CN100592136C - 密封电光显示器的工艺过程 - Google Patents

密封电光显示器的工艺过程 Download PDF

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CN100592136C
CN100592136C CN200580002518A CN200580002518A CN100592136C CN 100592136 C CN100592136 C CN 100592136C CN 200580002518 A CN200580002518 A CN 200580002518A CN 200580002518 A CN200580002518 A CN 200580002518A CN 100592136 C CN100592136 C CN 100592136C
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S·J·奥奈尔
G·M·杜塔勒
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E Ink Corp
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    • GPHYSICS
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    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133509Filters, e.g. light shielding masks
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1339Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/166Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
    • G02F1/167Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/1675Constructional details
    • G02F1/1679Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells; Filling or closing of cells
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2201/00Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
    • G02F2201/08Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 light absorbing layer
    • G02F2201/086UV absorbing

Abstract

电光显示器(100)包括底板(102)、电光材料层(112)和能够吸收紫外辐射的保护层(128),所述保护层设置在电光材料层(112)的与底板(102)相对的一侧,并且显示器(100)配备有边缘密封(130)。保护层(128)延伸到电光材料层(112)之外,从而在保护层(128)和底板(102)之间留有周边间隙。为形成边缘密封(130),将可由透射过保护层(128)的辐射固化的未固化边缘密封材料置于间隙中并利用透射过保护层(128)的辐射将其固化。

Description

密封电光显示器的工艺过程
本发明涉及2003年5月22日提交的、序列号10/249,957、公开号2004/0027327的美国专利申请(亦见相应的国际申请PCT/US03/16433,公开号WO 03/104884),并涉及2003年9月2日提交的、序列号10/605,024、公开号2004/0155857的美国申请(亦见相应的国际申请PCT/US 03/27686,公开号WO2004/023195),读者查阅这些申请可获得背景信息。
本发明涉及密封电光显示器的工艺过程,所述工艺过程是特别为用于(虽并非仅用于)密封使用密封电泳介质的这类显示器而设计的。但本发明也可用于使用固态电光介质的各种其它类型电光显示器,固态电光介质的意思是它具有固态的外表面,虽然介质可以具有(而且常常是)含有流体(或者液体或者气体)的内部空穴。因此,术语”固态电光显示器”包括密封电泳显示器、密封液晶显示器、以及下面讨论的其它类型的显示器。
电光显示器包括电光材层料,在本文中使用的该术语按成像技术的传统意义是指具有在至少一种光学特性上不同的第一和第二显示状态的材料,通过在材料上加电场,所述材料就从其第一状态改变到第二状态。虽然光学特性通常是人眼可感觉到的颜色,但也可以是另一种光学特性,例如光的透射、反射、荧光、或者在为机器阅读而设计的情况下的伪色,意思是在可见光范围外电磁波长反射的改变。
在本文中按本专业的传统意义使用术语”双稳的”和”双稳”来指这样的显示器,该显示器包括具有在至少一种光学特性上不同的第一和第二显示状态的显示元件,并且因而在借助于有限持续时间的寻址脉冲激励任何给定元件之后或者呈现第一或者呈现第二显示状态,在所述寻址脉冲终止后,所述状态将持续至少数倍于(例如至少四倍于)为改变显示元件状态所需的寻址脉冲的最小持续时间。在已发表的美国专利申请No.2002/0180687中示出,允许灰色标度的一些基于粒子的电泳显示器不仅在极黑和极白状态下,而且在其中间灰度状态下都很稳定,一些其它类型的电光显示器也是如此。这类显示器称其为”多稳”比称双稳更恰当,虽然在本文中为方便起见,术语”双稳”可用来涵盖双稳和多稳显示器。
已知有数种类型的电光显示器。一种类型的电光显示器是旋转双色构件型,如在美国专利号5,808,783;5,777,782;5,760,761;6,054,071 6,055,091;6,097,531;6,128,124;6,137,467;;和6,147,791中所述(虽然这种类型的显示器常称为”旋转双色球形”显示器,但术语“旋转双色构件”因为更准确而更可取,因为在上述一些专利中这些旋转构件不是球形的)。这种显示器使用大量的小物体(通常为球形或圆柱形),这些小物体具有不同光学特性的两个或多个部分以及内部偶极子。使这些小物体悬浮在矩阵中充有液体的空泡中,空泡充有液体使得物体可以自由旋转。通过在显示器上加电场,从而使物体旋转到各种位置,并改变通过观看表面所看到的物体的那些部分,就可改变显示器的外观。这种类型的电光介质通常是双稳的。
