轮用途包括带有一体式增压泵的可折叠消防水龙带、可折叠推进器、用于生物流体的生物医学泵等等。
可以设计叶轮叶片结构，以便最小化对流体内部的精细颗粒的破坏(例如乳状液滴、悬浮物、诸如细胞的生物结构等等)。用CFD模型来模拟颗粒在经过模拟叶轮时经受的剪切应力。颗粒经受的中间剪切应力的时间积分用来提供生物医学用途中细胞破坏的估计概率。有多个如上所述的叶片排的分流叶片结构减少了细胞呆在中间剪切应力区域中的停留时间，与传统叶轮设计相比，允许有利地减少细胞或其它颗粒的破坏。
当叶轮在存储状态时，叶轮叶片可以占据例如叶轮压缩体积的95％。叶片可以由当弹出套筒时具有足够的回复力进行扩展的、有弹性的、有弹力的或其它有回弹力的材料形成。在其它例子中，叶片可以由其它柔性聚合物、可选地带有皮的可扩展泡沫、或其它可压缩或可变形的包括金属的材料形成。
除了长的、连续的螺旋叶片外，依照本发明实施例的叶轮也可以具有多组分开的叶片。先有技术的典型叶轮具有连续的、长的螺旋叶片，这种叶片难以靠在轮毂上折叠起来。通过将一个长叶片分割成两个或三个较短的部分，叶片可以更加容易地折叠至圆筒形体积或空间中，随后当适当定位时容易展开。叶片排的数量可以是一、二、三、四、五或更多。扭转螺距角可变。
叶轮设计的一种方法提供了两叶片叶轮，其带有在中心轮毂周围呈现明显程度的卷绕的叶片。但是，叶片的三维形状限制了叶片可以在不变形或断裂的情况下折叠的程度。通过将单个叶片排分成在轮毂周围呈现最小卷绕的两排、三排(或可能更多)叶片，使叶片具有二维以上的形状，允许在存储过程期间更加容易地弯曲。三个或两个叶片排的组合可以产生与单一叶片排相同的流量和压力。轴流泵设计有两个叶片排，CFD(计算流体动力学)分析表明，该泵结构适用于医学辅助用途。模型由柔性聚氨酯材料构成，其可顺利地折叠至金属套筒中。
叶轮可以用于具有很低雷诺数的流动，例如，以低速或低流速泵送较粘的流体。直径大约为6mm的极小叶轮泵可以由聚合物制造，从精密模具取出。这允许能以非常低成本生产叶轮。聚合物叶片的使用允许在模具锁定的情况下将泵叶轮从模具中取出，并允许使用单件模具来代替多部分模具或拼合模具。这对泵送少量的生物流体来说是非常有利的。叶轮也可以用于具有典型雷诺数的流动。叶轮直径也可以在几英寸到几英尺的范围内。
所述的改进叶轮设计的用途包括用于化学工程的泵、用于航空或航海船舶的推进器、水泵等等。改进的叶轮设计对叶轮要存储在紧凑构造的任何用途都是有用的。叶轮可以由金属片、塑料和非弹性材料形成，例如在可折叠构造中。展开可以包括使用马达或其它机械装置展开叶片、在离心力的诱导下自动展开等等。本发明的例子包括可位于对象体内以便泵送流体的装置，该装置以处于具有插入横截面的插入构造插入对象中，该装置以具有运行横截面的运行构造在对象内部运行，其中运行横截面大于插入横截面。运行直径(叶轮叶片旋转时其外缘扫过的最大圆的直径)可以比叶轮的插入直径大50％以上，可以比插入直径大100％以上。
本发明不局限于如上所述的说明性例子。这些例子不作为对本发明范围的限制。在此所述的方法、设备、组成等等都是示例性的，不作为对本发明范围的限制。本领域技术人员可以想到对此的改变或其它使用。本发明的范围由权利要求书的范围限定。
该说明书中提及的专利、专利申请或出版物在此引入作为参考，以致就像每一个文件具体地和逐一地显示以引入作为参考一样。特别是，2004年9月17日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号60/610,938的全部内部在此引入。

Claims (26)

1.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
轮毂；和
由轮毂支撑的多个叶片，每个所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的近端和远端，
所述叶片沿轮毂布置成叶片排，每个叶片排包括至少一个叶片；
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的每个叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的每个叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动每个叶片的远端；
所述叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的每个叶片存储的应变能量驱动。
2.如权利要求1所述的诱导设备，其中，每个叶片排包括两个叶片。
3.如权利要求1所述的诱导设备，其中，叶轮包括两个叶片排，每个叶片排包括两个叶片。
4.如权利要求1所述的诱导设备，还包括套筒，叶轮的至少一部分位于套筒内部，当叶轮旋转时，流体流过套筒。
5.如权利要求4所述的诱导设备，其中，套筒是可扩展的，套筒具有当叶轮处于展开构造时的扩展构造。
6.如权利要求4所述的诱导设备，其中，套筒具有：非扩展部分，其中叶轮处于存储构造；和可扩展部分，其中叶轮处于展开构造。
7.如权利要求1所述的诱导设备，其中，每个叶片在叶片远端具有小翼。
8.如权利要求1所述的诱导设备，其中，叶轮包括单体式叶轮主体，所述单体式叶轮主体包括所述轮毂和所述多个叶片。
9.如权利要求1所述的诱导设备，其中叶轮还具有使叶片在处于展开构造的叶轮旋转时从展开构造变形而获得的运行构造。
10.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
轮毂；和
由轮毂支撑的叶片，所述叶片由聚合物制成并具有附着于轮毂的近端和远端，
