CA2605143A1

CA2605143A1 - Diagnosis of sepsis

Info

Publication number: CA2605143A1
Application number: CA002605143A
Authority: CA
Inventors: James A. Garrett; Sha-Sha Wang; Keith Thornton; Richard Lee Moore; William A. Keating; William A. Nussbaumer; Craig C. Whiteford
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Becton Dickinson and Co
Priority date: 2005-04-15
Filing date: 2006-04-14
Publication date: 2006-10-26
Also published as: US20110105350A1; US20240060132A1; US7767395B2; IL186649A0; US20060246495A1; US10443099B2; AU2006236588A1; US20160168638A1; BRPI0609302A2; KR20080006617A; US11578367B2; EP1869463A2; WO2006113529A2; NO20075906L; WO2006113529A3; US20210087632A1; EP1869463A4; US20140141435A1; JP2008538007A

Abstract

Methods for predicting the development of sepsis in a subject at risk for developing sepsis are provided. In one method, features in a biomarker profile of the subject are evaluated. The subject is likely to develop sepsis if these features satisfy a particular value set. Methods for predicting the development of a stage of sepsis in a subject at risk for developing a stage of sepsis are provided. In one method, a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of the subject is evaluated. The subject is likely to have the stage of sepsis if these feature values satisfy a particular value set. Methods of diagnosing sepsis in a subject are provided. In one such method, a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of the subject is evaluated. The subject is likely to develop sepsis when the plurality of features satisfies a particular value set.

Description

DEMANDE OU BREVET VOLUMINEUX

LA PRESENTE PARTIE DE CETTE DEMANDE OU CE BREVET COMPREND
PLUS D'UN TOME.

NOTE : Pour les tomes additionels, veuillez contacter le Bureau canadien des brevets JUMBO APPLICATIONS/PATENTS

THIS SECTION OF THE APPLICATION/PATENT CONTAINS MORE THAN ONE
VOLUME

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DIAGNOSIS OF SEPSIS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims benefit, under 35 U.S.C. 119(e), of U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/671,620, filed on April 15, 2005, which hereby is incorporated herein, by reference, in its entirety. This application also claims benefit, under 35 U.S.C. 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/674,046, filed on April 22, 2005, which is hereby incorporated herein, by reference, in its entirety.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosing or predicting sepsis and/or its stages of progression in a subject. The present invention also relates to methods and compositions for diagnosing systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a subject.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Early detection of a disease condition typically allows for a more effective therapeutic treatment with a correspondingly more favorable clinical outcome.
In many cases, however, early detection of disease symptoms is problematic due to the complexity of the disease; hence, a disease may become relatively advanced before diagnosis is possible.
Systemic inflammatory conditions represent one such class of diseases. These conditions, particularly sepsis, typically, but not always, result from an interaction between a patlzogenic microorganism and the host's defense system that triggers an excessive and dysregulated inflammatory response in the host. The complexity of the host's response during the systemic inflammatory response has complicated efforts towards understanding disease pathogenesis (reviewed in Healy, 2002, Annul. Pharmacother. 36:648-54). An incomplete understanding of the disease pathogenesis, in turn, contributes to the difficulty in finding useful diagnostic biomarkers. Early and reliable diagnosis is imperative, however, because of the remarkably rapid progression of sepsis into a life-threatening condition.

[0004] The development of sepsis in a subject follows a well-described course, progressing from systemic inflammatory response syndrome ("SIRS")-negative, to SIRS-positive, and then to sepsis, which may then progress to severe sepsis, septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction ("MOD"), and ultimately death. Sepsis may also arise in an infected subject when the subject subsequently develops SIRS. "Sepsis" is commonly defined as the systemic host response to infection with SIRS plus a documented infection.
"Severe sepsis"
is associated with MOD, hypotension, disseminated intravascular coagulation ("DIC") or hypoperfusion abnormalities, including lactic acidosis, oliguria, and changes in mental status. "Septic shock" is commonly defined as sepsis-induced hypotension that is resistant to fluid resuscitation with the additional presence of hypoperfusion abnormalities.

[0005] Documenting the presence of the pathogenic microorganisms that are clinically significant to sepsis has proven difficult. Causative microorganisms typically are detected by culturing a subject's blood, sputum, urine, wound secretion, in-dwelling line catheter surfaces, etc. Causative microorganisms, however, may reside only in certain body microenvironments such that the particular material that is cultured may not contain the contaminating microorganisms. Detection may be complicated fiuther by low numbers of microorganisms at the site of infection. Low numbers of pathogens in blood present a particular problem for diagnosing sepsis by culturing blood. In one study, for example, positive culture results were obtained in only 17% of subjects presenting clinical manifestations of sepsis (Rangel-Frausto et al., 1995, JAMA 273:117-123).
Diagnosis can be further complicated by contamination of samples by non-pathogenic microorganisms.
For example, only 12.4% of detected microorganisms were clinically significant in a study of 707 subjects with septicemia (Weinstein et al., 1997, Clinical Infectious Diseases 24:584-602).

[0006] The difficulty in early diagnosis of sepsis is reflected by the high morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Sepsis currently is the tenth leading cause of death in the United States and is especially prevalent among hospitalized patients in non-coronary intensive care units (ICUs), where it is the most common cause of death. The overall rate of mortality is as high as 35%, with an estimated 750,000 cases per year occurring in the United States alone. The annual cost to treat sepsis in the United States alone is on the order of billions of dollars.

[0007] A need, therefore, exists for a method of diagnosing sepsis, using techniques that have satisfactory specificity and sensitivity performance, sufficiently early to allow effective intervention and prevention.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention relates to methods and compositions for diagnosing sepsis, including the onset of sepsis, in a test subject. The present invention also relates to methods and compositions for predicting sepsis in a test subject.

[0009] The present invention further relates to methods and compositions for diagnosing or predicting stages of sepsis progression in a test subject. The present invention still further relates to methods and compositions for diagnosing systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in a test subject.

[0010] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of predicting the development of sepsis in a test subject at risk for developing sepsis. This method comprises evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a value set, wherein satisfying the value set means that the test subject will develop sepsis with a likelihood that is determined by the accuracy of the decision rule to which the plurality of features are applied in order to determine whether they satisfy the value set. In some embodiments, the accuracy of the decision rule is at least 60%.
Therefore, correspondingly, the likelihood that the test subject will develop sepsis when the plurality of features satisfies the value set is at least 60%.

[0011] Yet another aspect of the invention comprises a method of diagnosing sepsis in a test subject. These methods coinprise evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a value set, wherein satisfying the value set predicts that the test subject has sepsis with a likelihood that is determined by the accuracy of the decision rule to whicll the plurality of features are applied in order to determine whether they satisfy the value set. In some embodiments, the accuracy of the decision rule is at least 60%. Therefore, correspondingly, the likelihood that the test subject has sepsis when the plurality of features satisfies the value set is at least 60%.

[0012] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two features, each feature representing a feature of a corresponding biomarker listed in column four or five of Table 30. In one embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers listed in colunm four or five of Table 30. In such ari embodiment, the biomarker profile can comprise a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker in the at least two different biomarkers is listed in colunm four of Table 30, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein listed in column five of Table 30, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker.
Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table 30). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers from column four or five of Table 32. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 different biomarkers from Table 30.

[0013] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers that each contain one of the probesets listed in column 2 of Table 30, biomarkers that contain the complement of one of the probesets of Table 30, or biomarkers that contain an amino acid sequence encoded by a gene that either contains one of the probesets of Table 30 or the complement of one of the probesets of Table 30.
Such biomarkers can be, for example, mRNA transcripts, cDNA or some other nucleic acid, for example amplified nucleic acid, or proteins. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker is based upon a gene that includes the sequence of a probeset listed in Table 30, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene that includes a probeset sequence described in Table 30, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different biomarkers from any one of Table 31, 32, 33, 34, or 36.

[0014] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers listed in column three of Table 31. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers.
Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. The biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by gene listed in Table 31, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gened listed in column three of Table 31, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker. Such assays are capable, for exainple, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table 31). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray.

[0015] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers that each contain one of the probesets listed in column 2 of Table 31, biomarkers that contain the complement of one of the probesets of Table 31, or biomarkers that contain an amino acid sequence encoded by a gene that either contains one of the probesets of Table 31 or the complement of one of the probesets of Table 31.
Such biomarkers can be, for example, mRNA transcripts, cDNA or some other nucleic acid, for example amplified nucleic acid, or proteins. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker is based upon a gene that includes the sequence of a probeset listed in Table 31, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene that includes a probeset sequence described in Table 31, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 different biomarkers from Table 31.

[0016] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least three features, each feature representing a feature of a corresponding biomarker listed in colunm 3 or four of Table I. In one embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least three different biomarkers listed in column three or four of Table I. In such an embodiment, the biomarker profile can comprise a respective corresponding feature for the at least three biomarkers. Generally, the at least three biomarkers are derived from at least three different genes listed in Table I. In the case where a biomarker in the at least three different biomarkers is listed in colunm three of Table I, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, a splice variant thereof, a complement of a splice variant thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement of any of the foregoing, a cDNA of any of the forgoing, a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminatiuig fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein listed in column four of Table I, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, splice-variant thereof or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker. Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table I). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 different biomarkers from Table I.

[0017] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile coinprises at least three features, each feature representing a feature of a corresponding biomarker listed in column 3 or four of Table J. In one embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least three different biomarkers listed in colunm three or four of Table J. In such an embodiment, the biomarker profile can comprise a respective corresponding feature for the at least three biomarkers. Generally, the at least three biomarkers are derived from at least three different genes. In the case where a biomarker in the at least three different biomarkers is listed in column three of Table J, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, a splice variant thereof, a complement of a splice variant thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement of any of the foregoing, a cDNA of any of the forgoing, a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein listed in column four of Table J, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fraginent that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, splice-variant thereof or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker. Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table J). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40 different biomarkers from Table J.

[0018] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least three features, each feature representing a feature of a corresponding biomarker listed in colunm 3 or four of Table K. In one embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least three different biomarkers listed in column three or four of Table K. In such an embodiment, the biomarker profile can comprise a respective corresponding feature for the at least three biomarkers. Generally, the at least two or three biomarkers are derived from at least two or three different genes, respectively. In the case where a biomarker in the at least two or three different biomarkers is listed in column three of Table K, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, a splice variant thereof, a complement of a splice variant thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement of any of the foregoing, a cDNA of any of the forgoing, a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein listed in column four of Table K, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, splice-variant thereof or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker.
Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table K). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 different biomarkers from Table K.

[0019] Although the methods of the present invention are particularly useful for detecting or predicting the onset of sepsis in SIRS subjects, one of skill in the art will understand that the present methods may be used for any subject: including, but not limited to, subjects suspected of having SIRS or of being at any stage of sepsis. For example, a biological sample can be taken from a subject, and a profile of biomarkers in the sample can be evaluated in light of biomarker profiles obtained from several different types of training populations. Representative training populations variously include, for example, populations that include subjects who are SIRS-negative, populations that include subjects who are SIRS-positive, and/or populations that include subjects at a particular stage of sepsis. Evaluation of the biomarker profile in light of each of these different training populations can be used to determine whether the test subject is SIRS-negative, SIRS-positive, is likely to become septic, or has a particular stage of sepsis.
Based on the diagnosis resulting from the methods of the present invention, an appropriate treatment regimen can then be initiated.

[0020] In particular embodiments, the invention also provides kits that are useful in diagnosing or predicting the development of sepsis or SIRS in a subject (see Section 5.3, infi a). The kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more biomarkers and/or reagents used to detect the presence or abtuidance of such biomarkers. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table 30. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table 31. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table 32. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table 33. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table 36.
In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Figure 39, Figure 43, Figure 52, Figure 53, or Figure 56. In another embodiment, the kits of the present invention comprise at least two, but as many as several hundred or more biomarkers and/or reagents used to detect the presence or abundance of such biomarkers.

[0021] In a specific embodiment, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more reagents that specifically bind the biomarkers of the present invention. For example, such kits can comprise nucleic acid molecules and/or antibody molecules that specifically bind to biomarkers of the present invention.

[0022] Specific exemplary biomarkers that are useful in the present invention are set forth in Section 5.6, Section 5.11, as well as Tables 30, 31, 32, 34 and 36 of Section 6. The biomarkers of the kit can be used to generate biomarker profiles according to the present invention. Examples of types of biomarkers and/or reagents within such kits include, but are not limited to, proteins and fragments thereof, peptides, polypeptides, antibodies, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (mRNA, DNA, cDNA), organic and inorganic chemicals, and natural and synthetic polymers or a discriminating molecule or fragment thereof.

[0023] In particular embodiments, the invention also provides still other kits that are useful in diagnosing or predicting the development of sepsis or SIRS in a subject (see Section 5.3, infta). The kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more biomarkers. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table I. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table J. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Table K. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is found in Table I or Table 30. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is found in Table I or Table 31. In some embodiments, each of these biomarkers is from Figure 39, Figure 43, Figure 52, Figure 53, or Figure 56. In another embodiment, the kits of the present invention comprise at least two, but as many as 50 or more biomarkers. In a specific embodiment, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more reagents that specifically bind the biomarkers of the present invention.
Specific biomarkers that are useful in the present invention are set forth in Section 5.6, Section 5.11, as well as Tables I, J, K, L, M, N, and O. The biomarkers of the kits can be used to generate biomarker profiles according to the present invention. Examples of classes of compounds of the kits include, but are not limited to, proteins and fragments thereof, peptides, polypeptides, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (mRNA, DNA, cDNA), organic and inorganic chemicals, and natural and synthetic polymers or a discriminating molecule or fragment thereof.

[0024] Still another aspect of the present invention comprises computers and computer readable media for evaluating whether a test subject is likely to develop sepsis or SIRS. For instance, one embodiment of the present invention provides a computer program product for use in conjunction with a computer system. The computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium and a computer program mechanism embedded therein. The computer program mechanism comprises instructions for evaluating wlzether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set. Satisfaction of the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set.
Satisfaction of the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I, between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table I, at least four biomarkers listed in Table I, or at least six biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0025] Another computer embodiment of the present invention comprises a central processing unit and a memory coupled to the central processing unit. - The memory stores instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set.
Satisfaction of the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. This plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers from Table I. In some embodiments, the memory further stores instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set, wherein satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile consists of between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I, between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table I, at least four biomarkers listed in Table I., or at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0026] Another computer embodiment in accordance with the present invention comprises a computer system for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis.
The computer system comprises a central processing unit and a memory, coupled to the central processing unit. The memory stores instructions for obtaining a biomarker profile of a test subject. The biomarker profile comprises a plurality of features. The plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. The memory further comprises instructions for transmitting the biomarker profile to a remote computer. The remote computer includes instructions for evaluating whetlier the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set.
Satisfaction of the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The memory further comprises instructions for receiving a detennination, from the remote computer, as to whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set.
The memory also comprises instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set. In some embodiments, the remote computer further comprises instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set. Satisfaction of the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In such embodiments, the memory further comprises instructions for receiving a determination, from the remote computer, as to whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the second set as well as instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the second value set.

In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0027] Still another embodiment of the present invention comprises a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave comprising a respective value for each of a plurality of features in a biomarker profile. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers.
The plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0028] Still another aspect of the present invention provides a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave comprising a determination as to whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a value set. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. This plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. Satisfying the value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0029] Still another embodiment provides a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave comprising a determination as to wllether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a value set. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table 1. Satisfaction of the value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis.
In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0030] Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a graphical user interface for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis. The graphical user interface comprises a display field for a displaying a result encoded in a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave received from a remote computer. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. The result has a first value when a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a first value set. The result has a second value when a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a second value set. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

[0031] Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a computer system for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis. The computer system comprises a central processing unit and a memory, coupled to the central processing unit.
The memory stores instructions for obtaining a biomarker profile of a test subject. The biomarker profile comprises a plurality of features. The features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprise at least three biomarkers listed in Table 1. The memory further stores instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set.
Satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The memory also stores instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0032] FIG. 1 illustrates a classification and regression tree for discriminating between a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the onset of sepsis and a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the absence of sepsis using T_36 static data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 2 shows the distribution of feature values for five biomarkers used in the decision tree of FIG. 1 across T_36 static data obtained from a training population in accordance witli an embodiment of the present invention. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0034] FIG. 3 illustrates the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 500 trees used to train a decision tree using the Random Forests method based upon T_36 static data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] FIG. 4 illustrates the biomarker importance in the decision rule trained using the trees of FIG. 3.

[0036] FIG. 5 illustrates the overall accuracy, with 95% confidence interval bars, specificity, and sensitivity of a decision rule developed with predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM) using the biomarkers of the present invention across T_36 static data obtained from a training population.

[0037] FIG. 6 is a list of biomarkers, rank-ordered by their respective degrees of discriminatory power, identified by PAM using T_36 static data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affyinetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0038] FIG. 7 illustrates CART, PAM, and random forests classification algorithm performance data, and associated 95% confidence intervals, for T_36 static data obtained from a training population.

[0039] FIG. 8 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were found to be important across the decision rules developed using (i) CART, (ii) PAM, (iii) random forests, and (iv) the Wilcoxon (adjusted) test, for T_36 static data obtained from a training population.

[0040] FIG. 9 illustrates an overall ranking of biomarkers for T_36 static data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0041] FIG. 10 illustrates a classification and regression tree for discriminating between a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the onset of sepsis and a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the absence of sepsis using data using T_12 static data obtained from a training population in accordance witll an embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] FIG. 11 shows the distribution of feature values for four biomarkers used in, the decision tree of FIG. 10 using T.12 static data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0043] FIG. 12 illustrates the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 500 trees used to train a decision tree using the Random Forests method based upon T.12 static data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0044] FIG. 13 illustrates the biomarker importance in the decision rule trained using the trees of FIG. 12. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0045] FIG. 14 illustrates a calculation of biomarker importance, summing to 100%, determined by a multiple additive regression tree (MART) approach using T_12 static data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0046] FIG. 15 illustrates the distribution of feature values of the biomarkers selected by the MART approach illustrated in FIG. 14 between the Sepsis and SIRS groups using T_12 static data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0047] FIG. 16 illustrates the overall accuracy, with 95% confidence interval bars, specificity, and sensitivity of a decision rule developed with predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM) using the biomarkers of the present invention using T_12 static data obtained from a training population.

[0048) FIG. 17 is a list of biomarkers, rank-ordered by their respective degrees of discriminatory power, identified by PAM using T_12 static data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0049] FIG. 18 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from a training population.

[0050] FIG. 19 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were found to be important across the decision rules developed using (i) CART, (ii) MART, (iii) PAM, (iv) random forests, and (v) the Wilcoxon (adjusted) test using T_12 static data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0051] FIG. 20 illustrates an overall ranking of biomarkers using T_12 static data obtained from a traiiiing population.

[0052] FIG. 21 illustrates a classification and regression tree for discriminating between a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the onset of sepsis and a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the absence of sepsis using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0053] FIG. 22 shows the distribution of the feature values of five biomarkers used in the decision tree of FIG. 21 using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0054] FIG. 23 illustrates the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 500 trees used to train a decision tree using the Random Forests method using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0055] FIG. 24 illustrates the biomarker importance in the decision rule trained using the trees of FIG. 23. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0056] FIG. 25 illustrates the overall accuracy, with 95% confidence interval bars, specificity, and sensitivity of a decision rule developed with predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM) using select biomarkers of the present invention and T42 baseline data obtained from a training population.

[0057] FIG. 26 is a list of biomarlcers, rank-ordered by their respective degrees of discriminatory power, identified by PAM using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0058] FIG. 27 illustrates CART, PAM, and random forests classification algorithm (decision rule) performance data, and associated 95% confidence intervals, using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0059] FIG. 28 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were found to be important across the decision rules developed using (i) CART, (ii) PAM, (iii) random forests, and (iv) the Wilcoxon (adjusted) test using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population.

[0060] FIG. 29 illustrates an overall ranking of biomarkers for data obtained using T_12 baseline data obtained from a training population. The biomarkers are referenced by their corresponding Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 probeset names given in Table 30.

[0061] FIG. 30 illustrates the filters applied to identify biomarkers that discriminate between subjects that will get sepsis during a defined time period and subjects that will not get sepsis during the defined time period using data obtained from a training population, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Other combinations of biomarkers are disclosed herein including, for example, in Section 5.3 and in Section 6.

[0062] FIG. 31 shows the correlation between IL18R1 expression, as determined by RT-PCR, and the intensity of the X206618_at probeset, as determined using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarray measurements, across a training population.

[0063] FIG. 32 shows the correlation between FCGRIA expression, as determined by RT-PCR, and the intensity of the X214511 x at, X216950_s_at and X216951_at probesets, as determined using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarray measurements, across a training population.

[0064] FIG. 33 shows the correlation between MMP9 expression, as determined by RT-PCR, and the intensity of the X203936_s_at probeset, as determined using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarray measurements, across a training population.

[0065] FIG. 34 shows the correlation between CD86 expression, as determined by RT-PCR, and the intensity of the X205685_at, X205686_s_at, and X210895_s at probesets, as determined using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 microarray measurements, across a training population.

[0066] FIG. 35 shows a computer system in accordance with the present invention.
[00671 FIG. 36 illustrates a classification and regression tree for discriminating between a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the onset of sepsis and a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the absence of sepsis using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR
discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0068] FIG. 37 shows the distribution of feature values for seven biomarkers used in the decision tree of FIG. 36 across T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR
discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0069] FIG. 38 illustrates the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 462 trees used to train a decision tree using the Random Forests method based upon T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0070] FIG. 39 illustrates the biomarker importance in the decision rule trained using the trees of FIG. 38.

[0071] FIG. 40 illustrates a calculation of biomarker importance, summing to 100%, determined by a multiple additive regression tree (MART) approach using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR discovery training population.

[0072] FIG. 41 illustrates the distribution of feature values of the biomarkers selected by the MART approach illustrated in FIG. 40 between the Sepsis and SIRS groups using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR discovery training population.

[0073] FIG. 42 illustrates the overall accuracy, with 95% confidence interval bars, specificity, and sensitivity of a decision rule developed with predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM) using the biomarkers of the present invention using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR discovery training population.

[0074] FIG. 43 is a list of biomarkers, rank-ordered by their respective degrees of discriminatory power, identified by PAM using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR
discovery training population.

[0075] FIG. 44 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR discovery training population.

[0076] FIG. 45 identified fifty selected biomarkers selected based on the decision rule performance summarized in FIG. 44.

[0077] FIG. 46 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from an Affymetrix gene chip discovery training population.

[0078] FIG. 47 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from an RT-PCR
confimatory training population.

[0079] FIG. 48 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%

confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from a combined pool of a Affymetrix gene chip confirmatory training population and an RT-PCR confirmatory training population.

[0080] FIG. 49 illustrates a classification and regression tree for discriminating between a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the onset of sepsis and a SIRS phenotypic state characterized by the absence of sepsis using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0081] FIG. 50 shows the distribution of feature values for ten biomarkers used in the decision tree of FIG. 49 across T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0082] FIG. 51 illustrates the overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 64 trees used to train a decision tree using the Random Forests method based upon T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0083] FIG. 52 illustrates the biomarker importance in the decision rule trained using the trees of FIG. 51.

[0084] FIG. 53 illustrates a calculation of biomarker importance, summing to 100%, detennined by a inultiple additive regression tree (MART) approach using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0085] FIG. 54 illustrates the distribution of feature values of the biomarkers selected by the MART approach illustrated in FIG. 53 between the Sepsis and SIRS groups using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0086] FIG. 55 illustrates the overall accuracy, with 95% confidence interval bars, specificity, and sensitivity of a decision rule developed with predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM) using the biomarkers of the present invention using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0087] FIG. 56 is a list of biomarkers, rank-ordered by their respective degrees of discriminatory power, identified by PAM using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0088] FIG. 57 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0089] FIG. 58 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were found to be important across the decision rules developed using (i) CART, (ii) MART, (iii) PAM, (iv) random forests, and (v) the Wilcoxon (adjusted) test using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein discovery training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0090] FIG. 59 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals using T_12 static data obtained from a bead-based protein confirmation training population in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.' [0091] Figure 60 plots the sepsis predicting accuracy of each of 24 families of subcombinations from Table J, using T_12 nucleic acid data, in a bar graph fashion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0092] Figure 61 plots the sepsis predicting performance (accuracy) of each individual subcombination in each of 24 families of subcombinations, for a total of 4800 subcombinations from Table J, using T_12 nucleic acid data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0093] Figure 62 plots the sepsis predicting accuracy of each of 8 families of subcombinations from Table K, using T_12 protein data, in a bar graph fashion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0094] Figure 63 plots the sepsis predicting performance (accuracy) of each individual subcoinbination in each of 8 fainilies of subcombinations, for a total of 1600 subcombinations from Table K, using T_12 protein data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0095] Figure 64 plots the sepsis predicting accuracy of each of 8 families of subcombinations from Table K, using T_36 protein data, in a bar graph fashion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0096] Figure 65 plots the sepsis predicting performance (accuracy) of each individual subcombination in eacli of 8 families of subcombinations, for a total of 1600 subcombinations from Table K, using T_36 protein data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0097] Figure 66 plots the sepsis predicting accuracy of each of 23 families of subcombinations from Table J, using T_36 nucleic acid data, in a bar graph fashion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0098] Figure 67 plots the sepsis predicting performance (accuracy) of each individual subcombination in each of 23 families of subcombinations, for a total of 4600 subcombinations from Table J, using T_36 nucleic acid data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0099] Figure 68 plots the sepsis predicting accuracy of each of 23 families of subcombinations from Table I, using T_12 combined protein and nucleic acid data, in a bar graph fashion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[00100] Figure 69 plots the sepsis predicting performance (accuracy) of each individual subcombination in each of 23 families of subcombinations, for a total of 4600 subcombinations from Table I, using T_12 combined protein and nucleic acid data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[00101] Figure 70 plots the sepsis predicting accuracy of each of 23 families of subcombinations from Table I, using T_36 combined protein and nucleic acid data, in a bar graph fashion, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[00102] Figure 71 plots the sepsis predicting performance (accuracy) of each individual subcombination in each of 23 families of subcombinations, for a total of 4600 subcombinations from Table I, using T_36 combined protein and nucleic acid data, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[00103] The present invention allows for the rapid and accurate diagnosis or prediction of sepsis by evaluating biomarker features in biomarker profiles.
These biomarker profiles can be constructed from one or more biological samples of subjects at a single time point ("snapshot"), or multiple such time points, during the course of time the subject is at risk for developing sepsis. Advantageously, sepsis can be diagnosed or predicted prior to the onset of conventional clinical sepsis symptoms, thereby allowing for more effective therapeutic intervention.

5.1 DEFINITIONS
[00104] "Systemic inflammatory response syndrome," or "SIRS," refers to a clinical response to a variety of severe clinical insults, as manifested by two or more of the following conditions within a 24-hour period:
. body temperature greater than 38 C (100.4 F) or less than 36 C (96.8 F);
. heart rate (HR) greater than 90 beats/minute;
. respiratory rate (RR) greater than 20 breaths/minute, or PCO2 less than 32 mmHg, or requiring mechanical ventilation; and . white blood cell count (WBC) either greater than 12.0 x 109/L or less than 4.0 x 109/L.
[00105] These symptoms of SIRS represent a consensus definition of SIRS that can be modified or supplanted by other definitions in the future. The present definition is used to clarify current clinical practice and does not represent a critical aspect of the invention (see, e.g., American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference: Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies in Sepsis, 1992, Crit. Care. Med. 20, 864-874, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference).
[00106] A subject with SIRS has a clinical presentation that is classified as SIRS, as defined above, but is not clinically deemed to be septic. Methods for determining which subjects are at risk of developing sepsis are well known to those in the art.
Such subjects include, for example, those in an ICU and those who have otherwise suffered from a physiological trauma, such as a burn, surgery or other insult. A hallmark of SIRS is the creation of a proinflammatory state that can be marked by tachycardia, tachypnea or hyperpnea, hypotension, hypoperfusion, oliguria, leukocytosis or leukopenia, pyrexia or hypothermia and the need for volume infusion. SIRS characteristically does not include a documented source of infection (e.g., bacteremia).
[00107] "Sepsis" refers to a systemic host response to infection with SIRS
plus a documented infection (e.g., a subsequent laboratory confirmation of a clinically significant infection such as a positive culture for an organism). Thus, sepsis refers to the systemic inflammatory response to a documented infection (see, e.g., American College of Chest Physicians Society of Critical Care Medicine, Chest, 1997, 101:1644-1655, the entire contents of which are herein incorporated by reference). As used herein, "sepsis" includes all stages of sepsis including, but not limited to, the onset of sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction ("MOD") associated with the end stages of sepsis.
[00108] The "onset of sepsis" refers to an early stage of sepsis, e.g., prior to a stage when conventional clinical manifestations are sufficient to support a clinical suspicion of sepsis. Because the methods of the present invention are used to detect sepsis prior to a time that sepsis would be suspected using conventional techniques, the subject's disease status at early sepsis can only be confirmed retrospectively, wllen the manifestation of sepsis is more clinically obvious. The exact mechanism by which a subject becomes septic is not a critical aspect of the invention. The methods of the present invention can detect the onset of sepsis independent of the origin of the infectious process.
[00109] "Severe sepsis" refers to sepsis associated with organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion abnormalities, or sepsis-induced hypotension. Hypoperfusion abnormalities include, but are not liinited to, lactic acidosis, oliguria, or an acute alteration in mental status.

[001101 "Septic shock" refers to sepsis-induced hypotension that is not responsive to adequate intravenous fluid challenge and with manifestations of peripheral hypoperfusion.
[00111] A "converter" or "converter subject" refers to a SIRS-positive subject who progresses to clinical suspicion of sepsis during the period the subject is monitored, typically during an ICU stay.
[00112] A "non-converter" or "non-converter subject" refers to a SIRS-positive subject who does not progress to clinical suspicion of sepsis during the period the subject is monitored, typically during an ICU stay.
[00113] A "biomarker" is virtually any detectable compound, such as a protein, a peptide, a proteoglycan, a glycoprotein, a lipoprotein, a carbohydrate, a lipid, a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, such as cDNA or amplified DNA, or RNA, such as mRNA), an organic or inorganic chemical, a natural or synthetic polymer, a small molecule (e.g., a metabolite), or a discriminating molecule or discriminating fragmerit of any of the foregoing, that is present in or derived from a biological sample. "Derived from" as used in this context refers to a compound that, when detected, is indicative of a particular molecule being present in the biological sample. For example, detection of a particular cDNA can be indicative of the presence of a particular RNA transcript in the biological sample. As another example, detection of or binding to a particular antibody can be indicative of the presence of a particular antigen (e.g., protein) in the biological sample. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of an above-identified compound.
[00114] A biomarker can, for example, be isolated from the biological sample, directly measured in the biological sample, or detected in or detemlined to be in the biological sample. A biomarker can, for example, be functional, partially functional, or non-functional. In one embodiment of the present invention, a biomarker is isolated and used, for example, to raise a specifically-binding antibody that can facilitate biomarker detection in a variety of diagnostic assays. Any immunoassay may use any antibodies, antibody fragment or derivative thereof capable of binding the biomarker molecules (e.g., Fab, F(ab')2, Fv, or scFv fragments). Such immunoassays are well-known in the art. In addition, if the biomarker is a protein or fragment thereof, it can be sequenced and its encoding gene can be cloned using well-established techniques.
[00115] As used herein, the term "a species of a biomarker" refers to any discriminating portion or discriminating fragment of a biomarker described herein, such as a splice variant of a particular gene described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, or Table I, or Table J, or Table K, infi=a). Here, a discriminating portion or discriminating fragment is a portion or fragment of a molecule that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein.
[00116] As used herein, the terms "protein", "peptide", and "polypeptide" are, unless otherwise indicated, interchangeable.
[00117] A "biomarker profile" comprises a plurality of one or more types of biomarkers (e.g., an mRNA molecule, a cDNA molecule, a protein and/or a carbohydrate, etc.), or an indication thereof, together with a feature, such as a measurable aspect (e.g., abundance) of the biomarkers. A biomarker profile comprises at least two such biomarkers or indications thereof, where the biomarkers can be in the same or different classes, such as, for example, a nucleic acid and a carbohydrate. A biomarker profile may also comprise at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 or more biomarkers or indications thereof. In one embodiment, a biomarker profile comprises hundreds, or even thousands, of biomarkers or indications thereof. A biomarker profile can further comprise one or more controls or internal standards. In one embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least one biomarker, or indication thereof, that serves as an internal standard. In another embodiment, a biomarker profile comprises an indication of one or more types of biomarkers. The term "indication" as used herein in this context merely refers to a situation where the biomarker profile contains symbols, data, abbreviations or other similar indicia for a biomarker, rather than the biomarker molecular entity itself. For instance, consider an exemplary biomarker profile of the present invention that comprises the Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California) U133 plus 2.0 205013_s at and 209369_at probesets. Another exemplary biomarker profile of the present invention comprises the name of genes used to derive the Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California) U133 plus 2.0 205013_s_at and 209369_at probesets.
In still another exemplary biomarker profile of the present invention, the biomarker profile comprises a physical quantity of a transcript of a gene from which the 205013_s_at probeset was derived, and a physical quantity of a transcript of a gene from which the 209369_at probeset was derived. In another embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises a nominal indication of the quantity of a transcript of a gene from which the 205013_s_at probeset was derived and a nominal indication of the quantity of transcript of a gene from which the 209369_at probeset was derived. Still another exemplary biomarker profile of the present invention comprises a microarray to which a physical quantity of a gene transcript from which the 205013_s_at probeset was derived is bound at a first probe spot on the microarray and an abundance of a gene transcript from which the 209369_at probeset was derived is bound to a second probe spot on the microarray. In this last exemplary biomarker profile, at least twenty percent, forty percent, or more than forty percent of the probes spots are based on sequences in the probesets given in Table 30. In another exemplary biomarker profile, at least twenty percent, forty percent, or more than forty percent of the probes spots are based on sequences in the probesets given in Table 31.
[00118] Each biomarker in a biomarker profile includes a corresponding "feature." A
"feature", as used herein, refers to a measurable aspect of a biomarker. A
feature can include, for example, the presence or absence of biomarkers in the biological sample from the subject as illustrated in exemplary biomarker profile 1:

Exemplary biomarker profile 1.
Biomarker Feature Presence in sample transcript of gene A Present transcript of gene B Absent [00119] In exemplary biomarker profile 1, the feature value for the transcript of gene A is "presence" and the feature value for the transcript of gene B is "absence."
[00120] A feature can include, for example, the abundance of a biomarker in the biological sample from a subject as illustrated in exemplary biomarker profile 2:
Exemplary biomarker profile 2.
Biomarker Feature Abundance in sample in relative units transcript of gene A 300 transcript of gene B 400 [00121] In exemplary biomarker profile 2, the feature value for the transcript of gene A is 300 units and the feature value for the transcript of gene B is 400 units.
[00122] A feature can also be a ratio of two or more measurable aspects of a biomarker as illustrated in exemplary biomarker profile 3:

Exemplary biomarker profile 3.
Biomarker Feature Ratio of abundance of transcript of gene A/ transcript of gene B
transcript of gene A
transcript of gene B 300/400 [00123] In exemplary biomarker profile 3, the feature value for the transcript of gene A and the feature value for the transcript of gene B is 0.75 (300/400).
[00124] A feature may also be the difference between a measurable aspect of the corresponding biomarker that is taken from two samples, where the two samples are collected from a subject at two different time points. For example, consider the case where the biomarker is a transcript of a gene A and the "measurable aspect" is abundance of the transcript, in samples obtained from a test subject as determined by, e.g., RT-PCR or microarray analysis. In this example, the abundance of the transcript of gene A is measured in a first sample as well as a second sample. The first sample is taken from the test subject a number of hours before the second sample. To compute the feature for gene A, the abundance of the transcript of gene A in one sample is subtracted from the abundance of the transcript of gene A in the second sample. A feature can also be an indication as to whether an abundance of a biomarker is increasing in biological samples obtained from a subject over time and/or an indication as to whether an abundance of a biomarker is decreasing in biological samples obtained from a subject over time.
[00125] In some embodiments, there is a one-to-one correspondence between features and biomarkers in a biomarker profile as illustrated in exemplary biomarker profile 1, above. In some embodiments, the relationship between features and biomarkers in a biomarker profile of the present invention is more complex, as illustrated in Exemplary biomarker profile 3, above.
[00126] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that other methods of computation of a feature can be devised and all such methods are within the scope of the present invention.
For example, a feature can represent the average of an abundance of a biomarker across biological samples collected from a subject at two or more time points.
Furthermore, a feature can be the difference or ratio of the abundance of two or more biomarkers from a biological sainple obtained from a subject in a single time point. A biomarker profile may also comprise at least three, four, five, 10, 20, 30 or more features. In one embodiment, a biomarker profile comprises hundreds, or even thousands, of features.

[00127] In some embodiments, features of biomarkers are measured using microarrays. The construction of microarrays and the techniques used to process microarrays in order to obtain abundance data is well known, and is described, for example, by Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microarrays, Chapman &
Hall/CRC, and international publication number WO 03/061564, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A microarray comprises a plurality of probes. In some instances, each probe recognizes, e.g., binds to, a different biomarker. In some instances, two or more different probes on a microarray recognize, e.g., bind to, the same biomarker.
Thus, typically, the relationship between probe spots on the microarray and a subject biomarker is a two to one correspondence, a three to one correspondence, or some other form of correspondence. However, it can be the case that there is a unique one-to-one correspondence between probes on a microarray and biomarkers.
[001281 A "phenotypic change" is a detectable change in a parameter associated with a given state of the subject. For instance, a phenotypic change can include an increase or decrease of a biomarker in a bodily fluid, where the change is associated with SIRS, sepsis, the onset of sepsis or with a particular stage in the progression of sepsis. A
phenotypic change can further include a change in a detectable aspect of a given state of the subject that is not a change in a measurable aspect of a biomarker. For example, a change in phenotype can include a detectable change in body temperature, respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, or other physiological parameter. Such changes can be determined via clinical observation and measurement using conventional techniques that are well-known to the skilled artisan.
[00129] As used herein, the term "complementary," in the context of a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a nucleotide sequence encoding a gene described herein), refers to the chemical affinity between specific nitrogenous bases as a result of their hydrogen bonding properties. For example, guanine (G) forms a hydrogen bond with only cytosine (C), while adenine forms a hydrogen bond only with thymine (T) in the case of DNA, and uracil (U) in the case of RNA. These reactions are described as base pairing, and the paired bases (G
with C, or A with T/U) are said to be complementary. Thus, two nucleic acid sequences may be complementary if their nitrogenous bases are able to form hydrogen bonds. Such sequences are referred to as "complements" of each other. Such complement sequences can be naturally occurring, or, they can be chemically synthesized by any method known to those skilled in the art, as for example, in the case of antisense nucleic acid molecules which are complementary to the sense strand of a DNA molecule or an RNA molecule (e.g., an mRNA transcript). See, e.g., Lewin, 2002, Genes VII. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[00130] As used herein, "conventional techniques" in the context of diagnosing or predicting sepsis or SIRS are those techniques that classify a subject based on phenotypic changes without obtaining a biomarker profile according to the present invention.
[00131] A "decision rule" is a method used to evaluate biomarker profiles.
Such decision rules can take on one or more forms that are known in the art, as exemplified in Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A decision rule may be used to act on a data set of features to, inter alia, predict the onset of sepsis, to determine the progression of sepsis, or to diagnose sepsis. Exemplary decision rules that can be used in some embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail in Section 5.5, below.
[00132] "Predicting the development of sepsis" is the determination as to whether a subject will develop sepsis. Any such prediction is limited by the accuracy of the means used to make this determination. The present invention provides a method, e.g., by utilizing a decision rule(s), for making this determination with an accuracy that is 60%
or greater.
As used herein, the terms "predicting the development of sepsis" and "predicting sepsis" are interchangeable. In some embodiments, the act of predicting the development of sepsis (predicting sepsis) is accomplished by evaluating one or more biomarker profiles from a subject using a decision rule that is indicative of the development of sepsis and, as a result of this evaluation, receiving a result from the decision rule that indicates that the subject will become septic. Such an evaluation of one or more biomarker profiles from a test subject using a decision rule uses some or all the features in the one or more biomarker profiles to obtain such a result.
[00133] The terms "obtain" and "obtaining," as used herein, mean "to come into possession of," or "coming into possession of," respectively. This can be done, for example, by retrieving data from a data store in a computer system. This can also be done, for exainple, by direct measurement.
[00134] As used herein, the term "specifically," and analogous terms, in the context of an antibody, refers to peptides, polypeptides, and antibodies or fragments thereof that specifically bind to an antigen or a fragment and do not specifically bind to other antigens or other fragments. A peptide or polypeptide that specifically binds to an antigen may bind to other peptides or polypeptides with lower affinity, as determined by standard experimental techniques, for example, by any immunoassay well-known to those skilled in the art. Such immunoassays include, but are not limited to, radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Antibodies or fragments that specifically bind to an antigen may be cross-reactive with related antigens. Preferably, antibodies or fragments thereof that specifically bind to an antigen do not cross-react with other antigens.
See, e.g., Paul, ed., 2003, Fundamental Immunology, 5th ed., Raven Press, New York at pages 69-105, which is incorporated by reference herein, for a discussion regarding antigen-antibody interactions, specificity and cross-reactivity, and methods for determining all of the above.
[00135] As used herein, a "subject" is an animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a non-human primate, and most preferably a human. The terms "subject"
"individual" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein.
[00136] As used herein, a "test subject," typically, is any subject that is not in a training population used to construct a decision rule. A test subject can optionally be suspected of either having sepsis at risk of developing sepsis.
[00137] As used herein, a "tissue type," is a type of tissue. A tissue is an association of cells of a multicellular organism, with a common embryoloical origin or pathway and similar structure and function. Often, cells of a tissue are contiguous at cell membranes but occasionally the tissue may be fluid (e.g., blood). Cells of a tissue may be all of one type (a simple tissue, e.g., squamous epithelium, plant parentchyma) or of more than one type (a mixed tissue, e.g., connective tissue).
[00138] As used herein, a "training population" is a set of samples from a population ' of subjects used to construct a decision rule, using a data analysis algorithm, for evaluation of the biomarker profiles of subjects at risk for developing sepsis. In a preferred embodiment, a training population includes samples from subjects that are converters and subjects that are nonconverters.
[00139] As used herein, a "data analysis algorithm" is an algorithm used to construct a decision rule using biomarker profiles of subjects in a training population.
Representative data analysis algorithms are described in Section 5.5. A "decision rule" is the final product of a data analysis algoritlun, and is characterized by one or more value sets, where each of these value sets is indicative of an aspect of SIRS, the onset of sepsis, sepsis, or a prediction that a subject will acquire sepsis. In one specific example, a value set represents a prediction that a subject will develop sepsis. In another example, a value set represents a prediction that a subject will not develop sepsis.

[00140] As used herein, a "validation population" is a set of samples from a population of subjects used to determine the accuracy of a decision rule. In a preferred embodiment, a validation population includes samples from subjects that are converters and subjects that are nonconverters. In a preferred embodiment, a validation population does not include subjects that are part of the training population used to train the decision rule for which an accuracy measurement is sought.
[00141] As used herein, a "value set" is a combination of values, or ranges of values for features in a biomarker profile. The nature of this value set and the values tlierein is dependent upon the type of features present in the biomarker profile and the data analysis algorithm used to construct the decision rule that dictates the value set. To illustrate, reconsider exemplary biomarker profile 2:

Exemplary biomarker profile 2.
Biomarker Feature Abundance in sample in relative units transcript of gene A 300 transcript of gene B 400 [00142] In this example, the biomarker profile of each member of a training population is obtained. Each such biomarker profile includes a measured feature, here abundance, for the transcript of gene A, and a measured feature, here abundance, for the transcript of gene B. These feature values, here abundance values, are used by a data analysis algorithm to construct a decision rule. In this example, the data analysis algorithm is a decision tree, described in Section 5.5.1 and the final product of this data analysis algorithm, the decision rule, is a decision tree. An exemplary decision tree is illustrated in Figure. 1. The decision rule defines value sets. One such value set is predictive of the onset of sepsis. A subject whose biomarker feature values satisfy this value set is likely to become septic. An exemplary value set of this class is exemplary value set 1:

Exemplary value set 1.
Biomarker Value set component (Abundance in sample in relative units) transcript of gene A < 400 transcript of gene B < 600 [00143] Another such value set is predictive of a septic-free state. A subject whose biomarker feature values satisfy this value set is not likely to become septic. An exemplary value set of this class is exemplary value set 2:

Exemplary value set 2.
Biomarker Value set component (Abundance in sample in relative Luiits) transcript of gene A > 400 transcript of gene B > 600 [00144] In the case where the data analysis algorithm is a neural network analysis and the final product of this neural network analysis is an appropriately weighted neural network, one value set is those ranges of biomarker profile feature values that will cause the weighted neural network to indicate that onset of sepsis is likely. Another value set is those ranges of biomarker profile feature values that will cause the weighted neural network to indicate that onset of sepsis is not likely.
[00145] As used herein, the term "probe spot" in the context of a microarray refers to a single stranded DNA molecule (e.g., a single stranded cDNA molecule or synthetic DNA
oligomer), referred to herein as a "probe," that is used to determine the abundance of a particular nucleic acid in a sample. For example, a probe spot can be used to determine the level of mRNA in a biological sample (e.g., a collection of cells) from a test subject. In a specific embodiment, a typical microarray comprises multiple probe spots that are placed onto a glass slide (or other substrate) in known locations on a grid. The nucleic acid for each probe spot is a single stranded contiguous portion of the sequence of a gene or gene of interest (e.g., a 10-mer, 11-mer, 12-mer, 13-mer, 14-mer, 15-mer, 16-mer, 17-mer, 18-mer, 19-mer, 20-mer, 21-mer, 22-mer, 23-mer, 24-mer, 25-mer or larger) and is a probe for the mRNA encoded by the particular gene or gene of interest. Each probe spot is characterized by a single nucleic acid sequence, and is hybridized under conditions that cause it to hybridize only to its complementary DNA strand or mRNA molecule. As such, there can be many probe spots on a substrate, and each can represent a unique gene or sequence of interest. In addition, two or more probe spots can represent the same gene sequence. In some embodiments, a labeled nucleic sample is hybridized to a probe spot, and the amount of labeled nucleic acid specifically hybridized to a probe spot can be quantified to determine the levels of that specific nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA transcript of a particular gene) in a particular biological sample. Probes, probe spots, and microarrays, generally, are described in Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microarrays, Chapman &
Hall/CRC, Chapter, 2, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[00146] As used herein, the term "annotation data" refers to any type of data that describes a property of a biomarker. Annotation data includes, but is not limited to, biological pathway membership, enzymatic class (e.g., phosphodiesterase, kinase, metalloproteinase, etc.), protein domain information, enzymatic substrate information, enzymatic reaction information, protein interaction data, disease association, cellular localization, tissue type localization, and cell type localization.
[00147] As used herein, the term "T_12" refers to the last time blood was obtained from a subject before the subject is clinically diagnosed with sepsis. Since, in the present invention, blood is collected from subjects each 24 hour period, T_12 references the average time period prior to the onset of sepsis for a pool of patients, with some patients turning septic prior to the 12 hour mark and some patients turning septic after the 12 hour mark.
However, across a pool of subjects, the average time period for this last blood sample is the 12 hour mark, hence the name "T_12."

5.2 METHODS FOR SCREENING SUBJECTS
[00148] The present invention allows for accurate, rapid prediction and/or diagnosis of sepsis through detection of two or more features of a biomarker profile of a test individual suspected of or at risk for developing sepsis in each of one or more biological samples from a test subject. In one embodiment, only a single biological sample taken at a single point in time from the test subject is needed to construct a biomarker profile that is used to make this prediction or diagnosis of sepsis. In another embodiment, multiple biological samples taken at different points in time from the test subject are used to construct a biomarker profile that is used to make this prediction or diagnosis of sepsis.
[00149] In specific embodiments of the invention, subjects at risk for developing sepsis or SIRS are screened using the methods of the present invention. In accordance with these embodiments, the methods of the present invention can be employed to screen, for example, subjects admitted to an ICU and/or those who have experienced some sort of trauma (such as, e.g., surgery, vehicular accident, gusishot wound, etc.).
[00150] In specific embodiments, a biological sample such as, for example, blood, is taken upon admission. In some embodiments, a biological sample is blood, plasma, serum, saliva, sputum, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, cells, a cellular extract, a tissue specimen, a tissue biopsy, or a stool specimen. In some embodiments a biological sample is whole blood and this whole blood is used to obtain measurements for a biomarker profile. In some embodiments a biological sample is some component of whole blood. For example, in some embodiments some portion of the mixture of proteins, nucleic acid, and/or other molecules (e.g., metabolites) within a cellular fraction or within a liquid (e.g., plasma or serum fraction) of the blood is resolved as a biomarker profile. This can be accomplished by measuring features of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers in a specific cell type that is isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in monocytes that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in red blood cells that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in platelets that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is wliole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in neutriphils that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in eosinophils that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in basophils that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in lymphocytes that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is whole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from biomarkers expressed or otherwise found in monocytes that are isolated from the whole blood. In some embodiments, the biological sample is wliole blood but the biomarker profile is resolved from one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven cell types from the group of cells types consisting of red blood cells, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
[00151] A biomarker profile comprises a plurality of one or more types of biomarkers (e.g., an mRNA molecule, a eDNA molecule, a protein and/or a carbohydrate, etc.), or an indication thereof, together with features, such as a measurable aspect (e.g., abundance) of the biomarkers. A biomarker profile can comprise at least two such biomarkers or indications thereof, where the biomarkers can be in the same or different classes, such as, for example, a nucleic acid and a carbohydrate. In some embodiments, a biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more biomarkers or indications thereof. In one embodiment, a biomarker profile comprises hundreds, or even thousands, of biomarkers or indications thereof. In some embodiments, a biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more biomarkers or indications thereof. In one example, in some embodiments, a biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more biomarkers selected from Table I of Section 5.11, or indications thereof. In another example, in some embodiments, a biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or more biomarkers selected from Table J of Section 5.11, or indications thereof. In another example, in some embodiments, a biomarker profile comprises any 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or all ten biomarkers in Table K of Section 5.11, or indications thereof.
[00152] In typical einbodiments, each biomarker in the biomarker profile is represented by a feature. In other words, there is a correspondence between biomarkers and features. In some embodiments, the correspondence between biomarkers and features is 1:1, meaning that for each biomarker there is a feature. In some embodiments, there is more than one feature for each biomarker. In some embodiments the number of features corresponding to one biomarker in the biomarker profile is different than then number of features corresponding to another biomarker in the biomarker profile. As such, in some embodiments, a biomarker profile can include at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more features, provided that there are at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 or more biomarkers in the biomarker profile. In some embodiments, a biomarker profile can include at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more features. Regardless of embodiment, these features can be determined through the use of any reproducible measurement technique or combination of measurement techniques. Such techniques include those that are well known in the art including any technique described herein or, for example, any technique disclosed in Section 5.4, infta.
Typically, such techniques are used to measure feature values using a biological sample taken from a subject at a single point in time or multiple samples taken at multiple points in time. In one embodiment, an exemplary technique to obtain a biomarker profile from a sample taken from a subject is a cDNA microarray (see, e.g., Section 5.4.1.2 and Section 6, infi a). In another embodiment, an exemplary technique to obtain a biomarker profile from a sample taken from a subject is a protein-based assay or other form of protein-based technique such as described in the BD Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Human Inflammation Kit Instruction Manual (BD Biosciences) or the bead assay described in U.S. Pat. No.
5,981,180, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and in particular for their teachings of various metliods of assay protein concentrations in biological samples. In still another embodiment, the biomarker profile is mixed, meaning that it comprises some biomarkers that are nucleic acids, or indications thereof, and some biomarkers that are proteins, or indications thereof. In such embodiments, both protein based and nucleic acid based techniques are used to obtain a biomarker profile from one or more samples taken from a subject. In other words, the feature values for the features associated with the biomarkers in the biomarker profile that are nucleic acids are obtained by nucleic acid based measurement techniques (e.g., a nucleic acid microarray) and the feature values for the features associated with the biomarkers in the biomarker profile that are proteins are obtained by protein based measurement techniques. In some embodiments biomarker profiles can be obtained using a kit, such as a kit described in Section 5.3 below.
[00153] In specific einbodiments, a subject is screened using the methods and compositions of the invention as frequently as necessary (e.g., during their stay in the ICU) to diagnose or predict sepsis or SIRS in a subject. In a preferred embodiment, the subject is screened soon after they arrive in the ICU. In some embodiments, the subject is screened daily after they arrive in the ICU. In some embodiments, the subject is screened every 1 to 4 hours, 1 to 8 hours, 8 to 12 hours, 12 to 16 hours, or 16 to 24 liours after they arrive in the ICU.

5.3 KITS
[00154] The invention also provides kits that are useful in diagnosing or predicting the development of sepsis or diagnosing SIRS in a subject. In some embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more biomarkers and/or reagents to detect the presence or abundance of such biomarkers.
In other embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, but as many as several hundred or more biomarkers. In some embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more biomarkers selected from Table I of Section 5.11.
In some embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or more biomarkers selected from Table J
of Section 5.11. In some embodiments, the kits of the present invention conlprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or all 10 of the biomarkers in Table K of Section 5.11.
In accordance with the definition of biomarkers given in Section 5.1, in some instances, a biomarker is in fact a discriminating molecule of, for example, a gene, mRNA, or protein rather than the gene, mRNA, or protein itself. Thus, a biomarker could be a molecule that indicates the presence, or abundance of a particular gene or protein, or fragment thereof, identified in any one of Tables I, J, or K of Section 5.11 rather than the actual gene or protein itself. Such discriminating molecules are sometimes referred to in the art as "reagents."
In some embodiments, the kits of the present invention comprise at least 2, but as many as several hundred or more biomarkers.
[00155] The biomarkers of the kits of the present invention can be used to generate biomarker profiles according to the present invention. Examples of classes of compounds of the kit include, but are not limited to, proteins and fragments thereof, peptides, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids (e.g., DNA, such as cDNA or amplified DNA, or RNA, such as mRNA), organic or inorganic chemicals, natural or synthetic polymers, small molecules (e.g., metabolites), or discriminating molecules or discriminating fragments of any of the foregoing.
In a specific embodiment, a biomarker is of a particular size, (e.g., at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10k, 20k, 100k Daltons or greater). The biomarker(s) may be part of an array, or the biomarker(s) may be packaged separately and/or individually. The kit may also comprise at least one internal standard to be used in generating the biomarker profiles of the present invention. Likewise, the internal standard or standards can be any of the classes of compounds described above.
[00156] In one embodiment, the invention provides kits comprising probes and/or primers that may or may not be immobilized at an addressable position on a substrate, such as found, for example, in a microarray. In a particular embodiment, the invention provides such a microarray.
[00157] In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a kit for predicting the development of sepsis in a test subject that comprises a plurality of antibodies that specifically bind the protein-based biomarkers listed in any one of Tables 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, I, J, or K. In such embodiments, the antibodies themselves are biomarkers within the scope of the present invention. In accordance with this embodiment, the kit may comprise a set of antibodies or functional fragments or derivatives thereof (e.g., Fab, F(ab')2, Fv, or scFv fragments) that specifically bind at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 or 200 or more of the protein-based biomarkers set forth in any one of Tables 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, I, J, or K. In accordance with this einbodiment, the kit may include antibodies, fragments or derivatives thereof (e.g., Fab, F(ab')2, Fv, or scFv fragments) that are specific for the biomarkers of the present invention. In one embodiment, the antibodies may be detectably labeled.
[00158] In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a kit for predicting the development of sepsis in a test subject comprises a plurality of antibodies that specifically bind a plurality of the protein-based biomarkers listed in Table I of Section 5.11. In accordance with this embodiment, the kit may comprise a set of antibodies or functional fragments or derivatives thereof (e.g., Fab, F(ab')2, Fv, or scFv fragments) that specifically bind at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more of the biomarkers set forth in Table I. In accordance with this embodiment, the kit may include antibodies, fragments or derivatives thereof (e.g., Fab, F(ab')2, Fv, or scFv fragments) that are specific for the biomarkers of the present invention. In one embodiment, the antibodies may be detectably labeled.
[00159] In other embodiments of the invention, a kit may comprise a specific biomarker binding component, such as an aptamer. If the biomarkers comprise a nucleic acid, the kit may provide an oligonucleotide probe that is capable of forming a duplex with the biomarker or with a complementary strand of a biomarker. The oligonucleotide probe may be detectably labeled. In such embodiments, the probes are themselves biomarkers that fall within the scope of the present invention.
[00160] The kits of the present invention may also include additional compositions, such as buffers, that can be used in constructing the biomarker profile.
Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like.
[00161] Some kits of the present invention comprise a microarray. In one embodiment this microarray comprises a plurality of probe spots, wherein at least twenty percent of the probe spots in the plurality of probe spots correspond to biomarkers in any one of Tables 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, I, J, or K. In some embodiments, at least twenty-five percent, at least thirty percent, at least thirty-five percent, at least forty percent, or at least sixty percent, or at least eiglity percent of the probe spots in the plurality of probe spots correspond to biomarkers in any one of Tables 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, I, J, or K. Such probe spots are biomarkers within the scope of the present invention. In some embodiments, the microarray consists of between about three and about one hundred probe spots on a substrate. In some embodiments, the microarray consists of between about three and about one hundred probe spots on a substrate. As used in this context, the term "about" means within five percent of the stated value, within ten percent of the stated value, or within twenty-five percent of the stated value. In some embodiments, such microarrays contain one or more probe spots for inter-microarray calibration or for calibration with other microarrays such as reference microarrays using techniques that are known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments such microarrays are nucleic acid microarrays.
In some embodiments, such microarrays are protein microarrays.
[00162] Some kits of the-invention may further comprise a computer program product for use in conjunction with a computer system, wherein the computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium and a computer program mechanism embedded therein. In such kits, the computer program mechanism comprises instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set. Satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. In one embodiment, the plurality of features corresponds to biomarkers listed in any one of Tables 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, I, J, or K. In some kits, the computer program product further comprises instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set. Satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis.

[00163] Some kits of the present invention comprise a computer having a central processing unit and a memory coupled to the central processing unit. The memory stores instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set. Satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. In one embodiment, the plurality of features corresponds to biomarkers listed in any one of Tables 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, I, J, or K.
[00164] Fig. 35 details an exemplary system that supports the functionality described above. The system is preferably a computer system 10 having:

= a central processing unit 22;
= a main non-volatile storage unit 14, for example, a hard disk drive, for storing software and data, the storage unit 14 controlled by storage controller 12;

= a system memory 36, preferably high speed random-access memory (RAM), for storing system control programs, data, and application programs, comprising programs and data loaded from non-volatile storage unit 14; system memory 36 may also include read-only memory (ROM);
= a user interface 32, comprising one or more input devices (e.g., keyboard 28) and a display 26 or other output device;
= a network interface card 20 for connecting to any wired or wireless communication network 34 (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet);
= an internal bus 30 for interconnecting the aforementioned elements of the system;
and = a power source 24 to power the aforementioned elements.
[00165] Operation of coinputer 10 is controlled primarily by operating system 40, which is executed by central processing unit 22. Operating system 40 can be stored in system memory 36. In addition to operating system 40, in a typical implementation, system memory 36 includes:
= file system 42 for controlling access to the various files and data structures used by the present invention;
= a training data set 44 for use in construction one or more decision rules in accordance with the present invention;
= a data analysis algorithm module 54 for processing training data and constructing decision rules;
= one or more decision rules 56;

= a biomarker profile evaluation module 60 for determining whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a first value set or a second value set;
= a test subject biomarker profile 62 comprising biomarkers 64 and, for each such biomarkers, features 66; and = a database 68 of select biomarkers of the present invention (e.g., Table 30 and/or Table I and/or Table J and/or Table K, and/or Table L and/or Table M and/or Table N and/or Table 0 etc.) and/or one or features for each of these select biomarkers.

[00166] Training data set 46 comprises data for a plurality of subjects 46.
For each subject 46 there is a subject identifier 48 and a plurality of biomarkers 50.
For each biomarker 50, there is at least one feature 52. Although not shown in Figure 35, for each feature 52, there is a feature value. For each decision rule 56 constructed using data analysis algorithms, there is at least one decision rule value set 58.
[00167] As illustrated in Figure 35, computer 10 comprises software program modules and data structures. The data structures stored in computer 10 include training data set 44, decision rules 56, test subject biomarker profile 62, and biomarker database 68.
Each of these data structures can comprise any form of data storage system including, but not limited to, a flat ASCII or binary file, an Excel spreadsheet, a relational database (SQL), or an on-line analytical processing (OLAP) database (MDX and/or variants thereof). In some specific embodiments, such data structures are each in the form of one or more databases that include hierarchical structure (e.g., a star schema). In some embodiments, such data structures are each in the form of databases that do not have explicit hierarchy (e.g., dimension tables that are not hierarchically arranged).
[00168] In some embodiments, each of the data structures stored or accessible to system 10 are single data structures. In other embodiments, such data structures in fact comprise a plurality of data structures (e.g., databases, files, archives) that may or may not all be hosted by the same computer 10. For example, in some embodiments, training data set 44 comprises a plurality of Excel spreadsheets that are stored either on computer 10 and/or on computers that are addressable by computer 10 across wide area network 34. In another example, training data set 44 comprises a database that is either stored on computer or is distributed across one or more computers that are addressable by computer 10 across wide area network 34.

[00169] It will be appreciated that many of the modules and data structures illustrated in Figure 35 can be located on one or more remote computers. For example, some einbodiments of the present application are web service-type implementations.
In such embodiments, biomarker profile evaluation module 60 and/or other modules can reside on a client computer that is in communication with computer 10 via network 34. In some embodiments, for example, biomarker profile evaluation module 60 can be an interactive web page.
[00170] In some embodiments, training data set 44, decision rules 56, and/or biomarker database 68 illustrated in Figure 35 are on a single computer (computer 10) and in other embodiments one or more of such data structures and modules are hosted by one or more remote computers (not shown). Any arrangement of the data structures and software modules illustrated in Figure 35 on one or more computers is within the scope of the present invention so long as these data structures and software modules are addressable with respect to each other across network 34 or by other electronic means. Thus, the present invention fully encompasses a broad array of computer systems.
[00171] Still another kit of the present invention comprises computers and computer readable media for evaluating whether a test subject is likely to develop sepsis or SIRS. For instance, one einbodiment of the present invention provides a computer program product for use in conjunction with a computer system. The computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium and a computer program mechanism embedded therein.
The computer program mechanism comprises instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set. Satisfaction of the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table 1. In certain embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the computer program product further comprises instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set. Satisfaction of the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I, between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table I, at least four biomarkers listed in Table I, or at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

[00172] Another kit of the present invention comprises a central processing unit and a memory coupled to the central processing unit. The memory stores instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set. Satisfaction of the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. This plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers from Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the memory further stores instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set, wherein satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile consists of between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I, between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table I, at least four biomarkers listed in Table I., or at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.
[00173] Another kit in accordance with the present invention comprises a computer system for determining whetller a subject is likely to develop sepsis. The computer system comprises a central processing unit and a memory, coupled to the central processing unit.
The memory stores instructions for obtaining a biomarker profile of a test subject. The biomarker profile comprises a plurality of features. Each feature in the plurality of features is a measurable aspect of a corresponding biomarker in a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table I.
The memory further comprises instructions for transmitting the biomarker profile to a remote computer.
The remote computer includes instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set.
Satisfaction of the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The memory further comprises instructions for receiving a determination, from the remote computer, as to whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set. The memory also comprises instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set. In some einbodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I
when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the remote computer further comprises instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of ' features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set. Satisfaction of the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In such embodiments, the memory further comprises instructions for receiving a determination, from the remote computer, as to whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the second set as well as instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the second value set.
In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I.
[00174] Still another aspect of the present invention comprises a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave comprising a respective value for each of a plurality of features in a biomarker profile. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers coinprises at least tllree biomarkers listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.
[00175] Still another aspect of the present invention provides a digital signal einbodied on a carrier wave comprising a determination as to whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a value set. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. This plurality of biomarkers comprises at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. Satisfying the value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.
[00176] Still another embodiment provides a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave comprising a determination as to whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a value set. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprise at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. Satisfaction of the value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.
In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.
[00177] Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a graphical user interface for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis. The graphical user interface comprises a display field for a displaying a result encoded in a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave received from a remote computer. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprise at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. The result has a first value when a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a first value set.
The result has a second value when a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a second value set. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.
[00178] Yet another kit of the present invention provides a computer system for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis. The computer system comprises a central processing unit and a memory, coupled to the central processing unit.
The memory stores instructions for obtaining a biomarker profile of a test subject. The biomarker profile comprises a plurality of features. The plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers. The plurality of biomarkers comprise at least three biomarkers listed in Table I. The memory further stores instructions for evaluating whetlier the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set.
Satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis. The memory also stores instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I
when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

5.4 GENERATION OF BIOMARKER PROFILES
[00179] According to one embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise generating a biomarker profile from a biological sample taken from a subject. The biological sample may be, for example, whole blood, plasma, serum, red blood cells, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, saliva, sputum, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, cells, a cellular extract, a tissue sample, a tissue biopsy, a stool sample or any sample that may be obtained from a subject using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. In a specific embodiment, a biomarker profile is determined using samples collected from a subject at one or more separate time points. In another specific embodiment, a biomarker profile is generated using samples obtained from a subject at separate time points. In one example, these samples are obtained from the subject either once or, alternatively, on a daily basis, or more frequently, e.g., every 4, 6, 8 or 12 hours. In a specific embodiment, a biomarker profile is determined using samples collected from a single tissue type. In another specific enibodiment, a biomarker profile is determined using samples collected from at least two different tissue types.