另一类型的电光显示器使用电致变色介质,例如毫微铬(nanochromic)薄膜形式的电致变色介质,它包括至少部分由半导电金属氧化物形成的电极和附着在电极上能可逆变色的多个染料分子;例如,参阅O’Regan等,Nature 1991,353,737;以及Wood,D.,Information Display,18(3),24,(2002年3月)。还可参阅Bach,U.,等,Adv.Mater.,2002,14(11),845。这种类型的毫微铬薄膜在例如美国专利No.6,301,038,国际申请公开No.WO 01/27690,以及美国专利申请2003/0214695中也有说明。这种类型的介质通常也是双稳的。
另一类型的电光显示器,它多年来一直是大力研发的主题,是基于粒子的电泳显示器,其中多个充电粒子在电场作用下在悬浮流体中移动。和液晶显示器相比,电泳显示器具有良好的亮度和对比度、宽视角、状态双稳性,以及低功耗等属性。但这些显示器的长期图像质量问题妨碍了它们的广泛使用。例如,构成电泳显示器的粒子往往会沉淀,导致这些显示器的寿命不够长。
如上述,电泳介质要求有悬浮流体的存在。在大多数现有技术电泳介质中,所述悬浮流体是液体,但电泳介质可以使用气体悬浮流体产生,例如参阅Kitamura等人的”Electrical toner movement forelectronic paper-like display”,Asia Display/IDW’01(Proceedings of the 21st International Display ResearchConference in conjunction with The 8th International DisplayWorkshops,October 16-19,2001,Nagoya,Japan),page 1517,PaperHCS1-1,以及Yamaguchi,Y.,等人的”Toner display using insulativeparticle charged triboelectrically”,Asia Display/IDW’01,page 1729,Paper AND4-4。还可参阅欧洲专利申请1,429,178;1,462,847;1,482,354;and 1,484,625;以及国际申请WO2004/090626;WO 2004/079442;WO 2004/077140;WO 2004/059379;WO2004/055586;WO 2004/008239;WO 2004/006006;WO 2004/001498;WO03/091799;以及WO 03/088495。这些基于气体的电泳介质,在所述介质用于允许这种沉淀的取向,例如在介质设置在垂直平面中的符号中时,也会因粒子沉淀易于出现和基于液体的电泳介质相同的问题。确实,在基于气体的电泳介质中,粒子沉淀看来是比在基于液体的介质中更为严重的问题,因为与液体悬浮流体相比,气体悬浮流体较低的粘度允许电泳粒子的更快速沉淀。
最近已发表了授予麻省理工学院(MIT)和E Ink Corporation的许多专利或以麻省理工学院(MIT)和E Ink Corporation名义的申请,它们说明了密封电泳介质。这种密封介质包括许多小包囊,每个包囊自己包括含有悬浮在液体悬浮介质中的电泳迁移粒子的内部相,以及围绕所述内部相的包囊壁。通常包囊本身被保持在聚合物粘结剂中,形成位于两个电极之间的粘附层。这类密封介质在例如以下美国专利号中都有说明:5,930,026;5,961,804;6,017,584;6,067,185;6,118,426;6,120,588;6,120,839;6,124,851;6,130,773;6,130,774;6,172,798;6,177,921;6,232,950;6,249,721;6,252,564;6,262,706;6,262,833;6,300,932;6,312,304;6,312,971;6,323,989;6,327,072;6,376,828;6,377,387;6,392,785;6,392,786;6,413,790;6,422,687;6,445,374;6,445,489;6,459,418;6,473,072;6,480,182;6,498,114;6,504,524;6,506,438;6,512,354;6,515,649;6,518,949;6,521,489;6,531,997;6,535,197;6,538,801;6,545,291;6,580,545;6,639,578;6,652,075;6,657,772;6,664,944;6,680,725;6,683,333;6,704,133;6,710,540;6,721,083;6,727,881;6,738,050;6,750,473;6,753,999;6,816,147;6,819,471;以及美国专利申请公开Nos.:2002/0060321;2002/0060321;2002/0063661;2002/0090980;2002/0113770;2002/0130832;2002/0131147;2002/0171910;2002/0180687;2002/0180688;2003/0011560;2003/0020844;2003/0025855;2003/0102858;2003/0132908;2003/0137521;2003/0151702;2003/0214695;2003/0214697;2003/0222315;2004/0008398;2004/0012839;2004/0014265;2004/0027327;2004/0075634;2004/0094422;2004/0105036;2004/0112750;以及国际申请公开号:
WO 99/67678;WO 00/05704;WO 00/38000;WO 00/38001;WO00/36560;WO00/67110;WO 00/67327;WO 01/07961;WO 01/05241;WO 03/107,315;WO2004/023195;WO 2004/049045;WO 2004/059378;WO 2004/088002;WO2004/088395;WO 2004/090857;and WO 2004/099862.