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动叶片的远端，
所述叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的每个叶片存储的应变能量驱动，
聚合物具有用于当叶轮处于展开构造且在运行载荷下叶片变形的第一模量和用于压缩叶片以使叶轮处于存储构造的第二模量，第一模量约为第二模量十倍。
11.如权利要求10所述的诱导设备，其中，聚合物为低挠曲模量的聚氨酯。
12.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
轮毂；和
由轮毂支撑的叶片，所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的近端和远端，
具有第一端和第二端的柔性轴，柔性轴的第一端与叶轮机械地耦合在一起，
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动叶片的远端，
所述叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的每个叶片存储的应变能量驱动，
叶轮在施加于柔性轴的第二端的转矩的作用下旋转。
13.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
轮毂；和
由轮毂支撑的叶片，所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的近端和远端，
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动叶片的远端，
叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的叶片存储的应变能量驱动。
14.如权利要求13所述的诱导设备，其中，该设备是用于液体的轴流泵。
15.如权利要求13所述的诱导设备，其中，叶轮具有包括轮毂和叶片的单体式聚合物主体。
16.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
具有外表面的轮毂；
叶片，所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的外表面的近端、第一面和第二面；
形成在轮毂的外表面中、平行于并邻近于叶片第一面的近端的第一凹槽；
形成在轮毂的外表面中、平行于并邻近于叶片第二面的近端的第二凹槽；
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动叶片的远端，
所述叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的每个叶片存储的应变能量驱动。
17.如权利要求16所述的诱导设备，其中，
叶片是柔性的，
所述第一凹槽和所述第二凹槽有利于使叶片远端朝轮毂移动，以便获得存储构造。
18.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
具有外表面的轮毂；
与所述轮毂成一体的叶片，所述叶片具有翼型形状和附着于轮毂的外表面的近端，
形成在轮毂的外表面中、平行于并邻近于叶片近端的弯曲的凹槽，
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动叶片的远端，
所述叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的每个叶片存储的应变能量驱动。
19.一种诱导设备，用于诱导流体相对于该设备运动，该设备具有叶轮，该叶轮包括：
轮毂；和
由轮毂支撑的柔性叶片，所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的近端、远端、第一面和第二面，所述叶片的远端具有从所述第一面延伸的小翼；
所述叶轮具有展开构造和存储构造，处于叶轮的展开构造的叶片远离轮毂延伸，处于叶轮的存储构造的叶片被压缩以便朝轮毂移动叶片的远端，
所述叶轮能操作以从存储构造自展开至展开构造，叶轮的自展开由存储构造的叶片存储的应变能量驱动。
20.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，该设备是用于液体的轴流泵。
21.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，该设备为交通工具提供动力。
22.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，所述叶轮包括：
多个叶片，每个所述叶片具有附着于轮毂的近端、第一面和第二面；
平行于并邻近于每个叶片第一面的近端的第一凹槽，
平行于并邻近于每个叶片第二面的近端的第二凹槽。
23.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，叶轮在套筒内部旋转，小翼与套筒内表面形成液压轴承。
24.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，第一面是叶片的压力面。
25.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，第一面是叶片的吸力面。
26.如权利要求19所述的诱导设备，其中，小翼还从叶片的第二面延伸。
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