5.4.1 Methods of detecting nucleic acid biomarkers [00180] In specific embodiments of the invention, biomarkers in a biomarker profile are nucleic acids. Such biomarkers and corresponding features of the biomarker profile may be generated, for example, by detecting the expression product (e.g., a polynucleotide or polypeptide) of one or more genes described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K.). In a specific embodiment, the biomarkers and corresponding features in a biomarker profile are obtained by detecting and/or analyzing one or more nucleic acids expressed from a gene disclosed herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K) using any method well known to those skilled in the art including, but by no means limited to, hybridization, microarray analysis, RT-PCR, nuclease protection assays and Northern blot analysis.
[00181] In certain embodiments, nucleic acids detected and/or analyzed by the methods and compositions of the invention include RNA molecules such as, for example, expressed RNA molecules which include messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, mRNA
spliced variants as well as regulatory RNA, cRNA molecules (e.g., RNA
molecules prepared from cDNA molecules that are transcribed in vitro) and discriminating fragments thereof. Nucleic acids detected and/or analyzed by the methods and compositions of the present invention can also include, for example, DNA molecules such as genomic DNA
molecules, cDNA molecules, and discriminating fragments thereof (e.g., oligonucleotides, ESTs, STSs, etc.).
[00182] The nucleic acid molecules detected and/or analyzed by the methods and compositions of the invention may be naturally occurring nucleic acid molecules such as genomic or extragenomic DNA molecules isolated from a sample, or RNA
molecules, such as mRNA molecules, present in, isolated from or derived from a biological sample. The sample of nucleic acids detected and/or analyzed by the methods and compositions of the invention comprise, e.g., molecules of DNA, RNA, or copolymers of DNA and RNA.
Generally, these nucleic acids correspond to particular genes or alleles of genes, or to particular gene transcripts (e.g., to particular mRNA sequences expressed in specific cell types or to particular cDNA sequences derived from such mRNA sequences). The nucleic acids detected and/or analyzed by the methods and compositions of the invention may correspond to different exons of the same gene, e.g., so that different splice variants of that gene may be detected and/or analyzed.
[00183] In specific embodiments, the nucleic acids are prepared in vitro from nucleic acids present in, or isolated or partially isolated from biological a sample.
For example, in one embodiment, RNA is extracted from a sample (e.g., total cellular RNA, poly(A)+
messenger RNA, fraction thereof) and messenger RNA is purified from the total extracted RNA. Methods for preparing total and poly(A)+ RNA are well known in the art, and are described generally, e.g., in Sambrook et al., 2001, Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual. 3'd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (Cold Spring Harbor, New York), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In one embodiment, RNA is extracted from a sample using guanidinium thiocyanate lysis followed by CsCI
centrifugation and an oligo dT purification (Chirgwin et al., 1979, Biochemistry 18:5294-5299). In another embodiment, RNA is extracted from a sample using guanidinium thiocyanate lysis followed by purification on RNeasy columns (Qiagen, Valencia, California). eDNA is then synthesized from the purified mRNA using, e.g., oligo-dT or random primers. In specific embodiments, the target nucleic acids are cRNA
prepared from purified messenger RNA extracted from a sample. As used herein, cRNA is defined here as RNA complementary to the source RNA. The extracted RNAs are amplified using a process in which doubled-stranded cDNAs are synthesized from the RNAs using a primer linked to an RNA polymerase promoter in a direction capable of directing transcription of anti-sense RNA. Anti-sense RNAs or cRNAs are then transcribed from the second strand of the double-stranded cDNAs using an RNA polymerase (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos.
5,891,636, 5,716,785; 5,545,522 and 6,132,997, which are hereby incorporated by reference). Both oligo-dT primers (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,545,522 and 6,132,997, hereby incorporated by reference herein) or random primers that contain an RNA
polymerase promoter or complement thereof can be used. In some embodiments the target nucleic acids are short and/or fragmented nucleic acid molecules which are representative of the original nucleic acid population of the sample.
[00184] In one embodiment, nucleic acids of the invention can be detectably labeled.
For example, cDNA can be labeled directly, e.g., with nucleotide analogs, or indirectly, e.g., by making a second, labeled cDNA strand using the first strand as a template.
Alternatively, the double-stranded cDNA can be transcribed into cRNA and labeled.
[00185] In some embodiments the detectable label is a fluorescent label, e.g., by incorporation of nucleotide analogs. Other labels suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, biotin, imminobiotin, antigens, cofactors, dinitrophenol, lipoic acid, olefinic compounds, detectable polypeptides, electron rich molecules, enzymes capable of generating a detectable signal by action upon a substrate, and radioactive isotopes. Suitable radioactive isotopes include 32 P, 35 S, 14 C, 15N and 125I. Fluorescent molecules suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to, fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, Texas red, 5'carboxy-fluorescein ("FMA"), 6-carboxy-4',5'-dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxyfluorescein, succinimidyl ester ("JOE"), carboxytetramethylrhodamine ("TAMRA"), 6Ncarboxy-X-rhodainine ("ROX"), HEX, TET, IRD40, and IRD41. Fluorescent molecules that are suitable for the invention further include, but are not limited to: cyamine dyes, including by not limited to Cy3, Cy3.5 and Cy5; BODIPY dyes including but not limited to BODIPY-FL, BODIPY-TR, BODIPY-TMR, BODIPY-630/650, BODIPY-650/670; and ALEXA dyes, including but not limited to ALEXA-488, ALEXA-532, ALEXA-546, ALEXA-568, and ALEXA-594; as well as other fluorescent dyes which will be known to those who are skilled in the art.
Electron-rich indicator molecules suitable for the present invention include, but are not limited to, ferritin, hemocyanin, and colloidal gold. Alternatively, in some embodiments the target nucleic acids may be labeled by specifically complexing a first group to the nucleic acid. A second group, covalently linked to an indicator molecules and which has an affinity for the first group, can be used to indirectly detect the target nucleic acid.
In such an embodiment, compounds suitable for use as a first group include, but are not limited to, biotin and iminobiotin. Compounds suitable for use as a second group include, but are not limited to, avidin and streptavidin.

5.4.1.1 Nucleic acid arrays [00186] In certain embodiments of the invention, nucleic acid arrays are employed to generate features of biomarkers in a biomarker profile by detecting the expression of any one or more of the genes described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J or Table K). In one embodiment of the invention, a microarray, such as a cDNA
microarray, is used to determine feature values of biomarkers in a biomarker profile. The diagnostic use of eDNA arrays is well known in the art. (See, e.g., Zou et. al., 2002, Oncogene 21:4855-4862; as well as Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools for DNA
Microarrays, Chapman & Hall/CRC, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Exemplary methods for cDNA microarray analysis are described below, and in the examples in Section 6, infra.
[00187] In certain embodiments, the feature values for biomarkers in a biomarker profile are obtained by hybridizing to the array detectably labeled nucleic acids representing or corresponding to the nucleic acid sequences in mRNA transcripts present in a biological sample (e.g., fluorescently labeled cDNA synthesized from the sample) to a microarray comprising one or more probe spots.
[00188] Nucleic acid arrays, for example, microarrays, can be made in a number of ways, of which several are described herein below. Preferably, the arrays are reproducible, allowing multiple copies of a given array to be produced and results from said microarrays compared with each other. Preferably, the arrays are made from materials that are stable under binding (e.g., nucleic acid hybridization) conditions. Those skilled in the art will know of suitable supports, substrates or carriers for hybridizing test probes to probe spots on an array, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
[00189] Arrays, for example, microarrays, used can include one or more test probes.
In some embodiments each such test probe coinprises a nucleic acid sequence that is complementary to a subsequence of RNA or DNA to be detected. Each probe typically has a different nucleic acid sequence, and the position of each probe on the solid surface of the array is usually known or can be determined. Arrays useful in accordance with the invention can include, for example, oligonucleotide microarrays, cDNA based arrays, SNP
arrays, spliced variant arrays and any other array able to provide a qualitative, quantitative or semi-quantitative measurement of expression of a gene described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J or Table K). Some types of microarrays are addressable arrays. More specifically, some microarrays are positionally addressable arrays. In some embodiments, each probe of the array is located at a known, predetermined position on the solid support so that the identity (e.g., the sequence) of each probe can be determined from its position on the array (e.g., on the support or surface). In some embodiments, the arrays are ordered arrays. Microarrays are generally described in Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microarrays, Chapman & Hall/CRC, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[00190] In some embodiments of the present invention, an expressed transcript (e.g., a transcript of a gene described herein) is represented in the nucleic acid arrays. In such embodiments, a set of binding sites can include probes with different nucleic acids that are complementary to different sequence segments of the expressed transcript.
Exemplary nucleic acids that fall within this class can be of length of 15 to 200 bases, 20 to 100 bases, 25 to 50 bases, 40 to 60 bases or some other range of bases. Each probe sequence can also comprise one or more linker sequences in addition to the sequence that is complementary to its target sequence. As used herein, a linker sequence is a sequence between the sequence that is complementary to its target sequence and the surface of support. For example, the nucleic acid arrays of the invention can comprise one probe specific to each target gene or exon. However, if desired, the nucleic acid arrays can contain at least 2, 5, 10, 100, or 1000 or more probes specific to some expressed transcript (e.g., a transcript of a gene described herein, e.g., in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K). For example, the array may contain probes tiled across the sequence of the longest mRNA isoform of a gene.
[00191] It will be appreciated that when cDNA complementary to the RNA of a cell, for example, a cell in a biological sample, is made and hybridized to a microarray under suitable hybridization conditions, the level of hybridization to the site in the array corresponding to a gene described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K) will reflect the prevalence in the cell of mRNA or mRNAs transcribed from that gene. Alternatively, in instances where multiple isoforms or alternate splice variants produced by particular genes are to be distinguished, detectably labeled (e.g., with a fluorophore) cDNA complementary to the total cellular mRNA can be hybridized to a microarray, and the site on the array corresponding to an exon of the gene that is not transcribed or is removed during RNA splicing in the cell will have little or no signal (e.g., fluorescent signal), and a site corresponding to an exon of a gene for which the encoded mRNA expressing the exon is prevalent will have a relatively strong signal.
The relative abundance of different mRNAs produced from the same gene by alternative splicing is then determined by the signal strength pattern across the whole set of exons monitored for the gene.
[00192] In one embodiment, hybridization levels at different hybridization times are measured separately on different, identical microarrays. For each such measurement, at hybridization time when hybridization level is measured, the microarray is washed briefly, preferably in room temperature in an aqueous solution of high to moderate salt concentration (e.g., 0.5 to 3 M salt concentration) under conditions which retain all bound or hybridized nucleic acids while removing all unbound nucleic acids. The detectable label on the remaining, hybridized nucleic acid molecules on each probe is then measured by a method which is appropriate to the particular labeling method used. The resulting hybridization levels are then combined to form a hybridization curve. In another embodiment, hybridization levels are measured in real time using a single microarray. In this embodiment, the microarray is allowed to hybridize to the sample without interruption and the microarray is interrogated at each hybridization time in a non-invasive manner. In still another embodiment, one can use one array, hybridize for a short time, wash and measure the hybridization level, put back to the same sample, hybridize for another period of time, wash and measure again to get the liybridization time curve.
[00193] In some embodiments, nucleic acid hybridization and wash conditions are chosen so that the nucleic acid biomarkers to be analyzed specifically bind or specifically hybridize to the complementary nucleic acid sequences of the array, typically to a specific array site, where its complementary DNA is located.
[00194] Arrays containing double-stranded probe DNA situated thereon can be subjected to denaturing conditions to render the DNA single-stranded prior to contacting with the target nucleic acid molecules. Arrays containing single-stranded probe DNA (e.g., synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleic acids) may need to be denatured prior to contacting with the target nucleic acid molecules, e.g., to remove hairpins or dimers which form due to self complementary sequences.
[00195] Optimal hybridization conditions will depend on the length (e.g., oligomer versus polynucleotide greater than 200 bases) and type (e.g., RNA, or DNA) of probe and target nucleic acids. General parameters for specific (i. e., stringent) hybridization conditions for nucleic acids are described in Sambrook et al., (supra), and in Ausubel et al., 1988, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York. When the eDNA microarrays of Shena et al. are used, typical hybridization conditions are hybridization in 5 X SSC plus 0.2% SDS at 65 C for four hours, followed by washes at 25 C in low stringency wash buffer (1 X SSC plus 0.2% SDS), followed by 10 minutes at 25 C in higher stringency wash buffer (0.1 X SSC plus 0.2% SDS) (Shena et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:10614). Useful hybridization conditions are also provided in, e.g., Tijessen, 1993, Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.; Kricka,1992, Nonisotopic DNA Probe Techniques, Academic Press, San Diego, CA; and Zou et. al., 2002, Oncogene 21:4855-4862; and Draghici, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microanalysis, 2003, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 342-343, -which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
[00196] In a specific embodiment, a microarray can be used to sort out RT-PCR
products that have been generated by the methods described, for example, below in Section 5.4.1.2.
5.4.1.2 RT-PCR
[00197] In certain embodiments, to determine the feature values of biomarkers in a biomarker profile of the invention, the level of expression of one or more of the genes described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K) is measured by amplifying RNA from a sample using reverse transcription (RT) in combination with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In accordance with this embodiment, the reverse transcription may be quantitative or semi-quantitative. The RT-PCR methods taught herein may be used in conjunction with the microarray methods described above, for example, in Section 5.4.1.1. For example, a bulk PCR reaction may be performed, the PCR
products may be resolved and used as probe spots on a microarray. See also Section 6.10, infi a.
[00198] Total RNA, or mRNA from a sample is used as a template and a primer specific to the transcribed portion of the gene(s) is used to initiate reverse transcription.
Methods of reverse transcribing RNA into cDNA are well known and described in Sambrook et al., 2001, supra. Primer design can be accomplished based on known nucleotide sequences that have been published or available from any publicly available sequence database such as GenBank. For example, primers may be designed for any of the genes described herein (see, e.g., in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K).
Further, primer design may be accomplished by utilizing commercially available software (e.g., Primer Designer 1.0, Scientific Software etc.). The product of the reverse transcription is subsequently used as a template for PCR.
[00199] PCR provides a method for rapidly amplifying a particular nucleic acid sequence by using multiple cycles of DNA replication catalyzed by a thermostable, DNA-dependent DNA polymerase to amplify the target sequence of interest. PCR
requires the presence of a nucleic acid to be amplified, two single-stranded oligonucleotide primers flanking the sequence to be amplified, a DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, a buffer and salts. The method of PCR is well known in the art.
PCR, is performed, for example, as described in Mullis and Faloona, 1987, Methods Enzymol.
155:335, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00200] PCR can be performed using template DNA or eDNA (at least lfg; more usefully, 1=1000 ng) and at least 25 pmol of oligonucleotide primers. A
typical reaction mixture includes: 2 l of DNA, 25 pmol of oligonucleotide primer, 2.5 l of 10 M PCR
buffer 1 (Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, CA), 0.4 l of 1.25 M dNTP, 0.15 1(or 2.5 units) of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer, Foster City, CA) and deionized water to a total volume of 25 l. Mineral oil is overlaid and the PCR is performed using a programmable thermal cycler.
[00201] The length and temperature of each step of a PCR cycle, as well as the number of cycles, are adjusted according to the stringency requirements in effect.
Annealing temperature and timing are determined both by the efficiency with which a primer is expected to anneal to a template and the degree of mismatch that is to be tolerated.
The ability to optimize the stringency of primer annealing conditions is well within the knowledge of one of moderate skill in the art. An annealing temperature of between 30 C
and 72 C is used. Initial denaturation of the template molecules normally occurs at between 92 C and 99 C for 4 minutes, followed by 20-40 cycles consisting of denaturation (94-99 C
for 15 seconds to 1 minute), annealing (temperature determined as discussed above; 1-2 minutes), and extension (72 C for 1 minute). The final extension step is generally carried out for 4 minutes at 72 C, and may be followed by an indefinite (0-24 hour) step at 4 C.
[00202] Quantitative RT-PCR ("QRT-PCR"), which is quantitative in nature, can also be performed to provide a quantitative measure of gene expression levels.
In QRT-PCR reverse transcription and PCR can be performed in two steps, or reverse transcription combined with PCR can be performed concurrently. One of these techniques, for which there are commercially available kits such as Taqman (Perkin Elmer, Foster City, California) or as provided by Applied Biosystems (Foster City, California) is performed with a transcript-specific antisense probe. This probe is specific for the PCR
product (e.g. a nucleic acid fragment derived from a gene) and is prepared with a quencher and fluorescent reporter probe complexed to the 5' end of the oligonucleotide. Different fluorescent markers are attached to different reporters, allowing for measurement of two products in one reaction. When Taq DNA polymerase is activated, it cleaves off the fluorescent reporters of the probe bound to the template by virtue of its 5'-to-3' exonuclease activity. In the absence of the quenchers, the reporters now fluoresce. The color change in the reporters is proportional to the amount of each specific product and is measured by a fluorometer;
therefore, the amount of each color is measured and the PCR product is quantified. The PCR reactions are performed in 96-well plates so that samples derived from many individuals are processed and measured simultaneously. The Taqman system has the additional advantage of not requiring gel electrophoresis and allows for quantification when used with a standard curve.
[00203] A second technique useful for detecting PCR products quantitatively is to use an intercolating dye such as the commercially available QuantiTect SYBR
Green PCR
(Qiagen, Valencia California). RT-PCR is performed using SYBR green as a fluorescent label which is incorporated into the PCR product during the PCR stage and produces a flourescense proportional to the amount of PCR product.
[00204] Both Taqman and QuantiTect SYBR systems can be used subsequent to reverse transcription of RNA. Reverse transcription can either be performed in the same reaction mixture as the PCR step (one-step protocol) or reverse transcription can be performed first prior to amplification utilizing PCR (two-step protocol).
[00205] Additionally, other systems to quantitatively measure mRNA expression products are known including Molecular Beacons which uses a probe having a fluorescent molecule and a quencher molecule, the probe capable of forming a hairpin structure such that when in the hairpin form, the fluorescence molecule is quenched, and when hybridized the fluorescence increases giving a quantitative measurement of gene expression.
[00206] Additional techniques to quantitatively measure RNA expression include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction, Qbeta replicase (see, e.g., International Application No. PCT/US87/00880, which is hereby incorporated by reference), isothermal amplification method (see, e.g., Walker et al.,1992, PNAS 89:382-396, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference), strand displacement amplification (SDA), repair chain reaction, Asymmetric Quantitative PCR (see, e.g., U.S.
Publication No.
US 2003/30134307A1, herein incorporated by reference) and the multiplex microsphere bead assay described in Fuja et al., 2004, Journal of Biotechnology 108:193-205, herein incorporated by reference.
[00207] The level of expression of one or more of the genes described herein (e.g., the genes listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K) can, for example, be measured by amplifying RNA from a sample using amplification (NASBA). See, e.g., Kwoh et a1.,1989, PNAS USA 86:1173; International Publication No. WO 88/10315; and U.S. Patent No.
6,329,179, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In NASBA, the nucleic acids may be prepared for amplification using conventional methods, e.g., phenol/chloroform extraction, heat denaturation, treatment with lysis buffer and minispin columns for isolation of DNA and RNA or guanidinium chloride extraction of RNA. These amplification techniques involve annealing a primer that has target specific sequences.
Following polymerization, DNA/RNA hybrids are digested with RNase H while double stranded DNA
molecules are heat denatured again. In either case the single stranded DNA is made fully double stranded by addition of second target specific primer, followed by polymerization.
The double-stranded DNA molecules are then multiply transcribed by a polymerase such as T7 or SP6. In an isotliermal cyclic reaction, the RNA's are reverse transcribed into double stranded DNA, and transcribed once with a polymerase such as T7 or SP6. The resulting products, whether truncated or complete, indicate target specific sequences.
[00208] Several techniques may be used to separate amplification products. For example, amplification products may be separated by agarose, agarose-acrylamide or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using conventional methods. See Sambrook et al., 2001.
Several techniques for detecting PCR products quantitatively without electrophoresis may also be used according to the invention (see, e.g., PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Innis et al., 1990, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y., which is hereby incorporated by reference). For example, chromatographic techniques may be employed to effect separation. There are many kinds of chromatography which may be used in the present invention: adsorption, partition, ion-exchange and molecular sieve, HPLC, and many specialized techniques for using them including column, paper, thin-layer and gas chromatography (Freifelder, Physical Biochemistry Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed., Wm. Freeman and Co., New York, N.Y., 1982, which is hereby incorporated by reference).
[00209] Another example of a separation methodology is to covalently label the oligonucleotide primers used in a PCR reaction with various types of small molecule ligands. In one such separation, a different ligand is present on each oligonucleotide. A
molecule, perhaps an antibody or avidin if the ligand is biotin, that specifically binds to one of the ligands is used to coat the surface of a plate such as a 96 well ELISA
plate. Upon application of the PCR reactions to the surface of such a prepared plate, the PCR products are bound with specificity to the surface. After washing the plate to remove unbound reagents, a solution containing a second molecule that binds to the first ligand is added. This second molecule is linked to some kind of reporter system. The second molecule only binds to the plate if a PCR product has been produced whereby both oligonucleotide primers are incorporated into the final PCR products. The amount of the PCR product is then detected and quantified in a commercial plate reader much as ELISA reactions are detected and quantified. An ELISA-like system such as the one described here has been developed by Raggio Italgene (under the C-Track tradename.
[00210] Amplification products should be visualized in order to confinn amplification of the nucleic acid sequences of interest, i.e., nucleic acid sequences of one or more of the genes described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K). One typical visualization method involves staining of a gel with ethidium bromide and visualization under UV light. Alternatively, if the amplification products are integrally labeled with radio- or fluorometrically-labeled nucleotides, the amplification products may then be exposed to x-ray film or visualized under the appropriate stimulating spectra, following separation.
[00211] In one embodiment, visualization is achieved indirectly. Following separation of amplification products, a labeled, nucleic acid probe is brought into contact with the amplified nucleic acid sequence of interest, i.e., nucleic acid sequences of one or more of the genes described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K). The probe preferably is conjugated to a chromophore but may be radiolabeled. In another embodiment, the probe is conjugated to a binding partner, such as an antibody or biotin, where the other member of the binding pair carries a detectable moiety.
[00212] In another embodiment, detection is by Southern blotting and hybridization with a labeled probe. The techniques involved in Southern blotting are well known to those of skill in the art and may be found in many standard books on molecular protocols. See Sambrook et al., 2001. Briefly, ainplification products are separated by gel electrophoresis.
The gel is then contacted with a membrane, such as nitrocellulose, permitting transfer of the nucleic acid and non-covalent binding. Subsequently, the membrane is incubated with a chromophore-conjugated probe that is capable of hybridizing witli a target amplification product. Detection is by exposure of the membrane to x-ray film or ion-emitting detection devices. One example of the foregoing is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,721, incorporated by reference herein, which discloses an apparatus and method for the automated electrophoresis and transfer of nucleic acids. The apparatus permits electrophoresis and blotting without external manipulation of the gel and is ideally suited to carrying out methods according to the present invention.

5.4.1.3 Nuclease protection assays [00213] In particular einbodiments, feature values for biomarkers in a biomarker profile can be obtained by performing nuclease protection assays (including both ribonuclease protection assays and S 1 nuclease assays) to detect and quantify specific mRNAs (e.g., mRNAs of a gene described in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K). Such assays are described in, for example, Sambrook et al., 2001, supra. In nuclease protection assays, an antisense probe (labeled with, e.g., radiolabeled or nonisotopic) hybridizes in solution to an RNA sample. Following hybridization, single-stranded, unhybridized probe and RNA are degraded by nucleases. An acrylamide gel is used to separate the remaining protected fragments. Typically, solution hybridization is more efficient than membrane-based hybridization,- and it can accommodate up to 100 g of sample RNA, compared with the 20-30 g maximum of blot hybridizations.
[00214] The ribonuclease protection assay, which is the most common type of nuclease protection assay, requires the use of RNA probes. Oligonucleotides and other single-stranded DNA probes can only be used in assays containing S 1 nuclease.
The single-stranded, antisense probe must typically be completely homologous to target RNA to prevent cleavage of the probe:target hybrid by nuclease.

5.4.1.4 Northern blot assays [00215] Any hybridization technique known to those of skill in the art can be used to generate feature values for biomarkers in a biomarker profile. In other particular embodiments, feature values for biomarkers in a biomarker profile can be obtained by Northern blot analysis (to detect and quantify specific RNA molecules (e.g., RNAs of a gene described in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K). A standard Northern blot assay can be used to ascertain an RNA transcript size, identify alternatively spliced RNA
transcripts, and the relative ainounts of one or more genes described herein (in particular, mRNA) in a sample, in accordance with conventional Northern hybridization techniques known to those persons of ordinary skill in the art. In Northern blots, RNA
samples are first separated by size via electrophoresis in an agarose gel under denaturing conditions. The RNA is then transferred to a membrane, crosslinked and hybridized with a labeled probe.
Nonisotopic or high specific activity radiolabeled probes can be used including random-primed, nick-translated, or PCR-generated DNA probes, in vitro transcribed RNA
probes, and oligonucleotides. Additionally, sequences with only partial homology (e.g., cDNA from a different species or genomic DNA fragments that might contain an exon) may be used as probes. The labeled probe, e.g., a radiolabelled cDNA, either containing the full-length, single stranded DNA or a fragment of that DNA sequence may be at least 20, at least 30, at least 50, or at least 100 consecutive nucleotides in length. The probe can be labeled by any of the many different methods known to those skilled in this art. The labels most commonly employed for these studies are radioactive elements, enzymes, chemicals that fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light, and others. A number of fluorescent materials are known and can be utilized as labels. These include, but are not limited to, fluorescein, rhodamine, auramine, Texas Red, AMCA blue and Lucifer Yellow. The radioactive label can be detected by any of the currently available counting procedures. Non-limiting examples of isotopes include 3H, 14C, 32P, 35S, 36CI, 51Cr, 57Co, 58Co, 59Fe, 90y, 125I1131I, and is6Re. Enzyme labels are likewise useful, and can be detected by any of the presently utilized colorimetric, spectrophotometric, fluorospectrophotometric, amperometric or gasometric techniques. The enzyme is conjugated to the selected particle by reaction with bridging molecules such as carbodiimides, diisocyanates, glutaraldehyde and the like. Any enzymes known to one of skill in the art can be utilized. Examples of such enzymes include, but are not limited to, peroxidase, beta-D-galactosidase, urease, glucose oxidase plus peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,654,090, 3,850,752, and 4,016,043 are referred to by way of example for their disclosure of alternate labeling material and methods.

5.4.2 Methods of detecting proteins [00216] In specific embodiments of the invention, feature values of biomarkers in a biomarker profile can be obtained by detecting proteins, for example, by detecting the expression product (e.g., a nucleic acid or protein) of one or more genes described herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K), or post-translationally modified, or otherwise modified, or processed forms of such proteins. In a specific embodiment, a biomarker profile is generated by detecting and/or analyzing one or more proteins and/or discriminating fragments thereof expressed from a gene disclosed herein (e.g., a gene listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K) using any method known to those skilled in the art for detecting proteins including, but not limited to protein microarray analysis, immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry.
[00217] Standard techniques may be utilized for detennining the amount of the protein or proteins of interest (e.g., proteins expressed from genes listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K) present in a sample. For example, standard techniques can be employed using, e.g., immunoassays such as, for example Western blot, immunoprecipitation followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (SDS-PAGE), immunocytochemistry, and the like to determine the amount of protein or proteins of interest present in a sample. One exemplary agent for detecting a protein of interest is an antibody capable of specifically binding to a protein of interest, preferably an antibody detectably labeled, either directly or indirectly.
[00218] For such detection methods, if desired a protein from the sample to be analyzed can easily be isolated using techniques which are well known to those of skill in the art. Protein isolation methods can, for example, be such as those described in Harlow and Lane, 1988, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (Cold Spring Harbor, New York), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00219] In certain embodiments, methods of detection of the protein or proteins of interest involve their detection via interaction with a protein-specific antibody. For example, antibodies directed to a protein of interest (e.g., a protein expressed from a gene described herein, e.g., a protein listed in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K). Antibodies can be generated utilizing standard techniques well known to those of skill in the art. In specific embodiments, antibodies can be polyclonal, or more preferably, monoclonal. An intact antibody, or an antibody fragment (e.g., scFv, Fab or F(ab')2) can, for example, be used.
[00220] For example, antibodies, or fragments of antibodies, specific for a protein of interest can be used to quantitatively or qualitatively detect the presence of a protein. This can be accomplished, for example, by immunofluorescence techniques. Antibodies (or fragments thereof) can, additionally, be employed histologically, as in immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, for in situ detection of a protein of interest.
In situ detection can be accomplished by removing a biological sample (e.g., a biopsy specimen) from a patient, and applying thereto a labeled antibody that is directed to a protein of interest (e.g., a protein expressed from a gene in Table 30, Table I, Table J, or Table K).
The antibody (or fragment) is preferably applied by overlaying the antibody (or fragment ) onto a biological sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possible to determine not only the presence of the protein of interest, but also its distribution, in a particular sample. A wide variety of well-known histological methods (such as staining procedures) can be utilized to achieve such in situ detection.
[00221] Immunoassays for a protein of interest typically comprise incubating a biological sample of a detectably labeled antibody capable of identifying a protein of interest, and detecting the bound antibody by any of a number of techniques well-known in the art. As discussed in more detail, below, the term "labeled" can refer to direct labeling of the antibody via, e.g., coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the antibody, and can also refer to indirect labeling of the antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled. Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a primary antibody using a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody.
[00222] The biological sample can be brought in contact with and immobilized onto a solid phase support or carrier such as nitrocellulose, or other solid support which is capable of immobilizing cells, cell particles or soluble proteins. The support can then be washed with suitable buffers followed by treatment with the detectably labeled fingerprint gene-specific antibody. The solid phase support can then be washed with the buffer a second time to remove unbound antibody. The amount of bound label on solid support can then be detected by conventional methods.
[00223] By "solid phase support or carrier" is intended any support capable of binding an antigen or an antibody. Well-known supports or carriers include glass, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, dextran, nylon, amylases, natural and modified celluloses, polyacrylamides and magnetite. The nature of the carrier can be either soluble to some extent or insoluble for the purposes of the present invention. The support material can have virtually any possible structural configuration so long as the coupled molecule is capable of binding to an antigen or antibody. Thus, the support configuration can be spherical, as in a bead, or cylindrical, as in the inside surface of a test tube, or the external surface of a rod. Alternatively, the surface can be flat such as a sheet, test strip, etc.
Preferred supports include polystyrene beads. Those skilled in the art will know many other suitable carriers for binding antibody or antigen, or will be able to ascertain the same by use of routine experimentation.
[00224] One of the ways in which an antibody specific for a protein of interest can be detectably labeled is by linking the same to an enzyme and use in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Voller, 1978, "The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)", Diagnostic Horizons 2:1-7, Microbiological Associates Quarterly Publication, Walkersville, MD;
Voller et al., 1978, J. Clin. Pathol. 31:507-520; Butler, J.E., 1981, Meth.
Enzymol.
73:482-523; Maggio (ed.), 1980, Enzyme Immunoassay, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL;
Ishikawa et al., (eds.), 1981, Enzyme Immunoassay, Kgaku Shoin, Tokyo, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The enzyme which is bound to the antibody will react with an appropriate substrate, preferably a chromogenic substrate, in such a manner as to produce a chemical moiety which can be detected, for example, by spectrophotometric, fluorimetric or by visual means. Enzymes which can be used to detectably label the antibody include, but are not limited to, malate dehydrogenase, staphylococcal nuclease, delta-5-steroid isomerase, yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate, dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, beta-galactosidase, ribonuclease, urease, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucoamylase and acetylcholinesterase. The detection can be accomplished by colorimetric methods which employ a chromogenic substrate for the enzyme. Detection can also be accomplished by visual comparison of the extent of enzymatic reaction of a substrate in comparison with similarly prepared standards.
[00225] Detection can also be accomplished using any of a variety of other immunoassays. For example, by radioactively labeling the antibodies or antibody fragments, it is possible to detect a protein of interest through the use of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) (see, for example, Weintraub, 1986, Principles of Radioimmunoassays, Seventh Training Course on Radioligand Assay Techniques, The Endocrine Society, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein). The radioactive isotope (e.g., 125I, 131I33sS or 3H) can be detected by such means as the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
[00226] It is also possible to label the antibody with a fluorescent compound.
When the fluorescently labeled antibody is exposed to light of the proper wavelength, its presence can then be detected due to fluorescence. Among the most commonly used fluorescent labeling compounds are fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, pliycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine.
[00227] The antibody can also be detectably labeled using fluorescence emitting metals such as 152Eu, or others of the lanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the antibody using such metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
[00228] The antibody also can be detectably labeled by coupling it to a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of the chemiluminescent-tagged antibody is then determined by detecting the presence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemical reaction. Examples of particularly useful chemiluminescent labeling compounds are luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
[00229] Likewise, a bioluminescent compound can be used to label the antibody of the present invention. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in, which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of a bioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence of luminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes of labeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.
[00230] In another embodiment, specific binding molecules other than antibodies, such as aptamers, may be used to bind the biomarkers. In yet another embodiment, the biomarker profile may comprise a measurable aspect of an infectious agent (e.g., lipopolysaccharides or viral proteins) or a component thereof.
[00231] In some embodiments, a protein chip assay (e.g., The ProteinChip Biomarker System, Ciphergen, Fremont, California) is used to measure feature values for the biomarkers in the biomarker profile. See also, for example, Lin, 2004, Modem Pathology, 1-9; Li, 2004, Journal of Urology 171, 1782-1787; Wadsworth, 2004, Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 1625-1632; Prieto, 2003, Journal of Liquid Chromatography &
Related Technologies 26, 2315-2328; Coombes, 2003, Clinical Chemistry 49, 1615-1623;
Mian, 2003, Proteomics 3, 1725-1737; Lehre et al., 2003, BJU International 92, 223-225;
and Diamond, 2003, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 14, 760-765, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[00232] In some embodiments, a bead assay is used to measure feature values for the biomarkers in the biomarker profile. One such bead assay is the Becton Dickinson Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). CBA employs a series of particles with discrete fluorescence intensities to simultaneously detect multiple soluble analytes.
CBA is combined with flow cytometry to create a multiplexed assay. The Becton Dickinson CBA
system, as embodied for example in the Becton Dickinson Human Inflammation Kit, uses the sensitivity of amplified fluorescence detection by flow cytometry to measure soluble analytes in a particle-based immunoassay. Each bead in a CBA provides a capture surface for a specific protein and is analogous to an individually coated well in an ELISA plate.
The BD CBA capture bead mixture is in suspension to allow for the detection of multiple analytes in a small volume sample.
In some embodiments the multiplex analysis method described in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,981,180 ("the '180 patent"), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, and in particular for its teachings of the general methodology, bead technology, system hardware and antibody detection, is used to measure feature values for the biomarkers in a biomarker profile. For this analysis, a matrix of microparticles is synthesized, where the matrix consists of different sets of microparticles. Each set of microparticles can have thousands of molecules of a distinct antibody capture reagent immobilized on the microparticle surface and can be color-coded by incorporation of varying amounts of two fluorescent dyes. The ratio of the two fluorescent dyes provides a distinct emission spectrmn for each set of microparticles, allowing the identification of a microparticle a set following the pooling of the various sets of microparticles. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,222 and 6,599,331 also are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, and in particular for their teachings of various methods of labeling microparticles for multiplex analysis.

5.4.3 Use of other methods of detection [00233] In some embodiments, a separation method may be used determine feature values for biomarkers in a biomarker profile, such that only a subset of biomarkers within the sample is analyzed. For example, the biomarkers that are analyzed in a sample may be mRNA species from a cellular extract which has been fractionated to obtain only the nucleic acid biomarkers within the sample, or the biomarlcers may be from a fraction of the total complement of proteins within the sample, which have been fractionated by chromatographic techniques.
[00234] Feature values for biomarkers in a biomarker profile can also, for example, be generated by the use of one or more of the following methods described below. For example, methods may include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a mass spectrometry method, such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ESI-MS/MS, ESI-MS/(MS)" (n is an integer greater than zero), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS), desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS), APCI-MS/MS, APCI-(MS) , atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS), APPI-MS/MS, and APPI-(MS) . Other mass spectrometry methods may include, inter alia, quadrupole, Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and ion trap. Other suitable methods may include chemical extraction partitioning, column chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic (reverse phase) liquid chromatography, isoelectric focusing, one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) or other chromatography, such as thin-layer, gas or liquid chromatography, or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the biological sample may be fractionated prior to application of the separation method.

[00235] In one embodiment, laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is used to create determine feature values in a biomarker profile where the biomarkers are proteins or protein fragments that have been ionized and vaporized off an immobilizing support by incident laser radiation and the feature values are the presence or absence of peaks representing these fragments in the mass spectra profile. A
variety of laser desorption/ionization techniques are known in the art (see, e.g., Guttman et al., 2001, Anal.
Chem. 73:1252-62 and Wei et al., 1999, Nature 399:243-246, each of which is hereby incorporated by herein be reference in its entirety).
[00236] Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry allows the generation of large amounts of information in a relatively short period of time. A biological sample is applied to one of several varieties of a support that binds all of the biomarkers, or a subset thereof, in the sample. Cell lysates or samples are directly applied to these surfaces in volumes as small as 0.5 L, with or without prior purification or fractionation. The lysates or sample can be concentrated or diluted prior to application onto the support surface. Laser desorptionlionization is then used to generate mass spectra of the sample, or samples, in as little as three hours.

5.5 DATA ANALYSIS ALGORITHMS
[00237] Biomarkers whose corresponding feature values are capable of discriminating between converters and nonconverters are identified in the present invention.
The identity of these biomarkers and their corresponding features (e.g., expression levels) can be used to develop a decision rule, or plurality of decision rules, that discriminate between converters and nonconverters. Section 6 below illustrates how data analysis algorithms can be used to construct a nuinber of such decision rules. Each of the data analysis algorithms described in Section 6 use features (e.g., expression values) of a subset of the biomarkers identified in the present invention across a training population that includes converters and nonconverters. Typically, a SIRS subject is considered a nonconverter when the subject does not develop sepsis in a defined time period (e.g., observation period). This defined time period can be, for example, twelve hours, twenty four hours, forty-eight hours, a day, a week, a month, or longer. Specific data analysis algorithms for building a decision rule, or plurality of decision rules, that discriminate between subjects that develop sepsis and subjects that do not develop sepsis during a defined period will be described in the subsections below. Once a decision rule has been built using these exemplary data analysis algorithms or other techniques known in the art, the decision rule can be used to classify a test subject into one of the two or more phenotypic classes (e.g., a converter or a nonconverter). This is accomplished by applying the decision rule to a biomarker profile obtained from the test subject. Such decision rules, therefore, have enormous value as diagnostic indicators.
[00238] The present invention provides, in one aspect, for the evaluation of a biomarker profile from a test subject to biomarker profiles obtained from a training population. In some einbodiments, each biomarker profile obtained from subjects in the training population, as well as the test subject, comprises a feature for each of a plurality of different biomarkers. In some embodiments, this comparison is accomplished by (i) developing a decision rule using the biomarker profiles from the training population and (ii) applying the decision rule to the biomarker profile from the test subject. As such, the decision rules applied in some embodiments of the present invention are used to determine whether a test subject having SIRS will or will not likely acquire sepsis.
[00239] In some embodiments of the present invention, when the results of the application of a decision rule indicate that the subject will likely acquire sepsis, the subject is diagnosed as a "sepsis" subject. If the results of an application of a decision rule indicate that the subject will not acquire sepsis, the subject is diagnosed as a "SIRS"
subject. Thus, in some embodiments, the result in the above-described binary decision situation has four possible outcomes:
[00240] (i) truly septic, where the decision rule indicates that the subject will acquire sepsis and the subject does in fact acquire sepsis during the definite time period (true positive, TP);
[00241] (ii) falsely septic, where the decision rule indicates that the subject will acquire sepsis and the subject, in fact, does not acquire sepsis during the definite time period (false positive, FP);
[00242] (iii) truly SIRS, where the decision rule indicates that the subject will not acquire sepsis and the subject, in fact, does not acquire sepsis during the definite time period (true negative, TN); or [00243] (iv) falsely SIRS, where the decision rule indicates that the subject will not acquire sepsis and the subject, in fact, does acquire sepsis during the definite time period (false negative, FN). ' [00244] It will be appreciated that other defmitions for TP, FP, TN, FN can be made.
For example, TP could have been defined as instances where the decision rule indicates that the subject will not acquire sepsis and the subject, in fact, does not acquire sepsis during the definite time period. While all such alternative definitions are within the scope of the present invention, for ease of understanding the present invention, the definitions for TP, FP, TN, and FN given by definitions (i) through (iv) above will be used herein, unless otherwise stated.
[00245] As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, a nunzber of quantitative criteria can be used to communicate the performance of the comparisons made between a test biomarker profile and reference biomarker profiles (e.g., the application of a decision rule to the biomarker profile from a test subject). These include positive predicted value (PPV), negative predicted value (NPV), specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and certainty. In addition, other constructs such a receiver operator curves (ROC) can be used to evaluate decision rule performance. As used herein:

[00246] PPV = TP
TP + FP
[00247] NPV = TN
TN+FN
[00248] specificity = TN
TN+FP

[00249] sensitivity = TP
TP+FN
[00250] accuracy = certainty = TP + TN
N
[00251] Here, N is the number of samples compared (e.g., the number of test samples for which a determination of sepsis or SIRS is sought). For example, consider the case in which there are ten subjects for which SIRS/sepsis classification is sought.
Biomarker profiles are constructed for each of the ten test subjects. Then, each of the biomarker profiles is evaluated by applying a decision rule, where the decision rule was developed based upon biomarker profiles obtained from a training population. In this example, N, from the above equations, is equal to 10. Typically, N is a number of samples, where each sample was collected from a different member of a population. This population can, in fact, be of two different types. In one type, the population comprises subjects whose samples and phenotypic data (e.g., feature values of biomarkers and an indication of whether or not the subject acquired sepsis) was used to construct or refine a decision rule.
Such a population is referred to herein as a training population. In the other type, the population comprises subjects that were not used to construct the decision rule. Such a population is referred to herein as a validation population. Unless otherwise stated, the population represented by N is either exclusively a training population or exclusively a validation population, as opposed to a mixture of the two population types. It will be appreciated that scores such as accuracy will be higher (closer to unity) when they are based on a training population as opposed to a validation population. Nevertheless, unless otherwise explicitly stated herein, all criteria used to assess the performance of a decision rule (or other forms of evaluation of a biomarker profile from a test subject) including certainty (accuracy) refer to criteria that were measured by applying the decision rule corresponding to the criteria to either a training population or a validation population. Furthermore, the definitions for PPV, NPV, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy defined above can also be found in Draghici, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microanalysis, 2003, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 342-343, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
[00252] In some embodiments the training population comprises nonconverters and converters. In some embodiments, biomarker profiles are constructed from this population using biological samples collected from the training population at some time period prior to the onset of sepsis by the converters of the population. As such, for the converters of the training population, a biological sample can be collected two week before, one week before, four days before, three days before, one day before, or any other time period before the converters became septic. In practice, such collections are obtained by collecting a biological sample at regular time intervals after admittance into the hospital with a SIRS
diagnosis. For example, in one approach, subjects who have been diagnosed with SIRS in a hospital are used as a training population. Once admitted to the hospital with SIRS, the biological samples are collected from the subjects at selected times (e.g., hourly, every eight hours, every twelve hours, daily, etc.). A portion of the subjects acquire sepsis and a portion of the subjects do not acquire sepsis. For the subjects that acquire sepsis, the biological sample taken from the subjects just prior to the onset of sepsis are termed the T_12 biological samples. All other biological samples from the subjects are retroactively indexed relative to these biological samples. For instance, when a biological sample has been taken from a subject on a daily basis, the biological sample taken the day before the T_12 sample is referred to as the T_36 biological sample. Time points for biological samples for a nonconverter in the training population are identified by "time-matching" the nonconverter subject with a converter subject. To illustrate, consider the case in which a subject in the training population became clinically-defined as septic on his sixth day of enrollment. For the sake of illustration, for this subject, T_36 is day four of the study, and the T_36 biological sample is the biological sample that was obtained on day four of the study.
Likewise, T_36 for the matched nonconverter subject is deemed to be day four of the study on this paired nonconverter subject.
[00253] In some embodiments, N is more than one, more than five, more than ten, more than twenty, between ten and 100, more than 100, or less than 1000 subjects. A
decision rule (or other forms of comparison) can have at least about 99%
certainty, or even more, in some embodiments, against a training population or a validation population. In other embodiments, the certainty is at least about 97%, at least about 95%, at least about 90%, at least about 85%, at least about 80%, at least about 75%, at least about 70%, at least about 65%, or at least about 60% against a training population or a validation population (and therefore against a single subject that is not part of a training population such as a clinical patient). The useful degree of certainty may vary, depending on the particular method of the present invention. As used herein, "certainty" means "accuracy."
In one embodiment, the sensitivity and/or specificity is at is at least about 97%, at least about 95%, at least about 90%, at least about 85%, at least about 80%, at least about 75%, or at least about 70% against a training population or a validation population. In some embodiments, such decision rules are used to predict the development of sepsis with the stated accuracy.
In some embodiments, such decision rules are used to diagnoses sepsis with the stated accuracy. In some embodiments, such decision rules are used to determine a stage of sepsis with the stated accuracy.
[00254] The number of features that may be used by a decision rule to classify a test subject with adequate certainty is two or more. In some embodiments, it is three or more, four or more, ten or more, or between 10 and 200. Depending on the degree of certainty sought, however, the number of features used in a decision rule can be more or less, but in all cases is at least two. In one embodiment, the number of features that may be used by a decision rule to classify a test subject is optimized to allow a classification of a test subject with high certainty.
[00255] In some of the examples in Section 6 below, microarray data abundance data was collected for a plurality of biomarkers in each subject. That is, for each biomarker in a biomarker profile, a feature, microarray abundance data for the biomarker, was measured.
Decision rules are developed from such biomarker profiles from a training population using data analysis algorithms in order to predict sample phenotypes based on observed gene expression patterns. While new and microarray specific classification tools are constantly being developed, the existing body of pattern recognition and prediction algorithms provide effective data analysis algorithms for constructing decision rules. See, for example, National Research Council; Panel on Discriminant Analysis Classification and Clustering, Discriminant Analysis and Clustering, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Furthermore, the techniques described in Dudoit et al., 2002, "Comparison of discrimination methods for the classification of tumors using gene expression data." JASA 97; 77-87, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, can be used to develop such decision rules.
[00256] Relevant data analysis algorithms for developing a decision rule include, but are not limited to, discriminant analysis including linear, logistic, and more flexible discrimination techniques (see, e.g., Gnanadesikan, 1977, Methods for Statistical Data Analysis of MultivaNiate Observations, New York: Wiley 1977, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety); tree-based algorithms such as classification and regression trees (CART) and variants (see, e.g., Breiman, 1984, Classification and Regression Trees, Belmont, California: Wadsworth International Group, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, as well as Section 5.1.3, below); generalized additive models (see, e.g., Tibshirani , 1990, Generalized Additive Models, London:
Chapman and Hall, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety); and neural networks (see, e.g., Neal, 1996, Bayesian Learning fof Neural Networks, New York:
Springer-Verlag; and Insua, 1998, Feedforward neural networks for nonparametric regression In: Practical Nonparametric and Semiparametric Bayesian Statistics, pp. 181-194, New York: Springer, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, as well as Section 5.5.6, below).
[00257] In one embodiment, comparison of a test subject's biomarker profile to a biomarker profiles obtained from a training population is performed, and comprises applying a decision rule. The decision rule is constructed using a data analysis algorithm, such as a computer pattern recognition algorithm. Other suitable data analysis algorithms for constructing decision rules include, but are not limited to, logistic regression (see Section 5.5.10, below) or a nonparametric algorithm that detects differences in the distribution of feature values (e.g., a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (unadjusted and adjusted)). The decision rule can be based upon two, three, four, five, 10, 20 or more features, corresponding to measured observables from one, two, three, four, five, 10, 20 or more biomarkers. In one embodiment, the decision rule is based on hundreds of features or more. Decision rules may also be built using a classification tree algorithm.
For example, each biomarker profile from a training population can comprise at least three features, where the features are predictors in a classification tree algorithm (see Section 5.5.1, below). The decision rule predicts membership within a population (or class) with an accuracy of at least about at least about 70%, of at least about 75%, of at least about 80%, of at least about 85%, of at least about 90%, of at least about 95%, of at least about 97%, of at least about 98%, of at least about 99%, or about 100%.
[00258] Suitable data analysis algorithms are known in the art, some of which are reviewed in Hastie et al., supra. In a specific embodiment, a data analysis algorithm of the invention comprises Classification and Regression Tree (CART; Section 5.5.1, below), Multiple Additive Regression Tree (MART; Section 5.5.4, below), Prediction Analysis for Microarrays (PAM; Section 5.5.2, below) or Random Forest analysis (Section 5.5.1, below).
Such algorithms classify complex spectra from biological materials, such as a blood sample, to distinguish subjects as normal or as possessing biomarker expression levels characteristic of a particular disease state. In other embodiments, a data analysis algorithm of the invention comprises ANOVA and nonparametric equivalents, linear discriminant analysis (Section 5.5.10, below), logistic regression analysis (Section 5.5.10, below), nearest neighbor classifier analysis (Section 5.5.9, below), neural networks (Section 5.5.6, below), principal component analysis (Section 5.5.8, below), quadratic discriminant analysis (Section 5.5.11, below), regression classifiers (Section 5.5.5, below) and support vector machines (Section 5.5.12, below). While such algorithms may be used to construct a decision rule and/or increase the speed and efficiency of the application of the decision rule and to avoid investigator bias, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that computer-based algorithms are not required to carry out the methods of the present invention.
[00259] Decision rules can be used to evaluate biomarker profiles, regardless of the method that was used to generate the biomarker profile. For example, suitable decision rules that can be used to evaluate biomarker profiles generated using gas cliromatography, as discussed in Harper, "Pyrolysis and GC in Polymer Analysis," Dekker, New York (1985). Further, Wagner et al., 2002, Anal. Chem. 74:1824-1835 disclose a decision rule that improves the ability to classify subjects based on spectra obtained by static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Additionally, Bright et al., 2002, J.
Microbiol. Methods 48:127-38, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, disclose a method of distinguishing between bacterial strains with high certainty (79-89%
correct classification rates) by analysis of MALDI-TOF-MS spectra. Dalluge, 2000, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366:701-711, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, discusses the use of MALDI-TOF-MS and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) to classify profiles of biomarkers in complex biological sainples.

5.5.1 Decision Trees [00260] One type of decision rule that can be constructed using the feature values of the biomarkers identified in the present invention is a decision tree. Here, the "data analysis algorithm" is any technique that can build the decision tree, whereas the final "decision tree" is the decision rule. A decision tree is constructed using a training population and specific data analysis algorithms. Decision trees are described generally by Duda, 2001, Pattern Classification, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. pp. 395-396, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Tree-based methods partition the feature space into a set of rectangles, and then fit a model (like a constant) in each one.
[00261] The training population data includes the features (e.g., expression values, or some other observable) for the biomarkers of the present invention across a training set population. One specific algorithm that can be used to construct a decision tree is a classification and regression tree (CART). Other specific decision tree algorithms include, but are not limited to, ID3, C4.5, MART, and Random Forests. CART, ID3, and C4.5 are described in Duda, 2001, Pattern Classification, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. pp.
396-408 and pp. 411-412, which is hereby incorporated by reference. CART, MART, and C4.5 are described in Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, Chapter 9, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Random Forests are described in Breiman, 1999, "Random Forests - Random Features,"
Technical Report 567, Statistics Department, U.C.Berkeley, September 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[00262] In some embodiments of the present invention, decision trees are used to classify subjects using features for combinations of biomarkers of the present invention.
Decision tree algorithms belong to the class of supervised learning algorithms. The aim of a decision tree is to induce a classifier (a tree) from real-world example data.
This tree can be used to classify unseen examples that have not been used to derive the decision tree. As such, a decision tree is derived from training data. Exemplary training data contains data for a plurality of subjects (the training population). For each respective subject there is a plurality of features the class of the respective subject (e.g., sepsis /
SIRS). In one embodiment of the present invention, the training data is expression data for a combination of biomarkers across the training population.

[00263] The following algorithm describes an exemplary decision tree derivation:
Tree(Examples,Class,Features) Create a root node If all Examples have the same Class value, give the root this label Else if Features is empty label the root according to the most common value Else begin Calculate the information gain for each Feature Select the Feature A with highest information gain and make this the root Feature For each possible value, v, of this Feature Add a new branch below the root, corresponding to A = v Let Examples(v) be those examples with A = v If Examples(v) is empty, make the new branch a leaf node labeled with the most common value among Examples Else let the new branch be the tree created by Tree(Examples(v),Class,Features - {A}) end [00264] A more detailed description of the calculation of information gain is shown in the following. If the possible classes vi of the examples have probabilities P(vi) then the information content I of the actual answer is given by:

T(P(V1),,..,,P(111x)) ! P(Va ) 10~9 2 P(VPO

The I- value shows how much information we need in order to be able to describe the outcome of a classification for the specific dataset used. Supposing that the dataset contains p positive (e.g. will develop sepsis) and n negative (e.g. will not develop sepsis) examples (e.g. subjects), the information contained in a correct answer is:
p p p 11 17 p+~: P+11 p +n P+11 P+17 p+n where log2 is the logarithm using base two. By testing single features the amount of information needed to make a correct classification can be reduced. The remainder for a specific feature A (e.g. representing a specific biomarker) shows how much the information that is needed can be reduced.

' 'r + 17.i Pr nla.
Re Tnai~~~~~er(4) r=~ p + n. p; + n~ p, = raa "v" is the number of unique attribute values for feature A in a certain dataset, "i" is a certain attribute value, "pi" is the nuinber of examples for feature A where the classification is positive (e.g. will develop sepsis), "ni" is the number of examples for feature A where the classification is negative (e.g. will not develop sepsis).
The information gain of a specific feature A is calculated as the difference between the information content for the classes and the remainder of feature A:

Go in(~) =I( p n -Re nza indea~-A) ~+n p +17 The information gain is used to evaluate how important the different features are for the classification (how well they split up the examples), and the feature with the highest infonnation.
[00265] In general there are a number of different decision tree algorithms, many of which are described in Duda, Pattern Classification, Second Edition, 2001, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. Decision tree algorithms often require consideration of feature processing, impurity measure, stopping criterion, and pruning. Specific decision tree algorithms include, but are not limited to classification and regression trees (CART), multivariate decision trees, ID3, and C4.5.
[00266] In one approach, when a decision tree is used, the gene expression data for a select combination of genes described in the present invention across a training population is standardized to have mean zero and unit variance. The members of the training population are randomly divided into a training set and a test set. For example, in one einbodiment, two thirds of the members of the training population are placed in the training set and one third of the members of the training population are placed in the test set. The expression values for a select combination of biomarkers described in the present invention is used to construct the decision tree. Then, the ability for the decision tree to correctly classify members in the test set is determined. In some embodiments, this computation is performed several times for a given combination of biomarkers. In each computational iteration, the members of the training population are randomly assigned to the training set and the test set. Then, the quality of the combination of biomarkers is taken as the average of each such iteration of the decision tree computation.
[00267] In addition to univariate decision trees in which each split is based on a feature value for a corresponding biomarker, among the set of biomarkers of the present invention, or the relative feature values of two such biomarkers, multivariate decision trees can be implemented as a decision rule. In such multivariate decision trees, some or all of the decisions actually comprise a linear combination of feature values for a plurality of biomarkers of the present invention. Such a linear combination can be trained using known techniques such as gradient descent on a classification or by the use of a sum-squared-error criterion. To illustrate such a decision tree, consider the expression:

0.04x1+0.16x2<500 [00268] Here, xl and x2 refer to two different features for two different biomarkers from among the biomarkers of the present invention. To poll the decision rule, the values of features xl and x2 are obtained from the measurements obtained from the unclassified subject. These values are then inserted into the equation. If a value of less than 500 is computed, then a first branch in the decision tree is taken. Otherwise, a second branch in the decision tree is taken. Multivariate decision trees are described in Duda, 2001, Pattern Classification, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 408-409, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
[00269] Another approach that can be used in the present invention is multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). MARS is an adaptive procedure for regression, and is well suited for the high-dimensional problems addressed by the present invention. MARS
can be viewed as a generalization of stepwise linear regression or a modification of the CART method to improve the performance of CART in the regression setting. MARS
is described in Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 283-295, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

5.5.2 Predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM) [00270] One approach to developing a decision rule using feature values of biomarkers of the present invention is the nearest centroid classifier. Such a technique computes, for each class (sepsis and SIRS), a centroid given by the average feature levels of the biomarkers in the class, and then assigns new samples to the class whose centroid is nearest. This approach is similar to k-means clustering except clusters are replaced by known classes. This algorithm can be sensitive to noise when a large number of biomarkers are used. One enhancement to the technique uses shrinkage: for each biomarker, differences between class centroids are set to zero if they are deemed likely to be due to chance. This approach is implemented in the Prediction Analysis of Microarray, or PAM.

See, for example, Tibshirani et al., 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 99; 6567-6572, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Shrinkage is controlled by a threshold below which differences are considered noise.
Biomarkers that show no difference above the noise level are removed. A threshold can be chosen by cross-validation. As the threshold is decreased, more biomarkers are included and estimated classification errors decrease, until they reach a bottom and start climbing again as a result of noise biomarkers - a phenomenon known as overfitting.

5.5.3 Bagging, boosting, and the random subspace method [00271] Bagging, boosting, the random subspace method, and additive trees are data analysis algorithms known as combining techniques that can be used to improve weak decision rules. These techniques are designed for, and usually applied to, decision trees, such as the decision trees described in Section 5.5.1, above. In addition, such techniques can also be useful in decision rules developed using other types of data analysis algorithms such as linear discriminant analysis.
[00272] In bagging, one samples the training set, generating random independent bootstrap replicates, constructs the decision rule on each of these, and aggregates them by a simple majority vote in the final decision rule. See, for example, Breiman, 1996, Machine Learning 24, 123-140; and Efron & Tibshirani, An Introduction to Boostrap, Chapman &
Hall, New York, 1993, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[00273] In boosting, decision rules are constructed on weighted versions of the training set, which are dependent on previous classification results.
Initially, all features under consideration have equal weights, and the first decision rule is constructed on this data set. Then, weights are changed according to the performance of the decision rule.
Erroneously classified features get larger weights, and the next decision rule is boosted on the reweighted training set. In this way, a sequence of training sets and decision rules is obtained, which is then combined by simple majority voting or by weighted majority voting in the final decision rule. See, for example, Freund & Schapire, "Experiments with a new boosting algorithm," Proceedings 13th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1996, 148-156, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[00274] To illustrate boosting, consider the case where there are two phenotypes exhibited by the population under study, phenotype 1 (e.g., acquiring sepsis during a defined time periond), and phenotype 2 (e.g., SIRS only, meaning that the subject does acquire sepsis within a defined time period). Given a vector of predictor biomarkers (e.g., a vector of features that represent such biomarkers) from the training set data, a decision rule G(X) produces a prediction taking one of the type values in the two value set:
{ phenotype 1, phenotype 2}. The error rate on the training sample is _ N
err = 1 E I(yi # G(x; )) N ,_1 [00275] where N is the number of subjects in the training set (the sum total of the subjects that have either phenotype 1 or phenotype 2). For example, if there are 49 organisms that acquire sepsis and 72 organisms that remain in the SIRS state, N is 121. A
weak decision rule is one whose error rate is only slightly better than random guessing. In the boosting algorithm, the weak decision rule is repeatedly applied to modified versions of the data, thereby producing a sequence of weak decision rules G,,,(x), m, = 1, 2, ..., M. The predictions from all of the decision rules in this sequence are then combined through a weighted majority vote to produce the final decision rule:

G(x) = sign an, G. (x) [00276] Here al, a2, ..., aM are computed by the boosting algorithm and their purpose is to weigh the contribution of each respective decision rule Gm(x). Their effect is to give higher influence to the more accurate decision rules in the sequence.
[00277] The data modifications at each boosting step consist of applying weights wl, w2, ..., wõ to each of the training observations (xi, y;), i = 1, 2, ..., N.
Initially all the weights are set to w; = 1/N, so that the first step simply trains the decision rule on the data in the usual manner. For each successive iteration m = 2, 3, ..., M the observation weights are individually modified and the decision rule is reapplied to the weighted observations. At step m, those observations that were misclassified by the decision rule G,,;
1(x) induced at the previous step have their weights increased, whereas the weights are decreased for those that were classified correctly. Thus as iterations proceed, observations that are difficult to correctly classify receive ever-increasing influence. Each successive decision rule is thereby forced to concentrate on those training observations that are missed by previous ones in the sequence.
[00278] The exemplary boosting algorithm is summarized as follows:
[00279] 1. Initialize the observation weights w; = 1/N, i= 1, 2, ..., N.
[00280] 2. For m = 1 to M:
[00281] (a) Fit a decision rule Gm(x) to the training set using weights w;.
[00282] (b) Compute wi I(.yi # G. (xi )) errm =
~ N
m wi [00283] (c) Compute am log((1-err,,)/err,,,).

[00284] (d) Setw; Fw; = exp[an, = I(y; # Gm(x;))],i =1,2,...,N.
[00285] 3. Output G(x) = sign t, 1 amG(x) J

[00286] In one embodiment in accordance with this algorithm, each object is, in fact, a factor. Furthermore, in the algorithm, the current decision rule Gm(x) is induced on the weighted observations at line 2a. The resulting weighted error rate is computed at line 2b.
Line 2c calculates the weight a,,, given to Gm(x) in producing the fmal classifier G(x) (line 3). The individual weights of each of the observations are updated for the next iteration at line 2d. Observations misclassified by G,,,(x) have their weights scaled by a factor exp(am), increasing their relative influence for inducing the next classifier G,,,+1(x) in the sequence.
In some embodiments, modifications of the Freund and Schapire, 1997, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 55, pp. 119-139, boosting methods are used. See, for example, Hasti et al., The Elements of Statistical Learning, 2001, Springer, New York, Chapter 10, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, in some embodiments, feature preselection is performed using a technique such as the nonparametric scoring methods of Park et al., 2002, Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 6, 52-63, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Feature preselection is a form of dimensionality reduction in which the genes that discriminate between classifications the best are selected for use in the classifier. Then, the LogitBoost procedure introduced by Friedman et al., 2000, Ann Stat 28, 337-407 is used rather than the boosting procedure of Freund and Schapire. In some embodiments, the boosting and other classification methods of Ben-Dor et al., 2000, Journal of Computational Biology 7, 559-583, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, are used in the present invention. In some embodiments, the boosting and other classification methods of Freund and Schapire, 1997, Journal of Computer and System Sciences 55, 119-139, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, are used.
[00287] In the random subspace method, decision rules are constructed in random subspaces of the data feature space. These decision rules are usually combined by simple majority voting in the final decision rule. See, for example, Ho, "The Random subspace method for constructing decision forests," IEEE Trans Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998; 20(8): 832-844, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

5.5.4 Multiple additive regression trees [00288] Multiple additive regression trees (MART) represents another way to construct a decision rule that can be used in the present invention. A generic algorithm for MART is:
N
1. Initialize f0(x) = arg miny ~i=1 L(yi' Y) 2.Forin=ltoM:
(a) For I= 1,2, ..., N compute _ _ 8L(yi, .f (xi )) af(xi) lf=A-l (b) Fit a regression tree to the targets rim giving terminal regions Rjm, j = 1,2, ..., Jm.
(c) For j= 1, 2, ..., Jm compute y, =argmin I L(.Yi, fm-I (xi)+Y)=
Y xiERim ~_lY~ml(x E R~n~) (d) Update fm(x) = fin-1(x) +

3. Ouput f(x) = fM (x).
[00289] Specific algorithms are obtained by inserting different loss criteria L(y,f(x)).
The first line of the algorithm initializes to the optimal constant model, which is just a single terminal node tree. The components of the negative gradient computed in line 2(a) are referred to as generalized pseudo residuals, r. Gradients for commonly used loss functions are summarized in Table 10.2, of Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 321, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The algorithm for classification is similar and is described in Hastie et al., Chapter 10, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Tuning parameters associated with the MART procedure are the number of iterations M and the sizes of each of the constituent trees J,,,, m= 1, 2, ...,1V1.