许多上述专利和申请都认识到在密封电泳介质中围绕分立微包囊的壁可以用连续相来代替,于是产生所谓的聚合物分散电泳显示器,其中电泳介质包括电泳流体的多个分立小滴以及连续相的聚合材料,在这种聚合物分散电泳显示器中电泳流体的分立小滴可以被认为是包囊或微包囊,即使没有分立的包囊膜与每个小滴相关联,例如参阅上述2002/0131147。相应地,在本发明中,将这种聚合物分散电泳介质认为是密封电泳介质的子类。
相关类型的电泳显示器是所谓的”微单元(microcell)电泳显示器”。在微单元电泳显示器中,充电粒子和悬浮流体不是密封在微包囊内,而是被保持在载体介质(通常是聚合物薄膜)中所形成的多个空穴内。例如可参阅国际申请公开号WO 02/01281,以及公开的美国申请No.2002/0075556,这二者均是授予Sipix Imaging,Inc.的。
另一类型的电光显示器是由Philips开发的电润湿显示器,在2003年9月25日那期”Nature”杂志中题目为”Performing Pixels:Moving Images on Electronic Paper”的文章中作了说明。在国际申请PCT/US04/32828中说明可以把这种电润湿显示器做成双稳的。
其它类型的电光显示器也可用于本发明中。特别令人关注的是,双稳铁电液晶显示器(FLC)在本专业已为人所知。
虽然电泳介质常是不透明的(例如,因为在许多电泳介质中,粒子实际上阻挡了可见光透射过显示器)并以反射方式工作,但是许多电泳显示器可以做成以所谓”快门方式”工作,其中一种显示器状态实质上是不透明的,而另一种是透光的。例如可参阅上述美国专利No.6,130,774和6,172,798;以及美国专利No.5,872,552;6,144,361;6,271,823;6,225,971;以及6,184,856。介电泳显示器,与电泳显示器类似,但它依赖于电场强度的改变,可以用类似方式工作;可参阅美国专利No.4,418,356。其它类型的电光显示器也能以快门方式工作。
密封的或微单元电泳显示器通常不会有传统电泳装置的聚簇和沉淀故障方式的问题并能提供更多的优点,例如在各种各样柔性和刚性衬底上印刷或涂布显示器的能力。(”印刷”一词的用途是用来包括所有形式的印刷和涂布,包括但不限于:预计量(pre-metered)涂布例如补模(patch die)涂布、缝槽或挤压涂布、滑动或级联涂布、幕帘涂布;滚轴涂布,例如knife over滚轴涂布、正向和反向滚轴涂布;照相凹板式涂布;浸渍涂布;喷涂;弯月面涂布;旋涂;刷涂;气刀涂布、丝网印刷过程;静电印刷过程;热印刷过程;喷墨印刷过程;电泳淀积;以及其它类似技术)。因此,结果显示器可以是柔性的。此外,由于可以对显示器介质进行印刷(使用各种方法),因而可以低价制作显示器本身。
除了电光材料层外,电光显示器一般还包括设置在电泳材料相对的两侧的至少两个其它层,这两层中的一层是电极层。在大多数这类显示器中,这两层都是电极层,且一层或两层电极层具有图案以便限定显示器的像素。例如,将一个电极层做成细长的行电极图案,而将另一层做成相对于行电极以直角伸展的细长的列电极图案,而像素则由行电极和列电极的交叉点来限定。或者,更常用的是,一个电极层具有单一连续电极的形式,而将另一电极层做成具有像素电极矩阵图案,每个电极限定显示器的一个像素。在另一类型的电光显示器中,它是为与同显示器分离的触针、印刷头或类似的可移动电极一起使用而设计的,与电光层相邻的各层中仅仅一个层包括电极,在电光层相对侧上的层通常是保护层,用来防止可移动电极损坏电光层。
三层电光显示器的制造一般涉及至少一个层叠操作。例如,在若干个上述MIT和E Ink的专利和申请中,说明了一种用于制造密封电泳显示器的工艺过程,其中将粘接剂中包括包囊的密封电泳介质涂布到柔性衬底上,柔性衬底包括塑料薄膜上的氧化铟锡(ITO)或类似的导电涂层(用作最终显示器的一个电极),使包囊/粘结剂涂层干燥,形成牢固粘附到衬底上的电泳介质粘附层。单独地制备底板,所述底板含有像素电极阵列和用来将像素电极连接到驱动电路的适当的导体布局。为形成最终的显示器,使用叠层粘结剂将其上具有包囊/粘结剂层的衬底层叠到底板上。(可以使用非常类似的过程来制备可与触针或类似的可移动电极一起使用的电泳显示器,即,用触针或其它可移动电极可在其上滑动的简单的保护层(例如塑料薄膜)来代替底板)。在这种过程的一种优选形式中,底板本身是柔性的,并通过在塑料薄膜或其它柔性衬底上印刷像素电极和导体来制备。用这种过程大量生产显示器的显而易见的层叠技术是使用层叠粘接剂的滚轴层叠。类似的制造技术可用于其它类型的电光显示器。例如,可以将微单元电泳介质或旋转双色构件介质用基本上与密封电泳介质相同的方式层叠到底板上。
在上述过程中,可以利用真空层叠过程有利地实现将承载有电光层的衬底层叠到底板上层叠过程。真空层叠过程可有效地从层叠的两层材料之间排除空气,因此避免了最终显示器中不希望有的气泡,这种气泡会在显示器上产生的图像中引入不希望有的失真。但是,用这种方式将电光显示器这两部分真空层叠对所用的层叠粘接剂提出了严格的要求,如上述2003/0011867和2003/0025855中所述,特别是在使用密封电泳介质的显示器情况下。层叠粘接剂必须具有足够的粘接强度,以将电光层结合到它应层叠的层(通常是电极层)上,且如果是密封电泳介质,粘接剂还必须具有足够的粘接强度,能将包囊机械保持在一起。如果电光显示器是柔性型(旋转双色构件和密封电泳显示器的一个重要优点就是它们可以做成柔性的),粘接剂必须具有足够的柔性,在显示器弯曲时不会将缺陷引入显示器。粘接剂在层叠温度下必须具有足够的流动特性,以确保高质量的层叠,而且在这方面,对层叠密封电泳以及其它类型的电光介质的要求是异乎寻常的苛刻:层叠必须在不高于约130℃的温度下进行,因为介质不能暴露于比这更高的温度,否则就会损坏,但粘接剂的流动必须能应对含包囊层的相对不平整的表面,所述层的表面由于下面的包囊而变得毫无规律。层叠粘接剂必须与显示器中所有其它材料在化学上兼容。
在考虑选择用于电光显示器的层叠粘接剂时,必须注意显示器的装配过程。用于电光显示器最终层叠的大多数现有技术的方法基本上是批量方法,其中电光介质、层叠粘接剂以及底板仅在最后装配之前才结合在一起,因而需要提供更适用于大量生产的方法。但是,上述2004/0027327说明了一种装配固态电光显示器(包括基于粒子的电泳显示器)的方法,很适用于大量生产。所述公开的申请主要说明一种所谓”前板叠层”(FPL),它依次包括:透光导电层;与导电层电接触的固态电光介质层;粘接剂层;以及分离(release)片。通常,透光导电层被装在透光衬底上,衬底最好是柔性的,其意思是衬底能手工绕在直径为10英寸(254mm)的(比如说)圆筒上而没有永久变形。术语”透光”在共同待批的申请和本文中使用时是指这样规定的层能透射足够的光使观察者通过所述层观看时能观察到电光介质显示状态的变化,这种变化一般是通过导电层和相邻的衬底(如果有的话)来观看的。衬底通常是聚合物薄膜,一般其厚度在大约1到大约25mil(25到634μm)范围内,最好为约2到约10mil(51到254μm)。导电层通常是例如铝或氧化铟锡(ITO)的薄金属层,或者可以是导电聚合物。涂有铝或ITO的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)薄膜有市售,例如”aluminized(铝化)Mylar”(“Mylar”是注册商标),由E.I.du Pontde Nemour&Company,Wilmington DE生产,这些市售材料用在前板叠层中都有很好的效果。
使用这种前板叠层来装配电光显示器可以如下实现,即:从前板叠层上取下分离片,在能使粘接剂层粘附到底板的条件下使粘接剂层与底板接触,因而使粘接剂层、电光介质层和导电层都固定到底板上。这个过程非常适用于大量生产,因为前板叠层可以大量生产,通常使用卷到卷涂布技术,然后切割成任何所需尺寸的片,用于特定底板。