5.5.5 Decision rules derived by regression [00290] In some embodiments, a decision rule used to classify subjects is built using regression. In such embodiments, the decision rule can be characterized as a regression classifier, preferably a logistic regression classifier. Such a regression classifier includes a coefficient for each of the biomarkers (e.g., a feature for each such biomarker) used to construct the classifier. In such embodiments, the coefficients for the regression classifier are computed using, for example, a maximum likelihood approach. In such a computation, the features for the biomarkers (e.g., RT-PCR, microarray data) is used. In particular embodiments, molecular marker data from only two trait subgroups is used (e.g., trait subgroup a: will acquire sepsis in a defined time period and trait subgroup b:
will not acquire sepsis in a defmed time period) and the dependent variable is absence or presence of a particular trait in the subjects for which biomarker data is available.
[00291] In another specific embodiment, the training population comprises a plurality of trait subgroups (e.g., three or more trait subgroups, four or more specific trait subgroups, etc.). These multiple trait subgroups can correspond to discrete stages in the phenotypic progression from healthy, to SIRS, to sepsis, to more advanced stages of sepsis in a training population. In this specific embodiment, a generalization of the logistic regression model that handles multicategory responses can be used to develop a decision that discriminates between the various trait subgroups found in the training population. For example, measured data for selected molecular markers can be applied to any of the multi-category logit models described in Agresti, An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, 1996, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, Chapter 8, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, in order to develop a classifier capable of discriminating between any of a plurality of trait subgroups represented in a training population.

5.5.6 Neural networks [00292] In some embodiments, the feature data measured for select biomarkers of the present invention (e.g., RT-PCR data, mass spectrometry data, microarray data) can be used to train a neural network. A neural network is a two-stage regression or classification decision rule. A neural network has a layered structure that includes a layer of input units (and the bias) connected by a layer of weights to a layer of output units. For regression, the layer of output units typically includes just one output unit. However, neural networks can handle multiple quantitative responses in a seamless fashion.
[00293] In multilayer neural networks, there are input units (input layer), hidden units (hidden layer), and output units (output layer). There is, furthermore, a single bias unit that is connected to each unit other than the input units. Neural networks are described in Duda et al., 2001, Pattern Classification, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York;
and Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Neural networks are also described in Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microarrays, Chapman &
Hall/CRC; and Mount, 2001, Bioinformatics: sequence and genome analysis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. What is disclosed below is some exemplary forms of neural networks.
[00294] The basic approach to the use of neural networks is to start with an untrained network, present a training pattern to the input layer, and to pass signals through the net and determine the output at the output layer. These outputs are then compared to the target values; any difference corresponds to an error. This error or criterion function is some scalar function of the weights and is minimized when the network outputs match the desired outputs. Thus, the weights are adjusted to reduce this measure of error. For regression, this error can be sum-of-squared errors. For classification, this error can be either squared error or cross-entropy (deviation). See, e.g., Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[00295] Three commonly used training protocols are stochastic, batch, and on-line.
In stochastic training, patterns are chosen randomly from the training set and the network weights are updated for each pattern presentation. Multilayer nonlinear networks trained by gradient descent methods such as stochastic back-propagation perform a maximum-likelihood estimation of the weiglit values in the classifier defined by the network topology.
In batch training, all patterns are presented to the network before learning takes place.
Typically, in batch training, several passes are made through the training data. In online training, each pattern is presented once and only once to the net.
[00296] In some embodiments, consideration is given to starting values for weights.
If the weights are near zero, then the operative part of the sigmoid commonly used in the hidden layer of a neural network (see, e.g., Hastie et al., 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New York, hereby incorporated by reference) is roughly linear, and hence the neural network collapses into an approximately linear classifier. In some embodiments, starting values for weights are chosen to be random values near zero. Hence the classifier starts out nearly linear, and becomes nonlinear as the weiglits increase.
Individual units localize to directions and introduce nonlinearities where needed. Use of exact zero weights leads to zero derivatives and perfect symmetry, and the algorithm never moves. Alternatively, starting with large weights often leads to poor solutions.
[00297] Since the scaling of inputs determines the effective scaling of weights in the bottom layer, it can have a large effect on the quality of the final solution.
Thus, in some embodiments, at the outset all expression values are standardized to have mean zero and a standard deviation of one. This ensures all inputs are treated equally in the regularization process, and allows one to choose a meaningful range for the random starting weights.
With standardization inputs, it is typical to take random uniform weights over the range [-0.7, +0.7].
[00298] A recurrent problem in the use of three-layer networks is the optimal number of hidden units to use in the network. The number of inputs and outputs of a three-layer network are determined by the problem to be solved. In the present invention, the number of inputs for a given neural network will equal the number of biomarkers selected from the training population. The number of output for the neural network will typically be just one.
However, in some embodiments more than one output is used so that more than just two states can be defined by the network. For example, a multi-output neural network can be used to discriminate between, healthy phenotypes, various stages of SIRS, and/or various stages of sepsis. If too many hidden units are used in a neural network, the network will have too many degrees of freedom and is trained too long, there is a danger that the network will overfit the data. If there are too few hidden units, the training set cannot be learned.
Generally speaking, however, it is better to have too many hidden units than too few. With too few hidden units, the classifier might not have enough flexibility to capture the nonlinearities in the date; with too many hidden units, the extra weight can be shrunk towards zero if appropriate regularization or pruning, as described below, is used. In typical embodiments, the number of hidden units is somewhere in the range of 5 to 100, with the number increasing with the number of inputs and number of training cases.
[00299] One general approach to determining the number of hidden units to use is to apply a regularization approach. In the regularization approach, a new criterion function is constructed that depends not only on the classical training error, but also on classifier complexity. Specifically, the new criterion function penalizes highly complex classifiers;
searching for the minimum in this criterion is to balance error on the training set with error on the training set plus a regularization term, which expresses constraints or desirable properties of solutions:
J = JVat + 2JYeg.
The parameter A is adjusted to impose the regularization more or less strongly. In other words, larger values for 2 will tend to shrink weights towards zero: typically cross-validation with a validation set is used to estimate A. This validation set can be obtained by setting aside a random subset of the training population. Other forms of penalty have been proposed, for example the weight elimination penalty (see, e.g., Hastie et al., 2001, The Elernents of Statistical Learning, Springer-Verlag, New Yorlc, hereby incorporated by reference).
[00300] Another approach to determine the number of hidden units to use is to eliminate - prune - weights that are least needed. In one approach, the weights with the smallest magnitude are eliminated (set to zero). Such magnitude-based pruning can work, but is nonoptimal; sometimes weights with small magnitudes are important for learning and training data. In some embodiments, rather than using a magnitude-based pruning approach, Wald statistics are computed. The fundanlental idea in Wald Statistics is that they can be used to estimate the importance of a hidden unit (weight) in a classifier. Then, hidden units having the least importance are eliminated (by setting their input and output weights to zero). Two algorithms in this regard are the Optimal Brain Damage (OBD) and the Optimal Brain Surgeon (OBS) algorithms that use second-order approximation to predict how the training error depends upon a weight, and eliminate the weight that leads to the smallest increase in training error.
[00301] Optimal Brain Damage and Optimal Brain Surgeon share the same basic approach of training a network to local minimum error at weight w, and then pruning a weight that leads to the smallest increase in the training error. The predicted functional increase in the error for a change in full weight vector Sw is:

1t 2 ~ I CSW -{ ~ C5W t = ~ 2 = (SW "- O(ICSW 3 ) a2j where 2 is the Hessian matrix. The first term vanishes at a local minimum in error; third and higher order terms are ignored. The general solution for minimizing this function given the constraint of deleting one weight is:

w w9 8rv g H"1 u9 and L9 = 1-Here, uq is the unit vector along the qth direction in weight space and Lq is approximation to the saliency of the weight q - the increase in training error if weight q is pruned and the other weights updated Sw. These equations require the inverse of H. One method to calculate this inverse matrix is to start with a small value, Ho' = a"lI, where a is a small parameter - effectively a weight constant. Next the matrix is updated with each pattern according to H-m1 H-' _Hm1Xm+1Xm+1 m Eqn. = qn. 1 n -+Xn+IHmXm+1 am where the subscripts correspond to the pattern being presented and a,n decreases with m.
After the full training set has been presented, the inverse Hessian matrix is given by H-1=
Hõ'. In algorithmic form, the Optimal Brain Surgeon method is:

begin initialize nH, w, 0 train a reasonably large network to minimum error do compute H"1 by Eqn. 1 q* f- arg min w9 1(2[H-' ]99 )(saliency Lq) W.
w F- w- q H-'e 9.(saliency Lq) [H 1 J..

until i(w) > 0 return w end [00302] The Optimal Brain Damage method is computationally simpler because the calculation of the inverse Hessian matrix in line 3 is particularly simple for a diagonal matrix. The above algorithm terminates when the error is greater than a criterion initialized to be 0. Another approach is to change line 6 to terminate when the change in J(w) due to elimination of a weight is greater than some criterion value. In some embodiments, the back-propagation neural network See, for example Abdi, 1994, "A neural network primer," J. Biol System. 2, 247-283, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

5.5.7 Clustering [00303] In some embodiments, features for select biomarkers of the present invention are used to cluster a training set. For example, consider the case in which ten features (corresponding to ten biomarkers) described in the present invention is used.
Each member m of the training population will have feature values (e.g. expression values) for each of the ten biomarkers. Such values from a member m in the training population define the vector:

Xlm X2m X3m X4m X5m X6m X7m XSm X9m XIOm where Xi,,, is the expression level of the ith biomarker in organism m. If there are m organisms in the training set, selection of i biomarkers will define m vectors. Note that the methods of the present invention do not require that each the expression value of every single biomarker used in the vectors be represented in every single vector m.
In other words, data from a subject in which one of the ith biomarkers is not found can still be used for clustering. In such instances, the missing expression value is assigned either a "zero" or some other normalized value. In some embodiments, prior to clustering, the feature values are normalized to have a mean value of zero and unit variance.
Those members of the training population that exhibit similar expression patterns across the training group will tend to cluster together. A particular combination of genes of the present invention is considered to be a good classifier in this aspect of the invention when the vectors cluster into the trait groups found in the training population. For instance, if the training population includes class a: subjects that do not develop sepsis, and class b:
subjects that develop sepsis, an ideal clustering classifier will cluster the population into two groups, with one cluster group uniquely representing class a and the other cluster group uniquely representing class b.
[00304] Clustering is described on pages 211-256 of Duda and Hart, Pattern Classifzcation and Scene Analysis, 1973, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, (hereinafter "Duda 1973") which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. As described in Section 6.7 of Duda 1973, the clustering problem is described as one of finding natural groupings in a dataset. To identify natural groupings, two issues are addressed. First, a way to measure similarity (or dissimilarity) between two samples is determined.
This metric (similarity measure) is used to ensure that the samples in one cluster are more like one another than they are to samples in other clusters. Second, a mechanism for partitioning the data into clusters using the similarity measure is determined.
[00305] Similarity measures are discussed in Section 6.7 of Duda 1973, where it is stated that one way to begin a clustering investigation is to define a distance function and to compute the matrix of distances between all pairs of samples in a dataset. If distance is a good measure of similarity, then the distance between samples in the same cluster will be significantly less than the distance between samples in different clusters.
However, as stated on page 215 of Duda 1973, clustering does not require the use of a distance metric.
For example, a nonmetric similarity function s(x, x') can be used to compare two vectors x and x'. Conventionally, s(x, x') is a symmetric function whose value is large when x and x' are somehow "similar". An example of a nonmetric similarity function s(x, x') is provided on page 216 of Duda 1973.

[00306] Once a method for measuring "similarity" or "dissimilarity" between points in a dataset has been selected, clustering requires a criterion function that measures the clustering quality of any partition of the data. Partitions of the data set that extremize the criterion function are used to cluster the data. See page 217 of Duda 1973.
Criterion functions are discussed in Section 6.8 of Duda 1973.
[00307] More recently, Duda et al., Pattern Classification, 2"d edition, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. New York, has been published. Pages 537-563 describe clustering in detail.
More information on clustering techniques can be found in Kaufman and Rousseeuw, 1990, Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis, Wiley, New York, NY;
Everitt, 1993, Cluster analysis (3d ed.), Wiley, New York, NY; and Backer, 1995, Conzputer-Assisted Reasoning in Cluster Analysis, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Particular exemplary clustering techniques that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, hierarchical clustering (agglomerative clustering using nearest-neighbor algorithm, farthest-neighbor algorithm, the average linkage algorithm, the centroid algorithm, or the sum-of-squares algorithm), k-means clustering, fuzzy k-means clustering algorithm, and Jarvis-Patrick clustering.

5.5.8 Principle component analysis [00308] Principal component analysis (PCA) has been proposed to analyze gene expression data. More generally, PCA can be used to analyze feature value data of biomarkers of the present invention in order to construct a decision rule that discriminates converters from nonconverters. Principal component analysis is a classical technique to reduce the dimensionality of a data set by transforming the data to a new set of variable (principal coinponents) that summarize the features of the data. See, for example, Jolliffe, 1986, Principal Component Analysis, Springer, New York, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Principal component analysis is also described in Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools for DNA Microarrays, Chapman & Hall/CRC, which is hereby incorporated by reference. What follows is non-limiting examples of principal components analysis.
[00309] Principal components (PCs) are uncorrelated and are ordered such that the ktn PC has the kth largest variance among PCs. The kth PC can be interpreted as the direction that maximizes the variation of the projections of the data points such that it is ortliogonal to the first k - 1 PCs. The first few PCs capture most of the variation in the data set. In contrast, the last few PCs are often assumed to capture only the residual 'noise' in the data.
[00310] PCA can also be used to create a classifier in accordance with.the present invention. In such an approach, vectors for the select biomarkers of the present invention can be constructed in the same manner described for clustering above. In fact, the set of vectors, where each vector represents the feature values (e.g., abundance values) for the select genes from a particular member of the training population, can be viewed as a matrix.
In some embodiments, this matrix is represented in a Free-Wilson method of qualitative binary description of monomers (Kubinyi, 1990, 3D QSAR in drug design theory methods and applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 589-63 8), and distributed in a maximally compressed space using PCA so that the first principal component (PC) captures the largest amount of variance information possible, the second principal component (PC) captures the second largest amount of all variance information, and so forth until all variance information in the matrix has been considered.
[00311] Then, each of the vectors (where each vector represents a member of the training population) is plotted. Many different types of plots are possible.
In some embodiments, a one-dimensional plot is made. In this one-dimensional plot, the value for the first principal component from each of the members of the training population is plotted.
In this form of plot, the expectation is that members of a first subgroup (e.g. those subjects that do not develop sepsis in a determined time period) will cluster in one range of first principal component values and members of a second subgroup (e.g., those subjects that develop sepsis in a determined time period) will cluster in a second range of first principal component values.
[00312] In one ideal example, the training population comprises two subgroups:
"sepsis" and "SIRS." The first principal component is computed using the molecular marker expression values for the select biomarkers of the present invention across the entire training population data set. Then, each member of the training set is plotted as a function of the value for the first principal component. In this ideal example, those members of the training population in which the first principal component is positive are the "responders"
and those members of the training population in which the first principal component is negative are "subjects with sepsis."
[00313] In some embodiments, the members of the training population are plotted against more than one principal component. For example, in some embodiments, the members of the training population are plotted on a two-dimensional plot in which the first dimension isthe first principal component and the second dimension is the second principal component. In such a two-dimensional plot, the expectation is that members of each subgroup represented in the training population will cluster into discrete groups. For example, a first cluster of members in the two-dimensional plot will represent subjects that develop sepsis in a given time period and a second cluster of members in the two-dimensional plot will represent subjects that do not develop sepsis in a given time period.

5.5.9 Nearest neighbor analysis [00314] Nearest neighbor classifiers are memory-based and require no classifier to be fit. Given a query point xo, the k training points x(Y), r, ..., k closest in distance to xo are identified and then the point xo is classified using the k nearest neighbors.
Ties can be broken at random. In some embodiments, Euclidean distance in feature space is used to determine distance as:

dc=> - IIxO) - x. 11 Typically, when the nearest neighbor algorithm is used, the expression data used to compute the linear discriminant is standardized to have mean zero and variance 1. In the present invention, the members of the training population are randomly divided into a training set and a test set. For example, in one embodiment, two thirds of the members of the training population are placed in the training set and one third of the meinbers of the training population are placed in the test set. A select combination of biomarkers of the present invention represents the feature space into which members of the test set are plotted. Next, the ability of the training set to correctly characterize the members of the test set is computed. In some embodiments, nearest neighbor computation is performed several times for a given combination of biomarkers of the present invention. In each iteration of the computation, the members of the training population are randomly assigned to the training set and the test set. Then, the quality of the combination of biomarkers is taken as the average of each such iteration of the nearest neighbor computation.
[00315] The nearest neighbor rule can be refined to deal with issues of unequal class priors, differential misclassification costs, and feature selection. Many of these refinements involve some form of weighted voting for the neighbors. For more information on nearest neighbor analysis, see Duda, Pattern Classification, Second Edition, 2001, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc; and Hastie, 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer, New York, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

5.5.10 Linear discriminant analysis [00316] Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) attempts to classify a subject into one of two categories based on certain object properties. In other words, LDA tests whether object attributes measured in an experiment predict categorization of the objects.
LDA typically requires continuous independent variables and a dichotomous categorical dependent variable. In the present invention, the feature values for the select combinations of biomarkers of the present invention across a subset of the training population serve as the requisite continuous independent variables. The trait subgroup classification of each of the members of the training population serves as the dichotomous categorical dependent variable.
[00317] LDA seeks the linear combination of variables that maximizes the ratio of between-group variance and within-group variance by using the grouping information.
Implicitly, the linear weights used by LDA depend on how the feature values of a molecular marker across the training set separates in the two groups (e.g., a group a that develops sepsis during a defined time period and a group b that does not develop sepsis during a defined time period) and 17ow these feature values correlate with the feature values of other biomarkers. In some embodiments, LDA is applied to the data matrix of the N
members in the training sample by K biomarkers in a combination of biomarkers described in the present invention. Then, the linear discriminant of each member of the training population is plotted. Ideally, those members of the training population representing a first subgroup (e.g. those subjects that develop sepsis in a defined time period) will cluster into one range of linear discriminant values (e.g., negative) and those member of the training population representing a second subgroup (e.g. those subjects that will not develop sepsis in a defmed time period) will cluster into a second range of linear discriminant values (e.g., positive).
The LDA is considered more successful when the separation between the clusters of discriminant values is larger. For more information on linear discriminant analysis, see Duda, Pattern Classification, Second Edition, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc;
and Hastie, 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer, New York; and Venables &
Ripley, 1997, Modern Applied Statistics with s-plus, Springer, New York, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

5.5.11 Quadratic discriminant analysis [00318] Quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) takes the same input parameters and returns the same results as LDA. QDA uses quadratic equations, rather than linear equations, to produce results. LDA and QDA are interchangeable, and which to use is a matter of preference and/or availability of software to support the analysis.
Logistic regression takes the same input parameters and returns the same results as LDA
and QDA.

5.5.12 Support vector machines [00319] In some embodiments of the present invention, support vector machines (SVMs) are used to classify subjects using feature values of the genes described in the present invention. SVMs are a relatively new type of learning algorithm. See, for example, Cristianini and Shawe-Taylor, 2000, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Boser et al., 1992, "A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers," in Proceedings of the Sth Annual ACM Workshop on Computational Learning T/zeory, ACM Press, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 142-152;
Vapnik, 1998, Statistical Learning Theory, Wiley, New York; Mount, 2001, Bioinformatics:
sequence and genome analysis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Duda, Pattern Classification, Second Edition, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
and Hastie, 2001, The Elements of Statistical Learning, Springer, New York; and Furey et al., 2000, Bioinformatics 16, 906-914, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. When used for classification, SVMs separate a given set of binary labeled data training data with a hyper-plane that is maximally distance from them. For cases in which no linear separation is possible, SVMs can work in combination with the technique of 'kernels', which automatically realizes a non-linear mapping to a feature space. The hyper-plane found by the SVM in feature space corresponds to a non-linear decision boundary in the input space.
[00320] In one approach, when a SVM is used, the feature data is standardized to have mean zero and unit variance and the members of a training population are randomly divided into a training set and a test set. For example, in one embodiment, two thirds of the members of the training population are placed in the training set and one third of the members of the training population are placed in the test set. The expression values for a combination of genes described in the present invention is used to train the SVM. Then the ability for the trained SVM to correctly classify members in the test set is determined. In some embodiments, this computation is performed several times for a given combination of molecular markers. In each iteration of the computation, the members of the training population are randomly assigned to the training set and the test set. Then, the quality of the combination of biomarkers is talcen as the average of each such iteration of the SVM
computation.

5.5.13 Evolutionary methods [00321] Inspired by the process of biological evolution, evolutionary methods of decision rule design employ a stochastic search for an decision rule. In broad overview, such methods create several decision rules - a population - from a combination of biomarkers described in the present invention. Each decision rule varies somewhat from the other. Next, the decision rules are scored on feature data across the training population. In keeping with the analogy with biological evolution, the resulting (scalar) score is sometimes called the fitness. The decision rules are ranked according to their score and the best decision rules are retained (some portion of the total population of decision rules). Again, in keeping with biological terminology, this is called survival of the fittest. The decision rules are stochastically altered in the next generation - the children or offspring. Some offspring decision rules will have higher scores than their parent in the previous generation, some will have lower scores. The overall process is then repeated for the subsequent generation: the decision rules are scored and the best ones are retained, randomly altered to give yet another generation, and so on. In part, because of the ranking, each generation has, on average, a slightly higher score than the previous one. The process is halted when the single best decision rule in a generation has a score that exceeds a desired criterion value.
More information on evolutionary methods is found in, for example, Duda, Pattern Classification, Second Edition, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

5.5.14 Other data analysis algorithms [00322] The data analysis algorithms described above are merely examples of the types of methods that can be used to construct a decision rule for discriminating converters from nonconverters. Moreover, combinations of the techniques described above can be used. Some combinations, such as the use of the combination of decision trees and boosting, have been described. However, many other combinations are possible.
In addition, in other techniques in the art such as Projection Pursuit and Weighted Voting can be used to construct decision rules.

5.6 BIOMARKERS
[00323] In specific embodiments, the present invention provides biomarkers that are useful in diagnosing or predicting sepsis and/or its stages of progression in a subject. While the methods of the present invention may use an unbiased approach to identifying predictive biomarkers, it will be clear to the artisan that specific groups of biomarkers associated with physiological responses or with various signaling pathways may be the subject of particular attention. This is particularly the case where biomarkers from a biological sample are contacted with an array that can be used to measure the amount of various biomarkers through direct and specific interaction with the biomarkers (e.g., an antibody array or a nucleic acid array). In this case, the choice of the components of the array may be based on a suggestion that a particular pathway is relevant to the determina.tion of the status of sepsis or SIRS in a subject. The indication that a particular biomarker has a feature that is predictive or diagnostic of sepsis or SIRS may give rise to an expectation that other biomarkers that are physiologically regulated in a concerted fashion likewise may provide a predictive or diagnostic feature. The artisan will appreciate, however, that such an expectation may not be realized because of the complexity of biological systems. For example, if the amount of a specific mRNA biomarker were a predictive feature, a concerted change in mRNA expression of another biomarker might not be measurable, if the expression of the other biomarker was regulated at a post-translational level. Further, the mRNA expression level of a biomarker may be affected by multiple converging pathways that may or may not be involved in a physiological response to sepsis.
[00324] Biomarkers can be obtained from any biological sample, which can be, by way of example and not of limitation, whole blood, plasma, saliva, serum, red blood cells, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, sputum, stool, cells and cellular extracts, or other biological fluid sample, tissue sample or tissue biopsy from a host or subject. The precise biological sample that is taken from the subject may vary, but the sampling preferably is minimally invasive and is easily performed by conventional techniques.
[00325] Measurement of a phenotypic change may be carried out by any conventional technique. Measurement of body temperature, respiration rate, pulse, blood pressure, or other physiological parameters can be achieved via clinical observation and measurement. Measurements of biomarker molecules may include, for example, measurements that indicate the presence, concentration, expression level, or any other value associated with a biomarker molecule. The form of detection of biomarker molecules typically depends on the method used to form a profile of these biomarkers from a biological sample. See Section 5.4, above, and Tables 30, I, J, K, L, and M
below.
[00326] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers listed in column four or five of Table 30. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Such biomarkers can be, for example, mRNA transcripts, cDNA or some other nucleic acid, for example amplified nucleic acid, or proteins. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker in the at least two different biomarkers is listed in column four of Table 30, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein listed in column five of Table 30, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker. Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table 30). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray.
[00327] In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers that each contain one of the probesets listed in column 2 of Table 30, biomarkers that contain the complement of one of the probesets of Table 30, or biomarkers that contain an amino acid sequence encoded by a gene that either contains one of the probesets of Table 30 or the complement of one of the probesets of Table 30.
Such biomarkers can be, for example, inRNA transcripts, cDNA or some other nucleic acid, for example amplified nucleic acid, or proteins. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker is based upon a gene that includes the sequence of a probeset listed in Table 30, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the gene, a coinplement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene that includes a probeset sequence described in Table 30, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein.
[00328] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 626 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 25 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, or 100 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a protein.
[00329] In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are nucleic acids and some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are proteins. In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 130 biomarkers listed in Table 31.
In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table 31. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 25 biomarkers listed in Table 31. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table 31. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table 30. In some embodiments, the biomarlcer profile has at least 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, or 100 biomarkers listed in Table 31.
[00330] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table 32. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table 32. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table 32. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table 32. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers listed in Table 32. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a protein. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are nucleic acids and some of the biomarlcers in the biomarker profile are proteins.
[00331] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarlcers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers listed in Table 33. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a protein. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are nucleic acids and some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are proteins.
[00332] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 130 biomarkers listed in Table 34. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table 34. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 25 biomarkers listed in Table 34. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 biomarkers listed in Table 34. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, each such biomarlcer is a protein. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are nucleic acids and some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are proteins.
[00333] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 7 biomarlcers listed in Table 36. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 6 biomarkers listed in Table 36. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 7 biomarkers listed in Table 36. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table 36. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table 36. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers listed in Table 36. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a nucleic acid. In some embodiments, each such biomarker is a protein. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are nucleic acids and some of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile are proteins.
[00334] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 53 biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 25 biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, or 53 biomarkers listed in Table I. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile is a nucleic acid in Table I. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile is a protein in Table I. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in a biomarker profile are proteins in Table I and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker profile are nucleic acids in Table I.
[00335] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 44 biomarkers listed in Table J. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 44 biomarkers listed in Table J. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 25 biomarkers listed in Table J. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table J. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table J. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, or 43 biomarkers listed in Table J. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile is a nucleic acid in Table J.
In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile is a protein in Table J. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in a biomarker profile are proteins in Table J and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker profile are nucleic acids in Table J.
[00336] In some embodiments the biomarker profile has between 2 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table K. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 3 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table K. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has between 4 and 10 biomarkers listed in Table K. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table K. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table K. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile has at least 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 biomarkers listed in Table K. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile is a nuoleic acid in Table K. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the biomarker profile is a protein in Table K. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in a biomarker profile are proteins in Table K
and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker profile are nucleic acids in Table K.

5.6.1 Isolation of Useful Biomarkers [00337] The biomarkers of the present invention may, for example, be used to raise antibodies that bind the biomarker if it is a protein (using methods described in Section 5.4.2, supra, or any method well known to those of skill in the art), or they may be used to develop a specific oligonucleotide probe, if it is a nucleic acid, for example, using a method described in Section 5.4.1, supra, or any method well known to those of skill in the art. The skilled artisan will readily appreciate that useful features can be further charadterized to determine the molecular structure of the biomarker. Methods for characterizing biomarkers in this fashion are well-known in the art and include X-ray crystallography, high-resolution mass spectrometry, infi ared spectrometry, ultraviolet spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Methods for determining the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid biomarkers, the amino acid sequence of polypeptide bioinarkers, and the composition and sequence of carbohydrate biomarkers also are well-known in the art.

5.7 APPLICATION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION TO SIRS SUBJECTS
[00338] In one embodiment, the presently described methods are used to screen SIRS
subjects who are at risk for developing sepsis. A biological sample is taken from a SIRS-positive subject and used to construct a biomarker profile. The biomarker profile is then evaluated to determine whether the feature values of the biomarker profile satisfy a first value set associated with a particular decision rule. This evaluation classifies the subject as a converter or a nonconverter. A treatment regimen may then be initiated to forestall or prevent the progression of sepsis when the subject is classified as a converter.

5.8 APPLICATION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION TO STAGES OF SEPSIS
[00339] In one embodiment, the presently described methods are used to screen subjects who are particularly at risk for developing a certain stage of sepsis. A biological sample is taken from a subject and used to construct a biomarker profile. The biomarker profile is then evaluated to determine whether the feature values of the biomarker profile satisfy a first value set associated with a particular decision rule. This evaluation classifies the subject as having or not having a particular stage of sepsis. A treatment regimen may then be initiated to treat the specific stage of sepsis. In some embodiments, the stage of sepsis is for example, onset of sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, or multiple organ dysfunction.

5.9 EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[00340] In some embodiments of the present invention, a biomarker profile is obtained using a biological sample from a test subject, particularly a subject at risk of developing sepsis, having sepsis, or suspected of having sepsis. The biomarker profile in such embodiments is evaluated. This evaluation can be made, for example, by applying a decision rule to the test subject. The decision rule can, for example, be or have been constructed based upon the biomarker profiles obtained from subjects in the training population. The training population, in one embodiment, includes (a) subjects that had SIRS and were then diagnosed as septic during an observation time period as well as (b) subjects that had SIRS and were not diagnosed as septic during an observation time period.
If the biomarker profile from the test subject contains appropriately characteristic features, then the test subject is diagnosed as having a more likely chance of becoming septic, as being afflicted with sepsis or as being at the particular stage in the progression of sepsis.
Various populations of subjects including those who are suffering from SIRS
(e.g., SIRS-positive subjects) or those who are suffering from an infection but who are not suffering from SIRS (e.g., SIRS-negative subjects) can serve as training populations.
Accordingly, the present invention allows the clinician to distinguish, inter alia, between those subjects who do not have SIRS, those who have SIRS but are not likely to develop sepsis within a given time frame, those who have SIRS and who are at risk of eventually becoming septic, and those who are suffering from a particular stage in the progression of sepsis. For more details on suitable training populations and suitable data collected from such populations, see Section 5.5, above.

5.10 USE OF ANNOTATION DATA TO IDENTIFY DISCRIMINATING
BIOMARKERS
[00341] In some embodiments, data analysis algorithms identify a large set of biomarkers whose features discriminate between converters and nonconverters.
For example, in some embodiments, application of a data analysis algorithm to a training population results in the selection of more than 500 biomarkers, more than biomarkers, or more than 10,000 biomarkers. In some embodiments, further reduction in the number of biomarkers that are deemed to be discriminating is desired.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, filtering rules that are complementary to data analysis algorithms (e.g., the data analysis algorithms of Section 5.5) are used to further reduce the list of discriminating biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithms.
Specifically, the list of biomarkers identified by application of one or more data analysis algorithms to the biomarker profile data measured in a training population is further refined by application of annotation data based filtering rules to the list. In such embodiments, those biomarkers in the set of biomarlcers identified by the one or more data analysis algorithms that satisfy the one or more applied annotation data based filtering rules remain in the set of discriminating biomarkers. In some instances, those biomarkers in the set of biomarkers identified by the one or more data analysis algorithms that do not satisfy the one or more applied annotation data based filtering rules are removed from the set. In other instances, those biomarkers in the set of biomarkers identified by the one or more data analysis algorithms that do not satisfy the one or more applied annotation data based filtering rules stay in the set and those that satisfy the one or more applied annotation data based filtering rules are removed from the set. In this way, annotation data can be used to reduce the number of biomarkers in the set of discriminating biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithms.
[00342] Annotation data based filtering rules are rules based upon annotation data.
Annotation data refers to any type of data that describes a property of a biomarker. An example of annotation data is the identification of biological pathways to which a given biomarker belongs. Another example of annotation data is enzymatic class (e.g., phosphodiesterases, kinases, metalloproteinases, etc.). Still other examples of annotation data include, but are not limited to, protein domain information, enzymatic substrate information, enzymatic reaction information, and protein interaction data. Yet another example of annotation data is disease association, in other words, which disease process a given biomarker has been linked to or otherwise affects. Another form of annotation data is any type of data that associates biomarker expression, other forms of biomarker abundance, and/or biomarker activity, with cellular localization, tissue type localization, and/or cell type localization.
[00343] As the name implies, annotation data is used to construct an annotation data based filtering rule. An example of an annotation data based filtering rule is:
Annotation rule 1:
remove all transcription factors from the training set.
Application of this filtering rule to a set of biomarkers will remove all transcription factors from the set.
[00344] Another type of annotation data based filtering rule is:
Annotation rule 2:
keep all biomarkers that are enriched for annotation X in a biomarker list.

Application of this filtering rule will only keep those biomarkers in a given list that are enriched (overrepresented) for annotation X in the list. To more fully appreciate this filtering rule, consider an exemplary biomarker set that has been identified by application of a data analysis algorithm (Section 5.5) to biomarker profiles measured using training population data measured in accordance with a technique disclosed in Section 5.4. This exemplary biomarker set has 500 biomarkers. Assume, for in this illustrative example, that the full set of biomarkers in a human consists of 25,000 biomarkers. Here, the 25,000 biomarkers is a population and the 500 biomarker set is the sample. As used here, the term "population" consists of all possible observable biomarkers. The term "sample"
is the data that is actually considered. Now, for this example, let X= kinases. Suppose there are 800 known human kinases and further suppose that the set of 500 biomarkers was randomly selected with respect to kinases. Under these circumstances, the list of 500 biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithms should select about (500 / 25,000) * 800 = 16 kinases. Since there are, in fact, 50 kinases in the sample, a conclusion can be reached that kinases are indeed enriched in the sample relative to the population.
[00345] More formally, in this example, a determination can be made as to whether kinases are enriched in the set of biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithm (the sample) relative to the population by analysis of the two-way contingency table that describes the observed sample and population:

Kinase Group Yes No Total Population 800 24,200 25,000 Sample 50 450 500 [00346] Following Agresti, 1996, An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, this two-way contingency table can be analyzed by treating each row as an independent bionomial variable. In such instances, the true difference in proportions, termed 7c1- n2, compares the probabilities in the two rows. This difference falls between -1 and +1. It equals zero when 7e1= 7c2; that is, when the selection of kinases in the sample from the population is independent of the kinase annotation. Of the N1= 25,000 biomarkers in the population, 800 are kinases, a proportion ofp1= 800 / 25,000 = 0.032. Of the N2 = 500 biomarkers in the sample identified using a data analysis algorithm, 50 are kinases, a proportionp2 of 50/500 = 0.10. The sample difference of proportions is 0.032 -0.10 =-0.068. In accordance with Agresti, when the counts in the two rows are independent binomial samples, the estimated standard error of pl -P2 is:

&(pi - p2) pi(1-pi) + p2(1-P2) =
N, Nz where Nl and N2 are the samples sizes for the population and the sample selected by data analysis algorithm, respectively. The standard error decreases, and hence the estimate of 7c1 -7c2 improves, as the sample sizes increase. A large-sample (100(1- a))%
confidence interval for 7E1- n2 is (pi + p2 ) -!" Za = Z0.025 = 1.96 Thus, for this example, the estimated error is 0.032(1- 0.032) + 0.10(1- 0.10) _ 0.013 25,000 500 and a 95% confidence interval for the true difference 7c1- 7c2 is -0.068 1.96(0.013), or -0.068 0.025. Since the 95% confidence interval contains only negative values, the conclusion can be reached that kinases are enriched in the sample (tlie biomarker set produced by the data analysis algorithm) relative to the population of 25,000 biomarkers.
[00347] The two-way contingency table in the example above can be analysed using methods known in the art other than the one disclosed above. For example, the chi-square test for independence and/or Fisher's exact test can be used to test the null hypothesis that the row and column classification variables of the two-way contingency table are independent.
[00348] The term "X" in annotation rule 2 can be any form of annotation data.
In one embodiment, "X" is any biological pathway. As such the annotation data based filtering rule has the following form.

Annotation rule 3:
Select all biomarkers that are in any biological pathway that is enriched in the biomarker list.

To determine whether a particular biological pathway is enriched, the number of biomarkers in a particular biological pathway in the sample is compared with the number of biomarkers that are in the particular biological pathway in the population using, for example, the two-way contingency table analysis described above, or other techniques known in the art. If the biological pathway is enriched in the sample, then all biomarkers in the sample that are also in the biological pathway are retained for fizrther analysis, in accordance with the annotation data based filtering rule.
[00349] An example of enrichment, in which it was shown that the proportion of kinases in the sample was greater than the proportion of kinases in the population across its entire 95% confidence interval has been given. In one embodiment, biomarkers having a given annotation are considered enriched in the sample relative to the population when the proportion of biomarkers having the annotation in the sample is greater than the proportion of biomarkers having the annotation in the population across its entire 95%
degree confidence interval as determined by two-way contingency table analysis. In another embodiment, biomarkers having a given annotation are considered enriched in the sample relative to the population if a p value as determined by the Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, or relative algorithms is 0.05 or less, 0.005 or less or 0.0005 or less.
[00350] Another form of annotation data based filtering rule has the following form:
Annotation rule 4:
Select all biomarkers that are in biological pathway X.
[00351] In an embodiment, a set of biomarkers is determined using a data analysis algorithm. Exemplary data analysis algorithms are disclosed in Section 5.5. In addition, Section 6 describes certain tests that can also serve as data analysis algorithms. These tests include, but are not limited to a Wilcoxon test and the like with a statistically significant p value (e.g., 0.05 or less, 0.04, or less, etc.), and/or a requirement that a biomarker exhibit a mean differential abundance between biological samples obtained from converters and biological samples obtained from nonconverters in a training population. Upon application of the data analysis algorithm, a set of biomarkers that discriminates between converters and nonconverters is determined. Next, an annotation rule, for example annotation rule 4, is applied to the set of discriminating biomarkers in order to further reduce the set of biomarkers. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the order in which these rules are applied is generally not important. For example, annotation rule 4 can be applied first and then certain data analysis algorithms can be applied, or vice versa. In some embodiments, biomarkers ultimately deemed as discriminating between converters and nonconverters satisfy each of the following criteria: (i) ap value of 0.05 or less (p <
0.05) as determined from a Wilcoxon adjusted test using static (single time point) data; (ii) a mean-fold change of 1.2 or greater between converters and nonconverters across the training set using static (single time point data), and (iii) present in a specific biological pathway.
See also, Section 6.7, infra, for a detailed example. In this example, there is no requirement that members of the pathway are enriched in the set of biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithms.
Furthermore, it is noted that criteria (i) and (ii) are forms of data analysis algorithms and criterion (iii) is a annotation data based filtering rule.
[00352] In another embodiment, once a list of discriminating biomarkers is identified, the biomarkers can then be used to determine the identity of the particular biological pathways from which the discriminating biomarkers are implicated. In certain embodiments, annotation data-based filtering rules are applied to the list of discriminating biomarkers identified by the methods of the present invention (e.g., the methods described in Sections 5.4, 5.5 and 6). Such annotation data-based filtering rules identify the particular biological pathway or pathways that are enriched in the discriminating list of biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithms. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, DAVID 2.0 software, available at appsl.niaid.nih.gov/david/, is used to identify and apply such annotation data-based filtering rules to the set of biomarkers identified by the data analysis algorithms in order to identify pathways that are enriched in the set. In some embodiments, those biomarkers that are in an enriched biological pathway are selected for use as discriminating biomarkers in the kits of the present invention.
[00353] In some embodiments of the present invention, biomarkers that are in biological pathways that are enriched in the biomarker set determined by application of a data analysis algorithm to a training population that includes converters and nonconverters can be used as filtering step to reduce the number of biomarkers in the set.
In one such approach, biological samples from subjects in a training population are obtained using, e.g., any of one or more of the methods described in Section 5.4, supra, and- in Section 6, infi a.
In accordance with this embodiment, a nucleic acid array, such as a cDNA
microarray, may be employed to generate features of biomarkers in a biomarker profile by detecting the expression of any one or more of the genes known to be or suspected to be involved in the selected biological pathways. Data derived from the cDNA microarray analysis may then be analyzed using any one or more of the analysis algoritluns described in Section 5.5, supra, to identify biomarkers whose features discriminate between converters and nonconverters. Biomarkers whose corresponding feature values are capable of discriminating, for example, between converters (i.e., SIRS patients who subsequently develop sepsis) and non-converters (i.e., SIRS patients who do not subsequently develop sepsis) can thus be identified and classified as discriminating biomarkers.
Biomarkers that are in enriched biological pathways can be selected from this set by applying Annotation rule 3, from above. Representative biological pathways that could be found include, for example, genes involved in the Thl/Th2 cell differentiation pathway). In one embodiments, biomarkers ultimately deemed as discriminating between converters and nonconverters satisfy each of the following criteria: (i) ap value of 0.05 or less (p <
0.05) as determined from a Wilcoxon adjusted test; (ii) a mean-fold change of 1.2 or greater between converters and nonconverters across the training set, and (iii) present in a biological pathway that is enriched in the set of biomarkers derived by application of criteria (i) and (ii).
[00354] In some embodiments of the present invention, annotation data based filtering rules are used to identify biological patllways that are enriched in a given biomarker set. This biomarker set can be, for example, a set of biomarkers that is identified by application of a data analysis algorithm to training data comprising converters and nonconverters. Then, biomarkers in these enriched biological pathways are analyzed using any of the data analysis algorithms disclosed herein in order to identify biomarkers that discriminate between converters and nonconverters. In some instances, some of the biomarkers analyzed in the enriched biological pathways were not among the biomarkers in the original given biomarker set. In some instances, some of the biomarkers in the enriched biological pathways are among the biomarkers in the original given biomarker set. In some embodiments, a secondary assay is used to collect feature data for biomarkers that are in enriched pathways and it is this data that is used to determine whether the biomarkers in the enriched biological pathways discriminate between converters and nonconverters.
[00355] In some embodiments, biomarkers in biological pathways of interest are identified. In one example, genes involved in the Thl/Th2 cell differentiation pathway are identified. Then, these biomarkers are evaluated using the data analysis algorithms disclosed herein to determine whether they discriminate between converters and nonconverters.

5.11 REPRESENTATIVE EMBODIMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
PRESENT INVENTION
[00356] Sections 6.11 through 6.13 identify a number of biomarkers that are of interest in one embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
Specifically, one embodiment of the present invention comprises the 10 biomarkers identified in Table 48 of Section 6.11.1, the 34 biomarkers listed in Table 59 of Section 6.11.2, and the 10 biomarkers listed in Table 93 of Section 6.13.1, below. Table 48 and Table 93 each identify MMP9 as a discriminating biomarker. Thus, the total number of biomarkers in Table I is one less than the sum of the biomarkers identified in Tables 48, Table 59, and Table 93, (34 + 10 + 10 -1) or 53. These biomarkers are reproduced in Table I, below.
Section 5.11.1 provides details on each of the individual biomarkers. Section 5.11.2, below, provides more details on select combinations of the biomarkers listed in Tables I, J, and K.
Each of the biomarkers listed in Table I were selected based on the experimental results summarized in Sections 6.11 through 6.13. In some experiments, the identified biomarkers were proteins or fragments thereof. Such protein biomarkers, which discriminate between sepsis and SIRS, are listed in Table I with a "P" designation in column 5. In some experiments, the identified biomarkers were nucleic acids or fragment thereof. Such nucleic acid biomarkers, which discriminate between sepsis and SIRS, are listed in Table I
with an "N"
designation in column 5. As indicated above, one biomarker MMP9, was identified both as a protein and as a nucleic acid biomarker. Table J below lists the biomarkers in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention in which the biomarkers were discovered using nucleic acid based assays described in Section 6, such as RT-PCR. Table K below lists the biomarkers in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention in which the biomarkers were discovered using protein based assays, described in Section 6, such as bead assays. One embodiment of the invention comprises at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers from any one of Tables 48, 59, or 93.
[00357] Unless indicated in specific embodiments below, the biomarkers of Tables I, J and K are not limited by their physical form in the experiments summarized in Sections 6.11 through 6.13. For example, although the discriminatory nature of a biomarker may have been discovered by the abundance of the biomarker, in nucleic acid form, in a nucleic acid assay such as RT-PCR and accordingly listed in Table I on this basis with an "N"
designation in column 5 of Table I, the physical manifestation of the biomarker in the methods, kits, and biomarker profiles of the present invention is not limited to nucleic acids.
Rather, any physical manifestation of the biomarker as defined for the term "biomarker" in Section 5.1 is encompassed in the present invention. Column 6 of Table I
indicates, based on the data summarized in Section 6 below, whether the biomarker is up-regulated or down-regulated in the subjects that will convert to sepsis (the' converters) relative to the subjects that will not convert (the SIRS subjects). Thus, if a biomarker has the designation UP, in column 6, that means that the biomarker, in the form indicated in colunm 5, was, on average, more abundant in subjects that will convert to sepsis (sepsis subjects) relative to subjects that will not convert to sepsis (SIRS subjects). Furthermore, if a biomarker has the designation DOWN, in column 6, that means that the biomarker, in the form indicated in column 5, was, on average, less abundant in subjects that will convert to sepsis (sepsis subjects), relative to subjects that will not convert to sepsis (SIRS
subjects).

Table I: Biomarkers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Source Regulation Symbol Accession Accession in SEPSIS
Number Number ANKRD22 ANKYRIN REPEAT NM144590 NP_653191 N UP

MICROGLOBULIN

PROTEIN Al CCL5 CHEMOKINE (C-C NM_002985 NP_002976 N DOWN
MOTIF) LIGAND 5 CD86 CD86 ANTIGEN (CD28 NM_006889 NP_008820 N DOWN
ANTIGEN LIGAND 2, NM_175862 NP_787058 B7-2 ANTIGEN) CEACAM1 CARCINOEMBRYONI NM001712 NP_001703 N UP
C ANTIGEN-RELATED
CELL ADHESION

CRTAP CARTILAGE- NM_006371 NP_006362 N DOWN
ASSOCIATED
PROTEIN
CSF1R COLONY NM_005211 NP_005202 N DOWN
STIMULATING
FACTOR 1 RECEPTOR, FORMERLY
MCDONOUGH FELINE
SARCOMA VIRAL (V-FMS)ONCOGENE
HOMOLOG
FAD104 FIBRONECTIN TYPE NM_022763 NP_073600 N UP
III DOMAIN

(FNDC3B) Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Source Regulation Symbol Accession Accession in SEPSIS
Number Number IGG, HIGH AFFINITY
IA
GADD45A GROWTH ARREST NM_001924 NP001915 N UP
AND DNA-DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE, ALPHA
GADD45B GROWTH ARREST- NM_015675 NP_056490 N UP
AND DNA DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE GENE

BLA-DRA MAJOR NM_002123 NP_002114 N DOWN
HISTOCOMPATIBILIT
Y COMPLEX, CLASS
II, DR ALPHA
IFNGR1 INTERFERON GAMMA NM_000416 NP_000407 N UP
RECEPTORI
IL1RN INTERLEUKIN=1 NM_000577, AAN87150 N UP
RECEPTOR NM173841, ANTAGONIST GENE NM173842, IL10RA INTERLEUKIN 10 NM_001558 NP_001549 N DOWN
RECEPTOR, ALPHA
IL18R1 INTERLEUKIN 18 NM_003855 NP_003846 N UP

INSL3 INSULIN-LIKE 3 NM_005543 NP_005534 N UP
(LEYDIG CELL) IRAK2 INTERLEUKIN-1 NM_001570 NP_001561 N UP
RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASE

IRAK4 INTERLEUKIN-1 NM 016123 NP_057207 N UP
RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASE

ITGAM INTEGRIN, ALPHA M NM_000632 NP_000623 N UP
(COMPLEMENT
COMPONENT
RECEPTOR 3, ALPHA;
ALSO KNOWN AS
CD11B (P170), MACROPHAGE
ANTIGEN ALPHA
POLYPEPTIDE) Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Source Regulation Symbol Accession Accession in SEPSIS
Number Number JAK2 JANUS IUNASE 2 (A NM_004972 NP_004963 N UP
PROTEIN TYROSINE
KINASE) LDLR LOW DENSITY NM_000527 NP000518 N UP
LIPOPROTEIN
RECEPTOR
LY96 LYMPHOCYTE NM_015364 NP_056179 N UP

MAP2K6 MITOGEN- NM_002758 NP002749 N UP
ACTIVATED PROTEIN NM_031988 NP_114365 MAPK14 MAPK14 MITOGEN- NM_001315 NP_001306 N UP
ACTIVATED PROTEIN NM_139012 NP620581 MCP1 MONOCYTE AF493698, AAQ75526 P UP

MKNK1 MAP KINASE NM003684 NP_003675 N UP
INTERACTING NM_198973 NP_945324 SERINE/THREONINE

MMP9 MATRIX NM_004994 NP004985 N/ P UP (both METALLOPROTEINAS protein and E 9 (GELATINASE B, nucleic 92KDA GELATINASE, acid) COLLAGENASE) NCR1 NATURAL NM004829 NP_004820 N UP
CYTOTOXICITY
TRIGGERING

OSM ONCOSTATIN M NM 020530 NP_065391 N UP
PFKFB3 6-PHOSPHOFRUCTO- NM_004566 NP_004557 N UP

2,6-BISPHOSPHATASE

PRV1 NEUTROPHIL- NM_020406 NP_065139 N UP

(POLYCYTHEMIA
RUBRA VERA 1) PSTPIP2 PROLINE/SERINE/THR NM_024430 NP077748 N UP
EONINE
PHOSPHATASE-INTERACTING
PROTEIN 1 (PROLINE-Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Source Regulation Symbol Accession Accession in SEPSIS
Number Number SERINE-THREONINE
PHOSPHATASE
INTERACTING
PROTEIN 2) SOCS3 SUPPRESSOR OF NM_003955 NP_003946 N UP
CYTOKINE

DISMUTASE 2, MITOCHONDRIAL
TDRD9 TUDOR DOMAIN NM_153046 NP_694591 N UP

TGFBI TRANSFORMING NM000358 NP_000349 N DOWN
GROWTH FACTOR, (TRANSFORMING
GROWTH FACTOR, BETA-INDUCED, 68KDA) TIFA TRAF-INTERACTING NM_052864 NP_443096 N UP
PROTEIN WITH A
FORKHEAD-ASSOCIATED
DOMAIN

METALLOPROTEINAS
El TNFRSF6 TUMORNECROSIS NM_152877 NP_000034 N UP
FACTOR RECEPTOR
SUPERFAMILY, TNFSF10 TUMORNECROSIS NM_003810 NP003801 N UP
FACTOR (LIGAND) SUPERFAMILY, TNFSF13B TUMORNECROSIS NM006573 NP_006564 N UP
FACTOR (LIGAND) SUPERFAMILY, [00358] Each of the sequences, genes, proteins, and probesets identified in Table I is hereby incorporated by reference.

Table J: Biomarkers identified based on the ability of the nucleic acid form of the biomarker to discriminate between SIRS and sepsis Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Symbol Accession Accession Number Number IGG, HIGH AFFINITY - -IA
MMP9 MATRIX NM_004994 NP_004985 METALLOPROTEINAS

RECEPTORI
ARG2 ARGINASE TYPE II NIVI_001172 CAG38787 IL1RN INTERLEUKIN-1 NM 000577, AAN87150 RECEPTOR NNI173 841, ANTAGONIST GENE NM_173 842, NM_173843 FACTOR
SUPERFAMILY, ITGAM INTEGRIN, ALPHA M NM_000632 NP_000623 GROWTH FACTOR, CD86 CD86 ANTIGEN NM_006889 NP_008820 NM_175682 NP 787058 PROTEIN Al ~
CCL5 CHEMOKINE (C-C NM002985 NP002976 MOTIF) LIGAND 5 STIMULATING
FACTOR 1 RECEPTOR, FORMERLY
MCDONOUGH FELINE
SARCOMA VIRAL (V-FMS) ONCOGENE
HOMOLOG

AND DNA-DAMAGE-INDUCIBLE, ALPHA

AND DNA DAMAGE- -INDUCIBLE GENE

IFNGRl INTERFERON NM_000416 NP000407 Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Symbol Accession Accession Number Number IL10RA INTERLEUKIN 10 NM_001558 NP-001549 RECEPTOR, ALPHA
IRAK2 INTERLEUKIN-1 NM_0015 70 NP_0015 61 RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASE

IRAK4 INTERLEUKIN-1 NM_016123 NP_057207 RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED KINASE

JAK2 JANUS KINASE 2 (A NM_004972 NP_004963 PROTEIN TYROSINE
KINASE) LY96 LYMPHOCYTE NM_015364 NP_056179 KINASE 14 NM_139013 NP_620582 NM_139014 NP_620583 SERINE/THREONINE - -OSM ONCOSTATIN M NM020530 NP_065391 SOCS3 SUPPRESS R OF NM_003955 NP_003946 CYTOKINE

TNFRSF6 TUMOR NECROSIS NM152877 NP_000034 FACTOR RECEPTOR
SUPERFAMILY, TNFSF10 TUMORNECR IS NM003810 NP_003801 FACTOR (LIGAND) SUPERFAMILY, ANKRD22 ANKYRIN REPEAT NM_144590 NP_653191 ANXA3 ANNEXIN A3 NM_005139 NP_005130 CEACAMI CARCINOEMBRYONI NM_001712 NP_001703 C ANTIGEN-RELATED
CELL ADHESION

LDLR LOW DENSITY NM_000527 NP_000518 LIPOPROTEIN
RECEPTOR

Gene Gene Name Gene Protein Symbol Accession Accession Number Number PFKFB3 6-PHOSPHOFRUCTO- NM 004566 NP_004557 2,6-BISPHOSPHATASE

PRV1 NEUTROPHIL- NM 020406 NP_065139 (POLYCYTHEMIA
RUBRA VERA 1) PSTPIP2 PROLINE SERINE THR NM_024430 NP_077748 EONINE
PHOSPHATASE-INTERACTING
PROTEIN 1 (PROLINE-SERINE-THREONINE
PHOSPHATASE
INTERACTING
PROTEIN 2) TIFA TRAF-INTERACTING NM_052864 NP_443096 PROTEIN WITH A
FORKHEAD-ASSOCIATED
DOMAIN
VNN1 VANIN 1 NM_004666 NP004657 NCR1 NATURAL NM_004829 NP_004820 CYTOTOXICITY
TRIGGERING