上述2004/0027327还说明了在将前板叠层组合到显示器中之前测试前板叠层中电光介质的方法。在此测试方法中,分离片配备有导电层,将足以改变电光介质光学状态的电压加到所述导电层和电光介质对侧的导电层之间。观察电光介质就会揭示介质中的任何缺陷,从而避免将有缺陷的电光介质层叠到显示器中,否则,付出的代价不仅是有缺陷的前板叠层,而是抛弃整个显示器。
上述2004/0027327还说明了测试前板叠层中电光介质的第二种方法,即:在分离片上设置静电电荷,从而在电光介质上形成图像。然后用上述同样的方式观察此图像,以检测电光介质中的任何缺陷。
上述2004/0155857说明了所谓”双分离(release)薄膜”,它基本上是上述前板叠层的简化版。一种形式的双分离(release)片包括一层固态电光介质,它夹在两层粘接剂层之间,分离片覆盖粘接剂层之一或两层。另一种形式的双分离片包括一层固态电光介质,它夹在两个分离片之间。这两种形式的双分离薄膜都打算用于总体上和上述从前板叠层装配电光显示器相类似的过程,但涉及两次单独的层叠,通常在第一次层叠中,将双分离片层叠到前电极上,形成前子装配件,然后在第二次层叠中将前子装配件层叠到底板上,形成最终显示器。
上述2004/0027327还说明了保护电光介质不受环境污染的重要性,因为一些电光介质对湿度和紫外辐射很敏感,而且大多数这种介质都易受机械损坏。所述公开的申请在图10中示出了一种过程,其中在前板叠层的同一层叠操作中,将保护薄膜层叠到前板叠层上;这个保护薄膜可以保护电光介质不受湿气、其它液体以及一些气体的入侵。但是,即使有了这种保护薄膜,电光介质的边缘仍然暴露于环境之中,所述共同待批的申请提出显示器最好包括边缘密封,用来防止在显示器外缘周围的湿气和气体污染物的入侵。各种类型的边缘密封示于所述公开的申请中的图11-17。所述边缘密封可由金属化箔或在FPL边缘上附着的其它阻挡箔、配用的密封剂(热、化学、和/或辐射固化的)、聚异丁烯或丙烯酸脂基密封剂,等等组成。已发现,混合的辐射和热固化密封剂(即UV可固化加上热后烘烤)可对显示器系统性能提供一些优势。Threebond 30Y-491材料(由ThreebondCorporation,Cincinnati,OH制造)特别优选,因为其有利的水蒸气阻挡特性、高温时的低粘度、边缘密封材料易于配用、良好的润湿特征以及可管理的固化特性。本专业技术人员和熟悉先进密封剂的人员能够识别提供可比性能的其它密封剂。
上述2004/0027327的图20(该图以修改后的形式作为本文的唯一附图)示出具有前保护层和边缘密封的优选形式的电光显示器。从该附图可见,所述优选显示器(总体以100表示)包括薄膜晶体管(TFT)底板102,薄膜晶体管(TFT)底板102通常类似于液晶显示器所用的底板并且具有像素电极矩阵和用于独立地控制加到像素电极上的电压的关联的薄膜晶体管和导体,为清晰起见,像素电极和导体在图中略去。带状连接封装104连接到底板102的外围部分并配备有驱动器集成电路106(它控制显示器100的工作);带状连接封装104还连接到包含用于控制显示器100工作的附加电路的印刷电路板108。
在底板102的上表面(如图所示)设置有:层叠粘接剂层110、电光介质层112(图中示出为在上述E Ink和MIT专利中所述的密封电泳介质,虽然其它类型的电光介质也可使用)、前电极114和前衬底116;前电极114和前衬底116传统上都由涂有氧化铟锡的聚合物薄膜形成,这种有涂层的薄膜有市售,很易购得。层110和112、前电极114和前衬底116都从已层叠到底板102的前叠层中导出。从图中可见,前电极114和前衬底116的一部分(图示为左手端)延伸到电光层112之外,在前电极114和前衬底116的延伸部分中,由银墨形成的导电通路118将前电极114电连接到设置在底板102上的电路,而粘接剂层120将前电极114的延伸部分固定到底板102上。