FAD104 FIBRONECTIN TYPE NM_022763 NP_073600 III DOMAIN

(FNDC3B) INSL3 INSULIN-LIKE 3 NM_005543 NP005534 (LEYDIG CELL) CRTAP CARTILAGE- NM_006371 NP_006362 ASSOCIATED
PROTEIN
HLA-DRA MAJOR NM_002123 NP_002114 HISTOCOMPATIBILIT
Y COMPLEX, CLASS
II, DR ALPHA
SOD2 SUPEROXIDE NM_000636 NP_000627 DISMUTASE 2, MITOCHONDRIAL
Table K: Biomarkers identified based on the ability of the protein form of the biomarker to discriminate between SIRS and sepsis Gene Symbol Gene Name Gene Protein Accession Accession Number Number IL-6 INTERLEUKIN 6 NM 000600 NP_000591 Gene Symbol Gene Name Gene Protein Accession Accession Number Number CRP C Reactive protein CAA39671 NM 000567 MMP9 MATRIX NM_004994 NP_004985 (GELATINASE B, 92KDA
GELATINASE, 92IC-DA TYPE
IV COLLAGENASE) TIMP1 TISSUE INHIBITOR OF NM_003254 AAA75558 MCP1 MONOCYTE AF493698, AAQ75526 5.11.1 Biomarker descriptions [00359] The references for the biomarkers in this section merely provide exemplary sequences for the biomarkers set forth in the present application.
[00360] The nucleotide sequence of AFP (identified by accession no. NM 001134) is disclosed in, e.g., Beattie et al., 1982, "Structure and evolution of human alpha-fetoprotein deduced from partial sequence of cloned cDNA" Gene 20 (3): 415-422, Harper, M.E. et al., 1983, "Linkage of the evolutionarily-related serum albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes within ql 1-22 of huinan chromosome 4," Am. J. Hum. Genet. 35 (4):565-572, Morinaga, T.
et al., 1983, "Primary structures of human alpha-fetoprotein and its mRNA,"
Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 (15):4604-4608, and the a.inino acid sequence of AFP
(identified by accession no. CAA79592) is disclosed in, e.g., McVey, 1993, Direct Submission, Clinical Research Centre, Haemostasis Research Group, Watford Road, Harrow, UK, HAl 3UJ, McVey et al., 1993, "A G-->A substitution in an HNF I binding site in the human alpha-fetoprotein gene is associated with hereditary persistence of alpha-fetoprotein (HPAFP),"
Hum. Mol. Genet. 2 (4): 379-384, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00361] The nucleotide sequence of ANKRD22 (identified by accession no.
NM 144590) is disclosed in, e.g., Strausberg, 2002, "Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 22, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:22805 IMAGE:3682099)," unpublished, and the amino acid sequence of ANKRD22 (identified by accession no. NP_653191) is disclosed in, e.g., Strausberg, 2002, "Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 22, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:22805 IMAGE:3682099)," unpublished, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00362] The nucleotide sequence of ANXA3 (identified by accession no.
NM 005139) is disclosed in, e.g., Pepinsky, R.B. et al., 1988," Five distinct calcium and phospholipid binding proteins share homology with lipocortin I," J. Biol.
Chem. 263 (22):
10799-10811, Tait, J.F. et al., 1988, "Placental anticoagulant proteins:
isolation and comparative characterization four members of the lipocortin family,"
Biochemistry 27 (17):6268-6276, Ross, T.S. et al., 1990, "Identity of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphollydrolase with lipocortin III," Science 248 (4955):605-607, and the amino acid sequence of ANXA3 (identified by accession no. NP_005130) is disclosed in, e.g., Pepinsky, R.B et al., 1988," Five distinct calcium and phospholipid binding proteins share homology with lipocortin I," J. Biol. Chem. 263 (22): 10799-10811, Tait, J.F.
et al., 1988, "Placental anticoagulant proteins: isolation and comparative characterization four members of the lipocortin family," Biochemistry 27 (17):6268-6276, Ross, T.S. et al., 1990, "Identity of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate 2-phosphohydrolase with lipocortin III,"
Science 248 (4955):605-607, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00363] The nucleotide sequence of Apolipoprotein CIII (APOC3) (identified by accession no. NM 000040) is disclosed in, e.g., Ruiz-Narvaez. et al., 2005 "APOC3/A5 haplotypes, lipid levels, and risk of myocardial infarction in the Central Valley of Costa Rica," J. Lipid Res. 46 (12), 2605-2613; Garenc et al., 2005, "Effect of the APOC3 Sst I
SNP on fasting triglyceride levels in men heterozygous for the LPL P207L
deficiency," Eur.
J. Hum. Genet. 13, 1159-1165; Baum. et al., 2005, "Effect of hepatic lipase -514C->T
polymorphism and its interactions with apolipoprotein C3 -482C->T and apolipoprotein E
exon 4 polymorpliisms on the risk of nepliropathy in chinese type 2 diabetic patients,"
Diabetes Care 28, 1704-1709, and the amino acid sequence of APOC3 (identified by accession no. CAA25648) is disclosed in, e.g., Protter et al., 1984, "Isolation and sequence analysis of the human apolipoprotein CIII gene and the intergenic region between the apo AI and apo CIII," DNA 3, 449-456, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00364] The nucleotide sequence of ARG2 (identified by accession no. N1VI
001172) is disclosed in, e.g., Gotoh et al.,1996 "Molecular cloning of cDNA for nonhepatic mitochondrial arginase(arginase II) and comparison of its induction with nitric oxide synthase in a murine macrophage-lilce cell line," FEBS Lett. 395 (2-3):119-122, Vockley et al., 1996, "Cloning and characterization of the human type II arginase gene,"
Genomics 38 (2):118-123, Gotoh et al., 1997, "Chromosomal localization of the human arginase II gene and tissue distribution of its mRNA," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 233 (2):487-491, and the amino acid sequence of ARG2 (identified by accession no. CAG38787) is disclosed in, e.g., Halleck et al., 2004, Direct Submission, RZPD Deutsches Ressourcenzentrum fuer Genomforschung GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany, Halleck et al., unpublished, "Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry vector (pDONR201)," each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00365] The nucleotide sequence of B2M (identified by accession no. NM 004048) is disclosed in, e.g., Krangel, M.S. et al., 1979, "Asseinbly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo," Cell 18 (4):979-991, Suggs, S.V. et al., 1981, "Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 (11):6613-6617, Rosa, F. et al., 1983, "The beta2-microglobulin mRNA in human Daudi cells has a mutated initiation codon but is still inducible by interferon," EMBO J. 2 (2):239-243, and the amino acid sequence of B2M (identified by accession no. AAA51811) is disclosed in, e.g., Gussow, D.
et al., 1987, "The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit," J. Immunol. 139 (9): 3132-3138, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00366] The nucleotide sequence of BCL2A1 (identified by accession no.
NM 004049) is disclosed in, e.g., Lin, E.Y. et al.,1993, "Characterization of Al, a novel hemopoietic-specific early-response gene with sequence similarity to bcl-2,"
J. Immunol.
151 (4):1979-1988, Savitsky, K. et al., "The complete sequence of the coding region of the ATM gene reveals similarity to cell cycle regulators in different species,"
Hum. Mol. Genet.
4(11):2025-2032, Choi, S.S. et al., 1995, "A novel Bcl-2 related gene, Bfl-1, is overexpressed in stomach cancer and preferentially expressed in bone marrow,"
Oncogene 11 (9):1693-1698, and the amino acid sequence of BCL2A1 (identified by accession no.
NP_004040) is disclosed in, e.g., Lin, E.Y. et al., 1993, "Characterization of Al, a novel hemopoietic-specific early-response gene with sequence similarity to bcl-2,"
J. Immunol.
151 (4):1979-1988, Savitsky, K. et al., "The complete sequence of the coding region of the ATM gene reveals similarity to cell cycle regulators in different species,"
Hum. Mol. Genet.
4(11):2025-2032, Choi, S.S. et al., 1995, "A novel Bcl-2 related gene, Bfl-1, is overexpressed in stomach cancer and preferentially expressed in bone marrow,"
Oncogene 11 (9):1693-1698, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00367] The nucleotide sequence of CCL5 (identified by accession no. NM
002985) is disclosed in, e.g., Schall, T.J. et al., 1988, "A human T cell-specific molecule is a member of a new gene family," J. Immunol. 141 (3):1018-1025, Donlon, T.A. et al., 1990, "Localization of a human T-cell-specific gene, RANTES (D17S136E), to chromosome 17q11.2-q12," Genomics 6 (3):548-553, Kameyoshi, Y. et al., 1992, "Cytokine RANTES
released by thrombin-stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils," J.
Exp. Med. 176 (2):587-592, and the amino acid sequence of CCL5 (identified by accession no. NP002976) is disclosed in, e.g., Schall, T.J. et al., 1988, "A human T
cell-specific molecule is a member of a new gene family," J. Immunol. 141 (3):1018-1025, Donlon, T.A.
et al., 1990, "Localization of a huinan T-cell-specific gene, RANTES
(D17S136E), to chromosome 17q11.2-q12," Genomics 6 (3):548-553, Kameyoshi, Y. et al., 1992, "Cytokine RANTES released by thrombin-stimulated platelets is a potent attractant for human eosinophils," J. Exp. Med. 176 (2):587-592, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00368] The nucleotide sequence of CD86 (identified by accession nos.
NM_006889, NM 175862) is disclosed in, e.g., Azuma, M. et al., 1993, "B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28," Nature 366 (6450):76-79, Freeman, G.J. et al., 1993, "Cloning of B7-2: a CTLA-4 counter-receptor that costimulates human T cell proliferation,"
Science 262 (5135):909-911, Chen, C. et al., 1994, "Molecular cloning and expression of early T
cell costimulatory molecule-1 and its characterization as B7-2 molecule," J.
Immunol. 152 (10):4929-4936, and the amino acid sequence of CD86 (identified by accession nos.
NP_008820, NP_787058) is disclosed in, e.g., Azuma, M. et al., 1993, "B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28," Nature 366 (6450):76-79, Azuma, M. et al., 1993, "B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28," Nature 366 (6450):76-79, Freeman, G.J. et al., 1993, "Cloning of B7-2: a CTLA-4 counter-receptor that costimulates human T cell proliferation," Science 262 (5135):909-911, Chen, C. et al., 1994, "Molecular cloning and expression of early T cell costimulatory molecule-1 and its characterization as B7-2 molecule," J. Immunol. 152 (10):4929-4936, each of wliich is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00369] The nucleotide sequence of CEACAMI (identified by accession no.
NM 001712) is disclosed in, e.g., Svenberg, T. et al., 1979, "Immunofluorescence studies on the occurrence and localization of the CEA-related biliary glycoprotein I
(BGP I) in normal human gastrointestinal tissues," Clin. Exp. Immunol. 36 (3) :436-441, Hinoda, Y. et al., 1988, "Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding biliary glycoprotein I: primary structure of a glycoprotein immunologically crossreactive with carcinoembryonic antigen,"
Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (18):6959-6963, Barnett, T.R. et al., 1989, "Carcinoembryonic antigens: alternative splicing accounts for the multiple mRNAs that code for novel members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family," J. Cell Biol. 108 (2):267-276, and the amino acid sequence of CEACAM1 (identified by accession no. NP_001703) is disclosed in, e.g., Svenberg, T. et al., 1979, "Immunofluorescence studies on the occurrence and localization of the CEA-related biliary glycoprotein I (BGP I) in normal human gastrointestinal tissues,"
Clin. Exp. Immunol. 36 (3) :436-441, Hinoda, Y. et al., 1988, "Molecular cloning of a cDNA coding biliary glycoprotein I: primary structure of a glycoprotein immunologically crossreactive with carcinoeinbryonic antigen," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
85 (18):6959-6963, Barnett, T.R. et al., 1989, "Carcinoembryonic antigens: alternative splicing accounts for the multiple mRNAs that code for novel members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family," J. Cell Biol. 108 (2):267-276, each of wliich is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00370] The nucleotide sequence of C Reactive Protein (CRP) (identified by accession no. NM 000567) is disclosed in, e.g., Song et al., 2006, "C-reactive protein contributes to the hypercoagulable state in coronary artery disease," J.
Thromb. Haemost. 4 (1), 98-106; Wakugawa et al., 2006, "C-reactive protein and risk of first-ever ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama Study,"
Stroke 37, 27-32; Tong et al., 2005, "Association of testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and C-reactive protein with metabolic syndrome in Chinese middle-aged men with a family history of type 2 diabetes," J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 6418-6423, and the amino acid sequence of CRP (identified by accession no. CAA39671 is described in a direct submissiong by Tenchini et al., 1990, Tenchini M.L., Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze mediche, via Viotti 3, 20133 Milano, Italy, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00371] The nucleotide sequence of CRTAP (identified by accession no.
NM_006371) is disclosed in, e.g., Castagnola, P. et al., 1997, "Cartilage associated protein (CASP) is a novel developmentally regulated chick embryo protein," J. Cell.
Sci. 110 (PT
12):1351-1359; Tonachini, L. et al., 1999, "cDNA cloning, characterization and chromosome mapping of the gene encoding human cartilage associated protein (CRTAP),"
Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 87:(3-4); Morello, R. et al., 1999, "cDNA cloning, characterization and chromosome mapping of Crtap encoding the mouse cartilage associated protein,"
Matrix Biol. 18 (3):319-324, and the amino acid sequence of CRTAP (identified by accession no. NP_006362) is disclosed in, e.g., Castagnola, P. et al., 1997, "Cartilage associated protein (CASP) is a novel developmentally regulated chick embryo protein," J.
Cell. Sci. 110 (PT 12):1351-1359, Tonachini, L. et al., 1999, "cDNA cloning, characterization and chromosome mapping of the gene encoding human cartilage associated protein (CRTAP)," Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 87:(3-4), Morello, R. et al., 1999, "cDNA
cloning, characterization and chromosome mapping of Crtap encoding the mouse cartilage associated protein," Matrix Biol. 18 (3):319-324, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00372] The nucleotide sequence of CSF1R (identified by accession no.
NM 005211) is disclosed in, e.g., Verbeek, J.S. et al., 1985, "Human c-fms proto-oncogene: comparative analysis with an abnormal allele," Mol. Cell. Biol. 5 (2):422-426;
Xu, D.Q. et al., 1985, "Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human c-fins gene," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (9):2862-2865; Sherr, C.J. et al., 1985, "The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1," Cell 41 (3):665-676, and the amino acid sequence of CSF1R
(identified by accession no. NP 005202) is disclosed in, e.g., Verbeek, J.S. et al., 1985, "Human c-fins proto-oncogene: comparative analysis with an abnormal allele," Mol. Cell.
Biol. 5 (2):422-426, Xu, D.Q. et al., 1985, "Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human c-fms gene," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (9):2862-2865, Sherr, C.J. et al., 1985, "The c-fins proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1," Cell 41 (3):665-676, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00373] The nucleotide sequence of FAD 104 (identified by accession no.
NM 022763) is disclosed in, e.g., Clark, H.F. et al., 2003, "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins:a bioinformatics assessment," Genome Res. 13 (10):2265-2270, Tominaga, K. et al., 2004, "The novel gene fad104, containing a fibronectin type III domain, has a significant role in adipogenesis," FEBS Lett. 577 (1-2):49-54, and the amino acid sequence of FAD104 (identified by accession no. NP_073600) is disclosed in, e.g., Clark, H.F. et al.,2003, "The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins:a bioinformatics assessment,"
Genome Res. 13 (10):2265-2270, Tominaga, K. et al., 2004, "The novel gene fad104, containing a fibronectin type III domain, has a significant role in adipogenesis," FEBS
Lett. 577 (1-2):49-54, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00374] The nucleotide sequence of FCGRIA (identified by accession no.
NM 000566) is disclosed in, e.g., Eizuru, Y. et al., 1988, "Induction of Fc (IgG) receptor(s) by simian cytomegaloviruses in human embryonic lung fibroblasts,"
Intervirology 29 (6):339-345, Allen, J.M. et al., 1988, "Nucleotide sequence of three cDNAs for the human high affinity Fc receptor (FcRI)," Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (24):11824, van de Winkel, J.G. et al., 1991, "Gene organization of the human high affinity receptor for IgG, Fc gamma RI
(CD64). Characterization and evidence for a second gene," J. Biol. Chem. 266 (20):13449-1345, and the ainino acid sequence of FCGRIA (identified by accession no.
NP_000557) is disclosed in, e.g., Eizuru, Y. et al., 1988, "Induction of Fc (IgG) receptor(s) by simian cytomegaloviruses in human embryonic lung fibroblasts," Intervirology 29 (6):339-345, Allen, J.M. et al., 1988, "Nucleotide sequence of three cDNAs for the human high affinity Fc receptor (FcRI)," Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (24):11824, van de Winkel, J.G. et al., 1991, "Gene organization of the human high affinity receptor for IgG, Fc gamma RI
(CD64).
Characterization. and evidence for a second gene," J. Biol. Chem. 266 (20):13449-1345, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00375] The nucleotide sequence of GADD45A (identified by accession no.
NM 001924) is disclosed in, e.g., Papathanasiou, M.A. et al., 1991, "Induction by ionizing radiation of the gadd45 gene in cultured human cells: lack of mediation by protein kinase C," Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (2):1009-1016, Hollander, M.C. et al., 1993, "Analysis of the mammalian gadd45 gene and its response to DNA damage," J. Biol. Chem. 268 (32):24385-24393, Smith, M.L. et al., 1994, "Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen," Science 266 (5189):1376-1380, and the amino acid sequence of GADD45A (identified by accession no. NP_001915) is disclosed in, e.g., Papathanasiou, M.A. et al., 1991, "Induction by ionizing radiation of the gadd45 gene in cultured human cells: lack of mediation by protein kinase C," Mol. Cell. Biol.
11 (2):1009-1016, Hollander, M.C. et al., 1993, "Analysis of the mammalian gadd45 gene and its response to DNA damage," J. Biol. Chem. 268 (32):24385-24393, Smith, M.L. et al., 1994, "Interaction of the p53-regulated protein Gadd45 with proliferating cell nuclear antigen,"
Science 266 (5189):1376-1380, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00376] The nucleotide sequence of GADD45B (identified by accession no.
NM 015675) is disclosed in, e.g., Abdollahi, A. et al., 1991, "Sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding MyD 118: a novel myeloid differentiation primary response gene induced by multiple cytokines," Oncogene 6 (1): 165-167, Vairapandi, M. et al., 1996, "The differentiation primary response gene MyD 118, related to GADD45, encodes for a nuclear protein which interacts with PCNA and p21WAFl/CIP1," Oncogene 12 (12):2579-2594, Koonin, E.V., 1997, "Cell cycle and apoptosis: possible roles of Gadd45 and MyD118 proteins inferred from their homology to ribosomal proteins," J. Mol. Med. 75 (4):236-238, and the amino acid sequence of GADD45B (identified by accession no. NP_056490) is disclosed in, e.g., Abdollahi, A. et al., 1991, "Sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding MyD118: a novel myeloid differentiation primary response gene induced by multiple cytokines," Oncogene 6 (1):165-167,, Vairapandi, M. et al., 1996, "The differentiation primary response gene MyD 118, related to GADD45, encodes for a nuclear protein which interacts with PCNA and p21WAFl/CIP1," Oncogene 12 (12):2579-2594, Koonin, E.V., 1997, "Cell cycle and apoptosis: possible roles of Gadd45 and MyD118 proteins inferred from their homology to ribosomal proteins," J. Mol. Med. 75 (4):236-238, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00377] The nucleotide sequence of HLA-DRA (identified by accession no.
NM 002123) is disclosed in, e.g., Larhammar, D. et al., 1981, Evolutionary relationship between HLA-DR antigen beta-chains, HLA-A, B, C antigen subunits and immunoglobulin chains," Scand. J. Irnmunol. 14 (6):617-622, Wiman, K. et al., 1982, "Isolation and identification of a cDNA clone corresponding to an HLA-DR antigen beta chain,"
Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (6):1703-1707, Larhammar, D. et al., 1982, "Complete amino acid sequence of an HLA-DR antigen-like beta chain as predicted from the nucleotide sequence: similarities with immunoglobulins and HLA-A, -B, and -C antigens,"
Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (12):3687-3691, and the amino acid sequence of HLA-DRA
(identified by accession no. NP_002114) is disclosed in, e.g., Larhammar, D.
et al., 1981, Evolutionary relationship between HLA-DR antigen beta-chains, HLA-A, B, C
antigen subunits and immunoglobulin chains," Scand. J. Immunol. 14 (6):617-622, Wiman, K. et al., 1982, "Isolation and identification of a cDNA clone corresponding to an HLA-DR
antigen beta chain," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (6):1703-1707, Larhammar, D. et al., 1982, "Complete amino acid sequence of an HLA-DR antigen-like beta chain as predicted from the nucleotide sequence: similarities with immunoglobulins and HLA-A, -B, and -C
antigens," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 (12):3687-3691, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[00378] The nucleotide sequence of IFNGR1 (identified by accession no.
NM 000416) is disclosed in, e.g., Novick, D. et al., 1987, "The human interferon-gamma receptor. Purification, characterization, and preparation of antibodies, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety," J. Biol. Chem. 262 (18):
8483-8487, Aguet, M. et al., 1988, "Molecular cloning and expression of the human interferon-gamma receptor," Cell 55 (2): 273-280, Le Coniat, M. et al., 1989, "Human interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) gene maps to chromosome region 6q23-6q24," Hum. Genet. 84 (1):92-94, and the amino acid sequence of IFNGRI (identified by accession no.
NP_000407) is disclosed in, e.g., Novick, D. et al., 1987, "The human interferon-gamma receptor. Purification, characterization, and preparation of antibodies," J.
Biol. Chem. 262 (18):8483-8487, Aguet, M. et al., 1988, "Molecular cloning and expression of the human interferon-gamma receptor," Cell 55 (2): 273-280, Le Coniat, M. et al., 1989, "Human interferon gamma receptor 1(IFNGR1) gene maps to chromosome region 6q23-6q24,"
Hum. Genet. 84 (1):92-94, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00379] The nucleotide sequence of IL1RN (identified by accession nos.
NM 000577, NM 173841, NM 173842, NM 173843) is disclosed in, e.g., Eisenberg, S.P.
et al., 1990, "Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of a human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist," Nature 343 (6256):341-346, Carter, D.B. et al., 1990, "Purification, cloning, expression and biological characterization of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein," Nature 344 (6267):633-638, Seckinger, P. et al., 1990, "Natural and recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonists block the effects of IL-1 on bone resorption and prostaglandin production," J. Immunol. 145 (12):4181-4184, and the amino acid sequence of IL1RN (identified by accession no. AAN87150) is disclosed in, e.g., Rieder, M.J. et al., 2002, Direct Submission, Genome Sciences, University of Washington,1705 NE Pacific, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00380] The nucleotide sequence of IL-6 (identified by accession no. NM
000600) is disclosed in, e.g., Haegeman, G. et al., 1986, "Structural analysis of the sequence coding for an inducible 26-kDa protein in human fibroblasts," Eur. J. Biochem. 159 (3):625-632, Zilberstein, A. et al., 1986, "Structure and expression of cDNA and genes for human interferon-beta-2, a distinct species inducible by growth-stimulatory cytokines," EMBO J. 5 (10):2529-2537, Hirano, T. et al., 1986, "Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce iinmunoglobulin,"
Nature 324 (6092):73-76, and the amino acid sequence of IL-6 (identified by accession no.
NP 000591) is disclosed in, e.g., Haegeman, G. et al., 1986, "Structural analysis of the sequence coding for an inducible 26-10a protein in human fibroblasts," Eur. J. Biochem. 159 (3):625-632, Zilberstein, A. et al., 1986, "Structure and expression of cDNA and genes for human interferon-beta-2, a distinct species inducible by growth-stimulatory cytokines," EMBO J. 5 (10):2529-2537, Hirano, T. et al., 1986, "Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin,"
Nature 324 (6092):73-76, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00381] The nucleotide sequence of IL-8 (identified by accession no. M28130) and the amino acid sequence of IL-8 (identified by accession no.AAA59158) are each disclosed in, e.g., Mukaida et al., 1989, "Genomic structure of the human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor IL-8," J. Immunol. 143, 1366-1371 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00382] The nucleotide sequence of IL- 10 (identified by accession no. NM
000572) is disclosed in, e.g., Ghosh, S. et al., 1975, "Anaerobic acidogenesis of wastewater sludge,"
Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 47 (1):30-45, Hsu, D.H. et al., 1990, "Expression of interleukin-activity by Epstein-Barr virus protein BCRF1," Science 250 (4982):830-832, Vieira, P.
et al., 1991, "Isolation and expression of human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor cDNA
clones: homology to Epstein-Barr virus open reading frame BCRFI," Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci.
U.S.A. 88 (4):1172-1176, and the amino acid sequence of IL-10 (identified by accession no.
CAH73907) is disclosed in, e.g., Tracey, A., 2005, Direct Submission, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB 10 1 SA, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00383] The nucleotide sequence of IL10RA (identified by accession no.
NM 001558) is disclosed in, e.g., Tan, J.C. et al., 1993, "Characterization of interleukin-10 receptors on human and mouse cells," J. Biol. Chem. 268 (28):21053-21059, Ho, A.S. et al., 1993, "A receptor for interleukin 10 is related to interferon receptors,"
Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. U.S.A. 90 (23):11267-11271, Liu, Y. et al., 1994, "Expression cloning and characterization of a human IL-10 receptor," J. Immunol. 152 (4):1821-1829, and the amino acid sequence of IL10RA (identified by accession no. NP_001549) is disclosed in, e.g., Tan, J.C. et al., 1993, "Characterization of interleukin- 10 receptors on human and mouse cells,"
J. Biol. Chem. 268 (28):21053-21059, Ho, A.S. et al., 1993, "A receptor for interleukin 10 is related to interferon receptors," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (23):11267-11271, Liu, Y. et al., 1994, "Expression cloning and characterization of a.human IL-10 receptor," J.

Immunol. 152 (4):1821-1829, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00384] The nucleotide sequence of IL18R1 (identified by accession no.
NM 003855) is disclosed in, e.g., Pamet, P. et al., 1996, "IL-1Rrp is a novel receptor-like molecule similar to the type I interleukin-1 receptor and its homologues T1/ST2 and IL-1R
AcP," J. Biol. Chem. 271 (8):3967-3970, Lovenberg, T.W. et al., 1996, "Cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel interleukin- 1 receptor related protein (IL 1 R-rp2),"
J.
Neuroimmunol. 70 (2):113-122, Torigoe, K. et al., 1997, "Purification and characterization of the human interleukin-18 receptor," J. Biol. Chem. 272 (41):25737-25742, and the amino acid sequence of IL18R1 (identified by accession no. NP_003846) is disclosed in, e.g., Pamet, P. et al., 1996, "IL-1Rrp is a novel receptor-like molecule similar to the type I
interleukin-1 receptor and its homologues T1/ST2 and IL-1R AcP," J. Biol.
Chem. 271 (8):3967-3970, Lovenberg, T.W. et al., 1996, "Cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel interleukin-1 receptor related protein (IL 1R-rp2)," J. Neuroimmunol. 70 (2):113-122, Torigoe, K. et al., 1997, "Purification and characterization of the human interleukin- 18 receptor," J. Biol. Chem. 272 (41):25737-25742, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00385] The nucleotide sequence of INSL3 (identified by accession no. NM
005543) is disclosed in, e.g., Adham, I.M. et al., 1993, "Cloning of a cDNA for a novel insulin-like peptide of the testicular Leydig cells," J. Biol. Chem. 268 (35):26668-26672, Burkhardt, E.
et al., 1994, "Structural organization of the porcine and human genes coding for a Leydig cell-specific insulin-like peptide (LEY I-L) and chromosomal localization of the human gene (INSL3)," Genomics 20 (1):13-19, Burkhardt, E. et al., 1994, "A human cDNA coding for the Leydig insulin-like peptide (Ley I-L)," Hum. Genet. 94 (1):91-94, and the amino acid sequence of INSL3 (identified by accession no. NP_005534) is disclosed in, e.g., Adham, I.M. et al., 1993, "Cloning of a cDNA for a novel insulin-like peptide of the testicular Leydig cells," J. Biol. Chem. 268 (35):26668-26672, Burkhardt, E.
et al., 1994, "Structural organization of the porcine and human genes coding for a Leydig cell-specific insulin-like peptide (LEY I-L) and chromosomal localization of the human gene (INSL3),"
Genomics 20 (1):13-19, Burkhardt, E. et al., 1994, "A human cDNA coding for the Leydig insulin-like peptide (Ley I-L)," Hum. Genet. 94 (1):91-94, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00386] The nucleotide sequence of IRAK2 (identified by accession no.
N1V1 001570) is disclosed in, e.g., Muzio, M. et al., 1997, "IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling," Science 278 (5343):1612-1615, Auron, P.E., 1998, "The interleukin 1 receptor: ligand interactions and signal transduction," Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 9 (3-4):221-237, Maschera, B. et al., 1999, "Overexpression of an enzymically inactive interleukin-l-receptor-associated kinase activates nuclear factor-kappaB," Biochem. J. 339 (PT 2):227-23 1, and the amino acid sequence of IRAK2 (identified by accession no. NP_001561) is disclosed in, e.g., Muzio, M. et al., 1997, "IRAK (Pelle) family member IRAK-2 and MyD88 as proximal mediators of IL-1 signaling," Science 278 (5343):1612-1615, Auron, P.E., 1998, "The interleukin 1 receptor: ligand interactions and signal transduction," Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 9 (3-4):221-237, Maschera, B. et al., 1999, "Overexpression of an enzymically inactive interleukin-l-receptor-associated kinase activates nuclear factor-kappaB,"
Biochem. J. 339 (PT 2):227-231, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00387] The nucleotide sequence of IRAK4 (identified by accession no.
NM 016123) is disclosed in, e.g., Siu, G. et al., 1986, "Analysis of a human V
beta gene subfamily," J. Exp. Med. 164 (5):1600-1614, Scanlan, M.J. et al., 1999, "Antigens recognized by autologous antibody in patients with renal-cell carcinoma," Int.
J. Cancer 83 (4):456-464, Li, S. et al., 2002, "IRAK-4: a novel member of the IRAK family with the properties of an IRAK-kinase," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (8):5567-5572, and the amino acid sequence of IRAK4 (identified by accession no. NP_057207) is disclosed in, e.g., Siu, G. et al., 1986, "Analysis of a human V beta gene subfamily," J.
Exp. Med. 164 (5):1600-1614, Scanlan, M.J. et al., 1999, "Antigens recognized by autologous antibody in patients with renal-cell carcinoma," Int. J. Cancer 83 (4):456-464, Li, S. et al., 2002, "IRAK-4: a novel member of the IRAK family with the properties of an IRAK-kinase,"
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (8):5567-5572, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00388] The nucleotide sequence of ITGAM (identified by accession no.
NM 000632) is disclosed in, e.g., Micklem, K.J. et al., 1985, "Isolation of complement-fragment-iC3b-binding proteins by affinity chromatography. The identification of p150,95 as an iC3b-binding protein," Biochem. J. 231 (1):233-236, Pierce, M.W. et al., 1986, "N-terminal sequence of human leukocyte glycoprotein Mol :conservation across species and homology to platelet IIb/IIIa," Biochim. Biophys. Acta 874 (3):368-371, Arnaout, M.A. et al., 1988, " Molecular cloning of the alpha subunit of human and guinea pig leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein Mol: chromosomal localization and homology to the alpha subunits of integrins," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (8):2776-2780, and the amino acid sequence of ITGAM (identified by accession no. NP_000623) is disclosed in, e.g., Micklem, K.J. et al., 1985, "Isolation of complement-fragment-iC3b-binding proteins by affinity chromatography. The identification of p150,95 as an iC3b-binding protein,"
Biochem. J.
231 (1):233-236, Pierce, M.W. et al., 1986, "N-terminal sequence of human leukocyte glycoprotein Mol:conservation across species and homology to platelet lIb/Illa," Biochim.
Biophys. Acta 874 (3):368-371, Arnaout, M.A. et al., 1988, "Molecular cloning of the alpha subunit of human and guinea pig leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein Mol :
chromosomal localization and homology to the alpha subunits of integrins," Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
85 (8):2776-2780, each of wllich is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00389] The nucleotide sequence of JAK2 (identified by accession no. NM004972) is disclosed in, e.g., Wilks, A.F. et al., 1991, "Two novel protein-tyrosine kinases, each with a second pliosphotransferase-related catalytic domain, define a new class of protein kinase,"
Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (4):2057-2065, Pritchard, M.A. et al., 1992, "Two members of the JAK
family of protein tyrosine kinases map to chromosomes lp3l.3 and 9p24," Mamm.
Genome 3(1):36-38, Witthuhn, B.A. et al., 1993, "JAK2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stimulation with erythropoietin,"
Cell 74 (2):227-236, and the amino acid sequence of JAK2 (identified by accession no.
NP_004963) is disclosed in, e.g., Wilks, A.F. et al., 1991, "Two novel protein-tyrosine kinases, each witli a second phosphotransferase-related catalytic domain, define a new class of protein kinase," Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (4):2057-2065, Pritchard, M.A. et al., 1992, "Two members of the JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases map to chromosomes 1p31.3 and 9p24," Mamm. Genome 3(1):36-38, Witthuhn, B.A. et al., 1993, "JAK2 associates with the erythropoietin receptor and is tyrosine phosphorylated and activated following stiinulation with erythropoietin," Ce1174 (2):227-236, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00390] The nucleotide sequence of LDLR (identified by accession no. NM
000527) is disclosed in, e.g., Brown, M.S. et al., 1979, "Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 (7):3330-3337, Goldstein, J.L. et al., 1982, "Receptor-mediated endocytosis and the cellular uptake of low density lipoprotein," Ciba Found. Symp. 92, 77-95, Tolleshaug H. et al., 1983, "The LDL
receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: multiple mutations disrupt transport and processing of a membrane receptor," Cel132 (3):941-951, and the amino acid sequence of LDLR (identified by accession no. NP_000518) is disclosed in, e.g., Brown, M.S. et al., 1979, "Receptor-mediated endocytosis: insights from the lipoprotein receptor system,"

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 (7):3330-3337, Goldstein, J.L. et al., 1982, "Receptor-mediated endocytosis and the cellular uptake of low density lipoprotein," Ciba Found.
Symp. 92, 77-95, Tolleshaug, H. et al., 1983, "The LDL receptor locus in familial hypercholesterolemia: multiple mutations disrupt transport and processing of a membrane receptor," Ce1132 (3):941-951, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00391] The nucleotide sequence of LY96 (identified by accession no. NM
015364) is disclosed in, e.g., Shimazu, R. et al., 1999, "MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4," J. Exp. Med. 189 (11):1777-1782, Kato, K. et al., 2000, "ESOP-1, a secreted protein expressed in the hematopoietic, nervous, and reproductive systems of embryonic and adult mice," Blood 96 (1):362-364, Dziarski, R. et al., 2001, "MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components," J. Immunol. 166 (3):1938-1944, and the amino acid sequence of LY96 (identified by accession no. NP_056179) is disclosed in, e.g., Shimazu, R. et al., 1999, "MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4," J. Exp. Med. 189 (11):1777-1782, Kato, K. et al., 2000, "ESOP-1, a secreted protein expressed in the heinatopoietic, nervous, and reproductive systems of embryonic and adult mice," Blood 96 (1):362-364, Dziarski, R. et al., 2001, "MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components," J. Immunol. 166 (3):1938-1944, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00392] The nucleotide sequence of MAP2K6 (identified by accession nos.
NM 002758, NM 031988) is disclosed in, e.g., Han, J. et al., 1996, "Characterization of the structure and function of a novel MAP kinase kinase (MKK6), J. Biol. Chem.

(6):2886-2891, Raingeaud, J.,et al., 1996, "MKK3- and MKK6-regulated gene expression is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway," Mol.
Cell. Biol. 16 (3), 1247-1255, Stein, B. et al., 1996, "Cloning and characterization of MEK6, a novel member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase cascade,"
J. Biol.
Chem. 271 (19): 11427-11433, and the amino acid sequence of MAP2K6 (identified by accession nos. NP 002749, NP_114365) is disclosed in, e.g., Han, J. et al., 1996, "Characterization of the structure and function of a novel MAP kinase kinase (MKK6), J.
Biol. Chem. 271 (6):2886-2891, Raingeaud, J. et al., 1996, "MKK3- and MKK6-regulated gene expression is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway," Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (3), 1247-1255, Stein, B. et al., 1996, "Cloning and characterization of MEK6, a novel member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase cascade," J. Biol. Chem. 271 (19): 11427-11433, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00393] The nucleotide sequence of MAPK14 (identified by accession nos.
NM 001315, N1VI 139012, N1V1 139013, N1V1 139014) is disclosed in, e.g., Zhukov-Verezhnikov, N.N. et al., 1976, "Study of the heterogenetic antigens in vaccinal preparations of V. cholerae," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 82 (8):961-962, Schultz, S.J. et al., 1993, Identification of 21 novel human protein kinases, including 3 members of a family related to the cell cycle regulator nimA of Aspergillus nidulans," Cell Growth Differ.
4 (10):821-830, Lee, J.C. et al., 1994, "A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis," Nature 372 (6508):739-746, and the amino acid sequence of MAPK14 (identified by accession nos. NP_001306, NP 620581, NP_620582, NP_620583) is disclosed in, e.g., Zhukov-Verezhnikov, N.N. et al., 1976, "Study of the heterogenetic antigens in vaccinal preparations of V. cholerae," Biochem.
Biophys. Res.
Commun. 82 (8):961-962, Schultz, S.J. et al., 1993, Identification of 21 novel human protein kinases, including 3 members of a family related to the cell cycle regulator nimA of Aspergillus nidulans," Cell Growth Differ. 4 (10):821-830, Lee, J.C. et al., 1994, "A protein kinase involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis,"
Nature 372 (6508):739-746, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00394] The nucleotide sequence of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1(MCP1) (identified by accession nos. AF493698 and AF493697) is disclosed in, e.g., Shanmugasundaram et al., 2002, Virology II, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asag Ali Marg, J.N.U. Campus, New Delhi 110 067, India, and the amino acid sequence of MCP1 (identified by accession no. AAQ75526) is disclosed in, e.g., Nyquist et al., 2003, direct submission, Medicine, Inova Fairfax, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, Virginia 22402-3300, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00395] The nucleotide sequence of MKNK1 (identified by accession nos.
NM 003684, NM_198973) is disclosed in, e.g., Fukunaga et al., 1997, "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates, EMBO J. 16: 1921-1933; Pyronnet et al., 1999, "Human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) recruits mnkl to phosphorylate eIF4E," EMBO J. 18: 270-279; Cuesta et al., 2000, "Chaperone hsp27 inhibits translation during heat shock by binding eIF4G and facilitating dissociation of cap-initiation complexes," Genes Dev. 14: 1460-1470, and the amino acid sequence of MKNK1 (identified by accession nos. NP_003675, NP_945324) is disclosed in, e.g., Fukunaga et al., 1997, "MNK1, a new MAP lcinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates," EMBO J. 16:1921-1933, Pyronnet et al., 1999, "Human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G
(eIF4G) recruits mnkl to phosphorylate eIF4E," EMBO J. 18: 270-279, Cuesta et al., 2000, "Chaperone hsp27 inhibits translation during heat shock by binding eIF4G and facilitating dissociation of cap-initiation complexes," Genes Dev. 14: 1460-1470, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00396] The nucleotide sequence of MMP9 (identified by accession no. NM
004994) is disclosed in, e.g., Wilhelm et al., 1989, "SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts secrete a 92-kDa type IV collagenase which is identical to that secreted by normal human macrophages," J. Biol. Chem. 264: 17213-17221, Huhtala et al., 1990, "Completion of the primary structure of the human type IV collagenase preproenzyme and assignment of the gene (CLG4) to the q21 region of chromosome 16," Genomics 6: 554-559, Collier et al., 1991, "On the structure and chromosome location of the 72- and 92-kDa human type IV
collagenase genes," Genomics 9: 429-434, and the amino acid sequence of MMP9 (identified by accession no. NP_004985) is disclosed in, e.g., Wilhelm et al., 1989, "SV40-transformed human lung fibroblasts secrete a 92-kDa type IV collagenase which is identical to that secreted by normal human macrophages," J. Biol. Chem. 264:
17213-17221, Huhtala et al., 1990, "Coinpletion of the primary structure of the human type IV collagenase preproenzyme and assignment of the gene (CLG4) to the q21 region of chromosome 16," Genomics 6: 554-559, Collier et al., 1991, "On the structure and chromosome location of the 72- and 92-kDa human type IV collagenase genes,"
Genomics 9: 429-434, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00397] The nucleotide sequence of NCRl (identified by accession no. NM
004829) is disclosed in, e.g., Sivori et al., 1997, "p46, a novel natural killer cell-specific surface molecule that mediates cell activation," J. Exp. Med. 186:1129-1136, Vitale,M.
et al., NKp44, 1998, "NKp44, a novel triggering surface molecule specifically expressed by activated natural killer cells, is involved in non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted tumor cell lysis," J. Exp. Med. 187: 2065-2072, Pessino et al., 1998, "Molecular cloning of NKp46: a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in triggering of natural cytotoxicity," J. Exp. Med. 188: 953-960, and the amino acid sequence of NCRl (identified by accession no. NP004820) is disclosed in, e.g., Sivori et al., 1997, "p46, a novel natural killer cell-specific surface molecule that mediates cell activation," J. Exp.
Med. 186:1129-1136, Vitale et al., NKp44, 1998, "NKp44, a novel triggering surface molecule specifically expressed by activated natural killer cells, is involved in non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted tumor cell lysis," J. Exp. Med. 187:
2065-2072, Pessino et al., 1998, "Molecular cloning of NKp46: a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in triggering of natural cytotoxicity," J. Exp. Med. 188:
953-96, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00398] The nucleotide sequence of OSM (identified by accession no. NM 020530) is disclosed in, e.g., Zarling et al., 1986, "Oncostatin M: a growtli regulator produced by differentiated histiocytic lymphoma cells," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (24):9739-9743, Malik et al., 1989, "Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of a novel growth regulator, oncostatin M," Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 (7):2847-2853, Linsley, P.S. et al., 1990, "Cleavage of a hydrophilic C-terminal domain increases growth-inhibitory activity of oncostatin M," Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (5):1882-1890, and the amino acid sequence of OSM (identified by accession no. NP_065391) is disclosed in, e.g., Zarling, J.M. et al., 1986, "Oncostatin M: a growth regulator produced by differentiated histiocytic lymphoma cells," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (24):9739-9743, Malik, N. et a1.,1989, "Molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and functional expression of a novel growth regulator, oncostatin M," Mol. Cell. Biol. 9 (7):2847-2853, Linsley, P.S. et al., 1990, "Cleavage of a liydrophilic C-terminal domain increases growth-inhibitory activity of oncostatin M," Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (5):1882-1890, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00399] The nucleotide sequence of PFKFB3 (identified by accession no.
NM 004566) is disclosed in, e.g., Sakai, A. et al., 1996, "Cloning of cDNA
encoding for a novel isozyme of fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase from human placenta," J. Biochem. 119 (3):506-511, Hamilton, J.A. et aL, 1997, "Identification of PRG1, a novel progestin-responsive gene with sequence homology to 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase,"
[00400] Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (4):490-502, Nicholl, J. et al., "The third human isoform of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3) map position lOpl4-p15, Chromosome Res. 5(2):150, and the amino acid sequence of PFKFB3 (identified by accession no. NP_004557) is disclosed in, e.g., Sakai, A. et al., 1996, "Cloning of cDNA
encoding for a novel isozyme of fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase from human placenta," J. Biochem. 119 (3):506-511, Hamilton, J.A. et al., 1997, "Identification of PRG1, a novel progestiri-responsive gene with sequence homology to 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase," Mol. Endocrinol. 11 (4):490-502, Nicholl, J. et al., "The third human isoform of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3) map position 1Op14-p15, Chromosome Res. 5 (2):150, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00401] The nucleotide sequence of PRV 1(identified by accession no. NM
020406) is disclosed in, e.g., Lalezari, P. et al., 1971, "NB 1, a new neutrophil-specific antigen involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal neutropenia," J. Clin. Invest. 50 (5):1108-1115, Goldschmeding, R. et al., 1992, "Further characterization of the NB 1 antigen as a variably expressed 56-62 kD GPI-linked glycoprotein of plasma membranes and specific granules of neutrophils," Br. J. Haematol. 81 (3):336-345, Stroncek, D.F. et al., "Neutrophil-specific antigen NB 1 inhibits neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions," J. Lab. Clin.
Med. 123 (2):247-255, and the amino acid sequence of PRV 1(identified by accession no.
NP_065139) is disclosed in, e.g., Lalezari, P. et al., 1971, "NB1, a new neutrophil-specific antigen involved in the pathogenesis of neonatal neutropenia," J. Clin.
Invest. 50 (5):1108-1115, Goldschmeding, R. et al., 1992, "Further characterization of the NB 1 antigen as a variably expressed 56-62 kD GPI-linked glycoprotein of plasma membranes and specific granules of neutrophils," Br. J. Haematol. 81 (3):336-345, Stroncek, D.F. et al., "Neutrophil-specific antigen NB 1 inhibits neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions," J. Lab.
Clin. Med. 123 (2):247-255, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00402] The nucleotide sequence of PSTPIP2 (identified by accession no.
NM 024430) is disclosed in, e.g., Hillier, L.D. et al., 1996, "Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags," Genome Res. 6 (9):807-828, Wu,Y. et al., 1998, "PSTPIP 2, a second tyrosine phosphorylated, cytoskeletal-associated protein that binds a PEST-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase," J. Biol. Chem. 273 (46):30487-30496, Yeung, Y.G. et al., 1998, "A novel macrophage actin-associated protein (MAYP) is tyrosine-phosphorylated following colony stimulating factor-1 stimulation," J. Biol.
Chem. 273 (46):
30638-30642, and the amino acid sequence of PSTPIP2 (identified by accession no.
NP_077748) is disclosed in, e.g., Hillier, L.D. et al., 1996, "Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags," Genome Res. 6 (9):807-828, Wu,Y. et al., 1998, "PSTPIP 2, a second tyrosine phosphorylated, cytoskeletal-associated protein that binds a PEST-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase," J. Biol. Chem. 273 (46):30487-30496, Yeung, Y.G. et al., 1998, "A novel macrophage actin-associated protein (MAYP) is tyrosine-phosphorylated following colony stimulating factor-1 stimulation," J. Biol.
Chem. 273 (46):
30638-30642, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00403] The nucleotide sequence of SOCS3 (identified by accession no.
NM 003955) is disclosed in, e.g., Minamoto, S. et al., 1997, "Cloning and functional analysis of new meinbers of STAT induced STAT inhibitor (SSI) family: SSI-2 and SSI-3,"
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237 (1):79-83, Masuhara, M. et al., 1997, "Cloning and characterization of novel CIS family genes," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.

(2):439-446, Zhang, J.G. et al., 1999, "The conserved SOCS box motif in suppressors of cytokine signaling binds to elongins B and C and may couple bound proteins to proteasomal degradation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (5):2071-2076, and the amino acid sequence of SOCS3 (identified by accession no. NP_003946) is disclosed in, e.g., Minamoto, S. et al., 1997, "Cloning and functional analysis of new members of STAT induced STAT
inhibitor (SSI) family: SSI-2 and SSI-3," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237 (1):79-83, Masuhara, M. et al., 1997, "Cloning and characterization of novel CIS family genes,"
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239 (2):439-446, Zhang, J.G. et al., 1999, "The conserved SOCS box motif in suppressors of cytokine signaling binds to elongins B and C
and may couple bound proteins to proteasomal degradation," Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. U.S.A.
96 (5):2071-2076, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00404] The nucleotide sequence of SOD2 (identified by accession no. NM
000636) is disclosed in, e.g., Smith, M. et al., 1978, "Regional localization of HLA, MES, and SODM on chromosome 6," Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 22 (1-6):428-433, Beck, Y. et al., 1987, "Human Mn superoxide dismutase cDNA sequence," Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (21):9076, Ho, Y.S. et al., 1988, "Isolation and characterization of complementary DNAs encoding human manganese-containing superoxide dismutase," FEBS Lett. 229 (2):256-260, and the amino acid sequence of SOD2 (identified by accession no. NP_000627) is disclosed in, e.g., Smith, M. et al., 1978, "Regional localization of HLA, MES, and SODM on chromosome 6," Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 22 (1-6):428-433, Beck, Y. et al., 1987, "Human Mn superoxide dismutase cDNA sequence," Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (21):9076, Ho, Y.S. et al., 1988, "Isolation and characterization of complementary DNAs encoding human manganese-containing superoxide dismutase," FEBS Lett. 229 (2):256-260, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00405] The nucleotide sequence of TDRD9 (identified by accession no.
N1VI 153046) is disclosed in, e.g., Isogai et al., 2003, "Homo sapiens cDNA
FLJ43990 fis, clone TESTI4019566, weakly similar to Dosage compensation regulator,"
unpublished, and the amino acid sequence of TDRD9 (identified by accession no. NP_694591) is disclosed in, e.g., Isogai et al., 2003, "Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ43990 fis, clone TESTI4019566, weakly similar to Dosage compensation regulator," unpublished, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00406] The nucleotide sequence of TGFBI (identified by accession no.
NM 000358) is disclosed in, e.g., Skonier et al., 1992, "cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of beta ig-h3, a novel gene induced in a human adenocarcinoma cell line after treatment with transforming growth factor-beta," DNA Cell Biol. 11 (7):511-522, Stone et al., 1994, "Three autosomal dominant corneal dystrophies map to chromosome 5q," Nat.
Genet. 6(1):47-51, Skonier et al., 1994, "beta ig-h3: a transforming growth factor-beta-responsive gene encoding a secreted protein that inhibits cell attachment in vitro and suppresses the growth of CHO cells in nude mice," DNA Cell Biol. 13 (6):571-584, and the amino acid sequence of TGFBI (identified by accession no. NP_000349) is disclosed in, e.g., Skonier et al., 1992, "cDNA cloning and sequence analysis of beta ig-h3, a novel gene induced in a human adenocarcinoma cell line after treatment with transforming growth factor-beta," DNA Cell Biol. 11 (7):511-522; Stone et al., 1994, "Three autosomal dominant corneal dystrophies map to chromosome 5q," Nat. Genet. 6(1):47-51;
Skonier et al., 1994, "beta ig-h3: a transforming growth factor-beta-responsive gene encoding a secreted protein that inhibits cell attachnient in vitro and suppresses the growth of CHO
cells in nude mice," DNA Cell Biol. 13: 571-584, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00407] The nucleotide sequence of TIFA (identified by accession no. NM
052864) is disclosed in, e.g., Kanamori, M. et al., 2002, "T2BP, a novel TRAF2 binding protein, can activate NF-kappaB and AP-1 without TNF stimulation," Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Comniun. 290 (3):1108-1113, Takatsuna, H. et al., 2003, "Identification of TIFA as an adapter protein that links tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to interleukin- 1 (IL- 1) receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK- 1) in IL-1 receptor signaling," J.
Biol. Chem. 278 (14):12144-12150, Matsuda et a1.,2003, "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling pathways,"
Oncogene 22 (21):3307-3318, and the amino acid sequence of TIFA (identified by accession no. NP 443096) is disclosed in, e.g., Kanamori et al., 2002, "T2BP, a novel TRAF2 binding protein, can activate NF-kappaB and AP-1 without TNF
stimulation,"
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290:1108-1113, Takatsuna et al., 2003, "Identification of TIFA as an adapter protein that links tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to interleukin- 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase- 1 (IRAK- 1) in IL-1 receptor signaling," J. Biol. Chem. 278 (14):12144-12150, Matsuda et al.,2003, "Large-scale identification and characterization of human genes that activate NF-kappaB and MAPK
signaling pathways," Oncogene 22 (21):3307-3318, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00408] The nucleotide sequence of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) (identified by accession no. NM 003254) is disclosed in, e.g., Domeij et al., 2005, "ell expression of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in co-cultures of human gingival fibroblasts and monocytes: the involvement of ICAM-1," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338, 1825-1833; Zureik et al., "Serum tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1(TIMP-1) and carotid atherosclerosis and aortic arterial stiffness", J. Hypertens. 23, 2263-2268; Crombez, 2005, "High level production of secreted proteins: example of the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 337, 908-915 and the amino acid sequence of TIMPl (identified by accession no. AAA75558) is disclosed in, e.g., Hardcastle et al., 1997, "Genomic organization of the human TIMP-1 gene. Investigation of a causative role in the pathogenesis of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa," Invest.
Ophthalmol.
Vis. Sci. 38, 1893-1896, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00409] The nucleotide sequence of TLR4 (identified by accession no. AH009665) is disclosed in, e.g., Arbour, N.C. et al., 1999, Direct Submission, Medicine, University of Iowa, 2182 Med Labs, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA, Arbour, N.C. et al., A Genetic Basis for a Blunted Response to Endotoxin in Humans, Arbour, N.C. et al., unpublished, "A Genetic Basis for a Blunted Response to Endotoxin in Humans", and the amino acid sequence of TLR4 (identified by accession no. AAF05316) is disclosed in, e.g., Beutler, 1999, Direct Submission, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX
75235-9050, USA, Smirnova, I. et al., 2000, "Phylogenetic variation and polymorphism at the toll-like receptor 4 locus (TLR4)," Genome Biol. 1, res. 002.1-002.10, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00410] The nucleotide sequence of TNFRSF6 (identified by accession no.
NM 152877) is disclosed in, e.g., Oehm, A. et al., 1992, "Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. Sequence identity with the Fas antigen,"
J. Biol. Chem.
267 (15):10709-10715, Inazawa, J. et al., 1992, "Assignment of the human Fas antigen gene (Fas) to 10q24.1," Genomics 14 (3):821-822, Cheng, J. et al., 1994, "Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule," Science 263 (5154):1759-1762, and the amino acid sequence of TNFRSF6 (identified by accession no. NP000034) is disclosed in, e.g., Oehm, A. et al., 1992, "Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. Sequence identity with the Fas antigen," J. Biol. Chem. 267 (15):10709-10715, Inazawa, J. et al., 1992, "Assignment of the human Fas antigen gene (Fas) to 10q24.1,"
Genomics 14 (3):821-822, Cheng, J. et al., 1994, "Protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis by a soluble form of the Fas molecule," Science 263 (5154):1759-1762, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00411] The nucleotide sequence of TNFSF10 (identified by accession no.
NM 003810) is disclosed in, e.g., Wiley, S.R. et al., 1995, "Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis,"
Immunity 3 (6):673-682, Pitti, R.M. et al., 1996, "Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family," J. Biol. Chem. 271 (22):12687-12690, Pan, G. et al., 1997, "The receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL,"
Science 276 (5309):111-113, and the amino acid sequence of TNFSF 10 (identified by accession no.
NP_003801) is disclosed in, e.g., Wiley, S.R. et al., 1995, "Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis,"
Immunity 3 (6):673-682, Pitti, R.M. et al., 1996, "Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family," J. Biol. Chem. 271 (22):12687-12690, Pan, G. et al., 1997, "The receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL,"
Science 276 (5309):111-113, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00412] The nucleotide sequence of TNFSF13B (identified by accession no.
NM 006573) is disclosed in, e.g., Shu, H.B. et al., 1999, "TALL-1 is a novel member of the TNF family that is down-regulated by mitogens," J. Leukoc. Biol. 65 (5): 680-683, Mukhopadhyay, A. et al., 1999, "Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine, THANK, a TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase," J. Biol. Chem. 274 (23):15978-15981, Schneider, P. et al., 1999, "BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B cell growth," J.
Exp. Med. 189 (11):1747-1756, and the amino acid sequence of TNFSF13B
(identified by accession no. NP_006564) is disclosed in, e.g., Shu, H.B. et al., 1999, "TALL-1 is a novel member of the TNF family that is down-regulated by mitogens," J. Leukoc. Biol.
65 (5):
680-683, Mukhopadhyay, A. et al., 1999, "Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine, THANK, a TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, nuclear factor-kappaB, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase," J. Biol. Chem. 274 (23):15978-15981, Schneider, P.
et al., 1999, "BAFF, a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates B
cell growth,"
J. Exp. Med. 189 (11):1747-1756, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[00413] The nucleotide sequence of VNN1 (identified by accession no.
NM_004666) is disclosed in, e.g., Aurrand-Lions, M. et al., 1996, "Vanin-1, a novel GPI-linlced perivascular molecule involved in thymus homing," Immunity 5 (5):391-405, Galland, F. et al., 1998, "Two human genes related to murine vanin-1 are located on the long arm of human chromosome 6," Genomics 53 (2):203-213, Maras, B. et al., 1999, "Is pantetheinase the actual identity of mouse and human vanin-1 proteins?," FEBS Lett. 461 (3):149-152, and the amino acid sequence of VNN1 (identified by accession no. NP_004657) is disclosed in, e.g., Aurrand-Lions,M. et al., 1996, "Vanin-1, a novel GPI-linked perivascular molecule involved in thymus homing," Immunity 5 (5):391-405, Galland, F. et al., 1998, "Two liuman genes related to murine vanin-1 are located on the long arm of human chromosome 6," Genomics 53 (2):203-213, Maras, B. et al., 1999, "Is pantetheinase the actual identity of mouse and human vanin-1 proteins?," FEBS Lett. 461 (3):149-152, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

5.11.2 Exemplary combinations of biomarkers in accordance with embodiments of the invention [00414] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more biomarkers selected from Table I regardless of whether each such biomarker has an "N" designation or a "P"
designation in Table I. In some nonlimiting exemplary embodiments, between 2 and 53, between 3 and 40, between 4 and 30, or between 5 and 20 such biomarkers are used.
[00415] Nucleic acid based kits and methods. In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, or more biomarkers selected from Table J. Typcially, in these embodiments, each biomarker is a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA, such as cDNA or amplified DNA, or RNA, such as mRNA), or a discriminating molecule or discriminating fragment of a nucleic acid. In some nonlimiting exemplary embodiments, between 2 and 44, between 3 and 35, between 4 and 25, or between 5 and 20 such biomarkers are used.
[00416] Protein orpeptide based kits and methods. In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 of the biomarkers selected from Table K.
Typcially, such biomarkers are peptide-based (e.g., a peptide, a full length protein, etc.), or a discriminating molecule or discriminating fragment of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the biomarkers in the kit are specific antibodies to two or more of the biomarkers listed in Table K. In some nonlimiting exemplary embodiments, between 2 and 10, between 3 and 10, between 4 and 10, or between 5 and 10 such biomarkers are used.
[00417] Homogenous kits and methods. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least two or more biomarkers selected from Table I where each biomarker used in such methods or kits is in the same physical form. In one example in accordance with such embodiments, each biomarker in a method or kit in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3, respectively, is a biomarker selected from Table I and is a nucleic acid or a discriminating molecule of a nucleic acid in the method or kit. In another example in accordance with such embodiments, each biomarker in a method or kit in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3, respectively, is a biomarker selected from Table I and is peptide-based (e.g., a peptide, a full length protein, etc.) or a discriminating molecule of the forgoing. In these embodiments, biomarkers are selected without regard as to whether they are designated "P" or "N" in Table I. Thus, a kit in accordance with these embodiments ca.n include a biomarker in nucleic acid form, even when the bioinarker is designated "P" on Table I. Correspondingly, a lcit in accordance with this embodiment can include a biomarker in peptidic form, even when the biomarker is designated "N" on Table I.
[00418] Heterogeneous kits and methods. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least two or more biomarkers selected from Table I where each such biomarker is in the same physical form that the biomarker was in wlien identified in Sections 6.11 through 6.13 below. In other words, if the biomarker has an "N"
designation in Table I, a nucleic acid form of the biomarker is used in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and 5.3 in accordance with this embodiment of the invention. If the biomarker has a "P" designation in Table I, a peptidic form of the biomarker is used in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and 5.3 in accordance with this embodiment of the invention. Further, there is at least one biomarker used in such methods or kits that has an "N" designation in Table I and at least one biomarker that has a "P" designation. In such embodiments, biomarkers having an N designation in Table I are nucleic acids and biomarkers having a P
designation in Table I
are peptide-based or protein-based.
[00419] A non-limiting exemplary kit in accordance witli such mixed embodiments use two biomarkers from among the biomarkers listed in Table J, in nucleic acid form, and three biomarkers from among the biomarkers listed in Table K, in peptidic-based form. In some embodiments, the non-limiting methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, or more biomarkers from Table J, in nucleic acid form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers from Table K in peptide-based or protein-based form.
[00420] Additional kits and methods. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least one biomarkers selected from Table I and at least one different biomarker from Table 31. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers selected from Table I and at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different biomarkers from Table 31.
[00421] In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least one biomarker in, nucleic acid form, selected from Table J and at least one different biomarker from Table 31. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers selected from Table I, each in nucleic acid form, and at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different biomarkers from Table 31.
[00422] In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least one biomarker in, protein form, selected from Table K and at least one different biomarker from Table 31. In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers selected from Table I, each in protein form, and at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different biomarkers from Table 31.

[00423] In some embodiments, each of the biomarkers in the methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least one biomarker from among the biomarkers listed in Table J, in nucleic acid form, and at least one biomarkers from among the biomarkers listed in Table K, in protein form.
In some embodiments, the non-limiting methods and kits respectively described or referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 use at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, or more biomarkers from Table J, in nucleic acid form, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 biomarkers from Table K in protein form.
[00424] In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6, IL-8, MMP9, B2M, HLA-DRA, and MCP1 biomarkers are not used in such metliods or kits. For example, in embodiments where certain monocytes are isolated from whole blood and tested, such biomarkers are not utilized, especially when such biomarkers are nucleic acids. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CRP protein biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of bioinarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CRP nucleic acid biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6 and MAPK biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the CD86, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and CRP biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6 and IL-10 biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-6 and CRP
biomarkers are not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the CRP biomarlcer is not used in such methods or kits.
In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the IL-8 biomarker is not used in such methods or kits. In some embodiments, any of the above-described combinations of biomarkers are used in methods or kits in accordance Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 with the exception that the B2M biomarker is not used in such methods or kits.

5.11.3 Exemplary subcombinations of biomarkers in accordance with embodiments of the invention [00425] In soine embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use any one biomarker set listed in Table L. The biomarker sets listed in Table L were identified in the computational experiments described in Section 6.14.1, below, in which 4600 random subcombinations of the biomarkers listed in Table J were tested. Table L, below, lists some of the biomarker sets that provided high accuracy scores against the validation population described in Section 6.14.1.
Each row of Table L lists a single biomarker set that can be used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In other words, each row of Table L
describes a biomarker set that can be used to discriminate between sepsis and SIRS
subjects (e.g., to determine whether a subject is likely to acquire sepsis). In some embodiments, nucleic acid forms of the biomarkers listed in a biomarker set in Table L are used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In some embodiments, protein forms of the biomarkers listed in a biomarker set in Table L are used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In some hybrid embodiments, some of the biomarkers in a biomarker set listed in Table L are in protein form and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker set from Table L are in nucleic acid form in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.
[00426] In some embodiments, a given biomarker set listed in Table L is used with the addition of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more additional biomarkers listed in Table I that are not within the given set of biomarkers from Table L. In some embodiments, a given biomarker set listed in Table L is used with the addition of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more additional biomarkers from any one of Tables I, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 36 that are not within the given biomarker set from Table L. In Table L, accuracy, specificity, and senstitivity are described with reference to T_12 time point data described in Section 6.14.1, below.