在前衬底116上依次设置有光学透明粘接剂的第一层122、阻挡层薄膜124、光学透明粘接剂的第二层126、以及具有防耀光涂层(未示出)的另一相对较厚的保护薄膜128。保护薄膜128用来阻挡紫外辐射使其不能到达电光层112,也防止大气潮湿或其它污染物达到所述层。
为了在电光层112周围形成完整的密封,阻挡层薄膜124、光学透明粘接剂的第二层126以及保护薄膜128都做成两边尺寸大于前衬底116,这样层124、126和128都有延伸或”悬吊”在前衬底106外缘的周边。为完成电光层112的密封,通常是通过配送针将可固化的边缘密封材料注入到悬吊区域,并使之固化,以形成完全包围电光层112的边缘密封130。
仅有有限数量的市售边缘密封材料具有在这种电光显示器中使用所需的所有特性,且大多数这些材料是用紫外辐射固化。但在图示的优选显示器中,以及在电光介质涂有UV保护层的类似显示器中,基本上对紫外辐射不透明的保护层的存在,使密封材料的固化很困难。在图示的优选显示器中,实际上需要通过从侧面辐射密封材料来使之固化,这要求有昂贵的基本设备并要求大的辐射穿透深度(在典型情况下数毫米)。此外,需要为特定的显示器尺寸定制设计基本设备,因此产品中只要有不是微不足道的尺寸更改,就需要购买新的设备。
因此需要有一种用于在具有UV吸收保护层的显示器中固化密封材料的工艺过程,所述工艺过程不要求侧面辐射密封材料,也不需要昂贵的设备来进行这种侧面辐射,本发明寻求提供这种工艺过程。
相应地,本发明提供用于固化电光显示器中边缘密封材料的过程,所述显示器包括:底板;设置在底板附近的电光材料层;以及能够吸收紫外辐射并且设置在电光材料层的与底板相对的一侧的保护层,保护层延伸到电光材料层之外,从而形成周边区域,其中,在保护层和底板之间存在有间隙。所述过程包括在间隙内设置未固化的边缘密封材料,并加上适当的辐射使所述材料固化。在此过程中,边缘密封材料可由保护层透射的辐射固化;且固化是通过透射所述固化辐射来实现的,从而固化了边缘密封材料并在间隙中形成边缘密封口。
在此过程中,用于固化边缘密封材料的辐射具有大于385nm的波长,希望能大于395nm,最好为大于405nm。边缘密封材料可包括5,7-二碘-3-丁氧基-6-荧光酮(5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone)作为固化引发剂。边缘密封材料可包括可固化的丙烯酸脂并还可包括填充剂,例如硅石。通常,已固化边缘密封材料在电光材料层平面中具有的宽度大于其垂直于所述平面的厚度。将未固化边缘密封材料设置到间隙中可以如下进行,即:将未固化边缘密封材料珠滴在邻近间隙处,从而使边缘密封材料因毛细管力而被拉入间隙中。在这个过程中,在滴入边缘密封材料期间,未固化边缘密封材料和显示器中的至少一个可被加热,以加速未固化边缘密封材料进入间隙的运动。
在本发明的过程中,电光材料层可以使用上述任一类型的电光材料。例如,电光材料可以是旋转双色构件材料,或电致变色材料。或者,电光材料可以是包括多个充电粒子的粒子基电泳材料,这些粒子配置在悬浮流体中,在悬浮流体上加电场后它们能够在其中移动。在这种电泳材料中,悬浮流体可以是液体或气体。而且,这种电泳材料可以被密封,即,可以将悬浮流体和充电粒子保持在多个包囊或微单元内。
如上所述,本发明的唯一附图示出可以用本发明的工艺过程生产的边缘密封电光显示器的示意的截面图。
如上所述,本发明提供用于电光显示器的边缘密封的工艺过程。所述显示器包括:底板;邻近底板设置的电光材料层;以及能够吸收紫外辐射并且设置在电光材料层的与底板相对的一侧的保护层。保护层延伸到电光材料层的边缘之外,从而形成周边区域,其中在保护层和底板之间存在间隙。为形成边缘密封,在设置将未固化的边缘密封材料置于间隙内,所述未固化的边缘密封材料可以由透射过保护层的辐射固化,并且使对固化所述边缘密封材料有效的辐射透射过保护层,从而固化边缘密封材料并在间隙中形成边缘密封。
因此,按照本发明,边缘密封由边缘密封材料形成,所述边缘密封材料用辐射固化,所述辐射的波长大于保护层所吸收的UV辐射,所以所述辐射可以透射过保护层,而不是像在上述现有技术过程中那样必须从侧面施加。实际上,这通常意味着边缘密封材料会含有对这些较长波长光敏感的光引发剂。可以针对即将到来的应用定制所述UV吸收保护层,但通常对于385nm的入射光透射小于25%,对于395nm的入射光透射小于60%,而对于405nm的入射光透射小于75%。
对于构建电光显示器的技术人员来说,显而易见的是利用本发明过程形成的显示器”保护层”可以是若干个单独层的合成物。例如,在图示的显示器中,阻挡层薄膜124、光学透明粘接剂层126以及保护薄膜128都可以被认为是”保护层”的一部分。显然,在”保护层”中具有的准确的层数和类型基本上与本发明的目的无关,只要用于固化边缘密封材料的辐射能透射过所有这些层即可。而且,当然,不要求保护层对固化边缘密封材料所需的辐射完全透明;容许保护层对辐射有一定程度的吸收,如果在可容许的加工时间内有足够的辐射被透射来进行固化的话。因此,在本过程中所用的”保护层”的准确形式可各不相同,视所使用的特定电光材料所需的保护确切类型而定。
为了将所需的总曝光(固化)时间减至最少,边缘密封材料应优选在385nm以上的波长发生反应,更优选为395nm以上,最优选为405nm以上。在这些波长敏感的光引发剂例如包括5,7-二碘-3-丁氧基-6-荧光酮(5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone)(按商品名”H-Nu470”可购得,由Spectra Group Limited,Maumee,Ohio,United Statesof America制造),它在大约380nm和520nm之间具有峰值吸收。可以容易地识别配制这类粘接剂的领域的技术人员已知的其它化学试剂。
用可见光引发剂制成的边缘密封材料现有市售,有3MCorporation(Minneapolis MN)的型号#LC-1210、1211、1212、1213和1214);Dymax(Torrington,Connecticut,United States ofAmerica)的Ultra-Light Weld材料(Ultra-Light Weld是注册商标);Threebond Corporation(Cincinnati,Ohio,United States ofAmerica)的型号#1771E、1772E和1776E,以及其它这类制造商的产品。这些材料常基于丙烯酸盐化学性质(Threebond材料就是这种类型),但也可以使用其它基本化学性质的材料。而且,应当指出,可以用填充剂材料(例如硅石粒子)填充这些密封材料,以增强一种或多种性能属性(例如机械特性、渗透特性、不透光性等)。
使用这种密封材料,可简单地从显示器的正面通过UV吸收保护层将密封材料固化。这不需要高度定制的昂贵的UV固化系统。而且,本过程允许用单一固化系统来固化各不相同的显示器尺寸上的边缘密封。此外,本过程减少了曝光电光显示器中所用的任何UV敏感材料的风险,这种情况在从侧面将辐射加到边缘密封材料时就会发生(这使得有可能小部分辐射穿过密封材料进入电光材料本身)。
此外,由于当使边缘密封口又宽又薄时边缘密封会最有效(即,这种密封口在平行于底板和电光材料层的平面上通常具有显著大于垂直于这些平面的尺寸),本发明可以既提高产量又提高密封材料固化均匀度。通过显示器的前保护层而不是从侧面(即通过密封材料的宽度)进行固化,固化时间可显著减少。这种产量提高对于降低电光显示器的制造成本是非常有利。