Table L: Exemplary sets of biomarkers used in the methods or kits referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
INSL3, BCL2A1, CD86 0.82 0.82 0.83 MAP2K6, INSL3, CD86 0.82 0.75 0.87 ARG2, MAP2K6, SOCS3 0.82 0.75 0.87 NCR1, GADD45A, OSM 0.81 0.77 0.85 GADD45B, TNFSF13B, PFKFB3 0.80 0.74 0.87 TLR4, FCGR1A, CSFIR 0.80 0.82 0.78 SOCS3, FCGR1A, PSTPIP2 0.80 0.79 0.81 TGFBI , MAP2K6, PSTPIP2 0.80 0.76 0.83 IFNGR1, JAK2, TNFRSF6, OSM 0.83 0.80 0.87 IRAK2, GADD45A, CD86, JAK2 0.83 0.86 0.81 GADD45A, PRV1, OSM, FCGRIA 0.83 0.80 0.86 IRAK4, CCL5, INSL3, CD86 0.83 0.76 0.90 VNN1, BCL2A1, GADD45B, FAD104 0.82 0.83 0.81 OSM, CD86, PRV1, BCL2A1 0.82 0.78 0.85 VNN1, SOCS3, CSF1R, FCGRIA 0.82 0.78 0.85 VNNI, CCL5, ANKRD22, OSM 0.82 0.77 0.86 LDLR, SOCS3, CD86, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.78 0.85 TLR4, SOCS3, IRAK2, CSFIR 0.81 0.76 0.85 IL1RN, SOCS3, ARG2, LDLR 0.81 0.76 0.84 IL18R1, MAP2K6, TGFBI, OSM 0.80 0.86 0.75 FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, IL18R1, PSTPIP2 0.80 0.79 0.82 OSM, IL1RN, SOD2, SOCS3 0.80 0.78 0.82 NCR1, JAK2, TNFSF13B, FCGRIA 0.80 0.76 0.86 TIFA, VNN1, ANXA3, ITGAM 0.80 0.73 0.88 PFKFB3, IRAK2, CSF1R, CD86, PSTPIP2 0.88 0.83 0.91 PSTPIP2, FAD104, TIFA, CD86, LY96 0.84 0.85 0.84 IL1RN, ILlOalpha, IFNGR1, OSM, MKNKI 0.83 0.78 0.89 IL18R1, CCL5, JAK2, SOCS3, SOD2 0.83 0.81 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
JAK2, MKNKI, TNFSF13B, PRVI, TNFSFIO 0.83 0.81 0.84 MAP2K6, ARG2, OSM, ANKRD22, Gene MMP9 0.83 0.8 0.85 SOCS3, IL1RN, ARG2, FCGRIA, CCL5 0.83 0.78 0.87 CCL5, INSL3, SOD2, TLR4, ARG2 0.83 0.78 0.87 FCGRIA, ARG2, CD86, MAPK14, TNFRSF6 0.82 0.83 0.82 INSL3, TLR4, SOCS3, CSF1R, FCGRIA 0.82 0.79 0.85 CEACAM1, TNFRSF6, MAPK14, IL10alpha, CSF 1R 0.82 0.79 0.84 ANKRD22, CD86, CRTAP, OSM, PFKFB3 0.82 0.79 0.84 OSM, IL18R1, LDLR, GADD45B, MKNK1 0.82 0.76 0.86 CRTAP, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, TIFA, FAD1Q4 0.81 0.82 0.81 PSTPIP2, ARG2, ILlOalpha, TLR4, CSF1R 0.81 0.81 0.82 TIFA, PFKFB3, CSF1R, LDLR, Gene MMP9 0.81 0.79 0.83 NCR1, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, LY96, MAPK14 0.81 0.77 0.86 ARG2, BCL2A1, NCR1, PSTPIP2, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.82 0.8 PFKFB3, OSM, CSF1R, CD86, TIFA 0.81 0.81 0.81 IL10alpha, CD86, SOCS3, GADD45A, TGFBI 0.81 0.78 0.84 PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, INSL3, PRVI, IL1RN 0.81 0.78 0.85 ITGAM, PRV1, IL18R1, INSL3, JAK2 0.81 0.77 0.85 PSTPIP2, OSM, IL18Rl, TNFSF13B, ITGAM 0.81 0.72 0.9 CD86, TIFA, CSF1R, FCGRIA, CRTAP 0.81 0.84 0.78 LY96, TGFBI, SOCS3, ANKRD22, MAPK14 0.81 0.83 0.79 IL1RN, SOD2, VNN1, OSM, TNFSFIO 0.81 0.79 0.82 CRTAP, NCRl, OSM, PRV1, ANXA3 0.81 0.76 0.85 TDRD9, LY96, CEACAM1, OSM, NCR1 0.81 0.72 0.88 TGFBI, INSL3, GADD45A, LDLR, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.75 0.85 PFKFB3, IRAK2, CSF1R, CD86, PSTPIP2 0.88 0.83 0.91 MAP2K6, ARG2, CD86, PRV1, FAD104, MAPK14 0.85 0.86 0.84 ARG2, LY96, INSL3, MAP2K6, TNFSF10, NCR1 0.85 0.86 0.84 SOCS3, GADD45B, CSF1R, ARG2, PSTPIP2, OSM 0.85 0.83 0.86 GADD45B, PFKFB3, PSTPIP2, FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, ARG2 0.85 0.81 0.88 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TIFA, IL18R1, MAPK14, CD86, ARG2, TNFSF13B 0.84 0.8 0.88 FCGRIA, ARG2, GADD45B, ILlOalpha, NCR1, LDLR 0.84 0.81 0.86 TGFBI, INSL3, IRAK4, GADD45B, SOCS3, CSF1R 0.84 0.8 0.87 SOCS3, CSF1R, CEACAM1, ARG2, ILlOalpha, IFNGR1 0.83 0.82 0.85 TLR4, PFKFB3, ARG2, PRV l, LDLR, TNFSF13B 0.83 0.81 0.85 PSTPIP2, OSM, TLR4, INSL3, IRAK4, IL18R1 0.83 0.8 0.85 GADD45A, CCL5, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, MAP2K6, IL1RN 0.82 0.83 0.82 OSM, FAD104, JAK2, CRTAP, TDRD9, TNFSF13B 0.82 0.79 0.85 FAD104, SOCS3, TNFSF13B, GADD45B, CRTAP, TGFBI 0.82 0.84 0.81 IL18R1, TNFRSF6, INSL3, CD86, ANXA3, PSTPIP2 0.82 0.79 0.84 HLA-DRA, INSL3, ARG2, CD86, CCL5, SOCS3 0.82 0.79 0.84 TNFRSF6, IL18R1, CD86, PFKFB3, IL l0alpha, FAD 104 0.81 0.82 0.81 FAD104, TGFBI, TDRD9, CD86, SOD2, ARG2 0.81 0.79 0.83 CD86, ARG2, GADD45A, TLR4, BCL2A1, GADD45B 0.81 0.79 0.83 SOD2, CEACAM1, OSM, GADD45A, PSTPIP2, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.74 0.88 FCGRIA, CSF1R, NCR1, ANXA3, SOCS3, Gene MMP9 0.81 0.81 0.8 TNFSF10, IL1RN, OSM, CSF1R, PSTPIP2, JAK2 0.81 0.78 0.83 CD86, VNN1, LDLR, IL1RN, MAP2K6, TDRD9 0.81 0.76 0.84 ARG2, OSM, CSF1R, ITGAM, CRTAP, SOCS3 0.81 0.76 0.85 ANXA3, CSF1R, CEACAM1, Gene_MMP9, CD86, OSM 0.8 0.8 0.81 LY96, VNN1, SOD2, TGFBI, ARG2, CSF1R 0.8 0.78 0.83 BIOIVIARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
GADD45A, PSTPIP2, BCL2A1, ANKRD22, BLA-DRA, ANXA3 0.8 0.77 0.83 TGFBI, FCGRIA, ARG2, CD86, PFKFB3, BCL2A1, TNFRSF6 0.86 0.86 0.85 SOCS3, ITGAM, TDRD9, INSL3, PRV1, TGFBI, ARG2 0.84 0.81 0.87 MKNK1, GADD45B, IRAK2, TIFA, OSM, VNN1, PSTPIP2 0.83 0.81 0.85 SOCS3, PSTPIP2, TDRD9, ILlOalpha, ARG2, CD86, CCL5 0.83 0.82 0.84 CSF1R, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, INSL3, IL18R1, JAK2, OSM 0.83 0.78 0.87 MKNK1, PSTPIP2, ARG2, LY96, ANKRD22, SOCS3, IRAK4 0.82 0.85 0.8 PSTPIP2, FAD104, TNFSF13B, ITGAM, BCL2A1, FCGRIA, ANXA3 0.82 0.83 0.82 SOCS3, IRAK2, IFNGR1, CD86, OSM, PSTPIP2, GADD45A 0.82 0.81 0.83 INSL3, NCR1, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, MKNK1 0.82 0.8 0.84 FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, CSF1R, SOCS3, IRAK4, TIFA, ARG2 0.82 0.76 0.88 FAD 104, TGFBI, MAP2K6, IRAK4, LY96, CD86, ANKRD22 0.82 0.81 0.83 LDLR, INSL3, GADD45B, ARG2, PFKFB3, HLA-DRA, ITGAM 0.82 0.78 0.86 FCGRIA, TIFA, CD86, PFKFB3, TDRD9, GADD45A, LDLR 0.82 0.79 0.85 SOCS3, CSF1R, SOD2, CD86, MAP2K6, GADD45B, PSTPIP2 0.82 0.76 0.86 MKNK1, CD86, FAD104, PRV1, SOCS3, IL10alpha, MAP2K6 0.82 0.76 0.87 TIFA, JAK2, LDLR, IRAK2, VNNI, CD86, ARG2 0.81 0.81 0.81 ANKRD22, MAPK14, INSL3, BCL2A1, CRTAP, IRAK2, FCGRIA 0.81 0.79 0.83 FAD 104, INSL3, CD86, TNFRSF6, GADD45A, IFNGRl, JAK2 0.81 0.79 0.83 CSF1R, INSL3, VNN1, TIFA, IFNGR1, LDLR,ARG2 0.81 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.84 PFKFB3, BCL2A1, ANXA3, IL10a1 ha, BIONIARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
FAD 104, VNN1, INSL3 CSF1R, CEACAM1, MAP2K6, GADD45B, TNFSFIO, TNFSF13B, TIFA 0.81 0.82 0.8 FCGRIA, ARG2, IRAK2, GADD45A, CD86, Gene MMP9, BCL2A1 0.81 0.82 0.79 CRTAP, CEACAM1, FAD104, MKNK1, INSL3, ITGAM, SOD2 0.81 0.76 0.84 OSM, TDRD9, BCL2A1, IRAK2, GADD45A, CD86, LDLR 0.8 0.77 0.84 PFKFB3, CCL5, CSF1R, LDLR, TLR4, LY96, FAD 104 0.8 0.77 0.84 IRAK4, GADD45B, CEACAMI, FAD 104, CSF1R, IRAK2, MAPK14 0.8 0.75 0.85 IFNGR1, FAD 104, MAP2K6, TNFRSF6, FCGRIA, IRAK2, ARG2 0.8 0.74 0.86 TGFBI, IRAK2, CRTAP, BCL2A1, ITGAM, ANXA3, FCGRIA 0.8 0.81 0.79 SOD2, PFKFB3, GADD45B, IRAK2, PRV1, SOCS3, FCGRIA 0.8 0.77 0.82 TNFRSF6, TLR4, IRAK2, ITGAM, JAK2, OSM, NCR1 0.8 0.77 0.83 ILlOalpha, ANKRD22, Gene_MMP9, IL1RN, LY96, FAD 104, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.76 0.84 IRAK4, INSL3, CSF1R, ITGAM, VNN1, HLA-DRA, IL18R1 0.8 0.74 0.86 IRAK2, TGFBI, MAP2K6, IL18R1, IFNGRI, CRTAP, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.73 0.87 TDRD9, ITGAM, OSM, NCR1, CD86, MAP2K6, CCL5 0.8 0.73 0.87 ANXA3, FCGRIA, TNFSF10, VNN1, TNFSF13B, ARG2, 12, CD86 0.85 0.86 0.84 INSL3, PFKFB3, MAPK14, FCGRIA, TDRD9, CSF1R, 12, IRAK4 0.85 0.84 0.85 VNN1, CSF1R, ANKRD22, OSM, GADD45A, LY96, 12, MAP2K6 0.85 0.78 0.9 ITGAM, OSM, LY96, TDRD9, ANKRD22, TLR4, 12,1VIKNK1 0.84 0.84 0.83 ARG2, ANXA3, MAP2K6, CCL5, CD86, OSM, 12, LDLR 0.84 0.84 0.83 OSM, IL1RN, FCGRIA, GADD45A, ARG2, ILlOalpha, 12, ITGAM 0.84 0.82 0.86 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TIFA, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, CRTAP, MAP2K6, IRAK4, 12, ARG2 0.84 0.81 0.86 IRAK2, TLR4, ILlOalpha, TGFBI, PRV1, FAD104, 12, MAP2K6 0.83 0.8 0.86 IL18R1, FAD104, TNFSF13B, MAP2K6, OSM, SOD2, 12, TNFRSF6 0.83 0.81 0.85 OSM, LDLR, VNN1, LY96, ARG2, MAPK14, 12, IRAK2 0.83 0.8 0.85 PRV1, ITGAM, SOD2, Gene_MMP9, OSM, JAK2, 12, ARG2 0.83 0.79 0.86 ANXA3, TNFSF10, CEACAM1, FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, ILlOalpha, 12, SOCS3 0.83 0.78 0.86 ITGAM, CD86, CEACAM1, TDRD9, GADD45A, PFKFB3, 12, SOCS3 0.83 0.77 0.88 SOCS3, PRV1, ARG2, CEACAM1, LDLR, GADD45A, 12, ILlOalpha 0.82 0.83 0.82 INSL3, CSF1R, IL1RN, PSTPIP2, MKNK1, SOCS3, 12, JAK2 0.82 0.8 0.84 TDRD9, LY96, ITGAM, NCR1, PSTPIP2, ILlOalpha, 12, OSM 0.82 0.75 0.9 PFKFB3, MAP2K6, ARG2, TGFBI, LDLR, FAD 104, 12, MAPK14 0.82 0.84 0.8 ARG2, IL18R1, NCR1, CD86, FCGRIA, TGFBI, 12, IL1RN 0.82 0.79 0.84 HLA-DRA, CEACAM1, IFNGR1,IVIKNK1, LDLR, GADD45B, 12, CSF1R 0.82 0.76 0.87 ILlOalpha, IL1RN, OSM, PSTPIP2, INSL3, TIFA, 12, TLR4 0.82 0.81 0.82 MKNK1, CSF1R, VNN1, OSM, ARG2, GADD45B, 12, SOCS3 0.81 0.81 0.82 IL18R1, GADD45B, TNFRSF6, TNFSF10, TIFA, JAK2, 12, GADD45A 0.81 0.79 0.84 LDLR, ILlOalpha, PRV1, LY96, ANXA3, TNFRSF6, 12, CCL5 0.81 0.76 0.86 IL18R1, CD86, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, CSF1R, SOCS3, 12, TIFA 0.81 0.8 0.82 CCL5, TDRD9, PSTPIP2, ARG2, INSL3, OSM, 12, CSF1R 0.81 0.77 0.85 CEACAM1, IL10alpha, IL18R1, PSTPIP2, TGFBI, TIFA, 12, VNN1 0.81 0.77 0.85 GADD45B, Gene MMP9, TLR4, PFKFB3, 0.81 0.76 0.85 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
VNN1, JAK2, 12, IL18Rl FAD104, MAPK14, IFNGRI, IL18Rl, TNFSF10, CD86, 12, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.76 0.86 PSTPIP2, SOCS3, OSM, CSF1R, PFKFB3, NCR1, 12, PRV1 0.81 0.75 0.86 TGFBI, SOCS3, ITGAM, TNFSF13B, IL18R1, PSTPIP2, 12, ANKRD22 0.81 0.8 0.81 CEACAM1, SOCS3, PFKFB3, TNFRSF6, PSTPIP2, OSM, 12, BCL2A1 0.81 0.79 0.82 TNFRSF6, ITGAM, BCL2A1, INSL3, CD86, TIFA, 12, PFKFB3 0.81 0.77 0.84 PFKFB3, PSTPIP2, MAP2K6, IRAK4, OSM, CCL5, 12, TNFSF10 0.81 0.76 0.85 MKNK1, TIFA, IL1RN, ARG2, SOCS3, IL10alpha, 12, IFNGRl 0.81 0.76 0.85 FAD104, TNFSF13B, OSM, BCL2A1, TDRD9, LY96, 12, SOD2 0.8 0.8 0.8 CD86, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, CCL5, OSM, TLR4, 12, MAPK14 0.8 0.77 0.83 TGFBI, LDLR, CRTAP, CSF1R, NCR1, LY96, 12, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.82 0.78 JAK2, TIFA, TNFSF10, IL18R1, CCL5, INSL3, 12, VNN1 0.8 0.82 0.78 TIFA, IL1RN, MAP2K6, HLA-DRA, OSM, FAD 104, 12, INSL3 0.8 0.8 0.8 JAK2, IRAK2, PRV1, TNFSF13B, OSM, HLA-DRA, 12, IFNGR1 0.8 0.8 0.8 ANXA3, CSF1R, TLR4, SOCS3, IRAK4, PRV1, 12, INSL3 0.8 0.8 0.8 TGFBI, IRAK4, PFKFB3, SOD2, ANXA3, ITGAM, 12, TDRD9 0.8 0.8 0.8 TIFA, FCGRIA, TNFRSF6, LY96, ILlOalpha, SOCS3, 12, OSM 0.8 0.78 0.81 PRV1, TLR4, CSF1R, IL18R1, PSTPIP2, TDRD9, 12, HLA-DRA 0.8 0.78 0.82 LY96, TNFSF13B, OSM, TGFBI, TIFA, FAD104, 12, NCR1 0.8 0.77 0.82 ITGAM, ARG2, ILlOalpha, SOD2, LY96, OSM, 12, FCGRIA 0.8 0.76 0.83 ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, PRV1, NCRI, CSF1R, PSTPIP2, 12, LY96 0.8 0.76 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
Gene_MMP9, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, SOD2, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, 12, ITGAM 0.8 0.74 0.86 ANXA3, FCGRIA, TNFSFIO, VNN1, TNFSF13B, ARG2, 12, CD86 0.85 0.86 0.84 CSF1R, PFKFB3, BCL2A1, SOCS3, NCR1, TNFSFIO, FCGRIA, ARG2, CD86 0.86 0.87 0.85 PSTPIP2, ITGAM, IRAK2, OSM, NCR1, CEACAM1, PFKFB3, TLR4, ANXA3 0.84 0.81 0.87 INSL3, ARG2, LDLR, HLA-DRA, NCR1, TIFA, LY96, ITGAM, SOCS3 0.84 0.78 0.9 CD86, CSF1R, SOD2, OSM, SOCS3, BCL2A1, GADD45B, ARG2, HLA-DRA 0.83 0.79 0.87 ARG2, CD86, MAP2K6, HLA-DRA, ILlOalpha, IRAK2, GADD45B, MKNK1, IL 18R1 0.83 0.82 0.84 IFNGR1, BCL2A1, ARG2, TNFSF13B, GADD45A, FCGRIA, TNFRSF6, CD86, MAP2K6 0.83 0.8 0.86 OSM, TNFSFIO, CSF1R, CCL5, IRAK2, INSL3, ARG2, TNFSF13B, TNFRSF6 0.83 0.82 0.83 LY96, TNFSFIO, GADD45B, CRTAP, ARG2, ANXA3, CSF1R, CCL5, OSM 0.82 0.87 0.77 NCRl, LY96, FAD104, ANKRD22, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, ARG2, PRV1, IL18R1 0.82 0.79 0.84 SOD2, IRAK2, JAK2, CCL5, ILlOalpha, ARG2, BCL2A1, SOCS3, CSF1R 0.82 0.77 0.86 TNFRSF6, TGFBI, FCGRlA, IRAK4, GADD45A, LDLR, IFNGRI, CSF1R, TIFA 0.82 0.81 0.83 GADD45B, ITGAM, PRV1, SOD2, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA, FAD104, TNFRSF6, TLR4 0.81 0.79 0.83 IRAK2, SOCS3, GADD45B, MAP2K6, PRV1, PFKFB3, CD86, IFNGR1, ANKRD22 0.81 0.83 0.8 HLA-DRA, GADD45A, FCGRIA, ANKRD22, ARG2, NCR1, BCL2A1, IRAK2, SOCS3 0.81 0.81 0.81 IRAK4, SOCS3, MKNK1, JAK2, OSM, ANXA3, VNN1, ITGAM, TNFRSF6 0.81 0.79 0.83 SOD2, JAK2, FAD104, CD86, ARG2, CCL5, MAP2K6, IFNGR1, PFKFB3 0.81 0.79 0.83 IL18R1, CSF1R, IRAK2, HLA-DRA, PFKFB3, CRTAP, CD86, TIFA, TNFSF10 0.81 0.78 0.83 BIOIVIARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
MAP2K6, FAD 104, TGFBI, IRAK4, CRTAP, LDLR, IRAK2, FCGRIA, ARG2 0.81 0.77 0.84 CEACAMI, SOD2, GADD45A, VNN1, IRAK4, OSM, TDRD9, GADD45B, PSTPIP2 0.81 0.73 0.88 PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, TNFSF10, INSL3, HLA-DRA, NCRI, TNFSF13B, CSF1R, Gene_MMP9 0.81 0.84 0.78 JAK2, MAP2K6, CSF1R, IRAK2, TNFSFIO, LDLR, OSM, BCL2A1, ARG2 0.81 0.81 0.8 Gene_MMP9, MAP2K6, IL18R1, VNN1, INSL3, ANKRD22, CCL5, PFKFB3, MAPK14 0.81 0.8 0.81 IL18R1, ARG2, FCGRIA, CRTAP, GADD45B, FAD104, IRAK4, MAPK14, TDRD9 0.81 0.8 0.82 SOD2, PRV1, MKNK1, FCGRIA, CD86, GADD45A, IL18R1, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.78 0.83 ANXA3, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, OSM, ANKRD22, IL18R1, MAPK14, GADD45A, GADD45B 0.81 0.78 0.83 OSM, IRAK2, ANXA3, TNFSF13B, IL18R1, ANKRD22, MAP2K6, ILlOalpha, FAD104 0.81 0.78 0.83 ITGAM, SOD2, CSFIR, TGFBI, IFNGR1, TDRD9, JAK2, ARG2, GADD45A 0.81 0.73 0.87 INSL3, ITGAM, OSM, TIFA, IRAK2, MKNK1, SOCS3, TNFSF10, ANKRD22 0.8 0.84 0.77 GADD45A, PFKFB3, SOD2, IRAK2, MAPK14, INSL3, IRAK4, ITGAM, ARG2 0.8 0.79 0.82 NCR1, INSL3, ARG2, IFNGR1, LDLR, OSM, PRV1, GADD45B, CD86 0.8 0.78 0.83 IRAK2, FAD104, TLR4, CSF1R, PRV1, OSM, MKNK1, BCL2A1, CD86 0.8 0.77 0.83 NCR1, SOCS3, HLA-DRA, PFKFB3, FAD104, IRAK4, VNN1, CCL5, MAP2K6 0.8 0.74 0.86 CRTAP, TLR4, PFKFB3, CSF1R, TIFA, PSTPIP2, PRV1, IFNGR1, CCL5 0.8 0.82 0.78 LY96, SOD2, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, TLR4, MAP2K6, FAD 104, Gene MMP9, NCR1 0.8 0.81 0.79 ITGAM, SOD2, SOCS3, LDLR, MAP2K6, FAD104, NCR1, CSF1R, CD86 0.8 0.8 0.8 CRTAP, ARG2, SOD2, TDRD9, TNFRSF6, TIFA, OSM, Gene MMP9, HLA-DRA 0.8 0.8 0.8 BIOMA.RKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
OSM, LY96, CEACAM1, IRAK4, INSL3, PSTPIP2, PRV1, IRAK2, JAK2 0.8 0.78 0.82 CD86, IL1RN, IFNGR1, ANXA3, CSF1R, ITGAM, NCR1, TDRD9, MAP2K6 0.8 0.78 0.82 TNFSF13B, JAK2, IRAK4, TDRD9, HLA-DRA, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, FAD104, SOD2 0.8 0.78 0.82 Gene_MMP9, SOD2, JAK2, CD86, HLA-DRA, IRAK2, CEACAM1, MAPK14, ANXA3 0.8 0.74 0.85 GADD45B, ITGAM, TLR4, NCR1, CD86, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA, FCGRIA, OSM 0.8 0.71 0.88 OSM, GADD45B, CSF1R, CCL5, ANXA3, CEACAMI, CD86, TNFSF10, ARG2, LY96, TDRD9 0.85 0.85 0.84 NCR1, HLA-DRA, BCL2A1, ARG2, SOCS3, IL18R1, PSTPIP2, VNN1, CD86, GADD45A, CCL5 0.84 0.84 0.84 PFKFB3, SOCS3, TNFRSF6, GADD45A, OSM, TDRD9, IL18R1, NCR1, CSF1R, ANXA3, PSTPIP2 0.84 0.8 0.87 ARG2, IFNGRl, MAPK14, Gene_MMP9, IRAK4, CEACAM1, ITGAM, ANKRD22, GADD45B, VNN1, OSM 0.84 0.8 0.88 BCL2A1, LY96, GADD45B, IL10alpha, CRTAP, OSM, IFNGR1, IL1RN, TIFA, IRAK4, GADD45A 0.84 0.82 0.86 TGFBI, SOCS3, MAP2K6, ANXA3, TLR4, IL1RN, VNN1, HLA-DRA, TIFA, JAK2, TDRD9 0.83 0.77 0.89 TNFSF13B, GADD45A, ANXA3, IL18R1, FCGRIA, JAK2, CD86, SOCS3, INSL3, CRTAP, NCR1 0.83 0.83 0.83 LY96, INSL3, TNFSF10, MAP2K6, OSM, ITGAM, JAK2, CD86, FCGRIA, ILlOalpha, CCL5 0.83 0.78 0.88 ARG2, OSM, TLR4, NCR1, CCL5, BCL2A1, IL1RN, GADD45A, MAPK14, SOCS3, TDRD9 0.83 0.76 0.88 INSL3, IL18R1, IFNGR1, ARG2, ILlOalpha, LY96, CRTAP, LDLR, JAK2, CSF1R, VNN1 0.83 0.82 0.83 ANXA3, IFNGRI, GADD45A, TNFRSF6, CCL5, JAK2, FAD 104, IL 1 RN, ARG2, ILlOalpha, INSL3 0.83 0.79 0.86 CRTAP, TNFRSF6, LDLR, VNN1, BLA- 0.82 0.86 0.79 DRA, SOCS3, TGFBI, TNFSF10, IFNGR1, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ARG2, FCGRIA
GADD45A, VNN1,IVIKNK1, CCL5, ILlOalpha, PSTPIP2, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, CEACAM1, FAD104, TGFBI 0.82 0.83 0.82 HLA-DRA, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, JAK2, TNFSF10, ARG2, CEACAMI, IL18R1, MAPK14, CSF1R 0.82 0.82 0.83 GADD45B, TNFSF10, TNFSF13B, OSM, VNN1, PRV1, MKNK1, Gene_MMP9, ANXA3, TGFBI, HLA-DRA 0.82 0.82 0.83 GADD45A, IFNGR1, IRAK4, TGFBI, NCR1, FAD104, INSL3, ILlOalpha, OSM, TIFA, CSF1R 0.82 0.75 0.88 Gene_MMP9, IRAK2, JAK2, TGFBI, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, ARG2, OSM, CEACAM1, IFNGRl 0.82 0.83 0.81 MAP2K6, FCGRIA, TNFSF13B, SOD2, NCR1, ANXA3, TLR4, CD86, ITGAM, IRAK2, INSL3 0.82 0.79 0.85 FAD104, ARG2, NCR1, ANKRD22, OSM, CSF1R, BCL2A1, CRTAP, LY96, SOD2, TNFRSF6 0.82 0.78 0.85 LY96, TDRD9, CD86, GADD45A, ARG2, VNN1, ILlOalpha, SOD2, CRTAP, TIFA, FCGRIA 0.82 0.82 0.81 BCL2A1, VNN1, LDLR, TLR4, OSM, IRAK4, IRAK2, CRTAP, IFNGR1, TGFBI, CD86 0.82 0.82 0.81 CCL5, IFNGRI, TIFA, SOCS3, INSL3, TLR4, IRAK4, ANXA3, TGFBI, TDRD9, CSF1R 0.82 0.81 0.82 VNNI, SOD2, CCL5, BCL2A1, HLA-DRA, ANKRD22, CD86, TDRD9, TLR4, FCGRIA, TNFSF10 0.82 0.79 0.85 CEACAM1, OSM, IRAK4, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, IRAK2, PRV1, IL1RN, TNFSF10, PFKFB3 0.82 0.77 0.85 TNFSFIO, IL1RN, IFNGR1, TIFA, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, OSM, ANXA3, TGFBI, INSL3, CRTAP 0.81 0.82 0.81 LDLR, VNN1, GADD45B, IL18R1, GADD45A, Gene_1VIIVIP9, FAD104, IL1RN, IRAK4, JAK2, TGFBI 0.81 0.8 0.83 FCGRIA, OSM, GADD45A, IL18Rl, 0.81 0.79 0.83 GADD45B, TLR4, MAP2K6, CRTAP, TIFA, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CCL5, BCL2A1 CSF1R, ITGAM, HLA-DRA, MAP2K6, JAK2, FCGRIA, OSM, LDLR, SOCS3, TNFRSF6, IL18R1 0.81 0.78 0.85 ILlOalpha, IRAK2, OSM, TIFA, TNFSF10, FAD104, GADD45B, ITGAM, CD86, VNN1, SOD2 0.81 0.75 0.87 ARG2, GADD45A, LDLR, TNFRSF6, CEACAMI, ANKRD22, MAPK14, IRAK4, SOD2, INSL3, PSTPIP2 0.81 0.84 0.78 TGFBI, TNFRSF6, IRAK4, IRAK2, OSM, TNFSF13B, TIFA, FAD104, ANKRD22, MAPK14, CD86 0.81 0.82 0.79 VNN1, INSL3, TNFSFIO, TGFBI, JAK2, CRTAP, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, TNFSF13B, LY96, OSM 0.81 0.82 0.8 GADD45B, OSM, SOD2, FCGRIA, VNN1, CEACAMI, TIFA, PSTPIP2, ILIRN, TDRD9, LY96 0.81 0.77 0.85 PFKFB3, LDLR, IL10alpha, IRAK4, ANXA3, NCR1, IL18R1, VNN1, TDRD9, TNFSF13B, CSF1R 0.81 0.77 0.85 CD86, TNFRSF6, PFKFB3, MKNKl, OSM, JAK2, FAD104, IL10alpha, BCL2A1, SOCS3, IRAK4 0.81 0.76 0.85 OSM, GADD45A, TNFSF10, IFNGR1, CRTAP, JAK2, ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, TNFSF13B, SOCS3, FCGRIA 0.81 0.75 0.87 CCL5, CD86, BLA-DRA, SOCS3, TGFBI, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, GADD45A, CSF1R, IRAK4, FAD104, MAPK14 0.84 0.85 0.82 IRAK2, CD86, IL1RN, TLR4, ANKRD22, ANXA3, IL10alpha, GADD45B, BCL2A1, CSF1R, INSL3, FCGRIA 0.84 0.82 0.85 CD86, TNFRSF6, TIFA, GADD45B, CEACAMI, TNFSF13B, OSM, IL18R1, CCL5, ITGAM, TGFBI, FAD104 0.84 0.8 0.87 NCR1, CCL5, BCL2A1, IL18R1, ARG2, MKNK1, FCGRIA, CD86, GADD45B, INSL3, IRAK4, ANXA3 0.83 0.82 0.85 TNFSF13B, IFNGR1, Gene_MMP9, SOD2, LDLR, NCR1, CD86, INSL3, SOCS3, VNN1, PSTPIP2, CEACAM1 0.83 0.8 0.86 SOD2, INSL3, TDRD9, OSM, TNFSF13B, 0.83 0.82 0.84 BCL2A1, JAK2, CSFIR, ANXA3, TNFSFIO, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
GADD45A, CRTAP
ILlOalpha, MKNK1, GADD45A, TGFBI, MAPK14, IRAK4, TDRD9, IL1RN, TNFRSF6, FCGRIA, ITGAM, CD86 0.83 0.79 0.86 TNFRSF6, ILlOalpha, PSTPIP2, HLA-DRA, CRTAP, ARG2, MKNK1, NCR1, OSM, INSL3, VNN1, FAD 104 0.83 0.78 0.87 ANXA3, PRV1, LDLR, TNFSF13B, PFKFB3, TNFRSF6, VNN1, ARG2, ANKRD22, INSL3, NCR1, OSM 0.82 0.8 0.84 FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, IFNGR1, CD86, LY96, ANXA3, MAP2K6, TDRD9, IL18R1, PRV1, SOCS3, TIFA 0.82 0.76 0.89 GADD45B, OSM, ITGAM, CSF1R, CD86, CEACAMI, IFNGR1, SOCS3, MAP2K6, IL1RN, FAD104, CCL5 0.82 0.84 0.8 TGFBI, PRV1, JAK2, FCGRIA, ANKRD22, TNFSF10, VNN1, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, IRAK2, INSL3, FAD 104 0.82 0.83 0.81 FCGRIA, GADD45A, SOD2, OSM, ARG2, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, ILlOalpha, CCL5, SOCS3, CD86, ITGAM 0.82 0.8 0.83 LDLR, MAP2K6, INSL3, TDRD9, NCRl, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, ARG2, MKNK1, MAPK14, OSM, PFKFB3 0.82 0.84 0.79 IL1RN, PFKFB3, TIFA, OSM, IRAK2, TGFBI, INSL3, TNFSF13B, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, CEACAM1 0.82 0.83 0.81 LY96, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA, IRAK2, FCGRIA, ANXA3, CEACAMI, FAD104, TDRD9, IL1RN, ARG2, LDLR 0.82 0.82 0.82 IL1RN, ARG2, IRAK2, IRAK4, SOCS3, ILlOalpha, CCL5, Gene_MMP9, MAPK14, FAD 104, LY96, TGFBI 0.82 0.81 0.82 BCL2A1, LY96, ITGAM, OSM, TNFSFIO, INSL3, CD86, IRAK2, MAP2K6, IFNGR1, PRV 1, TNFRSF6 0.81 0.81 0.82 BCL2A1, ANXA3, LY96, TNFSF10, NCR1, OSM, MAPK14, MKNK1, IFNGR1, GADD45A, INSL3, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B 0.83 0.83 0.83 LY96, GADD45B, MAPK14, OSM,IVIKNK1, BCL2A1, ARG2, IL1RN, INSL3, PFKFB3, LDLR, CRTAP, TIFA 0.83 0.82 0.84 OSM, CD86, GADD45B, IRAK4, MAPK14, 0,83 0.82 0.84 SOCS3, VNN1, ARG2, TNFSF13B, TDRD9, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
PRVl, IL1RN, IL18R1 OSM, NCR1, BLA-DRA, TNFSFIO, PSTPIP2, IL1RN, SOCS3, INSL3, TNFRSF6, MAPK14, Gene MMP9, CEACAM1, IL18R1 0.83 0.82 0.84 CCL5, ARG2, ILlOalpha, MAPK14, CSF1R, GADD45B, LDLR, SOD2, Gene_MMP9, IFNGR1, IL18R1, CEACAM1, CD86 0.83 0.8 0.85 TDRD9, SOCS3, Gene_MMP9, IL18R1, CRTAP, ANXA3, PRV1, ARG2, CD86, ITGAM, OSM, NCR1, VNN1 0.83 0.85 0.81 SOD2, JAK2, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, MAP2K6, FCGRIA, CCL5, ITGAM, CD86, GADD45B, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, VNN1 0.83 0.83 0.83 IRAK4, JAK2, SOD2, Gene_MMP9, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, HLA-DRA, TNFRSF6, FAD 104, ARG2, IFNGR1, IRAK2, MAP2K6 0.83 0.81 0.84 PSTPIP2, MAPK14, CCL5, Gene_MMP9, TNFRSF6, ILlOalpha, LY96, IL1RN, ARG2, SOCS3, TLR4, OSM, HLA-DRA 0.83 0.79 0.86 CRTAP, CEACAM l, ARG2, JAK2, TNFSF10, VNN1, PSTPIP2, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, ITGAM, SOCS3, OSM, IL18R1 0.83 0.79 0.87 VNN1, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, ITGAM, IL1RN, FAD104, NCR1, TIFA, OSM, TDRD9, SOD2, ARG2, TGFBI 0.83 0.77 0.88 TGFBI, IL1RN, INSL3, PSTPIP2, NCR1, FAD104, HLA-DRA, CD86, IRAK4, ILlOalpha, ARG2, CSF1R, MAP2K6 0.82 0.84 0.81 FAD104, IRAK2, TIFA, TGFBI, IL18R1, MAPK14, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, CD86, PRV1, NCR1, FCGRIA, ANXA3 0.82 0.82 0.83 GADD45A, HLA-DRA, INSL3, ANKRD22, ANXA3, CD86, IRAK4, GADD45B, PFKFB3, ITGAM, VNN1, NCR1, JAK2 0.82 0.79 0.85 MKNK1, CCL5, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, VNN1, LY96, IRAK2, IFNGR1, CRTAP, PFKFB3, IL18R1, LDLR, FAD104 0.82 0.86 0.78 TNFSF10, OSM, FCGRIA, IRAK4, TLR4, SOCS3, IL18R1, CRTAP, GADD45B, IL1RN, ILlOalpha, PRV1, JAK2 0.82 0.81 0.83 FAD104, ITGAM, ARG2, PSTPIP2, TLR4, NCR1, IL1RN,IVIAP2K6, FCGRIA, PFKFB3, LDLR, IFNGR1, BCL2A1 0.82 0.79 0.84 LDLR, ARG2, NCR1,IVIKNK1, GADD45B, 0,82 0.79 0.84 GADD45A, CEACAM1, PSTPIP2, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
Gene MMP9, CCL5, BCL2A1, TIFA, TDRD9 IRAK2, Gene_MMP9, INSL3, ARG2, OSM, ITGAM, PSTPIP2, TNFSF13B, FCGRIA, BCL2Al, CRTAP, PRV1, MAP2K6 0.81 0.81 0.82 CEACAM1, PSTPIP2, TLR4, IFNGR1, GADD45B, CSF1R, CD86, VNNI, IL18R1, ANKRD22, MAPK14, OSM, CCL5, IRAK4 0.85 0.89 0.83 LY96, ANKRD22, Gene_MMP9, ARG2, GADD45A, MKNK1, CD86, PSTPIP2, OSM, FAD104, FCGRIA, IL18R1, TIFA, ITGAM 0.85 0.84 0.86 ARG2, ANKRD22, VNN1, TLR4, OSM, TIFA, TGFBI, TDRD9, ANXA3, CCL5, TNFRSF6, GADD45B, FAD104, CD86 0.84 0.82 0.86 IFNGR1, TLR4, CRTAP, ANKRD22, Gene_MMP9, JAK2, INSL3, ITGAM, IRAK4, HLA-DRA, BCL2A1, OSM, TNFSF10, NCR1 0.84 0.79 0.87 TNFSFIO, VNNI, TDRD9, CSF1R, OSM, IFNGR1, TLR4, PSTPIP2, TIFA, ARG2, FCGRIA, CD86, MAPK14, MAP2K6 0.83 0.83 0.83 LDLR, IL18R1, BCL2A1, IL1RN, ARG2, IRAK2, JAK2, GADD45A, ANKRD22, MAP2K6, OSM, CD86, IRAK4, SOD2 0.83 0.83 0.84 IL1RN, IRAK4, VNN1, CRTAP, TNFSFIO, IFNGRI, FAD104, ARG2, OSM, NCR1, JAK2, ANXA3, CEACAM1, TDRD9 0.83 0.8 0.86 CD86, FCGRIA,IVIKNK1, TNFRSF6, GADD45B, LY96, NCR1, PSTPIP2, HLA-DRA, VNN1, ANXA3, IRAK4, ARG2, TGFBI 0.83 0.78 0.88 IRAK2, ANKRD22, JAK2, CD86, INSL3, TNFSFIO, OSM, PSTPIP2, ILlOalpha, CCL5, TDRD9, GADD45B, Gene MMP9, LY96 0.83 0.77 0.88 LY96, FCGRIA, CCL5, IL18R1, VNN1, TNFSF10, MAP2K6, PRV1, IRAK4, IL1RN, TLR4, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, TGFBI 0.83 0.83 0.83 SOD2, IL1RN, JAK2, PRV1, IRAK2, CD86, TGFBI, CCL5, MAPK14, TLR4, INSL3, PFKFB3, GADD45B, LY96 0.83 0.83 0.83 TDRD9, FCGRIA, NCR1, IFNGR1, ARG2, SOD2, TNFRSF6, CD86, PFKFB3, LDLR, JAK2, CCL5, ANKRD22, FAD 104 0.83 0.81 0.85 MAPK14, INSL3, MAP2K6, CCL5, CSF1R, CD86, GADD45A, SOCS3, GADD45B, ANXA3, TGFBI, TNFRSF6, IFNGR1, CRTAP 0.83 0.82 0.83 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
GADD45B, MAPK14, GADD45A, IL1RN, CEACAM1, CRTAP, MKNK1, IL18R1, NCR1, FCGRIA, TIFA, MAP2K6, CD86, TLR4 0.83 0.81 0.84 ARG2, ANKRD22, OSM, LDLR, CCL5, IL1RN, FCGRIA, PFKFB3, CSF1R, ANXA3, HLA-DRA, INSL3, NCRI, TIFA 0.82 0.83 0.82 TNFSF10, ANXA3, OSM, JAK2, VNN1, ANKRD22, INSL3, IFNGR1, CD86, MAPK14, GADD45B, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, LY96 0.82 0.81 0.83 TGFBI, IL18R1, IFNGR1, TDRD9, ANXA3, TNFSFIO, ANKRD22, CD86, TNFRSF6, BCL2A1, FAD104, Gene_MMP9, TNFSF13B, CRTAP 0.82 0.8 0.84 OSM, ANXA3, SOCS3, INSL3, ITGAM, SOD2, NCR1, TNFSF10, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, TLR4, IRAK2, Gene MMP9, IL18Rl 0.82 0.87 0.79 SOD2, IRAK4, TNFRSF6, PRV1, FCGRlA, LDLR, MAP2K6, TIFA, CEACAM1, IL18R1, SOCS3, OSM, IL10alpha, MKNK1 0.82 0.84 0.8 TLR4, MKNK1, SOD2, SOCS3, FAD104, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, TIFA, TNFRSF6, JAK2, TNFSF10, ARG2, CSF1R, TLR4 0.85 0.83 0.86 CCL5, MAP2K6, SOCS3, IFNGR1, TGFBI, ANXA3, OSM, GADD45A, TNFSFIO, Gene_MMP9, TNFRSF6, TIFA, ARG2, INSL3, SOCS3 0.84 0.85 0.83 ANXA3, IL18R1, VNN 1, NCRI, TIFA, INSL3, TGFBI, MAPK14, CEACAMI, CRTAP, CSF1R, TDRD9, ILlOalpha, CCL5, MAPK14 0.84 0.84 0.83 TLR4, MKNK1, SOD2, SOCS3, FAD104, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, TIFA, TNFRSF6, JAK2, TNFSF10, ARG2, CSF1R, IRAK4 0.85 0.83 0.86 CCL5, MAP2K6, SOCS3, IFNGR1, TGFBI, ANXA3, OSM, GADD45A, TNFSF10, Gene_MMP9, TNFRSF6, TIFA, ARG2, INSL3, TLR4 0.84 0.85 0.83 ANXA3, IL18R1, VNN1, NCR1, TIFA, INSL3, TGFBI, MAPK14, CEACAM1, CRTAP, CSF1R, TDRD9, ILlOalpha, CCL5, SOCS3 0.84 0.84 0.83 IL18R1, MAP2K6, INSL3, IRAK4, CCL5, 0.84 0.79 0.88 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
PFKFB3, CSF1R, LDLR, ITGAM, GADD45A, ARG2, PSTPIP2, TLR4, CD86, SOD2, IFNGR1, CEACAM1, OSM, FAD104, HLA-DRA, CRTAP, ILlOalpha, TGFBI, GADD45A, ITGAM, IL18Rl, CCL5, TLR4, FCGRIA 0.83 0.84 0.83 SOCS3, OSM, TIFA, TNFRSF6, INSL3, LDLR, IL18R1, PFKFB3, TGFBI, IL10alpha, GADD45B, ARG2, TNFSF10, VNN1, ANXA3 0.83 0.83 0.84 PRV1, PFKFB3, CEACAM1, FCGRIA, TIFA, MKNK1, ARG2, GADD45B, IL18R1, CD86, ITGAM, VNN1, IFNGR1, OSM, JAK2 0.83 0.82 0.85 NCR1, INSL3, HLA-DRA, TNFSFIO, TNFRSF6, FCGRIA, OSM, GADD45B, MKNK1, TNFSF13B, CSF1R, LY96, MAPK14, PRV 1, CCL5 0.83 0.82 0.84 FCGRIA, CD86, CEACAM1, ANXA3, FAD104, CRTAP, JAK2,IVIKNK1, MAPK14, IFNGR1, GADD45A, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, IL18R1, LY96 0.83 0.79 0.87 IRAK2, ILlOalpha, INSL3, FAD104, TIFA, SOD2, IFNGR1, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, LY96, IL18R1, CCL5, CD86, TDRD9, TNFSFIO 0.83 0.78 0.87 LY96, BCL2A1, Gene_MMP9, OSM, ARG2, MAP2K6, INSL3, ITGAM, MAPK14, TIFA, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, FCGRIA, CEACAMI, IFNGR1 0.83 0.8 0.85 IL18Rl, BCL2A1, PFKFB3, Gene_MMP9, ILIRN, ILlOalpha, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, CRTAP, OSM, CD86, FCGRIA, FAD104, JAK2, SOD2 0.83 0.76 0.88 MKNK1, CRTAP, PRVl, IL1RN, GADD45A, TNFRSF6, FAD104, HLA-DRA, CEACAMI, PSTPIP2, OSM, JAK2, IL18Rl, LDLR, IRAK4 0.82 0.82 0.82 FCGRIA, BCL2A1, IFNGR1, CRTAP, VNN1, TIFA, CCL5, NCRI, OSM, HLA-DRA, IRAK4, INSL3, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, ARG2 0.82 0.8 0.84 FAD104, BCL2A1, PRV1, MKNKl, CRTAP, IRAK4, PFKFB3, SOD2, CD86, ARG2, FCGRIA, ANKRD22, INSL3, IFNGR1, LDLR 0.82 0.77 0.87 SOCS3, CD86, FCGRIA, MAP2K6, TGFBI, 0.82 0.84 0.8 IRAK2, PSTPIP2, CCL5, ILIRN, GADD45B, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TDRD9, OSM, ILlOalpha, PFKFB3, FAD104 TIFA, SOD2, LDLR, FCGRIA, BCL2A1, TNFSF13B, ARG2, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, LY96, Gene_MMP9, IFNGR1, GADD45B, ANXA3, PRV1, CD86 0.86 0.84 0.87 HLA-DRA, IRAK2, FCGRIA, ANXA3, ITGAM, LY96, TDRD9, SOCS3, IL1RN, PFKFB3, GADD45B, TNFSF13B, TLR4, ARG2, CSF1R, FAD104 0.84 0.83 0.84 OSM, CRTAP, CEACAM1, NCR1, IRAK4, TLR4, FAD 104, MKNKl, TDRD9, PSTPIP2, IL1RN, CSFIR, MAP2K6, ITGAM, ARG2, IFNGR1 0.83 0.81 0.86 TIFA, IL10alpha, VNN1, OSM, MAP2K6, GADD45B, PSTPIP2, TDRD9, TNFRSF6, INSL3, IL1RN, FAD104, TNFSF10, TGFBI, IL18R1, TLR4 0.83 0.77 0.9 GADD45A, CSFIR,INSL3, BCL2A1, TDRD9, LDLR, HLA-DRA, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, CCL5, ANXA3, PRV1, TNFRSF6, TLR4, CD86, JAK2 0.83 0.82 0.84 TDRD9, PFKFB3, MAPK14, IL1RN, IFNGRl, FCGRIA, MAP2K6, TNFRSF6, ARG2, VNN1, CRTAP, LDLR, CEACAM1, FAD104, NCR1, TNFSFIO 0.83 0.85 0.8 ARG2, ILlOalpha, TLR4, PRV1, INSL3, OSM, CD86, TGFBI, SOCS3, GADD45B, TIFA, LDLR, IRAK2, GADD45A, SOD2, TNFSF13B 0.83 0.82 0.83 TNFSF10, PRV1, SOCS3, FAD104, TNFRSF6, ARG2, Gene MMP9, FCGRIA, TGFBI, NCR1, CRTAP, MAP2K6, ANXA3, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, JAK2 0.83 0.8 0.85 TNFRSF6, BCL2A1, VNN1, ANXA3, SOCS3, GADD45A, CRTAP, CCL5, FAD104, ANKRD22,1VIKNKI, FCGRIA, SOD2, IRAK2, MAPK14, Gene_MMP9 0.83 0.8 0.85 FAD104, OSM, LDLR, TNFSF10, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, TNFRSF6, GADD45A, CD86, TDRD9, ITGAM, ANXA3, IFNGR1, MAPK14, CSF1R, TGFBI 0.82 0.78 0.87 CSF1R, PRV1, ANXA3, SOD2, PSTPIP2, CEACAMI, IFNGR1, IRAK4, LY96, MAPK14, IL10alpha, MKNK1, TNFRSF6, OSM, TGFBI, INSL3 0.82 0.77 0.87 0.82 0.76 0.89 PSTPIP2, ARG2, MAP2K6, INSL3, SOCS3, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
JAK2, FAD 104, ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, ITGAM, GADD45B, LY96, IltAK2, PFKFB3, TNFRSF6, IFNGRI
CRTAP, MKNK1, BCL2Al, PRV1, CD86, TNFRSF6, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, TNFSF13B, ARG2, PFKFB3, CEACAMI, FAD104, Gene MMP9, OSM, SOD2 0.82 0.88 0.77 1VIKNKI, SOCS3, CRTAP, FCGRIA, CD86, ILlOalpha, GADD45A, IL18R1, IRAK2, CCL5, JAK2, ANKRD22, TIFA, TGFBI, CSF1R, BCL2A1 0.82 0.82 0.82 GADD45B, CEACAM1, ANKRD22, IRAK4, LDLR, CRTAP, MKNK1, OSM, MAPK14, MAP2K6, INSL3, GADD45A, PFKFB3, TNFSF10, CSF1R, TIFA 0.82 0.81 0.82 CSF1R, INSL3, TNFRSF6, BCL2A1, CD86, CEACAM1, ILlOalpha, IL18R1, TLR4, ITGAM, TNFSFIO, OSM, ARG2, SOD2, FCGRlA, PSTPIP2 0.82 0.79 0.85 NCRl, LDLR, MKNK1, INSL3, BCL2A1, JAK2, FCGRIA, IL1RN, TNFRSF6, PRV1, GADD45B, ARG2,IVIAP2K6, OSM, VNN1, TDRD9 0.82 0.78 0.85 TLR4, CD86, MAPK14, TNFSF13B, INSL3, CRTAP, NCR1, ARG2, GADD45A, CSF1R, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, JAK2,1V1KNK1, ANKRD22, OSM 0.82 0.85 0.79 CSF1R, CCL5, ARG2, BCL2A1, FCGRIA, MKNK1, TDRD9, IFNGRI, PFKFB3, ITGAM, JAK2, OSM, GADD45B, FAD 104, NCR1, HLA-DRA 0.82 0.85 0.79 IFNGRI, FCGRIA, TLR4, OSM, PSTPIP2, IL18Rl, NCR1, SOCS3, PFKFB3, INSL3, LDLR, TNFRSF6, SOD2, GADD45B, ILlOalpha, CCL5, IL1RN 0.86 0.82 0.9 CEACAMI, IL18R1, SOCS3, CRTAP, LDLR, HLA-DRA, LY96, IL1RN, IL10alpha, BCL2A1, GADD45A, TIFA, FAD104, ANKRD22, OSM, CCL5, IFNGR1 0.86 0.84 0.88 FAD104, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, VNN1, ILlOalpha, CD86, JAK2, INSL3, TDRD9, TLR4, IRAK4, SOD2, LDLR, CCL5, MKNK1, ARG2, IL18R1 0.85 0.79 0.91 IL18R1, PRV1, IL1RN, TNFSF10, FAD104, ITGAM, FCGRIA, INSL3, MAP2K6, LDLR, TNFSF13B, IRAK2, OSM, PFKFB3, TGFBI, IL10alpha, LY96 0.85 0.81 0.89 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
IRAK2, HLA-DRA, IFNGR1, MAP2K6, TLR4, ITGAM, SOCS3, CD86, ARG2, VNN1, IL18R1, ANXA3, FCGRIA, IL1RN, Gene MMP9, TGFBI, ILlOalpha 0.85 0.81 0.89 MAP2K6, IL18R1, IL1RN, CSFIR, TNFRSF6, FCGRIA, NCR1, TDRD9, TNFSFIO, SOCS3, CCL5, IFNGR1, TIFA, CRTAP, GADD45B, ILlOalpha, TGFBI 0.84 0.81 0.87 CD86, CCL5, IRAK4, GADD45A, ANXA3, OSM, JAK2, INSL3, SOCS3, BCL2A1, FAD104, MAPK14, TIFA, TLR4, NCRI, PRV1, TDRD9 0.84 0.8 0.88 BCL2A1, IL18R1, TLR4, OSM, CD86, FAD104, PRV1, JAK2, MAPK14, TNFRSF6, CEACAM1, IL1RN, ILlOalpha, SOD2, Gene MMP9, CSF1R, PFKFB3 0.84 0.8 0.89 LY96, TIFA, ILlOalpha, ANXA3, LDLR, JAK2, IFNGR1, IRAK2, MAP2K6, TGFBI, MAPK14, TDRD9, FCGRIA, ITGAM, TNFSF10, GADD45B, SOCS3 0.84 0.81 0.87 TNFSF13B, FAD104, SOD2, SOCS3, CEACAM1, TDRD9, ARG2, CD86, IRAK2, PFKFB3, FCGRIA, NCR1, MAPK14, CRTAP, LDLR, GADD45A, TNFRSF6 0.84 0.85 0.83 IRAK2,IVIKNK1, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, HLA-DRA, TNFSF10, IFNGR1, PFKFB3, OSM, PRV1, IL1RN, ILlOalpha, FAD104, CD86, TIFA, BCL2Al, TNFSF13B 0.84 0.83 0.84 VNN1, IFNGR1, LY96, SOD2, IL18R1, SOCS3, FCGRIA, ARG2, CSF1R, Gene_MMP9, IRAK4, MAP2K6, TIFA, FAD104, HLA-DRA, GADD45B, ILIRN 0.84 0.82 0.86 CD86, Gene_MMP9, IL18R1, TNFSF13B, FCGRIA, TNFRSF6, INSL3,1L1RN, PFKFB3, PSTPIP2, NCR1, GADD45B, VNN1, CRTAP, IRAK4, MAP2K6, OSM 0.83 0.82 0.84 TNFSF13B, FAD104, PRV1, TIFA, SOD2, TDRD9, TLR4, TNFRSF6, MKNK1, OSM, MAP2K6, CCL5, ARG2, LDLR, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, IL18Rl 0.83 0.79 0.88 IRAK4, MAP2K6, JAK2, LY96, ITGAM, CCL5, CSF1R, ARG2, FCGRIA, FAD104, CD86, TNFSF10, IL18R1, CRTAP, GADD45A, TLR4, Gene MMP9 0.83 0.82 0.84 IRAK2, OSM, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, SOD2, TNFSF10, 0.83 0.8 0.86 VNN1, ARG2, IRAK4, LY96, IFNGR1, JAK2, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
BCL2A1, FCGRIA, CSF1R
ILlOalpha, FCGRIA, TGFBI, ANKRD22, IRAK4, CD86, TNFSF13B, TNFRSF6, IL18R1, JAK2, IL1RN, PSTPIP2, OSM, MAP2K6, GADD45A, Gene_MMP9, MAPK14 0.83 0.78 0.87 PRV1, IRAK4, MKNKI, JAK2, OSM, MAP2K6, BCL2A1, GADD45B, Gene_MMP9, II., l 0alpha, FAD 104, ARG2, PSTPIP2, SOD2, TNFRSF6, TNFSF10, IL1RN 0.82 0.83 0.82 IL1RN, OSM, FAD104, CRTAP, IRAK4, ILlOalpha, LDLR, INSL3, TNFSF10, CCL5, IL18R1, ANXA3, PRV1, ARG2, Gene MMP9, CEACAM1, SOCS3 0.82 0.82 0.83 TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, FCGRIA, MAPK14, ARG2, INSL3, TNFSFIO, NCR1, PRV1, CEACAMl, ANXA3, IL18R1, TIFA, IFNGRI, IRAK4, CCL5, VNNl 0.82 0.81 0.83 IRAK2, ANKRD22, MAPK14, TIFA, GADD45B, OSM, ILlOalpha, SOD2, CCL5, GADD45A, CD86, IRAK4, SOCS3, TDRD9, MAP2K6, FAD 104, PRV1, ANXA3 0.85 0.83 0.87 TLR4, LDLR, OSM, MAP2K6, GADD45A, TIFA, NCRl, IL18R1, IFNGR1, INSL3, ANXA3, ILlOalpha, IL1RN, CSF1R, GADD45B, PFKFB3, TGFBI, CRTAP 0.85 0.84 0.86 HLA-DRA, GADD45A, ANXA3, ARG2, FAD104, PFKFB3, ITGAM, JAK2, MAPK14, OSM, CD86, LDLR, TIFA, CCL5, NCRl, IRAK2, SOD2, PRV 1 0.84 0.85 0.83 GADD45A, INSL3, IRAK2, TNFSF10, TGFBI, IRAK4, NCR1, HLA-DRA, CEACAMI, GADD45B, MAPK14, CD86, IL18Rl, CRTAP, ANKRD22, PSTPIP2, LY96, PFKFB3 0.83 0.82 0.85 MAP2K6, IL1RN, TIFA, TLR4, OSM, TGFBI, ANXA3, NCR1, IL18R1, ANKRD22, GADD45A, TNFSF10, PRV1, IRAK2, TDRD9, JAK2, Gene MMP9, CSF1R 0.83 0.85 0.81 CD86, GADD45A, GADD45B, TNFSF13B, CRTAP, TNFRSF6, NCR1, ILlOalpha, CSF1R, OSM, MKNK1, CEACAM1, TLR4, IFNGR1, IRAK2, SOCS3, TGFBI, Gene MMP9 0.83 0.83 0.83 BCL2A1, ANKRD22, OSM, CD86, ITGAM, 0.83 0.82 0.84 ANXA3, FCGRIA, CCL5, TIFA, IRAK4, BIOIVIARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
HLA-DRA, NCR1, CRTAP, TLR4, CEACAM1, FAD104, ARG2, MAP2K6 GADD45A, IFNGR1, MAP2K6, CRTAP, MAPK14, TNFSF10, LDLR, TIFA, OSM, SOCS3, CD86, ARG2, PSTPIP2, IL1RN, LY96, GADD45B, ANKRD22, TGFBI 0.83 0.82 0.84 INSL3, TLR4, BCL2A1, ANKRD22, FAD104, MAP2K6, GADD45B, ARG2, NCR1, 1VII{.NK1, ITGAM, CSF1R, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, LDLR, CRTAP, PRV 1, LY96 0.83 0.81 0.85 CRTAP, HLA-DRA, ARG2, PSTPIP2, 1VIKNKI, INSL3, TIFA, CEACAM1, JAK2, Gene_MMP9, TLR4, IRAK4, CD86, FAD104, CCL5, TNFSFIO, LDLR, IFNGRI 0.83 0.81 0.86 IL18R1, TNFRSF6, PFKFB3, FAD104, GADD45A, OSM, JAK2, VNN1, MKNK1, BCL2A1, SOCS3, NCR1, TLR4, FCGRIA, CSF1R, ITGAM, IRAK4, CRTAP 0.83 0.8 0.86 FAD104, TNFRSF6, OSM, TIFA, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, TLR4, CD86, IRAK4, TNFSF13B, IL1RN, IFNGR1, ITGAM, BCL2A1, CEACAM1,IVIKNK1, TGFBI, ARG2 0.83 0.78 0.87 TNFSF10, BCL2A1, TGFBI, LY96, PRV1, MKNKI, SOD2, ARG2, SOCS3, CD86, IL10alpha, TNFSF13B, ITGAM, OSM, MAPK14, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, CCL5 0.83 0.85 0.81 SOCS3, OSM, CCL5, JAK2, MAP2K6, IL18R1, NCR1, CEACAM1, IRAK2, ARG2, LY96, PRV1, ITGAM, TNFSF13B, TNFSFIO, TGFBI, ILlOalpha, LDLR 0.83 0.85 0.81 ARG2, IRAK2, Gene_MMP9, GADD45B, MKNK1, PFKFB3, MAPK14, IRAK4, CSF1R, FCGRIA, GADD45A, TDRD9, TIFA, CD86, IL18R1, BCL2A1, CRTAP, TNFRSF6 0.83 0.83 0.82 FAD104, IL1RN, TGFBI, TLR4, BCL2A1, IFNGRl, IRAK4, PRV1, ANKRD22, CRTAP, TNFRSF6, CSF1R, ARG2, OSM, GADD45A, VNN1, INSL3, CEACAM1 0.83 0.82 0.83 CSF1R, SOCS3, FAD104, TLR4, INSL3, ANXA3, NCRl, CRTAP, IFNGR1, TIFA, OSM, MAPK14, TDRD9, IL1RN, ANKRD22, TNFRSF6, IRAK2, BCL2A1 0.83 0.81 0.84 MAP2K6, IFNGR1, CD86, FCGRIA, IRAK2, MKNK1, CRTAP, FAD104, ILlOalpha, VNN1, ANXA3, NCR1, IL18R1, CEACAM1, CCL5, ARG2, MAPK14, SOCS3 0.83 0.81 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTNITY
IL1RN, IRAK4, JAK2, CD86, BCL2A1, TGFBI, Gene_MMP9, NCR1, IFNGRI, VNN1, SOCS3, CCL5, TNFSF13B, TDRD9, MAPK14, PRV1, OSM, TLR4 0.83 0.79 0.86 MAP2K6, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, ANKRD22, MKNK1, SOCS3, TNFSF10, LDLR, FAD104, CEACAM1, TNFSF13B, TDRD9, IRAK4, VNNI, IL18R1, OSM, PSTPIP2, Gene MMP9 0.82 0.8 0.85 CCL5, SOD2, JAK2, IRAK4, IRAK2, Gene_MMP9, IFNGR1, TLR4, GADD45A, TNFSF10, CSF1R, IL18Rl, PRVI, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA, LDLR, CD86, SOCS3, FAD 104 0.84 0.79 0.89 MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, SOD2, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, CSF1R, CCL5, TIFA, NCR1, IFNGRI, OSM, CD86, SOCS3, ARG2, ILlOalpha, BCL2A1, TDRD9, LDLR, GADD45A 0.84 0.84 0.84 IFNGR1, OSM, MAPK14, CEACAM1, PFKFB3, TLR4, CSF1R, JAK2, IL18R1, TGFBI, CD86, IL10alpha, INSL3, BCL2A1, FCGRIA, GADD45B, LDLR, PSTPIP2, FAD104 0.84 0.83 0.85 ARG2, PRV 1, IRAK4, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, SOCS3, IL18R1, HLA-DRA, IFNGR1, ANXA3, TNFSF10, JAK2, FCGRIA, GADD45A, INSL3, IL1RN, TNFSF13B, ITGAM, CSF1R 0.84 0.8 0.86 LDLR, INSL3, JAK2, TNFRSF6, PRV1, IFNGR1, OSM, ITGAM, FCGRIA, ILlOalpha, NCR1, TDRD9, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, TIFA, HLA-DRA, ANKRD22, GADD45B, IL1RN 0.83 0.82 0.84 MAPK14, SOD2, CSF1R, ITGAM, MAP2K6, TLR4, ANXA3, BCL2A1, CRTAP, ILlOalpha, IRAK4, CCL5, SOCS3, TNFSF13B, ARG2, FCGRIA, CEACAM1, OSM, IL1RN 0.83 0.82 0.84 LY96, IL10alpha, GADD45A, GADD45B, IL1RN, IL18R1, PSTPIP2, ARG2, IRAK2, CEACAM1, MKNK1, PFKFB3, TNFSF10, ANKRD22, ANXA3, SOD2, MAP2K6, IRAK4, SOCS3 0.83 0.78 0.87 IL18R1, MAP2K6, ARG2, CD86, TNFSF13B, MAPK14, TNFSF10, CRTAP, GADD45A, NCR1, GADD45B, JAK2, MKNK1, TNFRSF6, VNN1, FAD104, LY96, CEACAMl, PRVI 0.82 0.82 0.83 HLA-DRA, CD86, SOCS3, TIFA, TNFSF13B, 0.82 0.79 0.85 FCGRIA, JAK2, PFKFB3, MAP2K6, OSM, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TGFBI, ANKRD22, CEACAM1, IRAK4, ARG2, IL18R1, SOD2, MKNK1, GADD45B
TDRD9, IRAK2, PFKFB3, CSF1R, TGFBI, SOCS3, ILlOalpha, IFNGR1, TNFRSF6, VNN1, FCGRIA, PRV1, TNFSF13B, MAPK14, BCL2A1, CD86, SOD2, INSL3, ARG2 0.82 0.79 0.85 LDLR, ITGAM, IL18R1, ANXA3, GADD45A, VNN1, TDRD9, LY96, BCL2A1, CD86, IRAK2, FAD104, Gene_MMP9, TLR4, TIFA, OSM, ARG2, CRTAP, PSTPIP2 0.82 0.79 0.86 CCL5, TGFBI, BCL2A1, VNN1, TDRD9, SOCS3, CRTAP, CD86, TNFRSF6, LDLR, CSF1R, PRV1, IL18Rl, INSL3, GADD45B, TNFSF13B, PFKFB3, JAK2, SOD2 0.82 0.8 0.84 SOD2, ARG2, HLA-DRA, LY96, Gene_MMP9, VNN1, CD86, ILlOalpha, CSFIR, PSTPIP2, JAK2, TNFSF13B, IRAK2, CCL5, ANKRD22, TLR4, IL1RN, OSM, GADD45B 0.82 0.8 0.84 SOCS3, TGFBI, FCGRIA, TDRD9, GADD45A, TIFA, IFNGR1, VNN1, ITGAM, MAPK14, OSM, ANXA3, TNFSF13B, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, ARG2, MAP2K6, TLR4, PSTPIP2 0.82 0.78 0.86 CD86, INSL3, MAPK14, TIFA, MAP2K6, Gene_MMP9, CRTAP, CSF1R, MKNK1, IL10alpha, FAD104, PRV1, BCL2A1, NCRl, LDLR, IRAK4, HLA-DRA, IFNGR1, TDRD9 0.82 0.76 0.87 NCR1, LDLR, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, CD86, SOD2, TNFSF13B, VNN1, GADD45A, Gene_MMP9, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, PSTPIP2, PRV1, FCGRIA, IL18R1, TIFA, INSL3, CRTAP 0.82 0.74 0.89 IL1RN, TLR4, PSTPIP2, IL18R1, GADD45A, ILlOalpha, BCL2A1, MKNKI, IRAK2, HLA-DRA, ANKRD22, NCR1, CEACAM1, IRAK4, OSM, TIFA, SOD2, TGFBI, Gene MMP9 0.82 0.82 0.82 GADD45A, LY96, ITGAM, CCL5, TNFSF10, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA, CSFIR, TIFA, SOCS3, MKNKl, ARG2, IFNGRl, ILIRN, BCL2A1, OSM, PFKFB3, PSTPIP2, IRAK2 0.82 0.78 0.85 Gene_MMP9, GADD45A, PSTPIP2, INSL3, IRAK4, BLA-DRA, CCL5, TGFBI, OSM, LY96, TDRD9, NCR1, PFKFB3, IFNGRl, IRAK2, VNN1, CRTAP, TIFA, CD86 0.82 0.78 0.85 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
LDLR, ARG2, MAP2K6, MAPK14, IL18R1, CCL5, PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, OSM, TDRD9, HLA-DRA, SOCS3, ANXA3, TNFRSF6, TIFA, CD86, FAD104, MKNK1, BCL2A1, IRAK2 0.85 0.81 0.9 FCGRIA, FAD104, Gene_MMP9, LDLR, ANKRD22, VNN1, SOCS3, TNFSF13B, TLR4, TDRD9, CEACAMI, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, ARG2, IRAK4, OSM, PRV1, TNFRSF6, IL10alpha, PFKFB3 0.85 0.8 0.88 TNFSF10, IRAK2, TDRD9, TGFBI, PFKFB3, CD86, OSM, IFNGRl, FAD104, ANXA3, CCL5, IRAK4, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, SOCS3, CSF1R, NCRI, CRTAP, IL1RN, BCL2A1 0.84 0.8 0.88 IFNGR1, TIFA, ARG2, IRAK2, CCL5, LDLR, OSM, SOCS3, SOD2, IL1RN, PSTPIP2, BCL2A1, FAD104, IL18R1, ILlOalpha, CD86, FCGRIA, ITGAM, JAK2, Gene MMP9 0.84 0.83 0.85 PSTPIP2, SOCS3, OSM, FCGRIA, IL1RN, IRAK4, ITGAM, ARG2, TGFBI, Gene_MMP9, CSF1R, TLR4, GADD45A, GADD45B, PRV 1, IFNGR1, IL18R1, VNN 1, FAD104, PFKFB3 0.84 0.82 0.85 TNFRSF6, TIFA, PFKFB3, PRV1, OSM, JAK2, TGFBI, ILlOalpha, CEACAMI, INSL3, IRAK2, LY96, ARG2, CD86, FAD104, MAP2K6, TLR4, SOCS3, IL18R1, ITGAM 0.84 0.8 0.87 FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, ARG2, CRTAP, CEACAMI, TNFSF13B, OSM, ANXA3, IL1RN, Gene_MMP9, TNFRSF6, FAD104, JAK2, IFNGR1, MKNK1, LDLR, ILlOalpha, TGFBI, SOD2, CCL5 0.84 0.83 0.84 GADD45A, MAPK14, ARG2, TDRD9, NCR1, IL18Rl, SOD2, ITGAM, FCGRIA, SOCS3, HLA-DRA, IRAK4, TNFRSF6, PRV 1, CD86, TGFBI, TNFSF13B, TIFA, VNN1, FAD104 0.84 0.83 0.85 HLA-DRA, ARG2, IL1RN, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, CCL5, IFNGR1, CD86, TLR4, TGFBI, LY96, TNFRSF6, OSM, MAP2K6, VNN1, ITGAM, TNFSF10, NCR1, IRAK4, MAPK14 0.84 0.79 0.88 BCL2A1, ITGAM, ANKRD22, ARG2, FAD104, OSM, GADD45A, CCL5, TGFBI, CD86, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, IFNGRl, IL18R1, CEACAM1, Gene_MMP9, IRAK2, IL1RN, NCR1, LY96 0.84 0.79 0.87 JAK2, VNNI, CSF1R, TLR4, OSM, SOCS3, ANXA3, LY96, MKNK1, TDRD9, ITGAM, 0.84 0.79 0.88 Gene MMP9, TGFBI, CEACAMI, CD86, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY

MAP2K6, CCL5, TNFSFIO, IL1RN, IL18R1 FAD104, PSTPIP2, CEACAMI, MAP2K6, TIFA, ANKRD22, INSL3, TLR4, CRTAP, LY96, SOCS3, MAPK14, JAK2, ARG2, MKNK1, IL18R1, CSF1R, CD86, PRV1, OSM 0.83 0.84 0.83 CEACAM1, SOCS3, FCGRIA, ARG2, INSL3, FAD104, IRAK4, GADD45A, ITGAM, PRVI, TNFSF13B, NCR1, Gene_MMP9, IL18R1, SOD2, MAPK14, TIFA, IRAK2, ANKRD22, IL1RN 0.83 0.8 0.87 GADD45B, SOD2, CRTAP, OSM, TNFSF13B, CCL5, CD86, INSL3, HLA-DRA, TNFRSF6, TGFBI, GADD45A, FCGRIA, FAD104, JAK2, IL1RN, PFKFB3, MAP2K6, CEACAM1, TDRD9 0.83 0.78 0.88 FCGRIA, GADD45A, ANKRD22, IL1RN, PFKFB3, CCL5, TIFA, ILlOalpha, CRTAP, MKNK1, PSTPIP2, PRV1, CSF1R, ANXA3, NCRI, JAK2, VNN1, IRAK4, CD86, MAP2K6 0.83 0.78 0.88 TLR4, GADD45A, JAK2, OSM, CD86, SOCS3, CEACAM1, IL18R1, MAP2K6, PRV1, FAD104, BCL2A1, VNN1, INSL3, PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, TNFSF10, IFNGR1, CRTAP, IiLA-DRA 0.83 0.78 0.88 FAD104, IL18R1, TIFA, TNFRSF6, Gene_MMP9, ARG2, OSM, TNFSF13B, FCGRIA, CD86, CEACAM1, LY96, NCRl, TNFSFIO, PFKFB3, PRV1, GADD45A, SOCS3, HLA-DRA, IRAK2 0.83 0.77 0.88 TDRD9, MKNK1, PFKFB3, IRAK2, INSL3, ITGAM, MAPK14, JAK2, HLA-DRA, CSF1R, CRTAP, NCR1, SOD2, TIFA, IRAK4, CD86, OSM, BCL2A1, LY96, ANKRD22 0.83 0.82 0.84 ANKRD22, CRTAP, NCRl, OSM, INSL3, CD86, CCL5, JAK2, CSF1R, GADD45B, ANXA3, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, FCGRIA, HLA-DRA, IRAK2, IL1RN, IL18R1, PFKFB3, Gene MMP9 0.83 0.82 0.84 IL1RN, LY96, ARG2, PRV1, GADD45A, TNFSFIO, FCGRIA, ILlOalpha, LDLR, PFKFB3, CRTAP, SOD2, CEACAM1, IL18R1, CCL5, PSTPIP2, TLR4, VNN1, HLA-DRA, JAK2, ANKRD22 0.85 0.84 0.85 CD86, LDLR, CRTAP, OSM, TGFBI, FCGRlA, NCR1, MAPK14, GADD45A, ARG2, TLR4, GADD45B, INSL3, TNFSF10, 0.84 0.88 0.82 ANXA3, MKNK1, PSTPIP2, CSF1R, SOD2, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
MAP2K6, BCL2A1 IRAK4, GADD45A, MAP2K6, ANKRD22, Gene_MMP9, TDRD9, PSTPIP2, VNN1, IL18R1, ARG2, IL1RN, PFKFB3, FCGRIA, TNFRSF6, JAK2, NCR1, TLR4, FAD 104, SOCS3, IFNGR1, SOD2 0.84 0.82 0.85 SOCS3, ITGAM, Gene_MMP9, MKNK1, ARG2, CRTAP, BCL2A1, PRV1, NCR1, HLA-DRA, MAP2K6, FCGRIA, CD86, FAD104, CCL5, TGFBI, TDRD9, OSM, GADD45B, IRAK4, LY96 0.84 0.82 0.86 INSL3, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, OSM, MAP2K6, CCL5, MKNK1, FAD104, ITGAM, MAPK14, IL1RN, VNN1, IRAK2, FCGRIA, CD86, PFKFB3, TDRD9, HLA-DRA, ARG2, TLR4, CEACAM1 0.83 0.84 0.83 TIFA, MKNK1, TNFSF13B, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, IL18R1, MAPK14, INSL3, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, LDLR, ARG2, CCL5, LY96, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, CEACAM1, JAK2, TGFBI, VNN1, IL1RN 0.83 0.82 0.84 CRTAP, FAD104, TIFA, BCL2A1, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, MKNK1, ANKRD22, IL18R1, GADD45B, TDRD9, TLR4, INSL3, CEACAM1, MAP2K6, ARG2, CD86, NCR1, TNFSF13B, PRV1 0.83 0.81 0.85 JAK2, SOCS3, IFNGR1, IL1RN, OSM, BCL2A1, SOD2, ITGAM, FAD104, IL18R1, PSTPIP2, ARG2, PRV1, TNFSF13B, FCGRIA, IRAK2, ILlOalpha, PFKFB3, MAPK14, INSL3, TGFBI 0.83 0.81 0.85 GADD45A, CCL5, LDLR, ARG2, IRAK2, SOCS3, SOD2, PRV 1, MAP2K6, INSL3, TNFSF10, IL18R1, IL1RN, MAPK14, FAD104, IFNGR1, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, ITGAM, CSF1R, IL10alpha 0.83 0.86 0.8 CD86, TGFBI, ITGAM, ILlOalpha, JAK2, TIFA, FAD104, CRTAP, IL1RN, BCL2A1, CCL5, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, SOD2, OSM, NCR1, VNN1, IL18R1, ANXA3, Gene MMP9, PSTPIP2 0.83 0.79 0.86 ILlOalpha, TNFSF13B, GADD45B, MAP2K6, CCL5, IRAK2, MKNK1, LDLR, VNN1, GADD45A, ARG2, OSM, IFNGRI, IL18Rl, ANKRD22, JAK2, TLR4, TGFBI, TNFRSF6, FAD 104, PFKFB3 0.83 0.76 0.89 MAPK14, SOD2, PRV1, GADD45B, 0.83 0.83 0.82 MKNK1, IL18R1, INSL3, NCR1, LY96, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
IRAK2, CSF1R, TNFRSF6, BLA-DRA, VNN1, IRAK4, FAD104, CEACAM1, IFNGR1, FCGRIA, TIFA, CD86 IL1RN, PFKFB3, IL18R1, PRV1, CRTAP, ITGAM, TNFRSF6, ILlOalpha, SOCS3, VNN1, BCL2A1, MAPK14, GADD45A, IRAK2, CCL5, ARG2, TLR4, CD86, ANKRD22, TNFSF10, TGFBI 0.83 0.81 0.84 HLA-DRA, PRV1, GADD45A, IL1RN, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, LDLR, IRAK4, BCL2A1, TIFA, PSTPIP2, SOCS3, ILlOalpha, FAD104, MKNK1, TNFSF13B, JAK2, TDRD9, TNFSF10, FCGRIA, CD86 0.83 0.81 0.84 INSL3, GADD45A, TGFBI, JAK2, IRAK2, OSM, TIFA, TNFSF13B, HLA-DRA, FCGRIA, BCL2A1, PRVI, CEACAMI, SOCS3, MAPK14, IRAK4, ANXA3, TNFRSF6, FAD 104, IFNGRI, Gene MMP9 0.82 0.82 0.82 BCL2A1, ANKRD22, IL10alpha, HLA-DRA, VNN1, GADD45B, TNFRSF6, CSF1R, IRAK4, ITGAM, ]I,1RN, IRAK2, LY96, MAPK14, JAK2, Gene_MMP9, TLR4, ARG2, CCL5, SOCS3, MAP2K6 0.82 0.8 0.84 TDRD9, VNN1, GADD45A, ANKRD22, PFKFB3, TNFSF13B, SOCS3, IL18R1, IL1RN, ARG2, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, PRV1, CEACAMI, CD86, IFNGR1, CCL5, MAP2K6, TGFBI, IL10alpha, Gene MMP9 0.82 0.79 0.85 CRTAP, IL1RN, TIFA, IRAK4, ANXA3, SOCS3, CD86, CSF1R, FCGRIA, FAD104, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, PSTPIP2, TDRD9, ARG2, TGFBI, Gene_MMP9, CCL5, ILlOalpha, GADD45B, TNFRSF6 0.82 0.78 0.86 ANXA3, TNFRSF6, TDRD9, IRAK2, MAP2K6, INSL3, FCGRIA, GADD45A, NCR1, ARG2, VNN1, PRV1, MAPK14, IRAK4, SOCS3, ITGAM, HLA-DRA, CD86, CEACAMI, LY96, GADD45B 0.82 0.78 0.87 VNN1, CCL5, IFNGRI, LY96, ILlOalpha, ITGAM, FCGRIA, FAD104, NCR1, TNFRSF6, TNFSF13B, SOCS3, TIFA, TNFSF10, PSTPIP2, ARG2, IL18R1, CSF1R, OSM, PFKFB3, LDLR, IRAK2 0.87 0.84 0.89 IL18R1, GADD45A, BCL2A1, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, CRTAP, FAD 104, CD86, TNFRSF6, Gene_MMP9, IRAK2, SOD2, ILlOalpha, IFNGRI, FCGRIA, TIFA, OSM, CCL5, GADD45B, TGFBI, TLR4 0.84 0.79 0.88 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TNFSF13B, LDLR, GADD45B, MAPK14, PFKFB3, CRTAP, MAP2K6, NCR1, CCL5, ARG2, SOD2, BCL2A1, MKNK1, TIFA, ANKRD22, Gene_MMP9, TGFBI, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, IL18Rl, VNN1, CSF1R 0.84 0.79 0.89 TNFRSF6, PSTPII.'2, CD86, VNN1, CCL5, MAPK14, TLR4, BCL2A1, ANKRD22, ARG2, ITGAM, IL10alpha, IRAK4, SOCS3, LY96, CRTAP, JAK2, IL1RN, FCGRIA, MAP2K6, TNFSF10, GADD45A 0.83 0.85 0.82 TDRD9, CRTAP, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, ANXA3, CCL5, FCGRIA, TNFSFIO, TNFRSF6, PRV1, IRAK2, CEACAM1, SOCS3, CSF1R, FAD104, PSTPIP2, VNN1, ARG2, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, BCL2A1, INSL3 0.83 0.82 0.85 TNFSF10, TLR4, MAP2K6, PFKFB3, FCGRIA, INSL3, MAPK14, PSTPIP2, IFNGR1, CD86, PRV1, IL10alpha, OSM, FAD 104, ITGAM, ANXA3, TIFA, CEACAM1, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, NCR1, GADD45A 0.83 0.79 0.86 GADD45B, HLA-DRA, NCR1, TGFBI, OSM, MKNK1, TLR4, ARG2, CCL5, LDLR, IFNGR1, SOCS3, INSL3, TIFA, TNFSF10, CD86, ILlOalpha, GADD45A, CSF1R, TDRD9, BCL2A1, ANXA3 0.83 0.8 0.86 TLR4, ANXA3, IL10alpha, NCR1, JAK2, TNFSF13B, GADD45A, OSM, SOCS3, CEACAM1, BCL2A1, MKNK1, ARG2, CRTAP, TNFRSF6, Gene_MMP9, PSTPIP2, SOD2, CD86, IL1RN, FCGRIA, CSF1R 0.83 0.76 0.88 LY96, TIFA, TLR4, PSTPIP2, Gene_MMP9, PRV 1, HLA-DRA, CEACAMI, FCGRIA, ARG2, IRAK4, IL1RN, OSM, IFNGRI, TNFSF13B, CSF1R, TDRD9, GADD45B, ANXA3, SOCS3, GADD45A, LDLR 0.83 0.82 0.83 INSL3, PSTPIP2, MKNK1, FCGRIA, PFKFB3, OSM, TGFBI, MAPK14, IRAK2, GADD45A, ANKRD22, CCL5, HLA-DRA, ILlOalpha, SOCS3, CD86, IFNGR1, ARG2, Gene_MMP9, GADD45B, VNN1, IL1RN 0.83 0.82 0.83 IL1RN, IFNGR1, CCL5, GADD45B, VNN1, CSF1R, TNFSF10, LDLR, TNFRSF6, INSL3, CD86, OSM, FCGRIA, BCL2A1, CRTAP, TLR4, NCR1, PSTPIP2, SOCS3, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, Gene MMP9 0.83 0.78 0.87 ARG2, GADD45B, TNFSF10, IRAK2, 0.82 0.83 0.82 MAPK14, IL1RN, MKNK1, CRTAP, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TNFSF13B, PRV1, SOD2, VNN1, IL18Rl, HLA-DRA, MAP2K6, INSL3, CEACAMI, ILlOalpha, LY96, SOCS3, FCGRIA, IFNGRI, LDLR, ITGAM, VNN1, IL18Rl, TGFBI, SOCS3, ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, TIFA, OSM, TLR4, IRAK4, INSL3, SOD2, TNFSF13B, LY96, IRAK2, BCL2A1, MAPK14, CCL5, MKNK1 0.82 0.83 0.82 Gene_MMP9, BCL2A1,1DRD9, OSM, MAPK14, IRAK2, CRTAP, MAP2K6, TGFBI, IL18R1, TNFSF10, ANXA3, IFNGRl, GADD45A, TIFA, PSTPIP2, SOCS3, ITGAM, ARG2, HLA-DRA, FAD 104, IRAK4 0.82 0.81 0.83 IRAK2, IL1RN, ITGAM, LY96, IFNGR1, TGFBI, TIFA, PFKFB3, Gene_MMP9, FAD104, TNFSF13B, VNN1, LDLR, INSL3, HLA-DRA, NCR1, TDRD9, TNFRSF6, ANXA3, CSF1R, SOCS3, IL18Rl 0.82 0.81 0.84 TNFRSF6, INSL3, LDLR, CD86, TGFBI, NCRl, Gene_MMP9, CRTAP, HLA-DRA, BCL2A1, MKNK1, IL18R1, TLR4, CEACAMI, PRV1, CCL5, OSM, TDRD9, PFKFB3, IFNGR1, IRAK2, PSTPIP2 0.82 0.8 0.84 PFKFB3, ITGAM, ANKRD22, MAPK14, TGFBI, PSTPIP2, BCL2A1, IFNGRl, MKNK1, NCR1, ARG2, BLA-DRA, INSL3, CRTAP, FCGRIA, LDLR, CCL5, JAK2, IRAK4, TLR4, LY96, ILlOalpha 0.82 0.8 0.85 TIFA, IFNGR1, HLA-DRA, Gene_MMP9, PRV1, FAD104, ILlOalpha, GADD45B, IRAK4, IL1RN, TDRD9, IL18R1, BCL2A1, CD86, GADD45A, CCL5, ANXA3, OSM, SOCS3, PFKFB3, LDLR, CSF1R 0.82 0.8 0.84 FAD104, NCRI, BCL2A1, IRAK2, TLR4, IL18R1, SOD2, MAPK14, GADD45B, CD86, FCGRIA, CSF1R, OSM, MAP2K6, PFKFB3, LY96, TIFA, MKNK1, PSTPIP2, CRTAP, TGFBI, GADD45A 0.82 0.8 0.84 GADD45A, CSF1R, IL18R1, TGFBI, TNFSF13B, ANXA3, OSM, SOCS3, LY96, TDRD9, ITGAM, FCGRIA, IFNGR1, FAD104, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, MKNK1, CRTAP, GADD45B, Gene_MMP9, LDLR, TLR4, VNN1 0.85 0.81 0.89 MAP2K6, TGFBI, HLA-DRA, ILlOalpha, VNN1, GADD45B, CEACAMI, PRV1, OSM, 0.85 0.82 0.87 IRAK4, IRAK2, ITGAM, CSF1R, TDRD9, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
NCR1, TNFSF13B, CRTAP, BCL2A1, TIFA, IFNGR1, GADD45A, IL18R1, SOD2 GADD45B, MAPK14, TDRD9, CCL5, OSM, TNFSF13B, ANXA3, TIFA, ANKRD22, TNFRSF6, TNFSF10, PSTPIP2, TLR4, VNN1, FCGRIA, IL18Rl, NCR1, GADD45A, LY96, INSL3, ITGAM, BCL2A1, IRAK2 0.84 0.83 0.85 HLA-DRA, PFKFB3, IRAK4, MKNK1, TGFBI, CRTAP, ANXA3, CEACAMI, CCL5, JAK2, TNFSF10, IL1RN, CSF1R, IFNGR1, ARG2, LY96, Gene_MMP9, PRV1, CD86, IRAK2, ITGAM, IL10alpha, OSM 0.84 0.8 0.88 FAD104, LY96, NCR1, TLR4, TNFSF13B, MAPK14, MAP2K6, HLA-DRA, FCGRIA, CD86, ANKRD22, LDLR, IL1RN, IFNGR1, TDRD9, TGFBI, GADD45A, PRV1, PFKFB3, ITGAM, JAK2, PSTPIP2, CRTAP 0.84 0.8 0.89 BCL2A1, FCGRIA, CRTAP, Gene_MMP9, TDRD9, CEACAM1, SOCS3, SOD2, LDLR, GADD45B, LY96, CSF1R, ARG2, TNFRSF6, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, IL1RN, ILlOalpha, VNN1, GADD45A, INSL3, JAK2, IFNGR1 0.84 0.82 0.85 Gene_MMP9, LDLR, CEACAM1, MAPK14, TLR4, ANXA3, IRAK4, FCGRIA, GADD45B, GADD45A, TGFBI, BCL2A1, CSF1R, PRV1, TNFRSF6, IFNGR1, TDRD9, LY96, MAP2K6, OSM, CRTAP, CD86, FAD 104 0.84 0.82 0.86 FCGRIA, ANXA3,IVIAPK14, TNFRSF6, PSTPIP2, INSL3, ANKRD22, CD86, CRTAP, FAD104, GADD45B, IL18R1, TLR4, IRAK2, ITGAM, JAK2, GADD45A, BCL2A1, IFNGR1, CSF1R, TIFA, NCR1, IRAK4 0.83 0.82 0.84 CRTAP, OSM, TNFRSF6, IRAK2, VNN1, IRAK4, ANXA3, SOD2, ANKRD22, ITGAM, TLR4, MKNK1, IL18R1, CEACAM1, TGFBI, PRV1, Gene_M1VIP9, TNFSF13B, BCL2A1, HLA-DRA., INSL3, NCRI, CSF1R 0.83 0.8 0.85 FAD104, CEACAM1, CCL5, PSTPIP2, TNFSF10, VNN1, CRTAP, IRAK2, FCGRIA, TNFSF13B, CD86, ILlOalpha, ARG2, BCL2A1, IFNGRl, PRV1, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, TIFA, TLR4, JAK2, MAPK14, MAP2K6 0.83 0.79 0.87 ARG2, MAPK14, IRAK4, LDLR, ILlOalpha, Gene_MMP9, NCR1, OSM, CEACAM1, SOD2, CSF1R, CCL5, GADD45A, ITGAM, BCL2A1, HLA-DRA, PFKFB3, TNFSF13B, TNFSF10, IRAK2, VNN1, JAK2, PRV1 0.83 0.84 0.81 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
FAD104, IFNGR1, INSL3, PFKFB3, MAP2K6, LDLR, CD86, ARG2, PRV1, IL1RN, OSM, ITGAM, VNN1, MKNK1, ANXA3, JAK2, GADD45B, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, PSTPIP2, FCGRIA, CRTAP, TGFBI 0.83 0.83 0.83 VNN1, SOCS3, ANKRD22, FAD104, IL18R1, OSM, ITGAM, CCL5, TGFBI, MAPK14, MKNK1, HI,A-DRA, LDLR, PSTPIP2, ARG2, CSF1R, IL10alpha, MAP2K6, LY96, FCGRIA, TNFSF10, JAK2, TLR4 0.83 0.77 0.89 CEACAM1, MAP2K6, IL18R1, TIFA, HLA-DRA, FAD 104, TGFBI, LDLR, ANKRD22, IL1RN, SOCS3, TNFSF13B, NCR1, CD86, BCL2A1, ILlOalpha, TLR4, CRTAP, MKNK1, ITGAM, JAK2, OSM, ARG2 0.82 0.82 0.83 VNN1, FCGRIA, SOD2, CRTAP, TGFBI, LDLR, FAD104, NCR1, TNFRSF6, ARG2, GADD45A, OSM, ANXA3, ITGAM, BCL2A1, CSF1R, IFNGRI, TIFA, CEACAM1, CCL5, SOCS3, ANKRD22, Gene M1VIP9 0.82 0.81 0.84 CCL5, IL1RN, TIFA, PRV1, TNFSF13B, INSL3, IRAK2, MKNK1, MAPK14, FCGRIA, SOCS3, JAK2, FAD104, IFNGRI, CRTAP, IL18R1, GADD45B, SOD2, TNFSFIO, HLA-DRA, TNFRSF6, ANKRD22, LDLR 0.82 0.81 0.84 PRV1, BCL2A1, SOD2, VNN1, FAD104, TIFA, ILlOalpha, SOCS3, ITGAM, IL18R1, CEACAM1, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, JAK2, IRAK4, TNFRSF6, OSM, CRTAP, PSTPIP2, TLR4, CSF1R, IL1RN, FCGRIA 0.82 0.74 0.9 TNFRSF6, TNFSFIO, CD86, ILlOalpha, ARG2, TLR4, JAK2, MAP2K6, GADD45B, LDLR, TIFA, IRAK2, BCL2A1, SOD2, LY96, PFKFB3, HLA-DRA, CSF1R, FAD104, CRTAP, FCGRIA, ANXA3, SOCS3 0.82 0.81 0.83 TNFSF13B, IRAK4, CD86, LDLR, OSM, CCL5, ANXA3, IL1RN, GADD45B, SOCS3, TGFBI, BCL2A1, FAD104, IRAK2, ILlOalpha, NCR1, MAP2K6, INSL3, TIFA, CEACAM1,IVIKNKI, MAPK14, JAK2 0.82 0.8 0.83 LY96, ANXA3, TIFA, CSF1R, GADD45B, PFKFB3, IL1RN, IL18R1, LDLR, TNFRSF6, OSM, INSL3, CRTAP, MAP2K6, IRAK2, ARG2, IL10alpha, NCR1, FAD 104, IRAK4, MKNK1, VNN1, IFNGR1, SOD2 0.85 0.8 0.89 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
NCR1, IL 1RN, PRV 1, IL 18R1, HLA-DRA, BCL2A1, GADD45A, FAD104, TLR4, OSM, FCGRIA, TNFSF10, CRTAP, INSL3, GADD45B, LY96, IRAK2, CD86, VNN1, CCL5, JAK2, IL10a1pha,1VIKNK1, IRAK4 0.84 0.82 0.86 GADD45A, MKNK1, ANXA3, TLR4, MAP2K6, TIFA, FCGRIA, IRAK2, TDRD9, VNN1, CSF1R, GADD45B, LDLR, IL1RN, ANKRD22, JAK2, HLA-DRA, IL10alpha, PSTPIP2, Gene_MMP9, CRTAP, IL18R1, MAPK14, ARG2 0.84 0.83 0.85 FAD104, IL18Rl, IRAK2, TIFA, ILlOalpha, ITGAM, SOCS3, TDRD9, PSTPIP2, ARG2, INSL3, IL1RN, TLR4, IFNGR1, VNN1, MAPK14, TNFRSF6, SOD2, ANKRD22, NCRI, ANXA3, FCGRIA, CD86, OSM 0.83 0.83 0.84 TLR4, TGFBI, CEACAM1, OSM, CRTAP, IL1RN, TNFRSF6, PRV1, SOD2, MKNK1, VNN1, CSF1R, IL18R1, ANKRD22, MAPK14, ANXA3, TNFSFIO, TDRD9, BCL2A1, IRAK4, FCGRIA, CCL5, TNFSF13B, GADD45B 0.83 0.83 0.83 ARG2, JAK2, CSF1R, NCR1, LY96, HLA-DRA, ANXA3, PSTPIP2, IRAK4, BCL2A1, IL1RN, IFNGR1, FCGRIA, VNN1, TNFSFIO, MAPK14, TGFBI, GADD45B, INSL3, IRAK2, OSM, CD86, CRTAP, TNFSF13B 0.83 0.82 0.84 HLA-DRA, INSL3, PRV1, MAP2K6, TIFA, NCR1, CSF1R, TDRD9, IL18R1, MKNKl, TNFRSF6, TNFSF10, LDLR, IRAK4, FAD104, ITGAM, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, TNFSF13B, GADD45B, CEACAM1, IL1RN, ANXA3, PFKFB3 0.83 0.81 0.84 INSL3, TDRD9, GADD45A, BCL2A1, PFKFB3, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, GADD45B, TGFBI, IRAK2, CEACAM1, ITGAM, ILlOalpha, ANXA3, JAK2, IL1.RN, CRTAP, PRV1, SOCS3, TIFA, CCL5, LY96, TNFSFIO, OSM 0.83 0.78 0.87 VNN1, LDLR, FAD104, HLA-DRA, ARG2, IFNGR1, IRAK4, TNFRSF6, TIFA, MAP2K6, NCR1, OSM, PRV1, CSF1R, INSL3, TNFSF13B, JAK2, MAPK14, BCL2A1, IRAK2, TLR4, PSTPIP2, TDRD9, ANXA3 0.82 0.85 0.8 ANXA3, TNFSF10, TGFBI, MKNKl, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, CRTAP, LDLR, INSL3, MAPK14, IFNGR1, BCL2A1, TNFSF13B, GADD45B, Gene_MMP9, IRAK2, 0.82 0.83 0.82 CEACAM1, PRV1, SOD2, FAD104, JAK2, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
NCR1, ARG2, ILIRN
TDRD9, LY96, PFKFB3, IRAK2, FAD104, NCR1, Gene_MMP9, MAPK14, CCL5, LDLR, PSTPIP2, OSM, VNN1, IRAK4, BCL2A1, TIFA, GADD45A, TGFBI, ANKRD22, FCGRIA, IFNGR1, ARG2, CD86, IL18Rl 0.82 0.8 0.85 CD86, TNFSF13B, PSTPIP2, IL10alpha, HLA-DRA, MAP2K6, FCGRIA, Gene_MMP9, JAK2, SOCS3, CSF1R, TDRD9, ARG2, NCR1, OSM, FAD104, BCL2A1, TNFRSF6, INSL3, VNNI, ITGAM, PRV1, TLR4, CEACAM1 0.82 0.8 0.84 IL18R1, ARG2, VNN1, TNFRSF6, TIFA, MKNK1, ILlOalpha, CD86, NCR1, OSM, ANKRD22, TDRD9, PSTPIP2, ITGAM, IFNGRl, MAP2K6, BCL2A1, IRAK2, TLR4, LY96, SOCS3, GADD45B, IRAK4, PRV1 0.82 0.78 0.86 TNFSFIO, ITGAM, MAP2K6, TIFA, CSF1R, TDRD9, FAD104, TLR4, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, IRAK2, IRAK4, OSM, FCGRIA, CCL5, SOD2, VNN1, MKNK1, ARG2, Gene_MMP9, TGFBI, TNFSF13B, MAPK14, PFKFB3 0.82 0.78 0.86 TNFSF10, CEACAM1, IFNGR1, TIFA, MKNK1, ANXA3, IL1RN,, IL10alpha, IL18R1, HLA-DRA, SOCS3, Gene_MMP9, MAPK14, TGFBI, JAK2, IRAK2, TLR4, CSF1R, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, MAP2K6, CD86, ITGAM, SOD2 0.82 0.75 0.88 SOD2, PFKFB3, MAP2K6, HLA-DRA, ANKRD22, IL18R1, Gene_MMP9, LDLR, ARG2, GADD45A, JAK2, MKNK1, PRV1, FCGRIA, ITGAM, OSM, NCR1, VNN1, LY96, IFNGR1, TIFA, PSTPIP2, IL1RN, TLR4 0.82 0.85 0.79 CSF1R, FCGRIA, IL18R1, ANKRD22, MKNK1, NCR1, IRAK2, TDRD9, GADD45A, CRTAP, GADD45B, JAK2, PRV 1, SOCS3, CD86, MAPK14, MAP2K6, IFNGR1, LY96, FAD 104, OSM, SOD2, TLR4, ILlOalpha 0.82 0.81 0.83 ARG2, TGFBI, TIFA, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, CSF1R, CCL5, SOCS3, LY96, MKNK1, BCL2A1, SOD2, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, IFNGR1, NCR1, TNFSF10, LDLR, PRV1, ILIRN, TDRD9, ANKRD22, TLR4 0.82 0.8 0.83 ILIRN, IL10al ha, IFNGR1, TDRD9, 0.82 0.8 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
PFKFB3, GADD45B, TNFSF10, PSTPIP2, SOCS3, TIFA, MAPK14, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, CRTAP, TNFRSF6, ARG2, IL18R1, LY96, TGFBI, CD86, TLR4, GADD45A, OSM, Gene MMP9 SOD2, IRAK4, SOCS3, VNN1, IL1RN, ITGAM, TNFSF10, GADD45A, CCL5, CEACAMI, ANKRD22, NCR1, IL18R1, OSM, ARG2, INSL3, MAPK14, MAP2K6, TGFBI, TNFSF13B, PFKFB3, MKNK1, LY96, FCGRIA, CSF1R 0.86 0.88 0.85 LDLR, VNN1, GADD45A, SOCS3, TLR4, SOD2, BCL2A1, IL18R1, IRAK2, HLA-DRA, TIFA, CEACAM1, OSM, INSL3, TNFSF13B, TNFRSF6, Gene_MMP9, CRTAP, ARG2, LY96, GADD45B, CSF1R, FCGRIA, IL1RN, PFKFB3 0.85 0.85 0.85 ARG2, PRV1, TNFSF10, FAD104, SOD2, ANXA3, IL18R1, JAK2, LDLR, OSM, IFNGR1, PSTPIP2, TNFRSF6, IRAK4, IL1RN, VNN1, FCGRIA, ITGAM, ILlOalpha, IRAK2, INSL3, CD86, TDRD9, TIFA, 1VIKNKI 0.85 0.84 0.86 GADD45B, IRAK2, MAPK14, Gene_MMP9, CD86, CEACAMI, SOD2, SOCS3, ARG2, ANXA3, LDLR, JAK2, VNN1, IFNGRl, FAD104, NCR1, PRV1, OSM, TDRD9, MKNKl, ITGAM, INSL3, IL1RN, ANKRD22, CCL5 0.85 0.81 0.89 ILlOalpha, IRAK2, HLA-DRA, Gene_MMP9, TGFBI, LDLR, TIFA, GADD45A, ARG2, CSF1R, MAP2K6, CEACAM1, PRV1, OSM, CD86, TNFRSF6, LY96, FAD104, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, IFNGR1, NCR1, CCL5, GADD45B, PFKFB3 0.84 0.85 0.84 GADD45A, SOCS3, SOD2, TGFBI, HLA-DRA, VNN1, CD86, CCL5, BCL2A1, CRTAP, MAP2K6, PRV1, IL18R1, CSFIR, OSM, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, TLR4, FCGRIA, ANKRD22, CEACAM1, JAK2, INSL3, TDRD9, TNFSF10 0.84 0.84 0.85 FCGRIA, TLR4, ANKRD22, CEACAM1, IRAK4, LY96, TDRD9, ARG2, CRTAP, ANXA3, LDLR, MAPK14, CD86, Gene_MMP9, INSL3, GADD45B, TNFSF10, VNN1, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, TIFA, TNFRSF6, TGFBI, IL18R1, IL1RN 0.84 0.78 0.9 SOCS3, VNN1, FCGRIA, SOD2, OSM, 0.84 0.83 0.84 TNFSF10, LY96, Gene MMP9, GADD45B, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CRTAP, PRV1, HLA-DRA, GADD45A, TLR4, ARG2, IRAK2, FAD104, INSL3, PSTPIP2, TIFA, TGFBI, IL18R1, MAP2K6, LDLR, ANXA3 MAP2K6, LDLR, TIFA, TNFSF13B, IL18R1, ITGAM, SOCS3, OSM, ANXA3, GADD45A, Gene_MMP9, CD86, IL1RN, IFNGR1, PRVI, FCGRIA, MAPK14, CCL5, VNN1, ARG2, PSTPIP2, IRAK2, NCR1, TDRD9, TNFRSF6 0.84 0.83 0.84 TIFA, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, SOCS3, NCR1, IRAK4, JAK2, GADD45A, CCL5, LDLR, MAPK14, IL18R1, SOD2, TGFBI, CSF1R, IFNGR1, MAP2K6, TNFSFIO, IRAK2, LY96, IL1RN, TNFRSF6, VNN1, INSL3, PFKFB3 0.84 0.82 0.86 MAP2K6, FAD 104, CCL5, IL18R1, NCR1, VNN1, ILlOalpha, ANKRD22, IFNGR1, MAPK14, CD86, MKNK1, TLR4, LY96, TIFA, PSTPIP2, TNFRSF6, LDLR, CSF1R, ARG2, TGFBI, JAK2, PFKFB3, OSM, TDRD9 0.84 0.81 0.86 JAK2, OSM, IRAK4, VNN1, SOCS3, GADD45B, IL1RN, FCGRIA, TNFRSF6, Gene_MMP9, ANKRD22, ARG2, IL10alpha, CCL5, IL18R1, ANXA3, LY96, PSTPIP2, TIFA, TNFSF10, FAD104, MAP2K6, MKNK1, PFKFB3, CRTAP 0.83 0.84 0.83 TIFA, IRAK2, ANKRD22, CCL5, ILlOalpha, INSL3, CEACAM1, TLR4, FCGRIA, NCR1, CD86, BCL2A1, GADD45A, ITGAM, MAP2K6, CRTAP, VNN1, TDRD9, SOCS3, ANXA3, TNFSF10, LY96, MKNK1, JAK2, ARG2 0.83 0.85 0.82 PSTPIP2, CEACAM1, FAD104, TIFA, ANKRD22, OSM, TNFSF13B, IRAK4, INSL3, GADD45A, IL10alpha, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, SOCS3, GADD45B, CCL5, Gene_IVIlVIP9, LY96, TLR4, IFNGRI, TGFBI, BCL2A1, MAP2K6, CD86, PFKFB3 0.83 0.82 0.84 IL1RN, JAK2, PFKFB3, OSM, CD86, IL18R1, SOD2, GADD45B, ITGAM, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, LDLR, TLR4, TIFA, INSL3, SOCS3, IFNGR1, ANKRD22, GADD45A, IRAK4, CRTAP, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, PRV1, PSTPIP2 0.83 0.82 0.84 IFNGR1, VNN1, ANKRD22, FCGRIA, JAK2, MAP2K6, SOD2, TNFSF13B, IRAK4, CEACAM1, LY96, MAPK14, INSL3, NCR1, 0.83 0.78 0.87 Gene MMP9, CCL5, HLA-DRA, LDLR, BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TNFRSF6, PFKFB3, ANXA3, SOCS3, ARG2, ITGAM, CSF1R
LDLR, GADD45A, IFNGRI, ARG2, MAPK14, HLA-DRA, CRTAP, OSM, TDRD9, CSF1R, FCGRIA, Gene_MMP9, NCR1, PRV1, IRAK4, TGFBI, TLR4, LY96, IL1RN, FAD104, SOD2, CCL5, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B 0.83 0.83 0.82 IL18R1, ILIRN, IRAK4, CEACAM1, ITGAM, LY96, ANKRD22, ARG2, TDRD9, LDLR, NCR1, ILlOalpha, ANXA3, CD86, MAPK14, TNFRSF6, SOD2, MKNK1, GADD45B, CRTAP, PFKFB3, CSF1R, INSL3, PSTPIP2, CCL5 0.83 0.83 0.83 PSTPIP2, NCR1, MKNK1, SOCS3, IL1RN, IFNGRI, IL18Rl, CSF1R, ITGAM, LDLR, TIFA, CRTAP, OSM, TLR4, CEACAM1, Gene_MMP9, INSL3, MAP2K6, CCL5, FAD104, HLA-DRA, PRV1, VNN1, PFKFB3, JAK2 0.83 0.81 0.84 [00427] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use any one of the biomarker sets listed in Table M. The biomarker sets listed in Table M were identified in the computational experiments described in Section 6.14.2, below, in which 1600 random subcombinations of the biomarkers listed in Table K were tested. Table M lists some of the biomarker sets that provided high accuracy scores against the validation population described in Section 6.14.2.
Each row of Table M lists a single biomarker set that can be used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In other words, each row of Table M
describes a biomarker set that can be used to discriminate between sepsis and SIRS subjects (e.g., to determine whether a subject is likely to acquire SEPSIS). In some embodiments, nucleic acid forms of the biomarkers listed in Table M are used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In some embodiments, protein forms of the biomarkers listed in Table M are used. In some hybrid embodiments, some of the biomarkers in a biomarker set from Table M are in protein form and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker set from Table M are in nucleic acid form in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.
[00428] In some embodiments, a given biomarker set listed in Table M is used with the addition of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more additional biomarkers from Table I that are not within the given set of biomarkers from Table M. In some embodiments, a given set of biomarkers from Table M is used with the addition of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more additional biomarkers from any one of Table I, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 36 that are not within the given biomarker set from Table M. In Table M, accuracy, specificity, and senstitivity are described with reference to T_12 time point data described in Section 6.14.2, below.

Table M: Exemplary sets of biomarkers used in the methods or kits referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6, IL8 0.78 0.76 0.8 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1, IL6 0.78 0.75 0.8 PROTEIN MMP9, IL8, IL6 0.77 0.8 0.74 IL8, IL6, IL10 0.77 0.72 0.81 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL6, PROTEIN MMP9 0.77 0.77 0.76 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL8, IL6 0.76 0.74 0.78 IL6, IL8, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.76 0.74 0.79 ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, MCP1, IL10, IL6 0.8 0.8 0.8 ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL10, IL6, PROTEIN_MMP9 0.79 0.7 0.86 ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN MMP9, IL6, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.78 0.74 0.81 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, TIMP1 0.78 0.73 0.81 IL6, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL10, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.77 0.73 0.81 IL6, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL 10, MCP 1 0.77 0.81 0.73 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL6 0.77 0.78 0.75 IL10, TIMP1, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN 0.77 0.71 0.83 TIMPl, IL6, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, BETA2MTCROGLOBULIN 0.76 0.8 0.73 PROTEIN_MMP9, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, MCP1, IL10, IL6 0.8 0.78 0.81 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, 0.79 0.81 0.78 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL 10, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6, PROTEIN MMP9, IL8 0.79 0.77 0.81 IL6, TIMP1, MCP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.78 0.75 0.82 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, TIMP1, IL8, PROTEIN MMP9 0.78 0.79 0.76 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL10, MCP1, IL6, TIMP 1 0.77 0.78 0.77 IL10, IL8, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, TIMP 1 0.77 0.73 0.8 IL10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, MCP1, IL6, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.77 0.72 0.82 IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL8, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1 0.77 0.75 0.78 TIMP1, MCP1, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL6, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.8 0.81 0.79 TIMP1, IL6, IL10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MM.P9 0.79 0.77 0.8 MCP 1, PROTEIN_MMP9, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, TIMP1, IL10 0.79 0.75 0.82 IL10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, TIMP1, PROTEIN NIlvIP9 0.78 0.78 0.79 PROTEIN_MMP9, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL 10, IL6, MCP 1 0.78 0.77 0.79 IL6, MCP1, IL10, TIlVIP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL8 0.78 0.76 0.79 TIMPI, IL6, IL10, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, PROTEIN MIVVIP9, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.77 0.72 0.83 IL 10, MCP 1, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, PROTEIN MMP9 0.77 0.76 0.78 BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL6, TTMP1, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, PROTEIN_MMP9 0.77 0.74 0.79 MCP1, IL10, IL8, IL6, TIMPI, PROTEIN MMP9, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.79 0.77 0.81 PROTEIN_MMP9, 0.79 0.77 0.8 BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL8, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, CREACTIVEPROTEIN
IL8, MCP 1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN MMP9, II.,6 0.79 0.71 0.85 TIMP1, IL6, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL8, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN 0.78 0.76 0.8 IL10, IL6, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, MCP1, IL8 0.78 0.7 0.85 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, MCP 1, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL 10, TIMP 1 0.78 0.8 0.76 IL 10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL8, PROTEIN MMP9, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.78 0.74 0.82 TIMP1, IL 10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, IL8, MCP1 0.78 0.81 0.74 IL8, TIMP1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL6, IL10, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.78 0.8 0.76 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL8, IL10, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL6, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN 0.78 0.78 0.77 TIMPI, MCP1, IL10, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.8 0.74 0.86 TIMP1, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL 10, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, MCPI, IL8 0.79 0.77 0.82 IL10, IL6, MCP1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN 0.79 0.79 0.79 TIMP1, MCP1, IL10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6, PROTEIN MMP9, IL8 0.79 0.76 0.81 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, TIMP 1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, MCP1, IL10, IL6, IL8 0.79 0.73 0.83 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, MCP 1, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, PROTEIN MMP9 0.78 0.78 0.79 BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL10, IL8, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL6, TIMP 1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.78 0.73 0.83 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL8, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6, PROTEIN MMP9, IL 10, TIMP 1, MCP 1 0.78 0.78 0.77 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, IL8, PROTEIN_MMP9, TIMP 1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL 10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.78 0.71 0.83 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, MCP1, IL10, PROTEIN_MMP9, TIMP 1, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL6 0.77 0.76 0.78 PROTEIN_MMP9, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL6, TIMP1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL10, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, MCP1, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN 0.79 0.78 0.81 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL6, IL10, IL8, TIMP1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN 0.79 0.77 0.81 ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, TIMP1, PROTEIN_MMP9, MCP 1, IL6, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.79 0.79 0.79 APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_IvIMP9, MCP1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL8, IL6, IL10, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP 1 0.79 0.78 0.79 TIMP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, MCP 1, PROTEIN_1VIIVIP9, IL8, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN 0.79 0.72 0.84 BETA2NIICROGLOBULIN, IL8, 0.78 0.77 0.79 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1, E1,6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL10 IL6, IL8, TIMP1, PROTEIN-MMP9, IL10, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN 0.78 0.73 0.83 PROTEIN_MMP9, TL10, MCP1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6, TIMP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN 0.78 0.8 0.75 IL10, IL8, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL6, TIMP 1, PROTEIN-MMP9, MCP 1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.78 0.79 0.76 ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, MCP 1, IL6, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, PROTEIN_MMP9, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL10 0.78 0.78 0.78 TIMP1, IL6, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, IL 10, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, MCP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL8, PROTEIN MMP9 0.79 0.78 0.81 IL8, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1, IL10, MCP1, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN_MMP9, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN 0.79 0.78 0.8 MCP1, TIMP1, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN-MMP9, IL10, CREACTNEPROTEIN, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL8, IL6 0.78 0.8 0.77 BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, MCPI, IL6, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL10, IL8, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, TIMP 1, PROTEIN MMP9 0.78 0.78 0.79 CREACTIVEPROTEIN, TIMP1,1L10, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL8, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, MCP 1, PROTEIN_MMP9 0.78 0.76 0.8 MCP1, TIMP1, IL6, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN-MMP9, 0.78 0.78 0.78 BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL8, IL10 ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, PROTEIN_MMP9, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL10, TIMP1, MCP1, IL6, IL8, CREACTIVEPROTEIN 0.78 0.8 0.75 TIMP 1, IL 10, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, IL8, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, IL6, MCP1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, PROTEIN_MMP9 0.78 0.76 0.8 BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, MCP 1, IL 10, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII, TIMP1, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, IL8, PROTEIN MMP9, E1,6 0.77 0.74 0.8 IL8, MCP1, BETA2MICROGLOBULIN, PROTEIN_MMP9, IL10, TIMP1, IL6, CREACTIVEPROTEIN, ALPHAFETOPROTEIN, APOLIPOPROTEINCIII 0.77 0.79 0.75 [00429] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use any one of the subsets of biomarkers listed in Table N. The subsets of biomarkers listed in Table N were identified in the computational experiments described in Section 6.14.5, below, in which 4600 random subcombinations of the biomarkers listed in Table I were tested. Table N lists some of the biomarker sets that provided high accuracy scores against the validation population described in Section 6.14.5.
Each row of Table N lists a single set of biomarkers that can be used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In other words, each row of Table N
describes a set of biomarkers that can be used to discriminate between sepsis and SIRS
subjects. In some embodiments, nucleic acid forms of the biomarkers listed in Table N are used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.
In some embodiments, protein forms of the biomarkers listed in Table N are used. In some embodiments, some of the biomarlcers in a biomarlcer set from Table N are in protein form and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker set from Table N are in nucleic acid form in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.
[00430] In some embodiments, a given set of biomarkers from Table N is used with the addition of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more additional biomarkers from from any one of Table 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 36 that are not within the given set of biomarkers from Table N. In Table N, accuracy, specificity, and senstitivity are described with reference to T_12 time point data described in Section 6.14.5, below.
Start here Table N: Exemplary sets of biomarkers used in the methods or kits referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TLR4, ARG2, OSM 0.85 0.83 0.88 IRAK4, OSM, TNFSF10 0.83 0.79 0.87 PSTPIP2, SOCS3, TIMP1 0.82 0.81 0.83 FCGR1A, IL6, MAP2K6 0.81 0.84 0.79 SOCS3, TNFSF10, NCR1 0.81 0.73 0.87 IL8, IL18R1, Beta2Microglobulin 0.81 0.79 0.82 OSM, NCRI, IL8 0.81 0.77 0.83 PFKFB3, MKNK1, FCGRIA 0.8 0.79 0.81 TI1VIl'1, IL18R1, ARG2 0.8 0.78 0.83 FCGRIA, MAP2K6, IRAK4 0.8 0.75 0.86 Gene MMP9, IL8, GADD45B 0.8 0.75 0.84 INSL3, ANKRD22, MAP2K6, LDLR 0.87 0.83 0.9 PSTPIP2, ARG2, CRTAP, GADD45A 0.83 0.81 0.85 CEACAM1, GADD45B, GADD45A, OSM 0.83 0.75 0.91 OSM, CSF1R, IL10, ANKRD22 0.83 0.88 0.78 TIMP1, ARG2, GADD45B, VNN1 0.83 0.83 0.82 HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, INSL3, MKNK1 0.83 0.79 0.86 CD86, TGFBI, ANKRD22, SOCS3 0.82 0.82 0.83 GADD45A, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, IL18R1 0.82 0.76 0.86 ANKRD22, MAP2K6, Protein_MMP9, FAD 104 0.81 0.8 0.82 IFNGR1, FAD104, CSF1R, IL8 0.81 0.78 0.84 OSM, TDRD9, ARG2, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.77 0.85 ANKRD22, CReactiveProtein, OSM, IL10 0.81 0.76 0.85 TDRD9, TNF SF 13 B, CReactiveProtein, MAP2K6 0.81 0.76 0.85 TNFSF10, Gene MMP9, IL8, FCGRIA 0.8 0.79 0.81 IL10, NCRl, IL6, INSL3 0.8 0.79 0.81 CD86, FCGR1A, BCL2A1, LY96 0.8 0.79 0.81 IL8, VNN1, IL6, GADD45B 0.8 0.79 0.82 HLA-DRA, 'I'NFSF10, OSM, MKNK1 0.8 0.76 0.84 PFKFB3, INSL3, ILlOalpha, FCGRIA 0.8 0.76 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TNFSF10, IRAK4, OSM, ARG2, MAPK14 0.85 0.84 0.86 CD86, CEACAMI, IL18R1, GADD45B, CCL5 0.83 0.85 0.81 MCP1, CSF1R, GADD45B, Proteui_MMP9, Beta2Microglobulin 0.83 0.83 0.82 IL8, CD86, IRAK2, IL1RN, TIFA 0.82 0.84 0.81 IRAK4, OSM, INSL3, CEACAM1, TNFSF13B 0.82 0.82 0.82 CReactiveProtein, SOCS3, HLA-DRA, GADD45B, OSM 0.82 0.76 0.88 CD86, NCR1, PRV1, IL1RN, GADD45B 0.82 0.77 0.86 TNFRSF6, ITGAM, PSTPIP2, ARG2, BCL2A1 0.82 0.77 0.87 IRAK4, LDLR, OSM, PSTPIP2, GADD45A 0.81 0.81 0.82 Gene_MMP9, SOD2, PFKFB3, ARG2, CD86 0.81 0.78 0.84 CReactiveProtein, IL18R1, NCRI, CD86, GADD45A 0.81 0.78 0.84 IL8, IL18R1, LDLR, SOD2, PSTPIP2 0.81 0.77 0.84 Gene_MMP9, CSF1R, TGFBI, MAP2K6, ANKRD22 0.81 0.8 0.81 CReactiveProtein, LDLR, IRAK2, OSM, PSTPIP2 0.81 0.8 0.82 ITGAM, SOCS3, IL8, ARG2, JAK2 0.81 0.79 0.83 TNFSF10, LY96, ILlOalpha, IL10, OSM 0.8 0.83 0.78 GADD45B, IL6, INSL3, ANKRD22, IL8 0.8 0.81 0.8 CSF1R, IL6, IL1RN, TLR4, JAK2 0.8 0.79 0.81 TDRD9, OSM, ITGAM, ANKRD22, Gene MMP9 0.8 0.73 0.87 IL8, TNFRSF6, CReactiveProtein, IRAK4, PRV1 0.8 0.79 0.81 OSM, IL1RN, JAK2, GADD45B, CSF1R 0.8 0.78 0.82 CD86, Beta2Microglobulin, PFKFB3, TNFSF13B, TNFRSF6 0.8 0.78 0.82 MAPK14, TGFBI, GADD45A, ANKRD22, CReactiveProtein 0.8 0.75 0.85 MKNK1, CD86, OSM, TIFA, HLA-DRA, SOCS3 0.85 0.79 0.89 CD86, CEACAM1, LDLR, NCR1, A1phaFetoprotein, IRAK2 0.83 0.81 0.84 INSL3, PRV1, LY96, Protein_MMP9, IL8, OSM 0.82 0.82 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
FAD104, ARG2, FCGRIA, SOCS3, HLA-DRA, ANXA3 0.82 0.8 0.84 CCL5, TIMP1, ARG2, IL6, IFNGR1, SOD2 0.82 0.77 0.87 CRTAP, OSM, GADD45B, TNFSF10, IvIKNK1, TGFBI 0.82 0.75 0.88 LDLR, OSM, IL6, JAK2, INSL3, FCGRIA 0.82 0.82 0.81 Beta2Microglobulin, FAD 104, TGFBI, NCRI, ARG2, GADD45B 0.82 0.82 0.82 CSF1R, VNN1, MAP2K6, LY96, OSM, Beta2Microglobulin 0.82 0.81 0.82 ApolipoproteinClII, HLA-DRA, GADD45A, ITGAM, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6 0.82 0.8 0.83 PRVI, TGFBI, VNN1, GADD45B, IL1RN, CSF 1R 0.81 0.8 0.82 IRAK4, TIMP1, ANKRD22, GADD45B, OSM, TLR4 0.81 0.78 0.83 SOD2,IVIKNK1, MCP1, OSM, TIFA, SOCS3 0.81 0.77 0.84 FAD104, TGFBI, ANXA3, IL18Rl, PRV1, IL10alpha 0.81 0.77 0.85 FCGRIA, IL8, Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45B, ANKRD22, TNFSF10 0.81 0.83 0.79 TIFA, Beta2Microglobulin, IL 1 8R1, CRTAP, IL6, TGFBI 0.81 0.8 0.81 CD86, IL10, MCPI, TIMP1, OSM, ANXA3 0.81 0.79 0.82 INSL3, FAD104, TGFBI, CEACAM1, CSF1R, PFKFB3 0.81 0.77 0.85 PRVl, IL8, TNFSF10, FCGRIA, IFNGRl, CReactiveProtein 0.81 0.77 0.84 ANKRD22, BCL2A1, CRTAP, NCR1, SOCS3, IL18R1 0.81 0.72 0.88 INSL3, IRAK2, CD86, JAK2, IL10, FAD 104 0.8 0.84 0.77 MCP1, PSTPIP2, A1phaFetoprotein, CReactiveProtein, IL6, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.8 0.81 0.8 CSF1R, OSM, IFNGR1, TDRD9, Gene MMP9, FCGRIA 0.8 0.8 0.8 TIMP1, IFNGRI, TNFSFIO, GADD45A, BCL2A1, SOD2 0.8 0.8 0.81 FCGRIA, MKNK1, CRTAP, LDLR, Gene MMP9, Beta2Microglobulin 0.8 0.79 0.81 ITGAM, AlphaFetoprotein, FCGRIA, MCP1, MKNK1, GADD45A 0.8 0.78 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
MCP1, FCGRIA, OSM, PFKFB3, FAD104, TDRD9 0.8 0.77 0.82 TNFSF10, Gene MMP9, FCGRIA, AlphaFetoprotein, INSL3, CSF1R, IL8 0.86 0.85 0.86 OSM, Beta2Microglobulin, ANKRD22, CSF1R, GADD45B, TNFRSF6, ApolipoproteinCIIl 0.84 0.85 0.83 BCL2A1, TDRD9, OSM, PRV1, IRAK2, TLR4, MAPK14 0.84 0.83 0.85 LDLR, OSM, ApolipoproteinCllI, IL6, TIMP1, ARG2, TNFRSF6 0.83 0.83 0.83 IL1RN, TNFSF13B, A1phaFetoprotein, MCP1, ANKRD22, ARG2, OSM 0.83 0.8 0.85 NCR1, ARG2, PSTPIP2, GADD45A, LY96, OSM, BCL2A1 0.83 0.81 0.84 FCGRIA, TNFSF13B, INSL3, TIFA, ApolipoproteinClII, ITGAM, CD86 0.83 0.79 0.87 LY96, CReactiveProtein, FCGRIA, Beta2Microglobulin, IL8, OSM, VNN1 0.82 0.85 0.8 PSTPIP2, ARG2, IRAK2, TNFSF13B, GADD45A, II.,8, CRTAP 0.82 0.85 0.8 MCP1, SOCS3, BLA-DRA, ApolipoproteinClII, IL 10alpha, GADD45A, MAP2K6 0.82 0.84 0.81 IL18R1, MAPK14, Gene_MMP9, TIFA, FCGRIA, SOCS3, MKNK1 0.82 0.75 0.89 Beta2Microglobulin, CRTAP, ARG2, ANKRD22, TNFRSF6, IRAK4, OSM 0.82 0.82 0.82 PFKFB3, IRAK2, IRAK4, OSM, JAK2, Beta2Microglobulin, CEACAM1 0.82 0.82 0.82 TIFA, CRTAP, PFKFB3, JAK2, IL6, TGFBI, CD86 0.82 0.82 0.82 GADD45B, Gene_MMP9, TNFSF13B, IRAK2, VNN1, TIFA, SOCS3 0.82 0.76 0.88 INSL3, IL6, CD86, ILlOalpha, CReactiveProtein, TGFBI, ITGAM 0.82 0.86 0.78 GADD45B, MCP 1, INSL3, CReactiveProtein, ARG2, CCL5, SOCS3 0.82 0.81 0.82 TNFSF10, IL8, ApolipoproteinCIII, TGFBI, CSF1R, OSM, SOD2 0.82 0.8 0.83 PRV1, PSTPIP2, ARG2, TIMPl, Protein MMP9, IL6, SOD2 0.82 0.79 0.84 CD86, LY96, MAP2K6, IL6, IL10, IRAK2, TNFSF 10 0.81 0.78 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
BCL2A1, MCP1, ARG2, SOCS3, NCR1, IL10, LY96 0.81 0.8 0.81 SOCS3, ApolipoproteinCIII, NCR1, CEACAM1, ANKRD22, FCGRIA, IL6 0.81 0.8 0.82 INSL3, TNFSF10, SOD2, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, IL10, IL8 0.81 0.77 0.85 FCGRIA, OSM, Protein_MMP9, GADD45A, PSTPIP2, ARG2, Gene MMP9 0.81 0.76 0.84 TIMP1, SOCS3, LY96, CSF1R, CReactiveProtein, CCL5, TNFSF13B 0.81 0.84 0.77 ANKRD22, CEACAMl, TLR4, ApolipoproteinCIII, SOCS3, ITGAM, IL10 0.81 0.82 0.8 INSL3, IRAK2, FCGRIA, MAP2K6, CRTAP, ITGAM, CSF 1 R 0.81 0.81 0.8 VNN1, SOCS3, Beta2Microglobulin, MAP2K6, IL6, ANKRD22, IL 10 0.81 0.81 0.81 TNFSF10, TGFBI, CReactiveProtein, Beta2Microglobulin, TNFRSF6, ARG2, PRV 1 0.81 0.8 0.82 IL18R1, IL6, CRTAP, IItAK4, GADD45A, Protein MMP9, TNFSF13B 0.8 0.81 0.79 A1phaFetoprotein, ARG2, NCR1, PSTPIP2, ApolipoproteinClII, CD86, GADD45B 0.8 0.8 0.81 ANKRD22, TIFA, JAK2, IL10, IL6, CCL5, CSF1R 0.8 0.79 0.82 PRV1, TNFSF13B, TLR4, OSM, ARG2, AlphaFetoprotein, HLA-DRA 0.8 0.78 0.82 CSF1R, TLR4, SOD2, FCGRIA, CRTAP, TNFSF13B, GADD45A 0.8 0.78 0.83 JAK2, IRAK2, ITGAM, IL6, MKNK1, Gene MMP9, FCGRIA 0.8 0.77 0.83 GADD45B, PRV1, CSF1R, NCR1, CD86, MKNKl, JAK2 0.8 0.76 0.83 Beta2Microglobulin, TNFSF10, IL18Rl, GADD45B, Protein_MMP9, FAD104, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.75 0.85 MAPK14, TIFA, ITGAM, MKNK1, CSF1R, IRAK4, Protein MMP9 0.8 0.73 0.86 TIFA, TNFSF13B, LY96, GADD45B, IL6, INSL3, OSM 0.8 0.8 0.8 IL6, GADD45B, CEACAM1, IRAK4, TGFBI, INSL3, TNFSF13B 0.8 0.8 0.8 GADD45B, ARG2, IL18Rl, ANKRD22, AlphaFetoprotein, IL10, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.8 0.8 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TNFSF13B, IFNGR1, OSM, FAD104, CSF1R, PSTPIP2, TIFA 0.8 0.8 0.8 TDRD9, ITGAM, TNFSF10, ANXA3, ApolipoproteinCIII, MCP1, INSL3 0.8 0.8 0.8 SOCS3, Protein_MMP9, SOD2, LY96, ARG2, IRAK2, OSM 0.8 0.78 0.82 CEACAM1, IL10, TNFRSF6, IL18R1, ARG2, FCGRIA, CReactiveProtein 0.8 0.78 0.82 CCL5, FCGRIA, CReactiveProtein, ApolipoproteinClII, IL 18R1, Protein MMP9, ITGAM 0.8 0.74 0.86 NCR1, SOD2, IRAK2, IL8, OSM, HLA-DRA, ARG2, GADD45A 0.86 0.89 0.84 PFKFB3, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, INSL3, FAD104, TNFRSF6, ARG2, ILlOalpha 0.85 0.86 0.84 CSF1R, CEACAM1, GADD45B, OSM, LDLR, MCP1, ARG2, AlphaFetoprotein 0.84 0.86 0.82 TIFA, NCR1, BCL2A1, OSM, CCL5, TLR4, CD86, CEACAM1 0.82 0.82 0.82 FAD104, LDLR, INSL3, IRAK4, LY96, TLR4, GADD45B, TIMP1 0.82 0.81 0.83 FAD104, JAK2, TNFSF13B, ARG2, CReactiveProtein, IL10alpha, TLR4, PRV1 0.82 0.79 0.85 CRTAP, LY96, TDRD9, Gene MMP9, HLA-DRA, SOCS3, IL8, Protein MMP9 0.82 0.79 0.85 CRTAP, GADD45B, TIFA, ApolipoproteinCIII, LY96, IL8, GADD45A, MKNK1 0.81 0.83 0.8 IL8, CSF1R, ARG2, TGFBI, PRV1, TNFRSF6, CEACAMI, JAK2 0.81 0.82 0.81 ARG2, Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45A, IL6, INSL3, IL8, JAK2, TIMP1 0.81 0.79 0.83 SOD2, IL10, IL8, ARG2, PSTPIP2, INSL3, CSF1R, ANXA3 0.81 0.77 0.86 CD86, IL6, BCL2A1, CCL5, GADD45B, IRAK4, LDLR, ARG2 0.81 0.86 0.76 ANXA3, MAP2K6, VNN1, GADD45A, CSF1R, FAD104, IL6, IRAK2 0.81 0.81 0.81 IL8, GADD45A, TDRD9, Beta2Microglobulin, ANKRD22, GADD45B, PRV1, CSF1R 0.81 0.8 0.82 IRAK4, PRV1, GADD45A, IL8, TNFSF13B, CD86, FCGRIA, TIMP1 0.81 0.79 0.82 IRAK4, MAPK14, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, JAK2, PRV1, SOD2, IL6 0.81 0.77 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
IL18R1, IL6, GADD45B, MAPK14, IL10, JAK2, IL8, ANKRD22 0.81 0.76 0.86 TLR4, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, TGFBI, IL8, ARG2, GADD45B, GADD45A 0.81 0.88 0.74 ANXA3, IFNGRI, SOCS3, VNN1, TIFA, CReactiveProtein, IRAK4, A1phaFetoprotein 0.81 0.8 0.81 ANKRD22, CCL5, TGFBI, CEACAM1, CD86, Gene MMP9, IFNGR1, GADD45B 0.81 0.8 0.82 NCR1, ARG2, TIMP1, Beta2Microglobulin, ANXA3, TIFA, BCL2A1, MAP2K6 0.81 0.77 0.84 OSM, TIMP1, IL1RN, IL8, BCL2A1, IFNGR1, CSF1R, CD86 0.81 0.76 0.84 IL10, NCR1, IRAK2, IL18R1, ARG2, PSTPIP2, Gene MMP9, LY96 0.81 0.76 0.84 IL18R1, TNFSF10, SOCS3, ApolipoproteinCIII, HLA-DRA, GADD45A, Beta2Microglobulin, ARG2 0.81 0.74 0.88 ILlOalpha, IL10,1VIKNK1, LY96, OSM, JAK2, IFNGR1, CEACAMI 0.8 0.8 0.81 HLA-DRA, TIMP1, OSM, CD86, NCR1, IL1RN, TNFSF10, FAD104 0.8 0.78 0.82 CSF1R, TNFSF13B, ANKRD22, IFNGR1, Protein MMP9, PFKFB3, NCR1, TGFBI 0.8 0.77 0.82 ANXA3, ILlOalpha, PSTPIP2, CSF1R, IL1RN, FAD104, CD86, CReactiveProtein 0.8 0.77 0.83 CSF1R, ANKRD22, TGFBI, IRAK4, Protein_MMP9, TIMP1, HLA-DRA, PFKFB3 0.8 0.77 0.83 TNFSF13B, JAK2, ARG2, CCL5, IL18R1, GADD45B, CD86, GADD45A 0.8 0.76 0.85 GADD45B, BCL2A1, IL1RN, FCGRIA, MAPK14, SOCS3, ITGAM, PRV1 0.8 0.76 0.84 IL6, JAK2, CReactiveProtein, MCP 1, TIMP1, BCL2A1, GADD45B, LY96 0.8 0.85 0.76 AlphaFetoprotein, ApolipoproteinCIII, CEACAMI, CRTAP, IL18R1, NCR1, TIMP 1, TGFBI 0.8 0.84 0.77 ANXA3, FAD104, MKNK1, CReactiveProtein, A1phaFetoprotein, CSF1R, IRAK4, IL6 0.8 0.82 0.78 TIMPl, VNN1, TIFA, CCL5, TDRD9, FCGRIA, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL1RN 0.8 0.82 0.78 TNFSF10, TLR4, JAK2, OSM, Beta2Microglobulin, ITGAM, IL1RN, HLA-DRA 0.8 0.8 0.81 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ApolipoproteinCllI, MAPK14, IRAK2, TNFSF13B, GADD45B, SOCS3, CEACAM1, TNFSF10 0.8 0.79 0.81 IL1RN, ANKRD22, FCGRIA, GADD45A, TGFBI, CSF1R, MCP1, MAPK14 0.8 0.79 0.81 SOCS3, HLA-DRA, IRAK2, Protein MMP9, MAP2K6, INSL3, CReactiveProtein, Gene MMP9 0.8 0.79 0.81 INSL3, BCL2A1, ARG2, GADD45B, MAPK14, ITGAM, IRAK2, LDLR 0.8 0.78 0.82 GADD45B, Beta2Microglobulin, Protein_MMP9, IFNGR1, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, IL8, FCGRIA 0.8 0.77 0.82 CSF1R, HLA-DRA, IRAK4, FAD104, CRTAP, MCP1, GADD45B, CCL5, IL6 0.84 0.88 0.82 HLA-DRA, Gene_MMP9, FAD 104, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, LY96, CReactiveProtein, FCGRIA, CD86 0.84 0.85 0.83 GADD45A, GADD45B, OSM, ARG2, FAD104, MAPK14, IRAK2, ITGAM, MKNK1 0.84 0.81 0.86 IL6, IL18R1, IL1RN, HLA-DRA, CD86, IRAK2, NCRl, TNFSFIO, CCL5 0.83 0.88 0.8 CD86, IRAK2, ARG2, PFKFB3, MAPK14, PRV1, VNN1, HLA-DRA, FAD104 0.83 0.85 0.82 TDRD9, FCGRIA, ARG2, AlphaFetoprotein, JAK2, ApolipoproteinCIII, TIlVIPI, MAP2K6, CCL5 0.83 0.8 0.86 PFKFB3, CReactiveProtein, TDRD9, OSM, IFNGR1, CCL5, TIMP1, ARG2, ITGAM 0.83 0.85 0.81 NCR1, CSF1R, MAP2K6, INSL3, IFNGR1, FAD104, IL6, ARG2, IL18R1 0.83 0.85 0.81 PSTPIP2, OSM, LDLR, Protein_MMP9, LY96, TNFSF13B, ANXA3, IL1RN, Beta2Microglobulin 0.83 0.82 0.84 FAD 104, NCRl, VNN1, IRAK2, ApolipoproteinCIIl, IL I Oalpha, LDLR, FCGRIA, IRAK4 0.83 0.81 0.84 ILlOalpha, HLA-DRA, TGFBI, FCGRIA, CSF1R, IRAK2, GADD45A, PFKFB3, SOCS3 0.82 0.84 0.81 IL8, IRAK4, CSF1R, IL18R1, A1phaFetoprotein, IL1RN, BCL2A1, TNFSF13B, INSL3 0.82 0.83 0.81 SOCS3, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, OSM, 0.82 0.82 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCLTRACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
MAPK14, MKNKl, ApolipoproteinClII, IL18R1, TLR4 TIMP1, IL8, PFKFB3, CD86, SOCS3, JAK2, IRAK2, IL10alpha, Protein MMP9 0.82 0.81 0.83 TIMP1, INSL3, TNFRSF6, PFKFB3, CD86, JAK2, IL8, CRTAP, Protein MMP9 0.82 0.8 0.85 IRAK4, MAPK14, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL6, MAP2K6, MCP1, TIFA, ARG2, CD86 0.82 0.88 0.76 TLR4, IL10alpha, IL8, GADD45A, IRAK2, MAP2K6, MCP1, HLA-DRA, MAPK14 0.82 0.82 0.81 LY96, MCP1, CD86, VNN1, OSM, ARG2, TDRD9, CCL5, INSL3 0.81 0.83 0.8 CCL5, CRTAP, ApolipoproteinCIII, Gene_MMP9, IFNGR1, TNFSF13B, ANKRD22, GADD45A, OSM 0.81 0.81 0.81 MCP1, IL6, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, VNN1, TNFSF10, TIMP1, Protein_MMP9, CReactiveProtein 0.81 0.79 0.83 PFKFB3, IL6, NCR1, MAP2K6, FAD104, CD86, TLR4, TDRD9, OSM 0.81 0.79 0.84 ApolipoproteinCIII, CReactiveProtein, TGFBI, MKNK1, PRV1, FAD104, HLA-DRA, ARG2, TIMP 1 0.81 0.77 0.86 ILlOalpha, IL10, ANXA3, IL6, CSF1R, TGFBI, PSTPIP2, IL8, INSL3 0.81 0.82 0.8 IL6, IRAK2, CReactiveProtein, CCL5, ANKRD22, MCP1, GADD45A, PFKFB3, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.8 0.82 TIFA, IL1RN, IL6, ITGAM, CReactiveProtein, CCL5, TGFBI, IL 10, NCR1 0.81 0.79 0.82 CEACAM1, IFNGR1, TNFSF10, INSL3, BCL2A1, Beta2Microglobulin, IL10, ARG2, SOCS3 0.81 0.78 0.84 SOCS3, LDLR, SOD2, FAD104, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, IRAK4, GADD45A 0.81 0.75 0.86 MKNK1, IL8, TNFSF13B, FAD104, ITGAM, GADD45B, NCRI, IL18R1, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.81 0.83 0.78 IL8, Gene_MMP9, TNFSF10, MKNKI, MCP1, IL6, CCL5, ApolipoproteinCIII, SOD2 0.81 0.82 0.79 NCR1, PFKFB3, ApolipoproteinCIII, INSL3, OSM, VNN1, A1phaFetoprotein, TNFSF10, CRTAP 0.81 0.78 0.83 FCGRlA, CReactiveProtein, PRV1, NCR1, 0.81 0.75 0.86 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ARG2, INSL3, IL10, TGFBI, MAPK14 IL8, IRAK2, PFKFB3, CEACAM1, TIFA, Protein MMP9, IRAK4, CRTAP, TDRD9 0.8 0.8 0.81 ARG2, INSL3, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, Beta2Microglobulin, PRV1, FCGRIA, GADD45B, CRTAP 0.8 0.79 0.82 GADD45A, IL8, TI1VIl'1, CReactiveProtein, MAP2K6, TGFBI, CRTAP, TNFRSF6, BCL2A1 0.8 0.77 0.84 HLA-DRA, ApolipoproteinCIII, INSL3, FAD104, TIMP1, IRAK4, FCGRIA, IL6, GADD45A 0.8 0.77 0.84 ARG2, JAK2, IL1RN, VNN1, IRAK4, CSF1R, ANKRD22, BCL2A1, TDRD9 0.8 0.84 0.77 CReactiveProtein, PFKFB3, CD86, IL1RN, TLR4, Beta2Microglobulin, IRAK2, TNFSF10, TNFRSF6 0.8 0.8 0.8 GADD45B, MAP2K6, JAK2, MAPK14, TIMP1, IRAK4, CReactiveProtein, TLR4, TGFBI 0.8 0.79 0.81 JAK2, TLR4, CCL5, IL6, CReactiveProtein, IFNGR1, ApolipoproteinClII, GADD45B, NCR1 0.8 0.73 0.87 CSF1R, TNFRSF6, INSL3, IVIKNKI, IL8, MAP2K6, FAD104, NCR1, IL1RN, MCP1 0.86 0.85 0.86 IL8, PRV1, SOCS3, IRAK2, ARG2, ILlOalpha, NCR1, CCL5, CReactiveProtein, MKNK1 0.85 0.86 0.83 TNFSF13B, TLR4, ARG2, IL6, SOCS3, Beta2Microglobulin, FAD 104, MCP1, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2 0.84 0.8 0.88 IL6, MCP1, Beta2Microglobulin, IL1RN, TDRD9, IFNGR1, ApolipoproteinCIII, FCGRIA, OSM, IL8 0.84 0.82 0.86 FCGRIA, IL6, LY96, LDLR, IL18R1, CSF1R, CCL5, NCR1, TNFRSF6, IRAK4 0.84 0.81 0.87 IL6, TGFBI, IL18Rl, ANXA3, IL1RN, GADD45B, ANKRD22, LDLR, TLR4, CEACAMI 0.83 0.84 0.82 MAPK14, IL6, CSF1R, IL1RN, ITGAM, Beta2Microglobulin, MAP2K6, IL10, PSTPIP2, FAD104 0.83 0.86 0.79 CReactiveProtein, FCGRIA, CCL5, ApolipoproteinCIII, OSM, IRAK2, GADD45A, CRTAP, PFKFB3, ITGAM 0.83 0.86 0.8 TNFSF10, Al haFeto rotein, CCL5, IL8, 0.82 0.79 0.85 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
IRAK4, OSM, IL10alpha, ARG2, CReactiveProtein, TIFA
TDRD9, TNFSF10, GADD45B, CReactiveProtein, IL8, ARG2, ANXA3, TGFBI, IL1RN, CCL5 0.82 0.85 0.78 ILlOalpha, ANXA3, TNFSF10, IL1RN, TGFBI, FAD 104, INSL3, MAP2K6, MAPK14, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.82 0.85 0.78 TIMP1, Beta2Microglobulin, ITGAM, LDLR, MCP1, IL8, FCGRIA, TIFA, IL10alpha, MAP2K6 0.82 0.82 0.81 TNFRSF6, TGFBI, JAK2, SOD2, ANXA3, VNN1, CCL5, INSL3, CSF1R, IL10 0.82 0.82 0.81 TDRD9, ILlOalpha, MAPK14, NCR1, LY96, GADD45B, IRAK2, CReactiveProtein, INSL3, ITGAM 0.82 0.8 0.83 LDLR, JAK2, IFNGR1, IRAK2, SOCS3, ITGAM, Protein_MMP9, INSL3, ApolipoproteinCIII, CEACAMI 0.82 0.79 0.84 CSF1R, Beta2Microglobulin, IRAK4, MKNK1, PRV1, TNFRSF6, PSTPIP2, IL18Rl, HLA-DRA, CCL5 0.82 0.78 0.85 BCL2A1, TLR4, IL8, TIMP1, SOD2, CReactiveProtein, CRTAP, ApolipoproteinCIII, GADD45B, FAD 104 0.82 0.77 0.86 ARG2, OSM, TNFSF13B, CReactiveProtein, AlphaFetoprotein, IL6, CRTAP, Beta2Microglobulin, MCP1, TDRD9 0.81 0.86 0.77 FAD104, TNFSF13B, IL1RN, GADD45B, IFNGR1, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, MCP1, PRV1, IL8 0.81 0.82 0.8 IL8, ITGAM, CSF1R, TNFRSF6, INSL3, ILlOalpha, IFNGR1, IL10, ILIRN, SOD2 0.81 0.82 0.81 MCP1, IFNGRl, TNFRSF6, MAPK14, FAD104, IL18R1, IRAK4, INSL3, ILlOalpha, Beta2Microglobulin 0.81 0.78 0.84 NCR1, PRV1, Protein_MMP9, TIMP1, ANKRD22, INSL3, CD86, CCL5, MKNK1, Gene MMP9 0.81 0.74 0.88 NCR1, INSL3, CEACAMI, FAD104, ILlOalpha, TIFA, TNFSF13B, IL6, CCL5, CReactiveProtein 0.81 0.86 0.76 CRTAP, IL1RN, IL18R1, FAD104, NCRl, HLA-DRA, TGFBI; LY96, IL6, IRAK4 0.81 0.8 0.82 OSM, NCR1, IL8, GADD45B, Protein_MMP9, TNFRSF6, TNFSF13B, Beta2Microglobulin, IL1RN, IRAK2 0.81 0.8 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CD86, IL10alpha, CSF1R, IRAK2, ANKRD22, OSM, A1phaFetoprotein, Gene MMP9, IL10, IRAK4 0.81 0.79 0.83 ARG2, IRAK4, GADD45A, VNN1, IL18R1, JAK2, ANXA3, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, PFKFB3 0.81 0.79 0.83 LY96, TDRD9, NCR1, TNFRSF6, CSF1R, PRV1, ILl8R1, ARG2, Beta2Microglobulin, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.76 0.86 INSL3, TDRD9, CRTAP, TNFRSF6, IRAK4, SOD2, LDLR, ANKRD22, OSM, CSF1R 0.81 0.75 0.88 FAD104, PFKFB3, IL18R1, IL10, MAPK14, ARG2, CD86, IL1RN, CCL5, GADD45A 0.81 0.83 0.79 TNFSF10, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, MKNK1, ITGAM, PFKFB3, A1phaFetoprotein, SOCS3, TNFRSF6, FAD104 0.81 0.81 0.8 CSF1R, PFKFB3, ApolipoproteinCllI, TLR4, ARG2, PRV1, ANKRD22, ITGAM, TIFA, TNFRSF6 0.81 0.81 0.81 TGFBI, IL10, TDRD9, PFKFB3, INSL3, CSF1R, PSTPIP2, MKNK1, NCR1, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.8 0.81 ANKRD22, TIMP1, CRTAP, HLA-DRA, ApolipoproteinCIII, CD86, TNFRSF6, Gene MMP9, VNN1, IL10 0.81 0.78 0.83 ARG2, NCR1, IRAK4, FCGRIA, FAD104, TNFRSF6, PFKFB3, MAP2K6, TGFBI, MKNK 1 0.81 0.77 0.84 TLR4, ANKRD22, ILlOalpha, VNN1, Protein_MMP9, TNFRSF6, ARG2, TNFSF10, OSM, FCGRIA 0.81 0.76 0.84 FAD104, PRV1, Protein_MMP9, IL10alpha, ARG2, TNFSF13B, FCGRIA, CEACAMl, CCL5, IL1RN 0.81 0.75 0.86 TNFRSF6, IL6, TGFBI, PSTPIP2, ANXA3, ANKRD22, ApolipoproteinCIII, OSM, SOCS3, MAPK14 0.8 0.83 0.78 IL8, OSM, IRAK4, TDRD9, LDLR, TNFSF13B, IL10, IFNGR1, ARG2, SOD2 0.8 0.81 0.8 PSTPIP2, BCL2A1, CD86, ANXA3, ILlOalpha, SOD2, OSM, INSL3, TNFSF13B, GADD45B 0.8 0.84 0.77 IL6, ANXA3, SOCS3, MAP2K6, TGFBI, ANKRD22, CRTAP, BCL2A1, CCL5, TLR4 0.8 0.83 0.77 HLA-DRA, CSF1R, TGFBI, MAP2K6, BCL2A1, CD86, TLR4, IL1RN, IL6, 0.8 0.82 0.78 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ApolipoproteinCIII
ApolipoproteinCIII, CCL5, SOCS3, TIMP1, Gene_MMP9, A1phaFetoprotein, ITGAM, INSL3, CEACAM l, LDLR 0.8 0.81 0.79 IL8, TNFRSF6, IL6, IL1RN, PSTPIP2, ApolipoproteinClII, CD86, JAK2, TLR4, Protein MMP9 0.8 0.79 0.81 ILlOalpha, JAK2, MCP1, CEACAM1, ApolipoproteinCIIl, BCL2A1, PRV1, Protein MMP9, MAP2K6, IFNGR1 0.8 0.78 0.82 FCGRIA, LY96, JAK2, GADD45B, LDLR, IL6, VNN1, MCP1, Gene MMP9, SOD2 0.8 0.77 0.82 CSF1R, TNFRSF6, INSL3, MKNK1, IL8, MAP2K6, FAD104, NCR1, IL1RN, MCP1 0.86 0.85 0.86 IL8, PRV1, SOCS3, IRAK2, ARG2, IL10alpha, NCR1, CCL5, CReactiveProtein, MKNK1 0.85 0.86 0.83 LDLR, CD86, NCR1, IRAK4, IL18R1, Protein_MMP9, PRV 1, GADD45B, ARG2, LY96, AlphaFetoprotein 0.85 0.84 0.87 MAP2K6, CD86, INSL3, ApolipoproteinClII, IL8, OSM, TNFSF13B, IL1RN, BCL2A1, FAD104, GADD45A 0.85 0.81 0.88 NCR1, GADD45B, TNFSFIO, ILlOalpha, FAD104, LY96, IL6, IL10, ARG2, CReactiveProtein, TGFBI 0.84 0.87 0.82 CD86, CEACAM1, INSL3, PFKFB3, ILlOalpha, FAD104, SOD2, Gene_MMP9, SOCS3, ApolipoproteinCIII, FCGRIA 0.83 0.86 0.81 SOCS3, ARG2, ApolipoproteinCllI, IRAK4, PFKFB3, IFNGRI, NCR1, IL8, CReactiveProtein, VNN1, TDRD9 0.83 0.84 0.82 ARG2, OSM, CReactiveProtein, SOD2, CEACAM1, FCGRIA, TIMP1, IL10, IL18Rl, ANKRD22, IRAK2 0.83 0.85 0.81 TGFBI, SOD2, IL10, CD86, CEACAM1, TDRD9, IRAK4, ANXA3, LDLR, OSM, ARG2 0.83 0.83 0.83 CReactiveProtein, IL10alpha, TI1VIl'1, LY96, IL8, SOD2, MAP2K6, MAPK14, TLR4, PSTPIP2, INSL3 0.83 0.83 0.83 ARG2, PSTPIP2, SOD2, INSL3, FAD 104, JAK2, TIFA, PFKFB3, IRAK2, IL6, ANXA3 0.83 0.8 0.86 PSTPIP2, CEACAM1, GADD45A, ApolipoproteinCIII, ITGAM, PRV1, TLR4, ILlOalpha, ARG2, SOCS3, NCR1 0.83 0.84 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
OSM, SOCS3, CSF1R, IRAK2, VNN1, IL6, SOD2, LDLR, BCL2A1, ANKRD22, CD86 0.83 0.82 0.83 CRTAP, LDLR, TGFBI, INSL3, TIFA, FAD 104, A1phaFetoprotein, IL8, JAK2, IRAK4, BCL2A1 0.83 0.82 0.83 CD86, ITGAM, PSTPIP2, IL18R1, IL6, IFNGRI, GADD45B, IL10, Beta2Microglobulin, FCGRIA, FAD 104 0.83 0.77 0.87 PRV1, Beta2Microglobulin, IL1RN, NCR1, CSF1R, IFNGR1, TIMP1, SOCS3, LDLR, TIFA, ARG2 0.82 0.84 0.81 ILlOalpha, GADD45A, LDLR, SOCS3, MAP2K6, LY96, CSF1R, Protein_MMP9, MCP1, TDRD9, IL8 0.82 0.83 0.81 CSF1R, TDRD9, TIMP1, SOD2, FCGRIA, IFNGR1, INSL3, CD86, TNFRSF6, HLA-DRA, MAP2K6 0.82 0.83 0.82 IL8, IL18R1, BCL2Al, MKNK1, CReactiveProtein, CCL5, IL6, SOCS3, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.82 0.82 0.83 ANXA3, IL6, CD86, SOD2, CEACAM1, FCGRIA, ANKRD22, NCRI, PSTPIP2, IL8, MAPK14 0.82 0.8 0.85 Protein_MMP9, TNFRSF6, ITGAM, CSF1R, INSL3, TIFA, BCL2A1, ILIRN, TGFBI, FCGRIA, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.82 0.79 0.85 ANKRD22, ILlOalpha, SOCS3, IRAK4, OSM, INSL3, TGFBI, MCP1, IL8, TNFSF13B, PRV1 0.82 0.76 0.88 ANKRD22, LDLR, VNN1, TIMP1, IRAK2, ILlOalpha, GADD45B, ARG2, MAPK14, CSFIR, TNFRSF6 0.82 0.85 0.8 TIFA, ARG2, TNFSF10, INSL3, CD86, IL8, IRAK2, OSM, CSF1R, HLA-DRA, ITGAM 0.82 0.82 0.82 ANKRD22, TIFA, PSTPIP2, CCL5, Gene_MMP9, Beta2Microglobulin, NCR1, FCGRIA, INSL3, SOCS3, ILlOalpha 0.82 0.79 0.84 ApolipoproteinCIII, AlphaFetoprotein, NCR1, CCL5, GADD45A, IL18R1, JAK2, TDRD9, OSM, TLR4, Gena MMP9 0.82 0.82 0.81 CReactiveProtein, IL 18R1, TGFBI, TNFSF 10, MAP2K6, LDLR, FAD 104, ARG2, HLA-DRA, GADD45B, ANXA3 0.82 0.8 0.83 IL18R1, IRAK4, LY96, INSL3, TNFRSF6, CReactiveProtein, CD86, GADD45B, CRTAP, IL8, MAPK14 0.82 0.8 0.83 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
IL8, FCGRIA, CSF1R, VNN1, ILlOalpha, PSTPIP2, IL6, IL1RN, TLR4, GADD45B, LY96 0.81 0.85 0.78 IILA-DRA, IL6, FAD 104, GADD45A, INSL3, ITGAM, CSF1R, IFNGR1, Protein MMP9, SOCS3, NCRI 0.81 0.79 0.84 IL10, LDLR, A1phaFetoprotein, IL1RN, INSL3, ApolipoproteinCIII, PSTPIP2, CCL5, SOD2, TGFBI, VNN1 0.81 0.79 0.84 Protein_MMP9, IL10, TGFBI, INSL3, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, IL8, PSTPIP2, OSM, AlphaFetoprotein, NCR1 0.81 0.84 0.78 IL8, TLR4, MCP1, ApolipoproteinClII, Beta2Microglobulin, IL6, IL10, VNN1, CD86, PSTPIP2, ITGAM 0.81 0.83 0.79 FAD104, GADD45A, SOCS3, PSTPIP2, IL6, TGFBI, TIMP1, HLA-DRA, TNFSF10, IL10alpha, MKNK1 0.81 0.81 0.81 PRV1, IL8, FCGRIA, GADD45A, IR.AK2, VNN1, CD86, IL18Rl, Protein_MMP9, MAP2K6, ITGAM 0.81 0.81 0.81 CRTAP, JAK2, IRAK2, CEACAMI, PRV1, CCL5, SOD2, BCL2A1, SOCS3, IL1RN, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.81 0.79 0.82 MCP1, CCL5, HLA-DRA, IRAK4, OSM, LDLR, PFKFB3, CReactiveProtein, MKNK1, GADD45A, LY96 0.81 0.76 0.85 ARG2, INSL3, IL6, ITGAM, TGFBI, LDLR, IL10, CD86, IL8, TNFSF13B, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.82 0.79 Protein_MMP9, CD86, GADD45B, LY96, SOD2, FCGRIA, IL8, AlphaFetoprotein, CSF1R, FAD104, CRTAP 0.81 0.82 0.8 TNFSF13B, ApolipoproteinClII, LDLR, TDRD9, CEACAM1, A1phaFetoprotein, IRAK4, INSL3, GADD45A, CRTAP, IFNGR1 0.81 0.77 0.84 MKNK1, PSTPIP2, Beta2Microglobulin, ANKRD22, TIFA, ILlOalpha, TGFBI, A1phaFetoprotein, NCRl, PRV1, SOCS3 0.8 0.82 0.79 TIFA, MKNK1, IL6, ANXA3, FAD 104, PSTPIP2, TNFSF13B, LDLR, INSL3, SOD2, JAK2 0.8 0.82 0.79 TNFSF13B, IFNGR1, IL18R1, CD86, Beta2Microglobulin, TGFBI, CSF1R, CReactiveProtein, CRTAP, MCP 1, JAK2 0.8 0.81 0.8 TNFSF 13B, Beta2Microglobulin, CSF 1R, JAK2, CRTAP, IL1RN, IL10, SOCS3, 0.8 0.79 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ANKRD22, PFKFB3, LDLR
TNFRSF6, OSM, PRV1, INSL3, TLR4, 1VIKNKI, IRAK4, HLA-DRA, VNN1, ILlOalpha, FCGRIA 0.8 0.77 0.83 IL8, ApolipoproteinCllI, GADD45B, SOCS3, ARG2, TNFSF13B, IL1RN, CCL5, ANXA3, CReactiveProtein, TIFA 0.8 0.77 0.83 TNFSF13B, SOCS3, Protein_1VIMP9, SOD2, TNFRSF6, NCR1, FAD 104, IL6, OSM, CCL5, TDRD9 0.8 0.76 0.86 CD86, INSL3, ANXA3, GADD45B, VNN1, IFNGR1, IL6, PFKFB3, PSTPIP2, Beta2Microglobulin, IRAK2 0.8 0.84 0.77 IL6, Gene_MMP9, FAD 104, TIFA, TGFBI, Beta2Microglobulin, IL10alpha, ANXA3, IL18R1, NCR1, INSL3 0.8 0.82 0.78 CEACAM1, JAK2, MCPI, OSM, IL18R1, MKNK1, ANKRD22, TLR4, CSF1R, PSTPIP2, IL1RN 0.8 0.82 0.78 CSF1R, AlphaFetoprotein, HLA-DRA, TDRD9, ITGAM, SOCS3, FCGRIA, IRAK2, TIFA, TNFSF 10, Protein MMP9 0.8 0.8 0.8 CSF1R, ILlOalpha, TNFRSF6, TNFSF13B, LDLR,INSL3, AlphaFetoprotein, IL10, TIFA, VNN1, HLA-DRA 0.8 0.79 0.81 IL18R1, MCP1, ANKRD22, TGFBI, ARG2, ANXA3, GADD45A, IL1RN, TNFRSF6, PSTPIP2, IRAK2 0.8 0.77 0.83 ILlOalpha, IFNGRI, MAPK14, FCGRIA, Gene_MMP9, GADD45A, VNN1, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, CCL5, IRAK2 0.8 0.76 0.83 IL8, CReactiveProtein, CSF1R, TLR4, TNFRSF6, Gene_MMP9, TDRD9, OSM, PFKFB3, IFNGR1, ApolipoproteinCIII, PSTPIP2 0.85 0.85 0.85 JAK2, OSM, GADD45B, MCP1, IL1RN, ANKRD22, IL18R1, Gene_MMP9, ITGAM, NCR1, ApolipoproteinClII, PFKFB3 0.85 0.81 0.88 TNFSF10, MKNK1, PFKFB3, ANXA3, CRTAP, CD86, MAPK14, IL8, OSM, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, INSL3 0.84 0.84 0.84 IL1RN, A1phaFetoprotein, ARG2, MAP2K6, CEACAM1, GADD45B, CRTAP, ANXA3, INSL3, ApolipoproteinCIII, NCR1, FAD 104 0.83 0.86 0.82 IL6, LDLR, TDRD9, TNFRSF6, NCRl, ITGAM, A1phaFetoprotein, FCGRIA, ARG2, TNFSFIO, OSM, BCL2A1 0.83 0.84 0.83 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
IL10, SOD2, GADD45A, TNFSF13B, IRAK4, LY96, HLA-DRA, PSTPIP2, IL6, IFNGRI, ARG2, LDLR 0.83 0.86 0.81 CCL5, CSF1R, LDLR, GADD45A, INSL3, JAK2, A1phaFetoprotein, OSM, Beta2Microglobulin, PRV l, HLA-DRA, MKNK1 0.83 0.8 0.86 ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, TIMP1, VNN1, IRAK4, FCGRIA, CEACAMI, IRAK2, ARG2, ANXA3, CD86, IL1RN 0.83 0.83 0.83 JAK2, AlphaFetoprotein, IL1RN, SOCS3, ANKRD22, ILlOalpha, IL8, TGFBI, CD86, IL10, CSF1R, CReactiveProtein 0.82 0.83 0.82 VNN1, GADD45B, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, IRAK2, TLR4, CReactiveProtein, PSTPIP2, MCP1, CSF1R, IL8, TDRD9 0.82 0.79 0.85 SOD2, IL10, CReactiveProtein, ApolipoproteinCIII, Beta2Microglobulin, IFNGR1, OSM, TNFSF13B, VNN1, GADD45B, CD86, PFKFB3 0.82 0.77 0.86 LDLR, CRTAP, PSTPIP2, GADD45B, IL8, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, IL10, ARG2, LY96, MAPK14, IL18R1 0.82 0.82 0.82 IFNGRI, NCR1, ApolipoproteinCIII, ANXA3, CSF1R, CCL5, FCGRIA, TIFA, TLR4, INSL3, IL8, ARG2 0.82 0.82 0.82 LY96, Beta2Microglobulin, CCL5, LDLR, IRAK4, TIlvIP1, MKNKl, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL8, SOCS3, ANKRD22, PRV 1 0.82 0.78 0.86 Protein_MMP9, MAPK14, IL1RN, SOCS3, MKNK1, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL10, OSM, MAP2K6, TNFSF13B, NCRl, IL18R1 0.82 0.77 0.87 TNFSF13B, FAD104, OSM, TNFRSF6, TDRD9, TIFA, IL10alpha, INSL3, Protein MMP9, HLA-DRA, Beta2Microglobulin, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.82 0.81 0.83 TLR4, Protein_MMP9, VNN1, IFNGR1, ITGAM, MCP1, LY96, IRAK2, OSM, TDRD9, IL8, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.82 0.78 0.85 MAP2K6, OSM, GADD45B, IL1RN, MAPK14, ARG2, LY96, VNNI, TNFRSF6, TGFBI, CD86, Beta2Microglobulin 0.81 0.81 0.81 MKNKI, ARG2, CEACAM1, GADD45A, AlphaFetoprotein, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, CReactiveProtein, SOD2, TLR4, LDLR, TNFRSF6 0.81 0.81 0.81 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ProteinMMP9, TGFBI, PRV 1, Beta2Microglobulin, TNF SF 13 B, TLR4, INSL3, Gene_MMP9, ARG2, ApolipoproteinCIII, MKNK1, ILlOalpha 0.81 0.81 0.82 TLR4, TGFBI, FCGRIA, NCR1, LY96, IL10, CCL5, IRAK2, INSL3, TDRD9, OSM, BCL2A1 0.81 0.81 0.82 Gene_MMP9, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, TIFA, CSF1R, SOD2, ITGAM, PFKFB3, JAK2, IL8, LY96, OSM 0.81 0.81 0.82 CRTAP,IVIKNKI, TDRD9, LY96, TLR4, TNFSF10, SOD2, JAK2, Beta2Microglobulin, CD86, PSTPIP2, MAP2K6 0.81 0.8 0.83 TGFBI, TDRD9, ARG2, OSM, TNFSF13B, CEACAM1, CCL5, CReactiveProtein, TLR4, ILlOalpha, LY96, SOCS3 0.81 0.78 0.85 IRAK2, LDLR, ARG2, SOD2, IL10alpha, ANKRD22, FCGRIA, Beta2Microglobulin, FAD104, ITGAM, PRV1, OSM 0.81 0.78 0.84 FAD104, ILlOalpha, INSL3, IL18R1, ILIRN, MKNK1, MAP2K6, Gene_MMP9, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, CEACAM1, IL6 0.81 0.83 0.79 VNN1, ApolipoproteinClII, IL10, JAK2, Protein_MMP9, INSL3, Beta2Microglobulin, OSM, IRAK4, MAP2K6, IL1RN, AlphaFetoprotein 0.81 0.82 0.8 BCL2A1, GADD45A, JAK2, FCGRIA, FAD104, Gene_MMP9, CRTAP, TDRD9, MAP2K6, CSF1R, PRV1, Protein MMP9 0.81 0.81 0.81 INSL3, TIFA, LY96, FAD104, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, Beta2Microglobulin, TIMP1, IL18R1, GADD45A, IL6, A1phaFetoprotein 0.81 0.8 0.82 TDRD9, PFKFB3, CSFIR, ITGAM, MCP1, ARG2, TNFSF13B, PSTPIP2, MAP2K6, ANXA3, OSM, TGFBI 0.81 0.79 0.83 TNFSFIO, TNFRSF6, Beta2Microglobulin, PRV1, SOCS3, E1,8, VNN1, TDRD9, CReactiveProtein, GADD45B, TNFSF 13B, CD86 0.81 0.77 0.84 MAP2K6, IFNGR1, LY96, Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45B, ANKRD22, SOCS3, ANXA3, INSL3, Protein MMP9, CD86, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.76 0.85 SOD2, TIMP1, ApolipoproteinCIII, Protein_MMP9, FAD 104, ANXA3, TLR4, CCL5, ITGAM, IRAK4, SOCS3, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.76 0.85 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
ITGAM, INSL3, FCGRIA, ARG2, IRAK2, FAD104, IRAK4, MAPK14, LY96, TIMP1, PRV 1, TLR4, CD86 0.85 0.82 0.88 PRV1, MKNK1, IL8, FAD104, VNN1, SOCS3, ARG2, MAP2K6, ILl.RN, SOD2, IL18R1, NCRl, BCL2A1 0.85 0.84 0.86 NCR1, CEACAMI, IRAK4, ARG2, TNFSF13B, PFKFB3, OSM, TNFRSF6, SOCS3, HLA-DRA, TNFSFIO, JAK2, SOD2 0.85 0.79 0.89 MCP1, Protein_1NIMP9, ILlOalpha, FAD104, FCGRIA, ITGAM, TGFBI, ApolipoproteinCIII, ARG2, PRV1, CRTAP, TIFA, LDLR 0.84 0.81 0.87 ARG2, ANKRD22, GADD45B, IRAK2, OSM, MKNK1, ANXA3, IL18R1, TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, A1phaFetoprotein, MCP1, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.84 0.83 0.85 HLA-DRA, NCR1, CEACAM1, Beta2Microglobulin, VNN1, A1phaFetoprotein, MCP1, IL6, FCGRIA, OSM, CSF1R, IRAK2, CRTAP 0.83 0.82 0.85 CReactiveProtein, SOD2, GADD45A, ARG2, IRAK4, FCGRIA, IL18R1, TLR4, JAK2, BCL2A1, IL10alpha, TGFBI, AlphaFetoprotein 0.83 0.86 0.81 ApolipoproteinClII, HLA-DRA, TNFSF10, TLR4, IL10, GADD45B, BCL2A1, IL6, CCL5, INSL3, MAP2K6, LDLR, IFNGR1 0.83 0.83 0.83 TIFA, JAK2, HLA-DRA, SOCS3, ARG2, OSM, AlphaFetoprotein, MAPK14, IRAK2, IFNGR1, FCGRlA, MAP2K6, PRV1 0.83 0.79 0.87 Beta2Microglobulin, IRAK2, MKNK1, ANKRD22, CD86, OSM, CSFIR, TNFSF10, IFNGR1, TLR4, MCP1, FAD104, TGFBI 0.83 0.83 0.83 VNN1, FCGRIA, ANKRD22, CRTAP, ANXA3, IL8, PFKFB3, NCR1, TLR4, A1phaFetoprotein, TIFA, IRAK4, CD86 0.83 0.82 0.84 Gene_MMP9, INSL3, FCGRIA, LDLR, OSM, PFKFB3, ANKRD22, IL1RN, IL8, IFNGR1, TDRD9, BCL2A1, TNFSF13B 0.83 0.81 0.84 PFKFB3, A1phaFetoprotein, IRAK4, NCR1, TNFSF10, TDRD9, JAK2, FAD104, IL10alpha, PRV1, CReactiveProtein, TGFBI, Protein MMP9 0.82 0.81 0.84 Gene_MMP9, MAP2K6, MAPK14, CReactiveProtein, PFKFB3, CCL5, CSF1R, INSL3, MKNKl, ARG2, FAD104, SOD2, 0.82 0.76 0.88 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
Protein MMP9 IL8, TNFSF13B, ARG2, TIFA, CRTAP, OSM, IL18R1, MCP1, IRAK4, LY96, A1phaFetoprotein, TDRD9, CReactiveProtein 0.82 0.85 0.79 PSTPIP2, CEACAMI, GADD45B, MAPK14, ARG2, FCGRIA, ITGAM, TGFBI, ILlOalpha, OSM, PRV1, IL8, TLR4 0.82 0.83 0.81 OSM, CReactiveProtein, CD86, LY96, IL10alpha, FAD104, TDRD9, IL6, ApolipoproteinClIl, LDLR, CSF1R, IL18R1, MCP 1 0.82 0.82 0.82 JAK2, IL8, ARG2, OSM, BCL2A1, TIFA, IL6, Gene_MMP9, PRV1, TLR4, IL1RN, LY96, IRAK2 0.82 0.83 0.8 IL6, INSL3, BCL2A1, TLR4, HLA-DRA, IL10alpha,lVIKNK1, TDRD9, GADD45A, OSM, SOCS3, CCL5, MAPK14 0.82 0.81 0.82 LDLR, FCGRIA, SOD2, LY96, MKNK1, PRV1, MAP2K6, NCR1, Protein_MMP9, SOCS3, AlphaFetoprotein, IFNGR1, INSL3 0.82 0.77 0.86 TNFRSF6, ARG2, INSL3, ANXA3, IL10, TIFA, ITGAM, VNN1, SOD2, TIMP1, CSF1R, Protein MMP9, SOCS3 0.82 0.77 0.87 ILlOalpha, TNFRSF6, ARG2, TIMP1, IL8, CSF1R, MAP2K6, IRAK4, PFKFB3, FCGRIA, A1phaFetoprotein, OSM, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.85 0.78 Protein_MMP9, CD86, IFNGR1, TIMP1, IL1RN, FCGRIA, ARG2, TIFA, IL8, CRTAP, CSF1R, IL6, ITGAM 0.81 0.81 0.81 CEACAMI, ANKRD22, CCL5, TLR4, IRAK4, Beta2Microglobulin, MAP2K6, PRV l, TGFBI, FAD 104, SOD2, JAK2, MCP1 0.81 0.81 0.82 CD86, VNN1, PSTPIP2, PFKFB3, CReactiveProtein, IL6, TLR4, CCL5, FCGRIA, TDRD9, TNFRSF6, CSF1R, CRTAP 0.81 0.86 0.77 LDLR, OSM, MCP1, CD86, IL1RN, Protein_MMP9, MAP2K6, FCGRIA, IL8, CEACAM1, PFKFB3, IRAK4, LY96 0.81 0.83 0.78 CReactiveProtein, TNFSF 13B, ApolipoproteinCI1I, IRAK2, VNN1, FCGRIA, PFKFB3, HLA-DRA, ANKRD22, SOD2, CD86, TGFBI, Beta2Microglobulin 0.81 0.79 0.82 LY96, TNFSF10, PRV1, PSTPIP2, SOCS3, TIMP1, IFNGR1, ARG2, CEACAM1, 0.81 0.79 0.83 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CCL5, TNFSF13B, LDLR, ApolipoproteinCIII
PRV1, JAK2, FCGRIA, VNN1, SOCS3, TIFA, CRTAP, INSL3, IFNGR1, TDRD9, CEACAM1, Protein MMP9, IL8 0.81 0.79 0.83 GADD45A, SOCS3, OSM, CD86, ITGAM, ApolipoproteinClII, FAD 104, INSL3, PSTPIP2, IL18Rl, A1phaFetoprotein, TDRD9, MAP2K6 0.81 0.77 0.84 PSTPIP2, VNN1,1L1RN, CSF1R, CD86, TLR4, IRAK4, IFNGR1, CRTAP, TNFSFIO, SOD2, TIFA, TDRD9 0.81 0.77 0.85 TNFRSF6, IFNGRI, TNFSF13B, MAP2K6, MKNK1, ANXA3, TGFBI, OSM, ARG2, Beta2Microglobulin, CReactiveProtein, LY96, ApolipoproteinClII, TIFA 0.85 0.88 0.83 CSF1R, TLR4, IL6, TNFSF13B, Beta2Microglobulin, IRAK4, FCGRIA, CCL5, ITGAM, VNN1, TIFA, CRTAP, PFKFB3, TDRD9 0.84 0.85 0.83 CReactiveProtein, IL6, MAP2K6, OSM, ARG2, ANKRD22, JAK2, HLA-DRA, ApolipoproteinClII, MAPK14, TLR4, TNFSF13B, IFNGRl, IL10alpha 0.84 0.82 0.85 VNN1, GADD45B, IRAK2, TGFBI, NCR1, IL6, CEACAM1, CRTAP, Gene_MMP9, TNFRSF6, CD86, TDRD9, CReactiveProtein, IL10 0.84 0.77 0.89 CRTAP, IL18Rl, Beta2Microglobulin, ANXA3, TDRD9, MKNK1, Protein_MMP9, IL6, TNFSF10, OSM, MCP1, PFKFB3, ApolipoproteinCIII, VNN1 0.83 0.81 0.85 PSTPIP2, IL8, IL18R1, CEACAM1, BLA-DRA, OSM, NCR1, MCP1, FCGRIA, TNFRSF6, TLR4, IRAK2, Protein_MMP9, CReactiveProtein 0.83 0.79 0.86 PRV1, IRAK4, FAD104, TGFBI, Protein_MMP9, INSL3, A1phaFetoprotein, CD86, VNN1, CSFIR, Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45B, BCL2A1, IL10 0.83 0.83 0.82 CD86, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, TNFSF10, OSM, GADD45B, TLR4, HLA-DRA, LY96, TNFSF13B, ARG2, SOD2, PRVl, Beta2Microglobulin 0.83 0.81 0.84 TIFA, CSF1R, ILlOalpha, IFNGR1, CEACAM1, CRTAP, ANKRD22, FCGRlA, MAP2K6, FAD104, PSTPIP2, MAPK14, ARG2, IRAK2 0.83 0.77 0.87 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CReactiveProtein, TDRD9, IL8, ITGAM, ILlOalpha, TNFRSF6, SOD2, MCP1, SOCS3, MKNK1, FAD104, MAP2K6, IFNGR1, A1phaFetoprotein 0.82 0.86 0.78 TLR4, ANKRD22, IL10alpha, CReactiveProtein, ApolipoproteinCIII, BCL2A1, FCGRIA, SOD2, OSM, IFNGRI, TGFBI, TIFA, VNN1, CEACAMI 0.82 0.86 0.78 FCGRIA, IRAK4, MAP2K6, ANXA3, MAPK14, INSL3, A1phaFetoprotein, IL8, 1VIKNKI, ARG2, VNN1, TIMP1, CSF1R, GADD45A 0.82 0.86 0.79 ANKRD22, HLA-DRA, IFNGR1, GADD45A, TNFSF13B, FAD104, LDLR, ILlOalpha, IL6, MAPK14, ApolipoproteinCI1I, PRV 1, CReactiveProtein, TIMP 1 0.82 0.81 0.84 IL 10, PSTPIP2, INSL3, LY96, NCR1, MAPK14, VNN1, MCP1, PRV1, ApolipoproteinCIII, TIMP l, Protein_MMP9, TDRD9, PFKFB3 0.82 0.76 0.87 TNFRSF6, TGFBI, LY96, TDRD9, CRTAP, A1phaFetoprotein, TNFSF10, CCL5, JAK2, IL6, IRAK2, HLA-DRA, OSM, ApolipoproteinCIII 0.82 0.85 0.79 TIFA, Gene_MMP9, IL18Rl, TDRD9, SOCS3, TIMP1, IL6, CCL5, ARG2, CSF1R, OSM, ILlOalpha, IL8, TNFSF13B 0.82 0.84 0.8 PSTPIP2, PRV1, MAPK14, OSM, CRTAP, IFNGR1, IL6, FAD104, IL18R1, JAK2, GADD45B, LY96, BCL2A1, TLR4 0.82 0.82 0.82 GADD45A, IL6, TGFBI, BCL2A1, CRTAP, CCL5, TIFA, TLR4, CD86, PRV1, FAD104, TDRD9, TNFSFIO, SOCS3 0.82 0.8 0.84 Beta2Microglobulin, JAK2, TDRD9, PSTPIP2, HLA-DRA, IL1RN, TGFBI, INSL3, ARG2, LDLR, AlphaFetoprotein, IRAK2, SOD2, MAPK14 0.82 0.79 0.85 CD86, FAD104, AlphaFetoprotein, Gene_MMP9, MCP1, HLA-DRA, INSL3, PSTPIP2, IL1RN, ITGAM, TIMPl, Protein MMP9, IL6, IRAK4 0.82 0.77 0.86 ANKRD22, MAPK14, GADD45A, TDRD9, IL10alpha, Protein_MMP9, ARG2, CD86, TIMP1, IRAK2, TIFA, VNN1, OSM, ITGAM 0.82 0.88 0.75 SOCS3, IL1RN, CEACAM1, FCGRIA, LDLR, CCL5, CReactiveProtein, 0.82 0.85 0.79 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
AlphaFetoprotein, ARG2, IL6, CD86, MCP1, INSL3, IL18R1 ANKRD22, FAD 104, ApolipoproteinCIII, IRAK2, TNFSF13B, TGFBI, TLR4, CRTAP, MCP l, LDLR, JAK2, SOD2, PSTPIP2, Protein MMP9 0.82 0.84 0.79 BCL2A1, IL1RN, FCGRIA, GADD45A, JAK2, NCR1, TDRD9, TIFA, TNFSF10, Protein_MMP9, CRTAP, CSF1R, IL6, INSL3 0.82 0.84 0.79 SOD2, ITGAM, ApolipoproteinCIII, ANXA3, FAD104, IL6, ARG2, CD86, TGFBI, SOCS3, OSM, TDRD9, IL18R1, LY96 0.82 0.8 0.83 VNN1, IRAK2, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL10, TDRD9, FCGRIA, IL8, TIMPI, MCPI, JAK2, TIFA, TGFBI, OSM, MAPK14 0.82 0.79 0.84 ApolipoproteinCIII, IL10, TDRD9, ARG2, IRAK4, ANXA3, TNFRSF6, CReactiveProtein, INSL3, JAK2, IL1RN, IL6, NCRl, Gene MMP9 0.82 0.78 0.85 CD86, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, FCGRlA, MCP1, GADD45A, LDLR, IRAK2, CCL5, Beta2Microglobulin, SOCS3, MAP2K6, LY96, INSL3 0.81 0.83 0.79 MCP1, NCR1, TGFBI, TDRD9, MAP2K6, ApolipoproteinCIII, INSL3, LY96, IFNGR1, JAK2, Protein_MMP9, GADD45B, IRAK4, CCL5 0.81 0.83 0.8 Beta2Microglobulin, FCGRIA, TNFSF13B, OSM, IRAK4, IRAK2, IL8, MAPK14, PSTPIP2, TIFA, TIMP1, ApolipoproteinCI1I, MAP2K6, TLR4 0.81 0.82 0.8 TNFSF13B, LY96, OSM,IVIAP2K6, IRAK2, CRTAP, JAK2, PFKFB3, BCL2A1, CReactiveProtein, INSL3, GADD45A, TIFA, IL10alpha 0.81 0.82 0.81 OSM, JAK2, GADD45A, CEACAM1, ARG2, NCR1, TLR4, PRV1, PFKFB3, ILB, Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, INSL3 0.81 0.82 0.81 LY96, TIFA, CSFIR, IL10, SOCS3, ARG2, IRAK4, CD86, IL10alpha, Protein_MMP9, TNFSF10, ITGAM, Gene MMP9, LDLR 0.81 0.79 0.83 AlphaFetoprotein, ApolipoproteinCIII, SOD2, PSTPIP2, CSF1R, Beta2Microglobulin, NCRl, GADD45B, FCGRIA, CReactiveProtein, CEACAMI, 0.81 0.78 0.84 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CD86, Protein MMP9, HLA-DRA
MAPK14, ARG2, TNFSF10, TNFSF13B, FAD104, ANKRD22, GADD45A, ANXA3, CReactiveProtein, NCR1, IFNGR1, OSM, Protein MMP9, IL18R1 0.81 0.74 0.88 VNN1, NCRI, ILlOalpha, ARG2, IL6, LY96, CReactiveProtein, JAK2, TGFBI, SOCS3, CRTAP, ITGAM, IRAK4, PRV1 0.81 0.84 0.79 TNFSF 13B, CReactiveProtein, INSL3, CEACAM1, Beta2Microglobulin, CD86, IL6, JAK2, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL18R1, ANXA3, PSTPIP2, SOD2, ILIRN 0.81 0.78 0.84 IRAK2, FCGR1A, Gene_MMP9, BCL2A1, TGFBI, PSTPIP2, CEACAM1, GADD45A, CCL5, TNFSF13B, ARG2, IL8, TIFA, IL18R1 0.81 0.78 0.84 [00431] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use any one of the subsets of biomarkers listed in Table O. The subsets of biomarkers listed in Table 0 were identified in the computational experiments described in Section 6.14.5, below, in which 4600 random subcombinations of the biomarkers listed in Table I were tested. Table 0 lists some of the biomarker sets that provided high accuracy scores against the validation population described in Section 6.14.5.
Each row of Table 0 lists a single set of biomarkers that can be used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3. In other words, each row of Table 0 describes a set of biomarkers that can be used to discriminate between sepsis and SIRS
subjects. In some embodiments, nucleic acid forms of the biomarkers listed in Table 0 are used in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.
In some embodiments, protein forms of the biomarkers listed in Table 0 are used. In some embodiments, some of the biomarkers in a biomarker set from Table 0 are in protein form and some of the biomarkers in the same biomarker set from Table 0 are in nucleic acid form in the methods and kits respectively referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3.
[00432] In some embodiments, a given set of biomarkers from Table 0 is used with the addition of one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine or more additional biomarkers from from any one of Table 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 36 that are not within the given set of biomarkers from Table O. In Table 0, accuracy, specificity, and senstitivity are described with reference to T_36 time point data described in Section 6.14.6, below.

Table 0: Exemplary sets of biomarkers used in the methods or kits referenced in Sections 5.2 and 5.3 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
SOCS3, ApolipoproteinCI1I, NCR1 0.81 0.75 0.85 IL8, PRV1, CEACAM1 0.8 0.79 0.8 PSTPIP2, TLR4, GADD45B 0.8 0.72 0.87 ARG2, PRV1, MKNK1 0.79 0.71 0.85 CD86, SOCS3, TLR4 0.79 0.74 0.82 PRVI, GADD45B, TNFSF13B, ITGAM 0.83 0.73 0.91 PRV1, ApolipoproteinCIII, FCGR1A, LDLR 0.81 0.78 0.84 TNFRSF6, MAP2K6, PRV1, ANKRD22 0.81 0.77 0.85 PRV1, ARG2, CD86, CEACAM1 0.81 0.8 0.82 GADD45B, CReactiveProtein, PRV1, CD86 0.81 0.73 0.88 GADD45B, TNFSF13B, FAD104, PFKFB3 0.81 0.73 0.86 PRV1, FAD104, IL18R1, MCP1 0.8 0.69 0.88 PRV1, IRAK2, PSTPIP2, ANXA3 0.8 0.68 0.87 FCGR1A, JAK2, MKNK1, PRV1 0.8 0.65 0.91 IL10, TNFSF13B, GADD45B, CEACAMI 0.79 0.73 0.85 Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45B, ARG2, TNFSF13B, OSM 0.81 0.73 0.88 CD86, BCL2A1, PSTPIP2, PRV1, JAK2 0.8 0.71 0.89 GADD45A, GADD45B, CSF1R, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2 0.8 0.69 0.88 A1phaFetoprotein, CReactiveProtein, GADD45B, MAPK14, ANXA3 0.8 0.76 0.82 PRV 1, FCGR1A, NCR1, CReactiveProtein, TNFRSF6 0.8 0.74 0.84 MAPK14, CSF1R, OSM, IL1RN, TLR4 0.8 0.74 0.84 IRAK4, MAPK14, GADD45B, TNFSF13B, CSF1R 0.8 0.71 0.86 ITGAM, ANXA3, Beta2Microglobulin, PRV 1, IRAK2 0.79 0.76 0.82 NCR1, MCP1, PRV1, CD86, FCGRIA 0.79 0.72 0.86 CRTAP, Beta2Microglobulin, TDRD9, GADD45A, PRV1 0.79 0.65 0.91 PRV1, PFKFB3, FCGRIA, TIFA, ANKRD22 0.79 0.73 0.84 PRV1, ApolipoproteinCllI, FCGR1A, Protein_MMP9, TIlVIP1 0.79 0.72 0.85 FCGR1A, IRAK2, TNFSF13B, OSM, 0.84 0.79 0.89 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
CRTAP, PFKFB3 ANXA3, CEACAM1, PRV1, OSM, MCP1, CCL5 0.81 0.77 0.84 IRAK4, TNFSF10, MCP1, PRV1, MKNKl, SOCS3 0.81 0.75 0.84 TGFBI, CEACAM1, CD86, MAPK14, LDLR, PRV 1 0.8 0.76 0.83 MCP1, GADD45B, CEACAM1, TIMP1, MAP2K6, IFNGR1 0.8 0.76 0.83 LY96, PRV1, MCP1, IRAK2, CD86, TNFSF 10 0.8 0.76 0.83 BCL2A1, PRV1, LDLR, TNFSF10, IL18R1, SOCS3 0.8 0.73 0.85 SOCS3, ApolipoproteinClII, FCGRIA, TNFSF13B, IFNGR1, Beta2Microglobulin 0.79 0.7 0.87 ARG2, PSTPIP2, TNFRSF6, GADD45B, MAPK14, TIMP1 0.79 0.82 0.77 NCR1, IL8, FCGRIA, ILIRN, ApolipoproteinClII, IFNGR1 0.79 0.73 0.84 LDLR, MAP2K6, PRV1, TIMP1, HLA-DRA, CCL5 0.79 0.72 0.85 TIFA, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, CEACAM1, OSM, ARG2 0.79 0.74 0.83 TIIVIPI, GADD45A, MKNK1, SOCS3, LDLR, TNFSF10 0.79 0.73 0.83 SOD2, LY96, PRV1, FAD104, BCL2A1, GADD45A 0.79 0.72 0.83 CEACAMI, BCL2A1, IRAK4, LDLR, TIFA, IL10alpha 0.79 0.69 0.85 TNFSF10, TIFA, GADD45B, ANXA3, BCL2A1, TNFRSF6 0.78 0.65 0.88 Beta2Microglobulin, TIMP1, GADD45A, CRTAP, FAD 104, GADD45B 0.78 0.79 0.77 ApolipoproteinCIII, IL18R1, CSF1R, LDLR, FCGRIA, MCP1 0.78 0.72 0.83 IVIKNK1, GADD45B, IL1RN, NCR1, IL10, LDLR 0.78 0.71 0.83 CD86, IL10, IFNGR1, SOCS3, TDRD9, MCPl 0.78 0.7 0.85 PRV1, SOD2, INSL3, TIFA, IRAK2, MCP1 0.78 0.7 0.84 AlphaFetoprotein, Protein_MMP9, ANKRD22, BLA-DRA, MAP2K6, GADD45B, CEACAM1 0.83 0.79 0.87 TNFSF13B, OSM, PRV1, CSF1R, IFNGRl, 0.83 0.79 0.85 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
TNFRSF6, FCGRIA
FCGRIA, CCL5, TNFSF13B, Gene MMP9, IL6, MAP2K6, OSM 0.81 0.83 0.8 GADD45B, IL1RN, Beta2Microglobulin, VNNI, PRV1, CD86, IL10 0.81 0.68 0.91 IL8, TIFA, IL18R1, SOD2, CSF1R, FAD 104, PRV 1 0.8 0.81 0.8 MAP2K6, SOD2, IL18R1, LDLR, ANXA3, CD86, GADD45B 0.8 0.78 0.82 ANKRD22, PRV1, TIMPI, NCR1, GADD45A, FCGRlA, TNFSF13B 0.8 0.75 0.84 IL l Oalpha, CRTAP, IL 10, TIMP l, TIFA, PRV 1, ARG2 0.8 0.73 0.87 TNFRSF6, TLR4, LY96, CSF1R, GADD45B, CCL5, INSL3 0.8 0.7 0.88 TDRD9, ANXA3, TNFSF10, TNFRSF6, PRV1, CCL5, IFNGR1 0.8 0.68 0.9 CD86, GADD45B, CReactiveProtein, LDLR, CCL5, FAD 104, IL8 0.8 0.82 0.78 IRAK4, TGFBI, PRV1, CEACAMI, IFNGR1, PSTPIP2, TLR4 0.8 0.75 0.83 OSM, Gene_MMP9, TLR4, TDRD9, CCL5, CRTAP, HLA-DRA 0.8 0.72 0.84 CRTAP, CEACAM1, FAD104, GADD45A, PRV1, MAP2K6, TNFSF 10 0.79 0.72 0.84 TNFRSF6, MKNK1, SOD2, TGFBI, MCP1, GADD45B, ANKRD22 0.79 0.72 0.86 TIIvD.'1, BCL2A1, TNFSF10, PRV1, HLA-DRA, CRTAP, PFKFB3 0.79 0.7 0.86 INSL3, ANXA3, Beta2Microglobulin, GADD45B, TNFRSF6, ANKRD22, LDLR 0.79 0.7 0.86 TIFA, GADD45B, HLA-DRA, CD86, IL10, ILlOalpha, MCP1 0.79 0.72 0.83 FCGRIA, CReactiveProtein, BCL2A1, GADD45B, PRV1, PFKFB3, MAP2K6 0.79 0.71 0.83 IL8, INSL3, ANKRD22, TNFSF10, HLA-DRA, PFKFB3, CSF1R 0.79 0.7 0.85 ILlOalpha, MCP1, SOD2, TNFSF13B, CRTAP, MAP2K6, PRV 1 0.78 0.75 0.81 FAD104, SOD2, LY96, IL8, IRAK4, PRV1, Protein MMP9 0.78 0.73 0.83 MAPK14, OSM, PRV1, CRTAP, ILlOalpha, MKNKI, IFNGR1 0.78 0.7 0.85 OSM, Al haFeto rotein, IFNGRl, SOD2, 0=78 0.73 0.82 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
GADD45A, CEACAMI,IVIKNKI
IL18R1, TDRD9, INSL3, JAK2, Protein MMP9, TNFRSF6, NCR1 0.78 0.7 0.85 IFNGR1, CEACAM1, JAK2, SOD2, HLA-DRA,IVIAPK14, PRV1, VNNl 0.83 0.82 0.84 NCR1, IRAK2, MAP2K6, CReactiveProtein, FCGRIA, ARG2, CD86, SOCS3 0.83 0.83 0.82 GADD45B, ARG2, GADD45A, ILlOalpha, TDRD9, PFKFB3, CReactiveProtein, OSM 0.81 0.75 0.84 PRV1, ITGAM, IL1RN, MAPK14, TNFSF10, SOD2, ARG2, PFKFB3 0.81 0.74 0.85 TNFRSF6, Beta2Microglobulin, PSTPIP2, IL8, SOCS3, GADD45B, CRTAP, IFNGR1 0.81 0.73 0.87 CReactiveProtein, LY96, MAP2K6, IL18R1, INSL3, OSM, CSF1R, IL6 0.8 0.78 0.82 ITGAM, PRV 1, MAP2K6, IL8, OSM, SOD2, IRAK4, CCL5 0.8 0.74 0.86 CReactiveProtein, OSM, PSTPIP2, TNFSF10, ANKRD22, TDRD9, INSL3, CD86 0.8 0.73 0.85 ANKRD22, CD86, PRV1, ANXA3, IL10, TNFSF13B, TIFA, AlphaFetoprotein 0.79 0.81 0.78 ApolipoproteinCIII, MKNK1, FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, VNN1, TNFRSF6, A1phaFetoprotein, OSM 0.79 0.75 0.82 PRV1, CCL5, PFKFB3, TNFSF13B, TIMP1, LDLR, ANKRD22, MAP2K6 0.79 0.74 0.83 ARG2, VNN1, ANKRD22, IFNGR1, IL1RN, CD86, FAD104, GADD45B 0.79 0.74 0.85 IL10, PFKFB3, NCR1, TNFSF13B, MCP1, MAPK14, PRV1, TIMP1 0.79 0.7 0.86 ApolipoproteinCIII, INSL3, IL10alpha, FCGRIA, IL1RN, IL6, TNFRSF6, IL8 0.79 0.74 0.83 IL10, FAD104, CCL5, SOCS3, CD86, HLA-DRA, LDLR, GADD45A 0.79 0.79 0.78 PFKFB3, CReactiveProtein, MAPK14, TNFSF10, BCL2A1, ITGAM, ILlOalpha, TDRD9 0.79 0.74 0.81 Beta2Microglobulin, TNF SF 13 B, ANKRD22, MCP1, TDRD9, IRAK4, TIMP1, OSM 0.78 0.73 0.82 PSTPIP2, MAP2K6, A1phaFetoprotein, TDRD9, PFKFB3, IL8, ANXA3, PRV1 0.78 0.69 0.84 TIFA, Al haFeto rotein, PRV1, IL18R1, 0.78 0.68 0.87 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
Gene MMP9, VNN1, TDRD9, TNFRSF6 IRAK2, FAD 104, PRV1, GADD45A, TIFA, MCP1, TIMP1, SOD2 0.78 0.72 0.83 IL6, CSF1R, MAP2K6, ANXA3, MCP1, PRV1, ITGAM, A1phaFetoprotein 0.78 0.72 0.82 CCL5, ILlOalpha, GADD45B, LDLR, PSTPIP2, CD86, HLA-DRA, TLR4 0.78 0.69 0.84 LDLR, CRTAP, NCR1, TNFRSF6, ApolipoproteinCIII, MAPK14, FCGRIA, IRAK2 0.78 0.69 0.84 TGFBI, ANXA3, IL18R1, MAP2K6, FCGRIA, IL10, OSM, PRV1 0.78 0.67 0.87 NCR1, JAK2, ANKRD22, IL1RN, ANXA3, LDLR, CD86, IFNGR1, OSM 0.82 0.78 0.86 CSF1R, TDRD9, FAD104, TNFSF10, OSM, LDLR, MAPK14, TIFA, BCL2A1 0.82 0.79 0.84 TNFSF10, IFNGRI, TNFRSF6, GADD45B, CCL5, TNFSF13B, ANXA3, JAK2, PRV1 0.82 0.75 0.87 TNFSF13B, CD86, TIFA, SOCS3, GADD45B, ARG2, TNFSF10, IRAK4, IL10 0.81 0.68 0.91 FCGRIA, PSTPIP2, CEACAM1, IL1RN, FAD104, IL6, INSL3, CSF1R, PRV1 0.81 0.79 0.83 IL1RN, SOD2, TGFBI, ApolipoproteinCIII, JAK2, CEACAM1, IRAK2, IFNGR1, OSM 0.8 0.83 0.78 TDRD9, CD86, Protein_MMP9, TNFRSF6, SOCS3, MCPI, A1phaFetoprotein, TIFA, INSL3 0.8 0.78 0.82 BCL2A1, TGFBI, TLR4, IL8, LDLR, ANKRD22, TNFSF13B, IL10, GADD45B 0.8 0.77 0.83 TNFSF13B, AlphaFetoprotein, TDRD9, MAPK14, SOCS3, ANXA3, IL1RN, CRTAP, TNFRSF6 0.8 0.73 0.86 IL6, TNFRSF6, MCPl, JAK2, GADD45A, TIFA, ARG2, FCGRIA, ANKRD22 0.8 0.75 0.84 PSTPIP2, ANXA3, MCP1, FAD 104, PRV1, ANKRD22, NCR1, HLA-DRA, FCGRIA 0.8 0.73 0.86 IL8, PRV 1, TDRD9, Beta2Microglobulin, ILlOalpha, VNN1, INSL3, TIFA, CSF1R 0.8 0.73 0.86 GADD45B, TNFRSF6, OSM, IRAK4, A1phaFetoprotein, IL1RN, TNFSF13B, MCP1, FAD104 0.8 0.71 0.88 ANKRD22, OSM, INSL3, IFNGR1, MKNK1, GADD45B, TDRD9, MAP2K6, IRAK4 0.8 0.69 0.89 BIOMARKER SET ACCURACY SPECIFICITY SENSISTIVITY
NCR1, JAK2, ANKRD22, IL1RN, ANXA3, LDLR, CD86, IFNGR1, OSM 0.82 0.78 0.86 ApolipoproteinClII, ANXA3, IL 18R1, PRV1, CD86, LDLR, TDRD9, CReactiveProtein, MAP2K6, CSF1R, CRTAP 0.84 0.73 0.93 CCL5, Protein_MMP9, NCRI, PRV 1, TNFRSF6, TGFBI, HLA-DRA, FCGRIA, IFNGR1, CSF1R, MCP1 0.82 0.74 0.88 GADD45B, CSF1R, IL1RN, PSTPIP2, PRV1, ApolipoproteinCIII, ARG2, SOCS3, FAD 104, ITGAM, TIMP 1 0.81 0.81 0.81 JAK2, MKNK1, CRTAP, GADD45B, OSM, INSL3, TIMP1, TIFA, TNFRSF6, AlphaFetoprotein, CD86 0.81 0.79 0.83 ApolipoproteinCIII, CD86, FCGRIA, ARG2, GADD45B, IL8, CRTAP, IFNGR1, TIMP1, ANXA3, HLA-DRA 0.81 0.73 0.88 MCP1, IL8, TNFSF13B, A1phaFetoprotein, LDLR, Protein_MMP9, JAK2, FAD 104, IRAK2, TNFRSF6, GADD45B 0.81 0.78 0.83 TLR4, NCRI, CCL5, IL6, CReactiveProtein, IRAK4, AlphaFetoprotein, FCGRIA, ApolipoproteinCIII, GADD45B, PRV1 0.81 0.76 0.85 ANKRD22, OSM, VNN1, LDLR, ApolipoproteinCIII, IL1RN, SOCS3, MAPK14, GADD45B, JAK2, ITGAM 0.8 0.81 0.8 NCR1, ARG2, GADD45B, GADD45A, CD86, TNFSF10, CCL5, PSTPIP2, Beta2Microglobulin, CRTAP, LDLR 0.8 0.76 0.84 SOCS3, JAK2, IL1RN, IFNGR1, CRTAP, TIMP1, Protein_MMP9, VNN1, TNFRSF6, CD86, ANKRD22 0.8 0.76 0.84 OSM, PSTPIP2, IL1RN, A1phaFetoprotein, PRV1, IL6, LY96, IL18Rl, CSF1R, TNFSF13B, LDLR 0.8 0.86 0.75 IL10alpha, CReactiveProtein, TIFA, NCR1, CRTAP, TGFBI, PFKFB3, LDLR, IRAK4, GADD45B, TDRD9 0.8 0.75 0.84 ApolipoproteinCIII, ANXA3, IL 18R1, PRV1, CD86, LDLR, TDRD9, CReactiveProtein, MAP2K6, CSF1R, CRTAP 0.84 0.73 0.93 [00433] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least two different biomarkers that each contain a probeset listed in any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26. In a particular embodiment, a biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers that each contain one of the probesets listed in any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26, biomarkers that each contain the complement of one of the probesets of any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26, or biomarlcers that each contain an amino acid sequence encoded by a gene that either contains one of the probesets of any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26, or the complement of one of the probesets of any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26. Such biomarkers can be, for example, mRNA
transcripts, cDNA or some other nucleic acid, for example, amplified nucleic acid, or proteins. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker is based upon a gene that includes the sequence of a probeset listed in any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26, the bioinarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene that includes a probeset sequence described in any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different biomarkers that each contains a probeset listed in any one of Figures 6, 14, 17, or 26.
[00434] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least two different biomarkers listed in any one of Figures 39, 43, 52, 53, or 56. In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers listed in any one of Figures 39, 43, 52, 53, or 56. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker in the at least two different biomarkers is listed in any one of Figures 39, 43, 52, 53, or 56, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene listed in any one of Figures 39, 43, 52, 53, or 56, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker. Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in Table 30). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers from any one of Figures 39, 43, 52, 53, or 56.
In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 different biomarkers from any one of Figures 39, 43, 52, 53, or 56.
[00435] In some embodiments, the metllods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use specific biomarkers containing probes from any one of the probeset collections listed in Table P. In a particular embodiment, a biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers that each contain one of the probesets listed in any one of the probeset collections of Table P, biomarkers that each contain the complement of one of the probesets from any one of the probeset collections of Table P. or biomarkers that each contain an amino acid sequence encoded by a gene that either contains one of the probesets from any one of the probeset collections of Table P, or the complement of one of the probesets of any one of the probeset collections of Table P.
Such biomarkers can be, for example, mRNA transcripts, cDNA or some other nucleic acid, for example, amplified nucleic acid, or proteins. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers. Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker is based upon a gene that includes the sequence of a probeset listed in any one of the probeset collections of Table P, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA
thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the eDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene that includes a probeset sequence from any one of the probeset collections listed in Table P. or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment tliat, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In some embodiments, the biomarker profile comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 different biomarkers that each contains a probeset from any one of probeset collections listed in Table P.

Table P: Exem la probesets PROBESET IDENTITY OF PROBE IN PROBESET COLLECTION
COLLECTION
1 X206513_at, X214681_at, X235359_at, X221850_x_at, X213524_s_at, X225656_a, X200881_s_at, X229743_at, X215178_x_at, X215178_x_at, X216841_s_at, X216841_at, X244158_at, X238858_at, X205287_s_at, X233651_s_at, X229572at, X214765_s_at.

2 X206513_at, X213524_s_at, X200881_s_at, X218992_at, X238858_at, X221123 x_at, X228402at, X230585_at, X209304 x_at, X2146817 at.
3 X204102_s_at, X236013_at, X213668_s_at, X1556639_at, X218220_at, X207860at, X232422at, X218578at, X205875_s_at, X226043at, X225879_at, X224618_at, X216316_x_at, X243159_x_at, X202200_s_at, X201936_s_at, X242492at, X216609_at, X214328_s_at, X228648at, X223797_at, X225622_at, X205988_at, X201978_s_at, X200874_s_at, X210105_s_at, X203913_s_at, X204225_at, X227587_at, X220865_s_at, X206682_at, X222664_at, X212264_s_at, X219669_at, X221971_x_at, X1554464_a_at, X242590at, X227925at, X221926_s_at, X202101_s_at, X211078_s_at, X44563_at, X206513_at, X215178_x_at, X235359_at, X225656_at, X244158_at, X214765_s_at, X229743_at, X214681.

[00436] In some embodiments, the methods or kits respectively described or referenced in Section 5.2 and Section 5.3 use at least two different biomarkers listed in any one of the biomarker sets in Table Q. In a particular embodiment, the biomarker profile comprises at least two different biomarkers listed in any one of the biomarker sets in Table Q. The biomarker profile further comprises a respective corresponding feature for the at least two biomarkers listed in any of the biomarker sets in Table Q.
Generally, the at least two biomarkers are derived from at least two different genes. In the case where a biomarker in the at least two different biomarkers is listed in any one of biomarker sets of Table Q, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the listed gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above.
Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene listed in any one of the biomarker sets in Table Q, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In accordance with this embodiment, the biomarker profiles of the present invention can be obtained using any standard assay known to those skilled in the art, or in an assay described herein, to detect a biomarker. Such assays are capable, for example, of detecting the products of expression (e.g., nucleic acids and/or proteins) of a particular gene or allele of a gene of interest (e.g., a gene disclosed in any on of the biomarker sets of Table Q). In one embodiment, such an assay utilizes a nucleic acid microarray. In some embodiments, a biomarker profile comprising at least 2 or 3 different biomarkers from any one of the biomarker sets of Table Q is used.

Table Q: Exem la biomarker sets BIOMARKER IDENTITY OF BIOMARKERS
SET NUMBER
1 IL18R1, ARG2, FCGRIA

2 ITGAM, TGFB1, TLR4, TNFSF, FCGRlA, IL18R1, ARG2 3 ARG2, TGFB1, MMP9, TLR4, ITGAM, IL18R1, TNFSF, IL1RN, FCGRIA

4 OSM, GADD45B, ARG2, IL18R1, TDRD9, PFKFB3, MAPK14, PRV1, MAP2K6, TNFRSF6, FCGRIA, INSL3, LY96, PSTPIP2, ANKRD22, TNFSF10, HLA-DRA, FNDC3B, TIFA, GADD45A, VNN1, ITGAM, BCL2A1, TLR4, TNFSF13B, SOCS3, IL1RN, CEACAM1, SOD2 ARG2, GADD45B, OSM, LY96, INSL3, ANKRD22, MAP2K6, PSTPIP2, TGFB1, GADD45B, TDRD9, MAP2K6, OSM, TNFSFIO, 6. EXAMPLES
[00437] The following examples are representative of the embodiments encompassed by the present invention and in no way limit the subject embraced by the present invention.
In the following examples, data was collected at twenty-four hour time intervals from each subject in a population of subjects. The population included two subject types. The first subject type was those that initially had SIRS and developed sepsis at a terminal time point in the analysis. The second subject type was those that initially had SIRS and did not develop sepsis at the terminal time point in the analysis. For subjects that initially had SIRS
and developed sepsis, a T_12 time point was defined as the time frame immediate prior to the onset of clinically-diagnosed sepsis. In practice, the T_12 time point for each respective sepsis subject was the day the last blood sample was collected from the respective subject prior to being diagnosed witli sepsis.
[00438] For each time point, two types of analyses were performed, a static and a baseline analysis. In the static analysis, only data from a single time point was considered.
In particular, univariate and/or multivariate techniques were used to identify biomarkers whose abundance on corresponding microarray probesets on the U133 plus 2.0 (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, California) discriminate between those subjects that develop sepsis from those subjects that do not develop sepsis during the study. To illustrate, consider the case in which there are two subjects in the population, subject A, who develops sepsis shortly after time period T_12, and subject B, who does not develop sepsis in any of the observed time points. In the static analysis, microarray biomarker abundance data from the two subjects that was collected at a particular single time point is evaluated in order to identify those biomarkers that have different abundance levels in the two subjects, as determined by a U133 plus 2.0 microarray experiment. In fact, in the present examples, a whole population of subjects of type A and type B are evaluated and parametric and/or nonparametric statistical techniques are used to identify those biomarkers whose abundance levels discriminate between subjects that develop sepsis at some point during the observation period and subjects that do not develop sepsis during the observation period.
Here, an observation period refers to a time period that was a matter of hours, days, or weeks.
[00439] In addition to static analyses, baseline analyses were performed in the examples below. In a baseline analysis, rather than identifying biomarkers whose corresponding features (e.g. abundance value) at a single time point discriminate between sepsis subjects (subjects that develop sepsis at some point during the observation time period) and subjects that do not develop sepsis during the observed time frame, biomarkers whose change in abundance value across two or more time points discriminates between the two populations types were identified. For example, again consider subject A, who develops sepsis shortly after time period T_12, and subject B, who does not develop sepsis in any of the observed time points. In the basesline analysis, what were needed are biomarker abundance values for each subject from two different time points (e.g., time point 1 and time point 2). For each respective biomarker considered, the difference in the abundance of the biomarker at the two different time points was computed. These differential abundances from each of the subjects is then used to determine which corresponding biomarkers, expressed as a differential between two different time points, discriminate between subjects that develop sepsis during the observation period and subjects that do not develop sepsis during the observation time period.