为了在密封材料配送过程期间实现制造产量的进一步提高,使用先进的配送系统是有利的。一般来说,较简单的系统慢慢地将边缘密封材料的滴珠淀积到电光材料的周围,并依赖毛细管力将密封材料拉入边缘密封空穴(间隙)中。加热密封材料和显示器是有帮助的,这可降低在此配送过程中密封材料的粘度,用于提高配送速度。可以使用更复杂的配送系统,以便获得比用这种毛细管途径更高的产量。在优选实施例中,可以采用有五个自由度的配送器(x-y-z笛卡尔坐标自由度、围绕垂直于底板平面轴线的旋转角β、以及底板平面上的角度α)。这种多自由度的配置允许配送针始终以固定角度(在底板平面上方测量)位于从底板平面中的边缘密封空穴(间隙)向外画的法线上方。这种多自由度的配置能够以高速度将密封材料真正”注入”到显示器边缘的间隙中,从而能提高产量。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于固化电光显示器(100)中边缘密封材料的工艺过程,所述显示器(100)包括:
底板(102);
设置在邻近所述底板(102)的固态电光材料层(112);以及
能够吸收紫外辐射并且设置在所述固态电光材料层(112)的与所述底板(102)相对的一侧的保护层(128),所述保护层(128)延伸到所述固态电光材料层(112)边缘之外,从而形成周边区域,其中在所述保护层(128)和所述底板(102)之间存在间隙;
所述工艺过程包括将未固化的边缘密封材料置于所述间隙内;以及对所述边缘密封材料施加能有效固化所述边缘密封材料的辐射,从而在所述间隙中形成边缘密封(130),
所述工艺过程的特征在于:所述边缘密封材料可以由透射过所述保护层的辐射固化;以及用于固化所述边缘密封材料的所述辐射是透射过所述保护层的。
2.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中用于固化所述边缘密封材料的所述辐射具有大于385nm的波长。
3.如权利要求2所述的工艺过程,其中用于固化所述边缘密封材料的所述辐射具有大于395nm的波长。
4.如权利要求3所述的工艺过程,其中用于固化所述边缘密封材料的所述辐射具有大于405nm的波长。
5.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中所述边缘密封材料包括5,7-二碘-3-丁氧基-6-荧光酮。
6.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中所述边缘密封材料包括可固化丙烯酸盐。
7.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中所述边缘密封材料包括填充剂。
8.如权利要求7所述的工艺过程,其中所述填充剂包括硅石。
9.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中所述已固化边缘密封材料在所述固态电光材料层(112)平面中的宽度大于其垂直于所述平面的厚度。
10.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中采用以下方法将所述未固化边缘密封材料置于所述间隙中:将所述未固化边缘密封材料的珠滴配送到所述间隙附近,从而使所述边缘密封材料因毛细管力而被拉入所述间隙中。
11.如权利要求10所述的工艺过程,其中在配送所述边缘密封材料期间,所述未固化边缘密封材料和所述显示器中的至少一个被加热。
12.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中所述固态电光材料是旋转双色构件材料或电致变色材料。
13.如权利要求1所述的工艺过程,其中所述固态电光材料是包括多个充电粒子的粒子基电泳材料,这些粒子配置在悬浮流体中,在对所述悬浮流体加电场后它们能够在其中移动。
14.如权利要求13所述的工艺过程,其中所述悬浮流体是气体。
15.如权利要求13所述的工艺过程,其中所述悬浮流体和所述充电粒子被保持在多个包囊或微单元中。
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US7075703B2 (en) 2006-07-11
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