6.1 DATA COLLECTION
[00440] SIRS positive subjects admitted to an ICU were recruited for the study.
Subjects were eighteen years of age or older and gave informed consent to comply with the study protocol. Subjects were excluded from the study if they were (i) pregnant, (ii) taking antibiotics to treat a suspected infection, (iii) were taking systemic corticosteroids (total dosage greater than 100 mg hydrocortisone or equivalent in the past 48 hours prior to study entry), (iv) had a spinal cord injury or other illness requiring high-dose corticosteroid therapy, (v) pharmacologically immunosuppressed (e.g., azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, cyclophosphamide, etanercept, anakinra, infliximab, leuflonamide, mycophenolic acid, OKT3, pentoxyphylin, etc.), (vi) were an organ transplant recipient, (vii) had active or metastatic cancer, (viii) had received chemotherapy or radiation therapy within 8 weeks prior to enrollment, and/or (ix) had taken investigational use drugs within thirty days prior to enrollment.
[00441] In the study SIRS criteria were evaluated daily. APACHE II and SOFA
scoring was performed following ICU admission. APACHE II is a system for rating the severity of medical illness. APACHE stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation," and is most frequently used to predict in-hospital death for patients in an intensive care unit. See, for example, Gupta et al., 2004, Indian Journal of Medical Research 119, 273-282, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
SOFA is a test to measure the severity of sepsis. See, for example, Vincent et al., 1996, Intensive Care Med. 22, 707-710, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Patients were monitored daily for up to two weeks for clinical suspicion of sepsis including, but not limited to, any of the following signs and symptoms:

[00442] = pneumonia: temperature > 38.3 C or <36 C + white blood cell count (WBC) > 12,000/mm3 or < 4,000/mm3 + new-onset of purulent sputum + new or progressive infiltrate on chest radiograph (3 out of 4 findings);
[00443] = wound infection: temperature > 38.3 C or < 36 C + pain + erythema +
purulent discharge (3 out of 4 findings);
[00444] = urinary tract infection: temperature > 38.3 C or WBC > 12,000/mm3 or <
4,000/mm3 + bacteruria and pyuria (>10 WBC/hpf or positive leukocyte esterase) (all findings);
[00445] = line sepsis: temperature > 38.3 C or < 36 C + erythema / pain /purulence at catheter exit site (3 out of 4 findings, including fever);
[00446] = intra-abdominal abscess: temperature > 38.3 C or < 36 C + WBC >
12,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3 + radiographic evidence of fluid collection (2 out of 3 criteria);
[00447] = CNS Infection: temperature > 38.3 C or < 36 C + WBC > 12,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3 + CSF pleocytosis via LP or Ventricular drainage.

[00448] Blood was drawn daily for a minimum of four consecutive days beginning within 24 hours following study entry. Patients were followed and blood samples were drawn daily for a maximum of fourteen consecutive days unless clinical suspicion of infection occurred. The maximum volume of blood drawn from any one subject did not exceed 210 mL over the course of a 14 day study maximum. Blood draws for the study were discontinued if the loss of blood posed risk to the patient as defined by physician's judgment. Each patient had two Paxgene (RNA) tubes drawn on each day. One tube was used for the microarray analysis described in Section 6.2. The other tube was used for the RT-PCR analysis described in Section 6.10.

6.2 MICROARRAY ANALYSIS
[00449] RNA was extracted from each blood sample described in Section 6.1, labeled, reversed transcribed to generate cDNA which was labeled, and the labeled cDNA
was hybridized to Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California) U133 plus 2.0 human genome chips containing 54,675 probesets. To enhance detection sensitivity of the microarray, globin mRNA molecules were removed from the total RNA extracted from the blood samples using the metliods described in, for example, U.S. Patent Publication 20050221310, filed August 9, 2004, and 10/948,635, filed September 24, 2004, both entitled "Methods of Enhancing Gene Expression Analysis," each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The U133 plus 2.0 has 62 probesets designed for special functions, such as measuring supplementally added transcripts. This leaves 54,613 probesets designed specifically for the detection of human genes. The Affymetrix human genome U133 (HG-U133) set, consisting of two microarrays, contains almost 45,000 probesets representing more than 39,000 transcripts derived from approximately 33,000 human genes.
This set design uses sequences selected from GenBank, dbEST, and RefSeq. As used herein, the abundance value measured for each of the biomarkers that bind to these probesets is referred to as a feature. The examples below discuss abundance values of biomarkers that bind to particular probesets in the U133 plus 2.0 human genome chip.

6.3 STATIC T_36 DATA ANALYSIS
[00450] In one experiment, a T.36 static analysis was performed. In the T.36 static analysis, biomarkers features are determined using a specific blood sample, designated the T_36 blood sample, from each subject in a training population. The identity of this specific blood sample from each respective subject in the training population is dependent upon whether the subject was a SIRS subject (did not develop sepsis during the observation period) or was a sepsis subject (did develop sepsis during the observation period). In the case of a sepsis subject, the T_36 sample is defined as the second to last blood sample taken from the subject before the subject acquired sepsis. Identification of T_36 samples in the SIRS subjects in the training population was more discretionary than for the sepsis counterpart subjects because there was no significant event in which the SIRS
subjects became septic. Because of this, the identity of the T_36 samples for the sepsis subjects in the training population was used to identify the T_36 samples in the SIRS subjects in the training population. Specifically, T_36 time points (blood samples) for SIRS subjects in the training population were identified by "time-matching" a septic subject and a SIRS
subject. For example, consider the case in which a subject that entered the study became clinically-defined as septic on their sixth day of enrollment. For this subject, T_36 is day four of the study, and the T_36 blood sample is the blood sample that was obtained on day four of the study. Likewise, T_36 for the SIRS subject that was matched to this sepsis subject is deemed to be day four of the study on this paired SIRS subject.
[00451] Although SIRS subjects did not progress on to develop sepsis, they did have changes in their expressed genes (and proteins, etc.) over time. Thus, a one-to-one time matching of sepsis subjects to SIRS subjects for the purpose of obtaining a relevant set of T.36 blood samples from the SIRS subjects was sought in the manner described above. Just as subjects who progressed to become septic did so at varying rates, this time matching was done to mimic feature variability in SIRS subjects. While time matching between arbitrary pairs of SIRS and sepsis subjects was done to identify T_36 blood samples for as many of the SIRS subjects in the training population as possible, in some instances, T_36 samples from SIRS subjects had to be selected from time points based on sample availability.
[00452] For the T_36 static analysis there were 54,613 biomarkers measured on samples for a total of 84 corresponding microarray experiments from 84 different subjects.
Each sample was collected from a different subject in the population of 84 subject. Of the 54,613 probesets measured in each microarray experiment, 30,464 were transformed by log transformations. The log transformation is described in Draghici, 2003, Data Analysis Tools foN DNA Microarrays, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, pp. 309-311, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Further, of the 54,613 probesets in each microarray experiment, 2317 were transformed by a square root transformation.
The square root transformation is described in Ramdas, 2001, Genome Biology 2, 47.1 -47.7, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The remaining 21,832 probesets in each microarray experiment were not transforined.
[00453] The 84 member population was initially split into a training set (n =
64) and a validation set (n = 20). The training set was used to estimate the appropriate classification algorithm parameters while the trained algorithin was applied to the validation set to independently assess performance. Of the 64 training samples, 35 were Sepsis, meaning that the subjects developed sepsis at some point during the observation time period, and 29 were SIRS, meaning that they did not develop sepsis during the observation time period.
Table 1 provides distributions of the race, gender and age for these samples.

[00454]
Table 1: Distributions of the race, gender, and age for the training data Group Gender Black Caucasian Other Sepsis Male 10 13 1 Female 0 10 1 SIRS Male 5 17 0 Female 0 7 0 Group Minimum Mean Median Maximum Sepsis 18 42 41 80 [00455] For the 20 validation samples, 9 were Sepsis and 11 were SIRS. Table 2 provides distributions of the race, gender and age for these samples.

Table 2: Distributions of the race, gender, and age for the validation data Group Gender Black Caucasian Other Sepsis Male 1 7 0 Female 0 3 0 SIRS Male 0 6 0 Female 0 3 0 Group Minimum Mean Median Maximum Sepsis 18 41.8 43 81 SIRS 19 47.7 51 77 [00456] Each sample in the training data was randomly assigned to one of ten groups used for cross-validation. The number of training samples in these groups ranged from 6 to 7. The samples were assigned in way that attempted to balance the number of sepsis and SIRS samples across folds. As described in more detail below, several different methods were used to judge whether select biomarkers, which bind to particular probesets in the microarray, discriminate between the Sepsis and SIRS groups.
[00457] Wilcoxon and Q-value tests. The first method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was a Wilcoxon test (unadjusted). The Wilcoxon test is a distribution-free test is resistant to extreme values. The Wilcoxon test is described in Agresti, 1996, An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, Chapter 2, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The Wilcoxon test produces ap value. The abundance value for a given biomarker from all samples in the training data is subjected to the Wilcoxon test. The Wilcoxon test considers both group classification (sepsis versus SIRS) and abundance value in order to compute ap value for the given biomarker. The p value provides an indication of how well the abundance value for the given biomarker across the samples collected in the training set discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS state. When the p value is less than a specific confidence level, such as 0.05, an inference is made that the biomarker discriminates between Sepsis and SIRS.
There were 9520 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 3).
[00458] The second method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was the Wilcoxon Test (adjusted). Due to the large number of biomarkers, 54613, and the relatively small number of samples, 84, there was a high risk of finding falsely significant biomarkers.
An adjusted p-value was used to counter this risk. In particular, the method of Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995, J.R. Statist. Soc. B 57, pp 289-300, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, was used to control the false discovery rate. Here, the false discovery rate is defined as the number of biomarkers truly significant divided by the number of biomarkers declared significant. For example, if the adjusted p-value is less than 0.05, there is a 5% chance that the biomarker is a false discovery. Results using this test are reported in Table 3. There were 1618 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 3). As used, herein, a biomarker is considered significant if the feature values corresponding to the biomarker have a p-value of less than 0.05 as determined by the Wilcoxon test (adjusted).
[00459] The third method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was the use of Q values. Q-values are described in Storey, 2002, J.R. Statist. Soc. B 64, Part 3, pp. 479-498, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The biomarkers are ordered by their q-values and if a biomarker has a q-value of X, then this biomarker and all others more significant have a combined false discovery rate of X. However, the false discovery rate for any one biomarker may be much larger. There were 2431 significant markers using this method (see Table 3).

[00460] Table 3: Cumulative number of significant calls for the three methods.
Note that all 84 samples (training and validation) were used to compare converters and nonconverters. Missing biomarker values were not included in the analyses.
1e-04 _0.001 <_0.01 <_0.025 <_0.05 <_0.1 1 p-value 0 1362 4210 6637 9520 13945 54613 (unadjusted) p-value 0 0 0 584 1618 3315 54613 (adjusted) q-value 0 0 0 1055 2431 4785 54613 [00461] CART. In addition to analyzing the microarray data using Wilcoxon test and Q-value tests in order to identify biomarkers that discriminate between the sepsis and SIRS
subpopulations in the training set, classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used. CART is described in Section 5.5.1, above. Specifically, the data summarized above was used to predict the disease state by iteratively partitioning the data based on the best single-variable (feature of biomarker across training set) split of the data.
In other words, at each stage of the tree building process, the biomarker whose abundance value across the training population best discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS population was invoked as a decision branch. Cross-validation was carried out, with the optimal number of splits estimated independently in each of the 10 iterations. The final tree is depicted in Figure 1.
In Figure 1, decision 102 makes a decision based on the abundance of the biomarker that binds to X204319 s at. If the biomarker that binds to X204319_s_at has an abundance that is greater than 2.331 units in a biological sample from a subject to be diagnosed (test biological sample), then control passes to decision 104. If, on the other hand, the biomarker that binds to probeset X204319_s at has abundance that is less than 2.331 units in the test biological sample, decision control passes to decision 106. Decisions are made in this manner until a terminal leaf of the decision tree is reached, at which point diagnoses of sepsis or SIRS is made. The decision tree in Figure 1 makes use of the biomarkers that bind to the following five probesets: X204319_s_at, X1562290 at, X1552501_a at, X 15 5 22 8 3_s_at, and Xl 17_at.
[00462] Figure 2 shows the distribution of the biomarkers that bind to the five probesets used in the decision tree between the sepsis and SIRS groups in the training data set. In Figure 2, the top of each box denotes the 75th percentile of the data across the training set and the bottom of each box denotes the 25th percentile, and the median value for each biomarker across the training set is drawn as a line within each box. The confusion matrix for the training data where the predicted classifications were made from the cross-validated model is given in Table 4. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 70.3% with a 95% confidence interval of 57.6% to 81.1%. The estimated sensitivity was 60% and the estimated specificity was 82.8%.

Table 4: Confusion matrix for training samples using the cross-validated CART
algorithm of Figure 1.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 21 5 [00463] For the 20 validation samples held back from training data set, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 70% with a 95% confidence interval of 45.7% to 88.1%, sensitivity 88.9% and specificity 54.5%. Table 5 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 5: Confusion matrix for validation samples using the cross-validated CART
algorithm of Figure 1.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 8 5 [00464] Random Forests. Another decision rule that can be developed using biomarkers of the present invention is a Random Forests decision tree. Random Forests is a tree based method that uses bootstrapping instead of cross-validation. For each iteration, a random sample (with replacement) is drawn and the largest tree possible is grown. Each tree receives a vote in the final class prediction. To fit a random forest, the number of trees (e.g. bootstrap iterations) is specified. No more than 500 were used in this example, but at least 50 are needed for a burn-in period. The number of trees was chosen based on the accuracy of the training data. For this data, 500 trees were used to train the algorithm (see Figure 3). In Figure 3, curve 302 is a smootlzed estimate of overall accuracy as a function of tree number. Curve 304 is a smoothed curve of tree sensitivity as a function of tree number. Curve 306 is a smoothed curve of tree specificity as a function of tree number.
Using this algorithm, 901 biomarkers had non-zero importance and were used in the model.
The random forest algorithm gauges biomarker importance by the average reduction in the training accuracy. The biomarkers were ranked by this method and are shown in Figure 4.
In Figure 4, the biomarkers are labeled by the name of the U133 plus 2.0 probeset to which they bind. The figure only reflects the 50 most important biomarkers found by using Random Forest analysis. However, 901 biomarkers were actually found to have discriminating significance. The random forest method uses a number of different decision trees. A biomarker is considered to have discriminating significance if it served as a decision branch of a decision tree from a significant random forest analysis.
As used herein, a significant random forest analysis is one where the lower 95% confidence interval on accuracy by cross validation on a training data set is greater than 50% and the point estimate for accuracy on a validation set is greater than 65%.
[00465] The predicted confusion matrix for the training dataset using the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method is given in Table 6. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 68.8% (confidence intervals cannot be computed when using the bootstrap accuracy estimate). The estimated sensitivity was 74.3% and the estimated specificity was 62.1%.

Table 6: Confusion matrix for training samples against the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS

Sepsis 18 9 [00466] For the 20 validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 65% with a 95% confidence interval of 40.8% to 84.6%, sensitivity 66.7% and specificity 63.6%. Table 7 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 7: Confusion matrix for the 20 validation samples against the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 6 4 [00467] PAM. Yet another decision rule developed using the biomarkers of the present invention is predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM), which is described in Section 5.5.2, above. In this method, a shrinkage parameter that determines the number of biomarkers used to classify samples is specified. This parameter was chosen via cross-validation. There were no biomarkers with missing values. Based on cross-validation, the optimal threshold value was 2.07, corresponding to 258 biomarkers. Figure 5 shows the accuracy across different thresholds. In Figure 5, curve 502 is the overall accuracy (with 95% confidence interval bars). Curve 504 shows decision rule sensitivity as a function of threshold value. Curve 506 shows decision rule specificity as a function of threshold value.
Using the threshold of 2.07, the overall accuracy for the training samples was estimated to be 73.4% with 95% a confidence interval of 61.4% to 82.8%. The estimated sensitivity was 79.3% and the estimated specificity was 68.6%.

Table 8: Confusion matrix for training samples using cross-validated PAM
algorithm True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 23 11 [00468] For the twenty validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 70% with a 95% confidence interval of 45.7% to 88.1%, sensitivity 66.7% and specificity 72.7%. Table 9 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 9: Confusion matrix for training samples using cross-validated PAM
algorithm True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 6 3 [00469] Figure 6 shows the selected biomarkers, ranked by their relative discriminatory power, and their relative importance in the model. Figure 6 only shows the fifty most important biomarkers found using the PAM analysis. However, 258 important biomarkers were found. The biomarkers in Figure 6 are labeled based upon the U133 plus 2.0 probeset to which they bind.
[00470] Figure 7 provides a summary of the CART, PAM, and random forests classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals. Fifty distinct biomarkers were selected from across all the algorithms illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 8 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were selected across the techniques of Wilcoxon (adjusted), CART, PAM, and RF. Figure 9 illustrates an overall ranking of biomarkers for the T-36 data set. For the selected biomarkers, the x-axis depicts the percentage of times that it was selected. Within the percentage of times that biomarkers were selected, the biomarkers are ranked. The biomarkers in Figure 7 are labeled based upon the probeset (oligonucleotide identity) to which they bind.

6.4 STATIC T_12 DATA ANALYSIS
[00471] In another experiment, a T_12 static analysis was performed. In the T_12 static analysis, biomarkers features were measured using a specific blood sample, designated the T_12 blood sample, obtained from each subject in the training population. The identity of this specific blood sample from a given subject in the training population was dependent upon whether the subject was a SIRS subject (did not develop sepsis during the observation period) or a sepsis subject (did develop sepsis during the observation period). In the case of a sepsis subject, the T_12 sample was defined as the last blood sample taken from the subject before the subject acquired sepsis. Identification of T_12 samples in the SIRS
subjects in the training population was more discretionary than for the sepsis counterpart subjects because there was no significant event in which the SIRS subjects became septic.
Because of this, the identity of the T_12 samples for the sepsis subjects in the training population was used to identify the T_12 samples in the SIRS subjects in the training population.
Specifically, T_12 time points (blood samples) for SIRS subjects in the training population were identified by "time-matching" a septic subject and a SIRS subject. For example, consider the case in which a subject that entered the study became clinically-defined as septic on their sixth day of enrollment. For this subject, T_12 was day five of the study (1-24 hours prior to sepsis), and the T_12 blood sample was the blood sample that was obtained on day five of the study.
Likewise, T_12 for the SIRS subject that was matched to this sepsis subject was deemed to be day five of study on this paired SIRS subject. While time matching between arbitrary pairs of SIRS and sepsis subjects was done to identify T_12 blood samples for as many of the SIRS subjects in the training population as possible, in some instances, T_12 samples from SIRS subjects had to be selected from the time points based on sample availability.
[00472] For the T_12 static analysis, there were 54,613 biomarkers measured on samples for a total of 90 corresponding microarray experiments from 90 different subjects.
Each sample was collected from a different member the population. Of the 54,613 probesets in each microarray experiment, 31,047 were transformed by log transformations.
Further, of the 54,613 probesets in each microarray experiment, 2518 were transformed by a square root transformation. The remaining 21,048 probesets in each microarray experiment were not transformed.
[00473] The 90 member population was initially split into a training set (n =
69) and a validation set (n = 21). The training set was used to estimate the appropriate classification algorithm parameters while the trained algorithm was applied to the validation set to independently assess performance. Of the 69 trainiuig samples, 34 were labeled Sepsis, meaning that the subjects developed sepsis at some point during the observation time period, and 35 were SIRS, meaning that they did not develop sepsis during the observation time period. Table 10 provides distributions of the race, gender and age for these samples.

Table 10: Distributions of the race, gender, and age for the training data Group Gender Black Caucasian Other Sepsis Male 9 13 1 Female 0 10 1 SIRS Male 5 20 0 Female 0 10 0 Group Minimum Mean Median Maximum Sepsis 18 42.1 39 80 SIRS 18 44.1 40 90 [00474] For the 21 validation samples, 11 were labeled Sepsis and 10 were labeled SIRS. Table 11 provides distributions of the race, gender and age for these samples.

Table 11: Distributions of the race, gender, and age for the validation data Group Gender Black Caucasian Other Sepsis Male 0 7 0 Female 0 3 0 SIRS Male 2 6 0 Female 0 3 0 Group Minimum Mean Median Maximum Sepsis 18 43.3 40 81 [00475] Each sample in the training data was randomly assigned to one of ten groups used for cross-validation. The number of training samples in these groups ranged from 6 to 8. The samples were assigned in way that attempted to balance the number of sepsis and SIRS samples across folds. As described in more detail below, several different methods were used to judge whether select biomarkers discriminate between the Sepsis and SIRS
groups.
[00476] Wilcoxon and Q-value tests. The first method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was a Wilcoxon test (unadjusted). The abundance value for a given biomarker across the samples in the training data was subjected to the Wilcoxon test.
The Wilcoxon test considers both group classification (sepsis versus SIRS) and abundance value in order to compute ap value for the given biomarker. Thep value provides an indication of how well the abundance value for the given biomarker across the samples collected in the training set discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS state. The lower the p value, the better the discrimination. When the p value is less than a specific confidence level, such as 0.05, an inference is made that the biomarker discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS
phenotype. There were 19,791 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 12).
[00477] The second method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was the Wilcoxon Test (adjusted). Due to the large number of biomarkers, 54613, and the relatively small number of samples, 90, there was a high risk of finding falsely significant biomarkers.
An adjusted p-value was used to counter this risk. In particular, the method of Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995, J.R. Statist. Soc. B 57, pp 289-300, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, was used to control the false discovery rate. Here, the false discovery rate is defined as the number of biomarkers truly significant divided by the number of biomarkers declared significant. For example, if the adjusted p-value is less than 0.05, there is a 5% chance that the biomarker is a false discovery. Results using this test are reported in Table 12. There were 11851 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 12). As used, herein, a biomarker is considered significant if it has a p-value of less than 0.05 as determined by the Wilcoxon test (adjusted).
[00478] The third method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was the use of Q values. In such an approach, the biomarkers are ordered by their q-values and if a respective biomarker has a q-value of X, then respective biomarker and all others more significant have a combined false discovery rate of X. However, the false discovery rate for any one biomarker may be much larger. There were 11851 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 12).

Table 12: Cumulative number of significant calls for the three methods.
Note that all 90 samples (training and validation) were used to compare Sepsis and SIRS groups. Missing biomarker feature values were not included in the analyses.
1e-04 :!0.001 <-0.01 <-0.025 _0.05 <_0.1 <_1 p-value 0 5417 11537 15769 19791 24809 54613 (unadjusted) p-value 0 0 5043 8374 11851 16973 54613 (adjusted) q-value 0 0 7734 12478 17820 24890 54613 [00479] CART. In addition to analyzing the microarray data using Wilcoxon test and Q-value tests in order to identify biomarkers that discriminate between the sepsis and SIRS
subpopulations in the training set, classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used. CART is described in Section 5.5.1, above. Specifically, the data summarized above was used to predict the disease state by iteratively partitioning the data based on the best single-variable split of the data. In other words, at each stage of the tree building process, the biomarker whose expression values across the training population best discriminate between the sepsis and SIRS population was invoked as a decision branch. Cross-validation was carried out, with the optimal number of splits estimated independently in each of the 10 iterations. The final tree is depicted in Figure 10. In Figure 10, decision 1002 makes a decision based on the abundance of the biomarker that binds to probeset X214681_at. If biomarker X214681_at has an abundance that is greater than 7.862 units in a biological sample from a subject to be diagnosed (test biological sample), than control passes to decision 1004. If, on the other hand, if the biomarker that binds to probeset (U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide) X214681_at has an abundance that is less than 7.862 units in the test biological sample, decision control passes to decision 1006. Decisions are made in this manner until a terminal leaf of the decision tree is reached, at which point diagnoses of sepsis or SIRS is made. The decision tree in Figure 10 makes use of the biomarkers that bind to the following four probesets: X214681_at, X1560432_at, X230281 at, and X 1007_s_at.
[00480] Figure 11 shows the distribution of the four biomarkers used in the decision tree between the sepsis and SIRS groups in the training data set. In Figure 11, the top of each box denotes the 75t" percentile of the data across the training set and the bottom of each box denotes the 25th percentile, and the median value for each biomarker across the training set is drawn as a line within each box. The biomarkers are labeled in Figure 11 based on the identity of the U133 plus 2.0 probes to which they bind). The confusion matrix for the training data where the predicted classifications were made from the cross-validated model is given in Table 13. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 65.2% with a 95% confidence interval of 52.8% to 76.3%. The estimated sensitivity was 61.8% and the estimated specificity was 68.6%.

Table 13: Confusion matrix for training samples using the cross-validated CART
algorithm of Figure 10 True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 21 11 [00481] For the 21 validation samples held back from training data set, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 71.4% with a 95% confidence interval of 47.8% to 88.7%, sensitivity 90.9% and specificity 50%. Table 14 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 14: Confusion matrix for validation samples using the cross-validated CART
algorithm of Figure 10 True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 10 5 [00482] Random Forests. Another decision rule that can be developed using biomarkers of the present invention is a Random Forests decision tree. Random Forests is a tree based method that uses bootstrapping instead of cross-validation. For each iteration, a random sample (with replacement) is drawn and the largest tree possible is grown. Each tree receives a vote in the final class prediction. To fit a random forest, the number of trees (e.g. bootstrap iterations) is specified. No more than 500 were used in this example, but at least 50 are needed for a bum-in period. The number of trees was chosen based on the accuracy of the training data. For this data, 439 trees were used to train the algoritlun (see Figure 12). In Figure 12, curve 1202 is a smoothed estimate of overall accuracy as a function of tree number. Curve 1204 is a smoothed curve of tree sensitivity as a function of tree number. Curve 1206 is a smoothed curve of tree specificity as a function of tree number. Using this algorithm, 845 biomarkers had non-zero importance and were used in the model. The random forest algorithm gauges biomarker importance by the average reduction in the training accuracy. The biomarkers were ranked by this method and are shown in Figure 13. The figure only reflects the 50 most important biomarkers found by using Random Forest analysis. However, 845 biomarkers were actually found to have discriminating significance. The random forest method uses a number of different decision trees. A biomarker is considered to have discriminating significance if it served as a decision branch of a decision tree from a significant random forest analysis.
As used herein, a significant random forest analysis is one where the lower 95% confidence interval on accuracy by cross validation on a training data set is greater than 50% and the point estimate for accuracy on a validation set is greater than 65%.
[00483] The predicted confusion matrix for the training dataset using the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method is given in Table 15. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 75.4% (confidence intervals cannot be computed when using the bootstrap accuracy estimate). The estimated sensitivity was 73.5% and the estimated specificity was 77.1%.

Table 15: Confusion matrix for training samples against the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method.

True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 27 9 [00484] For the 21 validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 95.2% with a 95% confidence interval of 76.2% to 99.9%, sensitivity 100% and specificity 90%. Table 16 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.
Table 16: Confusion matrix for the 20 validation samples against the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 11 1 [00485] MART. Multiple Additive Regression Trees (MART), also known as "gradient boosting machines," was used to simultaneously assess the importance of biomarkers and classify the subject samples. Several fitting parameters are specified in this approach including (i) number of trees, (ii) step size (commonly referred to as "shrinkage"), and (iii) degree of interaction (related to the number of splits for each tree). More information on MART is described in Section 5.5.4 above. The degree of interaction was set to 1 to enforce an additive model (e.g. each tree has one split and only uses one biomarker).
[00486] Estimating interactions may require more data to function well. The step size was set to 0.05 so that the model complexity was dictated by the number of trees. The optimal number of trees was estimated by leaving out a random subset of cases at each fitting iteration, then assessing quality of prediction on that subset. After fitting more trees than were warranted, the point at which prediction performance stopped improving was estimated as the optimal point.
[00487] The estimated model used 28 trees and 17 biomarkers across all trees.
The MART algorithm also provides a calculation of biomarker importance (summing to 100%), which are given in Figure 14. Biomarkers with zero importance were excluded.
In Figure 14, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide to which they bind. Figure 15 shows the distribution of the selected biomarkers between the Sepsis and SIRS groups.
In Figure 15, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide to which they bind.

[00488] Cross-validation was carried out, with the optimal number of trees estimated independently in each of the 10 iterations. The confusion matrix for the training data where the predicted classifications were made from the cross-validated model is given in Table 17. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 76.8%
with a 95%
confidence interval of 65.1% to 86.1%. The estimated sensitivity was 76.5% and the estimated specificity was 77.1 %.

Table 17: Confusion matrix for the training samples using the cross-validated MART
algorithm.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 26 8 [00489] For the 21 validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 85.7% with a 95% confidence interval of 63.7% to 97%, sensitivity 80% and specificity 90.9%. Table 18 shows the confusion matrix for the validation sainples.

Table 18: Confusion matrix for the validation samples using the MART
algorithm.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 8 1 [00490] PAM. Yet anotlier decision rule developed using biomarkers of the present invention is predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM), which is described in Section 5.5.2, above. In this method, a shrinkage parameter that determines the number of biomarkers used to classify samples is specified. This parameter was chosen via cross-validation.
There were no biomarkers with missing values. Based on cross-validation, the optimal threshold value was 2.1, corresponding to 820 biomarkers. Figure 16 shows the accuracy across different thresholds. In Figure 16, curve 1602 is the overall accuracy (with 95%
confidence interval bars). Curve 1604 shows decision rule sensitivity as a function of threshold value. Curve 1606 shows decision rule specificity as a function of threshold value. Using the threshold of 2.1, the overall accuracy for the training samples was estimated to be 80.9% with a 95% confidence interval of 73.4% to 86.7%. The estimated sensitivity was 85.7% and the estimated specificity was 76.5%. Table 19 shows the confusion matrix for the training data where the predicted classifications were made from the cross-validated models.

The two time points for each respective subject in a training population were (i) the T_12 time point and (ii) the first measurement, Tfrst, taken of the respective subject. It will be appreciated that Tf,rst could differ across the training population. For example, in some subjects, Tfrstwas two days before T_12, in some subjects Tf,rstwas three days before T_12, and so forth. To illustrate the computation of a feature value in accordance with the T_12 baseline analysis, consider the case in which biomarker A was evaluated. To compute a feature value for biomarker A for the purposes of the baseline T_12 analysis, the abundance of biomarker A in the T_12 blood sample for a respective subject in the training population [A]T_12, was obtained. Further, the abundance of biomarker A from the first blood sample taken for the respective subject, [A]frst, was obtained. The feature value for A for this respective subject was then computed as AA =[A]T_l2 -[A]f,rst. This calculation was repeated for each subject in the training population and for each biomarker under consideration.
[00495] For the baseline T_12 analysis, there were 54,613 probesets measured on 89 samples for a total of 89 corresponding microarray experiments from 89 different subjects.
Each sample was collected from a different member of the population. Of the 54,613 probesets in each microarray experiment, 31,047 were transformed by log transformations.
Further, of the 54,613 probesets in each microarray experiment, 2518 were transformed by a square root transformation. The remaining 21,048 probesets in each microarray experiment were not transformed.
[00496] The 89 member population was initially split into a training set (n =
68) and a validation set (n = 21). The training set was used to estimate the appropriate classification algorithm parameters while the trained algorithm was applied to the validation set to independently assess performance. Of the 68 training samples, 33 were Sepsis, meaning that the subjects developed sepsis at some point during the observation time period, and 35 were SIRS, meaning that they did not develop sepsis during the observation time period.
Table 21 provides distributions of the race, gender and age for these samples.

Table 21: Distributions of the race, gender, and age for the training data Group Gender Black Caucasian Other Sepsis Male 9 12 1 Female 0 10 1 SIRS Male 5 20 0 Female 0 10 0 Table 19: Confusion matrix for training samples using cross-validated PAM
algorithm True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 30 8 [00491] For the 21 validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 95.2% with a 95% confidence interval of 76.2% to 99.9%, sensitivity 100% and specificity 90%. Table 20 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 20: Confusion matrix for validation samples using cross-validated PAM
algorithm True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 11 1 [00492] Figure 17 shows the selected biomarkers, ranked by their relative discriminatory power, and their relative importance in the model. Fig. 17 only shows the fifty most important biomarkers found using the PAM analysis. However, 820 important biomarkers were found. In Figure 17, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide to which they bind.
[00493] Figure 18 provides a summary of the CART, MART, PAM, and random forests (RF) classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals. Fifty distinct biomarkers were selected from across all the algorithms illustrated in Figure 18. The identity of these fifty selected features is shown in Figure 20.
Figure 19 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were selected across the techniques of CART, MART, PAM, RF, and Wilcoxon (adjusted). Figure 20 illustrates an overall ranking of biomarkers for the T_12 data set. For the selected biomarkers, the x-axis depicts the percentage of times that it was selected. Within the percentage of times that biomarkers were selected, the biomarkers are ranked. In Figure 20, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide to which they bind.

6.5 BASELINE T_12 DATA ANALYSIS
[00494] In another example, a baseline T_12 analysis was performed. Feature values for biomarkers in this example were computed as the differential between two time points.

Group Minimum Mean Median Maximum Sepsis 18 42.7 39 80 SIRS 18 44.1 40 90 [00497] For the 21 validation samples, 11 were Sepsis and 10 were SIRS. Table provides distributions of the race, gender and age for these samples.

Table 22: Distributions of the race, gender, and age for the validation data Group Gender Black Caucasian Other Sepsis Male 0 7 0 Female 0 3 0 SIRS Male 2 6 0 Female 0 3 0 Group Minimum Mean Median Maximum Sepsis 18 43.3 40 81 [004981 Each sa.inple in the training data was randomly assigned to one of ten groups used for cross-validation. The number of training samples in these groups ranged from 6 to 8. The samples were assigned in way that attempted to balance the number of sepsis and SIRS samples across folds. As described in more detail below, several different methods were used to judge whether select biomarkers discriminate between the Sepsis and SIRS
groups.
[00499] Wilcoxon and Q-value tests. The first method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was a Wilcoxon test (unadjusted). The abundance value for a given biomarker from all samples in the training data was subjected to the Wilcoxon test. The Wilcoxon test considers both group classification (sepsis versus SIRS) and abundance value in order to compute ap value for the given biomarker. Thep value provides an indication of how well the abundance value for the given biomarker across the samples collected in the training set discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS state. The lower the p value, the better the discrimination. When the p value is less than a specific confidence level, such as 0.05, an inference is made that the biomarker discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS
phenotype.
There were 6427 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 23).
[00500] The second method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was the Wilcoxon Test (adjusted). Due to the large number of biomarkers, 54613, and the relatively small number of samples, 89, there was a higli risk of finding falsely significant biomarkers.
An adjusted p-value was used to counter this risk. In particular, the method of Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995, J.R. Statist. Soc. B 57, pp 289-300, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, was used to control the false discovery rate. Here, the false discovery rate is defined as the number of biomarkers truly significant divided by the number of biomarkers declared significant. For example, if the adjusted p-value is less than 0.05, there is a 5% chance that the biomarker is a false discovery. Results using this test are reported in Table 12. There were 482 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 23). As used, herein, a biomarker is considered significant if it has a p-value of less than 0.05 as detennined by the Wilcoxon test (adjusted).
[00501] The third method used to identify discriminating biomarkers was the use of Q values. The biomarkers are ordered by their q-values and if a biomarker has a q-value of X, then this biomarker and all otliers more biomarkers have a combined false discovery rate of X. However, the false discovery rate for any one biomarker may be much larger. There were 482 significant biomarkers using this method (see Table 23).

Table 23: Cumulative number of significant calls for the three methods. Note that all 89 samples (training and validation) were used to compare Sepsis and SIRS
groups.
Missing biomarker values were not included in the analyses.
1e-04 <-0.001 <-0.01 <-0.025 <-0.05 0.1 1 p-value 0 808 2486 4230 6427 10051 54613 (unadjusted) p-value 0 0 0 0 482 1035 54613 (adjusted) q-value 0 0 0 0 606 1283 54613 [00502] CART. In addition to analyzing the microarray data using Wilcoxon test and Q-value tests in order to identify biomarkers that discriminate between the sepsis and SIRS
subpopulations in the training set, classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used. CART is described in Section 5.5.1, above. Specifically, the data summarized above was used to predict the disease state by iteratively partitioning the data based on the best single-variable (biomarker) split of the data. In other words, at each stage of the tree building process, the biomarker whose abundance value across the training population best discriminates between the sepsis and SIRS population was invoked as a decision branch.
Cross-validation was carried out, with the optimal number of splits estimated independently in each of the 10 iterations. The final tree is depicted in Figure 21. In Figure 21, decision 2102 makes a decision based on the abundance of the biomarker that bind to U133 plus 2.0 probe X210119_at. If this biomarker that binds to X210119_at has an abundance that is less than -0.03669 units in a biological sample from a subject to be diagnosed (test biological sample), then control passes to decision 2104. If, on the other hand, the biomarker that binds to probeset X210119_at has an abundance that is greater than -0.03669 units in the test biological sample, decision control passes to decision 2106.
Decisions are made in this manner until a terminal leaf of the decision tree is reached, at which point diagnoses of sepsis or SIRS is made. The decision tree in Figure 21 makes use of the biomarkers that bind to the following five U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotides:
X210119_at, X1552554_a at, X1554390_s_at, X1552301_a at, and X1555868_at.
[00503] Figure 22 shows the distribution of the five biomarkers used in the decision tree between the sepsis and SIRS groups in the training data set. In Figure 22, the top of each box denotes the 75th percentile of the data across the training set and the bottom of each box denotes the 25th percentile, and the median value for each biomarker across the training set is drawn as a line within each box. In Figure 22, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotides to which they bind. The confusion matrix for the training data wliere the predicted classifications were made from the cross-validated model is given in Table 24. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 80.9%
with a 95% confidence interval of 69.5% to 89.4%. The estimated sensitivity was 93.9%
and the estimated specificity was 68.6%.

Table 24: Confusion matrix for training samples using the cross-validated CART
algorithm of Figure 21.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 31 11 [00504] For the 21 validation samples held back from training data set, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 71.4% with a 95% confidence interval of 47.8% to 88.7%, sensitivity 72.7% and specificity 70%. Table 25 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 25: Confusion matrix for validation samples using the cross-validated CART
algorithm of Figure 21.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 10 5 [00505] Random Forests. Another decision rule that can be developed using biomarkers is a Random Forests decision tree. To fit a random forest, the number of trees (e.g. bootstrap iterations) is specified. No more than 500 were used in this example, but at least 50 are needed for a burn-in period. The number of trees was chosen based on the accuracy of the training data. For this data, 482 trees were used to train the algorithm (see Figure 23). In Figure 23, curve 2302 is a smoothed estimate of overall accuracy as a function of tree number. Curve 2304 is a smoothed curve of tree sensitivity as a function of tree number. Curve 2306 is a smoothed curve of tree specificity as a function of tree number. Using this algorithm, 482 biomarkers had non-zero importance and were used in the model. The random forest algorithm gauges biomarker importance by the average reduction in the training accuracy. The biomarkers were ranked by this method and are shown in Figure 24. The figure only reflects the 50 most important biomarkers found by using Random Forest analysis. However, 893 biomarkers were actually found to have discriminating significance. The random forest method uses a number of different decision trees. A biomarker is considered to have discriminating significance if it served as a decision branch of a decision tree from a significant random forest analysis.
As used herein, a significant random forest analysis is one where the lower 95% confidence interval on accuracy by cross validation on a training data set is greater than 50% and the point estimate for accuracy on a validation set is greater than 65%.
[00506] The predicted confusion matrix for the training dataset using the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method is given in Table 26. From this confusion matrix, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 61.8% (confidence intervals cannot be computed when using the bootstrap accuracy estimate). The estimated sensitivity was 57.6% and the estimated specificity was 65.7%.

Table 26: Confusion matrix for training samples against the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 23 14 [00507] For the 21 validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 72.6% with a 95% confidence interval of 52.8% to 91.8%, sensitivity 63.9% and specificity 90%. Table 27 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 27: Confusion matrix for the 20 validation samples against the decision tree developed using the Random Forest method.
True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 7 1 [00508] PAM. Yet another decision rule developed using biomarkers is predictive analysis of microarrays (PAM), which is described in Section 5.5.2, above. In this method, a shrinkage parameter that determines the number of biomarkers used to classify samples is specified. This parameter was chosen via cross-validation. There were no biomarkers with missing values. Based on cross-validation, the optimal threshold value was 1.62, corresponding to 269 biomarkers. Figure 25 shows the accuracy across different thresholds.
In Figure 25, curve 2502 is the overall accuracy (with 95% confidence interval bars). Curve 2504 shows decision rule sensitivity as a function of threshold value. Curve 2506 shows decision rule specificity as a function of threshold value. Using the threshold of 1.62, the overall accuracy for the training samples was estimated to be 67.7% with a 95%
confidence interval of 55.9% to 77.6%. The estimated sensitivity was 68.6% and the estimated specificity was 66.7%. Table 28 shows the confusion matrix for the training data where the predicted classifications were made from the cross-validated models.

Table 28: Confusion matrix for training samples using cross-validated PAM
algorithm True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS

Sepsis 24 11 [00509] For the 21 validation samples held back from training, the overall accuracy was estimated to be 81 % with a 95% confidence interval of 58.1 % to 94.6%, sensitivity 72.7% and specificity 100%. Table 26 shows the confusion matrix for the validation samples.

Table 29: Confusion matrix for validation samples using cross-validated PAM
algorithm True Diagnosis Predicted Sepsis SIRS
Sepsis 8 1 [00510] Figure 26 shows the selected biomarkers, ranked by their relative discriminatory power, and their relative importance in the model. Fig. 26 only shows the fifty most important biomarkers found using the PAM analysis. However, 269 biomarker were found. In Figure 26, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotides to which they bind.
[00511] Figure 27 provides a summary of the CART, PAM and random forests classification algorithm (decision rule) performance and associated 95%
confidence intervals. Fifty distinct biomarkers were selected from across all the algorithms illustrated in Figure 27. Figure 28 illustrates the number of times that common biomarkers were selected across the techniques of CART, PAM, RF, and Wilcoxon (adjusted). In Figure 28, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide to which they bind. Figure 29 illustrates an overall ranking of biomarkers for the To base data set. In Figure 29, biomarkers are labeled by the U133 plus 2.0 oligonucleotide to which they bind. For the selected biomarkers, the x-axis depicts the percentage of times that it was selected. Within the percentage of times that biomarkers were selected, the biomarkers are ranked.

6.6 SELECT BIOMARKERS
[00512] Sections 6.3 through 6.5 describe experiments in which blood samples from SIRS positive subjects have been tested using Affymetrix U133 plus 2.0 human genome chips containing 54,613 probesets. This section describes the criteria applied to the data described in Sections 6.3 through 6.5 in order to identify a list of biomarkers that discriminate between subjects likely to develop sepsis in a defined time period (sepsis subjects) and subjects not likely to develop sepsis in a defined time period (SIRS subjects).
Figure 30 illustrates the filters applied to identify this list of biomarkers.
[00513] A first criterion that was imposed was a requirement that a biomarker discriminate between SIRS and sepsis with a p value of 0.05 or less, as determined by the Wilcoxon test after correction for multiple comparisons, at any time point measured or the biomarker was used in a multivariate analysis with significant classification performance where significant classification performance is defined by having a lower 95 th percentile for accuracy on a training data set that is greater than 50% and a point estimate for accuracy on the validation set greater than 65% at any time point measured. At T_36 (Section 6.3), 1,618 biomarkers met this criterion. At T_12 (Section 6.4), 12,728 biomarkers met this criterion.
Some biomarkers met this criterion at both T_12 and T_36 time points. In total, there were 14,346 biomarkers (including duplicates from T_12 and T_36 time points) that discriminated between the sepsis and SIRS states. Thus, the first filter criterion reduced the number of eligible biomarkers from 54,613 to 14,346.
[00514] The second criterion that was imposed was a requirement that each respective biomarker under consideration exhibit at least a 1.2x fold change between the median value for the respective biomarker among the subjects that acquired sepsis during a defined time period (sepsis subjects) and the median value for the respective biomarker among subjects that do not acquire sepsis during the defmed time period (SIRS
subjects) at the T_36 time or the T_IZ time point period. Furthermore, to satisfy the second criterion, the biomarker must have been used in at least one multivariate analysis with significant classification performance where significant classification performance is defined by having a lower 95t' percentile for accuracy on a training data set that is greater than 50% and a point estimate for accuracy on the validation set that is greater then 65% at any time point measured. As noted in Figure 30, application of the third filter criterion reduced the number of eligible biomarkers from 14,346 to 626.
[00515] In column one of Table 30, each biomarker is listed by a gene name, such as, for example, a Human Gene Nomenclature Database (HUGO) symbol set forth by the Gene Nomenclature Committee, Department of Biology, University College London. As is known in the art, some human genome genes are represented by more than one probeset in the U133 plus 2.0 array. Furthermore, some of the oligonucleotides in the U133 plus 2.0 array represent expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that do not correspond to a known gene (see column two of Table 30). Where known, the names of the different human genes are listed in column three of Table 30.

[00516] In the case where a biomarker is based upon a gene that includes the sequence of a probeset listed in Table 30 or a complement thereof, the biomarker can be, for example, a transcript made by the gene, a complement thereof, or a discriminating fragment or complement thereof, or a cDNA thereof, or a discriminating fragment of the cDNA, or a discriminating amplified nucleic acid molecule corresponding to all or a portion of the transcript or its complement, or a protein encoded by the gene, or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of any of the above. Further still, the biomarker can be, for example, a protein encoded by a gene that includes a probeset sequence described in Table 30 or a discriminating fragment of the protein, or an indication of the above.
Here, a discriminating molecule or fragment is a molecule or fragment that, when detected, indicates presence or abundance of the above-identified transcript, cDNA, amplified nucleic acid, or protein. In one embodiment, a biomarker profile of the present invention comprises a plurality of biomarkers that contain at least five, at least ten at least fifteen, at least twenty, at least thirty, between 2 and 5, between 3 and 7, or less than 15 of the sequences of the probesets of Table 30, or complements thereof, or genes including one of at least five of the sequences or complements thereof, or a discriminating fragment thereof, or an amino acid sequence encoded by any of the foregoing nucleic acid sequences, or any discriminating fragment of such an amino acid sequence. Such biomarkers can be mRNA
transcripts, cDNA or some other form of amplified nucleic acid or proteins. In some einbodiments a biomarker is any gene that includes the sequence in an Affymetrix probeset given in Table 30, or any gene that includes a complement of the sequence in an Affymetrix probeset given in Table 30, or any mRNA, cDNA or other form of amplified nucleic acid of the foregoing, for any discriminating fragment of the foregoing, or any amino acid sequence coded by the foregoing, or any discriminating fragment of such a protein.

Table 30: Exemplary biomarkers that discriminate between responders and nonresponders Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column FLJ20445 218582at HYPOTHETICAL PROTEIN NM 017824 3'HEXO 231852_at HISTONE MRNA 3' END NM153332 NP699163 EXORIBONUCLEASE

Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column 3'HEXO 226416at HISTONE MRNA 3' END NM_153332 NP699163 EXORIBONUCLEASE
ABCA2 212772_s_at ATP-BINDING CASSETTE, NM 001606 NP001597 SUB-FAMILY A (ABC1), NM_212533 NP__997698 ABHD2 228490_at ABHYDROLASE DOMAIN NM_007011 NP008942 ACN9 218981_at ACN9 HOMOLOG (S. NM020186 NP_064571 CEREVISIAE) ACSL1 201963_at ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE NM001995 NP001986 LONG-CHAIN FAMILY

ACSL3 201660_at ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE NM_004457N NP004448 LONG-CHAIN FAMILY M_203372 NP 976251 ACSL4 202422_s at ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE NM004458 NP_004449 ~ LONG-CHAIN FAMILY NM022977 NP 075266 ACTR3 213101 s_at ARP3 ACTIN-RELATED NM005721 NP005712 ~ PROTEIN 3 HOMOLOG
(YEAST) ADM 202912_at ADRENOMEDULLIN NM 001124 NP 001115 ADORA2A 205013_s_at ADENOSINE A2 NM_000675 NP000666 RECEPTOR
AIM2 206513 at ABSENT IN MELANOMA 2 NM_004833 NP 004824 ALOX5AP 204174_at ARACHIDONATE 5- NM001629 NP001620 LIPOXYGENASE-ACTIVATING PROTEIN
AMPD2 212360_at ADENOSINE NM_004037 NP_004028 MONOPHOSPHATE NiVi_139156 NP631895 DEAMINASE 2 (ISOFORM NM 203404 NP 981949 L) ANKRD22 238439_at ANKYRIN REPEAT NM144590 NP_653191 ANKRD22 239196at ANKYRIN REPEAT NM144590 NP_653191 ANXA3 209369_at ANNEXIN A3 NM 005139 NP 005130 APG3L 220237at APG3 AUTOPHAGY 3-LIKE NM_022488 NP071933 (S. CEREVISIAE) ARHGAP8 47069_at RHO GTPASE NM015366 NP_056181 ACTIVATING PROTEIN 8 NM_017701 NP 060171 NM_181333 NP_851850 NM_181334 NP 851851 Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column ARID5B 212614at AT RICH INTERACTIVE XM_084482 XP084482 DOMAIN 5B (MRF1-LIKE) ASAHL 214765_s_at N-ACYLSPHINGOSINE NM014435 NP055250 AMIDOHYDROLASE-LIKE
PROTEIN
ASAHL 232072_at N-ACYLSPHINGOSINE NM_014435 NP_055250 AMIDOHYDROLASE-LIKE
PROTEIN
ASAHL 227135at N-ACYLSPHINGOSINE NM014435 NP055250 AMIDOHYDROLASE-LIKE
PROTEIN
ASPH 242037_at ASPARTATE BETA- NM004318 NP_004309 HYDROXYLASE NM 020164 NP_064549 NM 032466 NP_115855 NM 032467 NP_115856 ATP11B 1554557_at ATPASE, CLASS VI, TYPE XM087254 XP_087254 ATP11B 1564064_a_at ATPASE, CLASS VI, TYPE XM_087254 XP_087254 ATP11B 1554556aat ATPASE, CLASS VI, TYPE XM_087254 XP_087254 ATP11B 212536_at ATPASE, CLASS VI, TYPE XM_087254 XP_087254 ATP11B 1564063_a_at ATPASE, CLASS VI, TYPE XM_087254 XP_087254 ATP6V1C1 202872_at ATPASE, H+ NM_00100725 NP_001007 TRANSPORTING, 4NM_001695 255NP_001 LYSOSOMAL, 42-KD, V1 686 SUBUNIT C, ISOFORM 1 ATP6V1C1 202874_s_at ATPASE, H+ NM_00100725 NP_001007 TRANSPORTING, 4NM_001695 255NP_001 LYSOSOMAL, 42-KD, V1 686 SUBUNIT C, ISOFORM 1 ATP6V1C1 226463_at ATPASE, H+ NM 00100725 NP001007 TRANSPORTING, 4NM 001695 255NP001 LYSOSOMAL, 42-KD, V 1 686 SUBUNIT C, ISOFORM 1 Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column ATP9A 212062_at ATPASE, CLASS II, TYPE XM_030577 XP_030577 B4GALT5 221485_at BETA-1,4- NM_004776 NP_004767 GALACTOSYLTRANSFER
ASE
BASP1 202391_at BRAIN-ABUNDANT NM006317 NP006308 SIGNAL PROTEIN
BAT5 224756_s_at HLA-B ASSOCIATED NM021160 NP066983 BATF 205965_at BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER NM006399 NP006390 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR, ATF-LIKE
BAZ1A 217986_s_at BROMODOMAIN NM_013448 NP_038476 FINGER DOMAIN, 1A
BAZIA 217985_s_at BROMODOMAIN NM_013448 NP 038476 FINGER DOMAIN, 1A
BCL2Al 205681at BCL2-RELATED PROTEIN NM004049 NP004040 Al BCL3 204908 s at B-CELL CLL/LYMPHOMA NM 005178 NP 005169 BCL3 204907 s at B-CELL CLL/LYMPHOMA NM 005178 NP 005169 BCL6 203140 at B-CELL LYMPHOMA 6 NM 001706 NP 001697 NM 138931 NP_620309 BCL6 215990 s at B-CELL LYMPHOMA 6 NM 001706 NP 001697 NM 138931 NP_620309 BIK 205780 at BCL2-INTERACTING NM001197 NP_001188 ~ KILLER (APOPTOSIS-INDUCING) BMX 206464_at BONE MARROW KINASE, NM_001721 NP_001712 X-LINKED N1Vi 203281 NP 975010 C13orfl2 217769_s_at CHROMOSOME 13 OPEN NM015932 NP_057016 C14orfl01 225675_at CHROMOSOME 14 OPEN NM017799 NP060269 C14orfl01 219757 s_at CHROMOSOME 14 OPEN NM017799 NP060269 ~ READING FRAME 101 C14orfl47 213508_at CHROMOSOME 14 OPEN NM138288 NP_612145 C16orf30 219315_s_at CHROMOSOME 16 OPEN NM024600 NP078876 Cl6orf7 205781at CHROMOSOME 16 OPEN- NM 004913 NP 004904 Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column CIGALT1 219439_at CORE 1 SYNTHASE, NM_020156 NP_064541 GLYCOPROTEIN-N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMIN

GALACTOSYLTRANSFER
ASE
CIGALTICI 219283_at CIGALT1-SPECIFIC NM_00101155 NP_001011 NM_152692 NP_689905 CIGALTICI 238989_at C1GALT1-SPECIFIC NM_00101155 NP_001011 NM 152692 NP_689905 ClorfB 200620_at CHROMOSOME 1 OPEN NM004872 NP004863 C1RL 218983at COMPLEMENT NM_016546 NP_057630 COMPONENT 1, R
SUBCOMPONENT-LIKE
C20orf24 217835x at CHROMOSOME 20 OPEN NM018840 NP_061328 ~ READING FRAME 24 NM 199483 NP 955777 NM_199484 NP_955778 NM 199485 NP_955779 C20orf24 223880x_at CHROMOSOME 20 OPEN NM_018840 NP061328 READING FRAME 24 NM_199483 NP 955777 NM_199485 NP 955779 C20orf32 1554786_at CHROMOSOME 20 OPEN- NM_020356 NP065089 C21orf91 220941_s_at CHROMOSOME 21 OPEN NM017447 NP_059143 C2orf25 217883_at CHROMOSOME 2 OPEN NM_015702 NP056517 C2orf33 223354_x_at CHROMOSOME 2 OPEN NM020194 NP064579 C6orf83 225850_at CHROMOSOME 6 OPEN NM145169 NP_660152 C9orfl9 225604_s_at CHROMOSOME 9 OPEN NM022343 NP 071738 READING FRAME 19 ~
C9orf46 218992_at CHROMOSOME 9 OPEN NM_018465 NP_060935 C9orf84 1553920at CHROMOSOME 9 OPEN NM173521 NP_775792 CA4 206208at CARBONIC ANHYDRASE NM 000717 NP_000708 IV
CA4 206209sat CARBONIC ANHYDRASE NM000717 NP000708 IV

Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column CAB39 217873_at CALCIUM BINDING NM016289 NP_057373 CACNAIE 236013_at CALCIUM CHANNEL, NM_000721 NP_000712 VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT, ALPHA lE SUBUNIT
CACNA2D3 219714_s_at CALCIUM CHANNEL, NM_018398 NP_060868 VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT, SUBUNIT
CAPZA2 1569450_at CAPPING PROTEIN (ACTIN NM006136 NP006127 FILAMENT) MUSCLE Z-LINE, ALPHA 2 CARD12 1552553_a_at CASPASE RECRUITMENT NM_021209 NP_067032 DOMAIN FAMILY, CASP4 209310_s_at CASPASE 4, APOPTOSIS- NM_001225 NP_001216 RELATED CYSTEINE I=rM_033306 NP150649 CCL5 1555759_a_at CHEMOKINE (C-C MOTIF) NM_002985 NP_002976 CCPG1 221511_x_at CELL CYCLE NM004748 NP_004739 CD4 203547 at CD4 ANTIGEN (P55) NM 000616 NP 000607 CD48 237759_at CD48 ANTIGEN (B-CELL NM_001778 NP_001769 MEMBRANE PROTEIN) CD58 211744_s_at CD58 ANTIGEN, NM_001779 NP_001770 (LYMPHOCYTE
FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED
ANTIGEN 3) CD58 205173_x_at CD58 ANTIGEN, NM 001779 NP_001770 (LYMPHOCYTE
FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED
ANTIGEN 3) CD58 216942_s_at CD58 ANTIGEN, NM_001779 NP_001770 (LYMPHOCYTE
FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED
ANTIGEN 3) CD59 228748at CD59 ANTIGEN P18-20 NM000611 NP_000602 (ANTIGEN IDENTIFIED BY NM203329 NP976074 ANTIBODIES 16.3A5, EJ16, - -EJ30, EL32 AND G344) NM 203331 NP_976076 CD59 200985_s_at CD59 ANTIGEN P 18-20 NM000611 NP000602 (ANTIGEN IDENTIFIED BY NM203329 NP976074 MONOCLONAL NM_203330 NP 976075 ANTIBODIES 16.3A5, EJ16, -EJ30, EL32 AND G344) NM 203331 NP_976076 Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column CD59 200984_s_at CD59 ANTIGEN P18-20 NM_000611 NP000602 (ANTIGEN IDENTIFIED BY NM 203329 NP_976074 MONOCLONAL ~ _ -203330 NP 976075 ANTIBODIES 16.3A5, EJ16, -EJ30, EL32 AND G344) NM 203331 NP 976076 CD59 212463_at CD59 ANTIGEN P18-20 NM000611 NP000602 (ANTIGEN IDENTIFIED BY NM203329 NP976074 MONOCLONAL NM_203330 NP 976075 ANTIBODIES 16.3A5, EJ16, -EJ30, EL32 AND G344) NM_203331 NP_976076 CD74 209619_at CD74 ANTIGEN NM_004355 NP_004346 (INVARIANT
POLYPEPTIDE OF MAJOR
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY
COMPLEX, CLASS II
ANTIGEN-ASSOCIATED) CD74 1567628_at CD74 ANTIGEN NM_004355 NP_004346 (INVARIANT
POLYPEPTIDE OF MAJOR
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY
COMPLEX, CLASS II
ANTIGEN-ASSOCIATED) CD86 210895_s_at CD86 ANTIGEN (CD28 NM_006889 NP_008820 ANTIGEN LIGAND 2, B7-2 NM175862 NP_787058 ANTIGEN) CDKN3 209714_s_at CYCLIN-DEPENDENT NM_005192 NP_005183 (CDK2-ASSOCIATED
DUAL SPECIFICITY
PHOSPHATASE) CEACAMI 209498_at CARCINOEMBRYONIC NM_001712 NP_001703 ANTIGEN-RELATED CELL

CEACAM1 206576_s_at CARCINOEMBRYONIC NM_001712 NP001703 ANTIGEN-RELATED CELL

CEACAM1 211889_x_at CARCINOEMBRYONIC NM001712 NP_001703 ANTIGEN-RELATED CELL

CEACAM1 211883_x_at CARCINOEMBRYONIC NM001712 NP_001703 ANTIGEN-RELATED CELL

CEACAM3 208052_x_at CARCINOEMBRYONIC NM_001815 NP001806 ANTIGEN-RELATED CELL

CECR1 219505_at CAT EYE SYNDROME NM_017424 NP_059120 CHROMOSOME REGION, NM 177405 NP 803124 Gene Symbol Affymetrix Gene Name Gene Protein Probeset name Accession Accession Number Number Column Column Column Column Column CHCHD7 222701_s_at COILED-COIL-HELIX NM_00101166 NP_001011 PROTEIN 7 NM_00101166 NP_001011 NM_00101166 NP_001011 NM_00101167 NP_001011 NM_00101167 NP_001011 NM_024300 NP 077276 CHSY1 203044_at CARBOHYDRATE NM_014918 NP_055733 CIR 209571_at CBFIINTERACTING NM_004882 NP004873 CKLF 223451_s at CHEMOKINE-LIKE NM_016326 NP057410 ~ FACTOR NM 016951 NP 058647 NM_181640 NP_857591 CKLF 219161_s_at CHEMOKINE-LIKE NM016326 NP_057410 NM 181640 NP_857591 CKLF 221058s_at CHEMOKINE-LIKE NM_016326 NP_057410 NM 181641 NP_857592 DEMANDE OU BREVET VOLUMINEUX

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Claims

1. A method of predicting the development of sepsis in a test subject at risk for developing sepsis, the method comprising:
evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set, wherein satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis, and wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

2. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising:
evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set, wherein satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of biomarkers consists of between 3 and 54 biomarkers listed in Table I.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of biomarkers consists of between 3 and 30 biomarkers listed in Table I.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of biomarkers consists of between 4 and 25 biomarkers listed in Table I.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of biomarkers comprises at least 3 biomarkers listed in Table I.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of biomarkers comprises at least 4 biomarkers listed in Table I.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of biomarkers comprises at least 8 biomarkers listed in Table I.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of features consists of between 3 and 53 features corresponding to between 3 and 53 biomarkers in the plurality of biomarkers.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of features consists of between 3 and 40 features corresponding to between 3 and 40 biomarkers in the plurality of biomarkers.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of features consists of between 4 and 25 features corresponding to between 4 and 25 biomarkers in the plurality of biomarkers.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of features comprises at least 3 features corresponding to at least 3 biomarkers in the plurality of biomarkers.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of features comprises at least 4 features corresponding to at least 4 biomarkers in the plurality of biomarkers.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said plurality of features comprises at least 8 features corresponding to at least 8 biomarkers in the plurality of biomarkers.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein each biomarker in said plurality of biomarkers is a biomarker listed in Table J.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein each biomarker is a nucleic acid.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein each biomarker in said plurality of biomarkers is a biomarker listed in Table K.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein each biomarker is a protein.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein each biomarker in said plurality of biomarkers is a nucleic acid.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein each biomarker is a DNA, a cDNA, an amplified DNA, an RNA, or an mRNA.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein each biomarker in said plurality of biomarkers is a protein.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein a first biomarker in said plurality of biomarkers is a nucleic acid biomarker listed in Table J and a second biomarker in said plurality of biomarkers is a protein biomarker listed in Table K.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein a feature in said plurality of features is a measurable aspect of a biomarker and a feature value for said feature is determined using a biological sample taken from said test subject at a single point in time.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein said feature is abundance of said biomarker in said biological sample.

25. The method of claim 23, wherein said feature is absence or presence of said biomarker in said biological sample.

26. The method of claim 23, wherein said feature is an identification of a species of said biomarker in said biological sample.

27. The method of claim 23, wherein said biological sample is whole blood.

28. The method of claim 23, wherein said biological sample is plasma, serum, saliva, sputum, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, a tissue specimen, a tissue biopsy, or a stool specimen.

29. The method of claim 23, wherein said biological sample is isolated neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, or monocytes.

30. The method of claim 1, wherein a feature in said plurality of features is a measurable aspect of a biomarker in said biomarker profile and a feature value for said feature is determined using a plurality of samples taken from said test subject at different points in time.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein at least one feature indicates whether an abundance of said biomarker is increasing or decreasing over time.

32. The method of claim 30, wherein a first sample in said plurality of samples is taken on a first day before the subject acquires sepsis and a second sample in said plurality of samples is taken on a second day before the subject acquires sepsis.

33. The method of claim 1, wherein a biomarker in said biomarker profile is an indication of a nucleic acid or an indication of a protein.

34. The method of claim 1, wherein a biomarker in said biomarker profile is an indication of an mRNA molecule or an indication of a cDNA molecule.

35. The method of claim 1, wherein a first biomarker in said biomarker profile is an indication of a nucleic acid and a second biomarker in said biomarker profile is an indication of a protein.

36. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising constructing, prior to the evaluating step, said biomarker profile.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein said constructing step comprises obtaining said plurality of features from a sample of said test subject.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein said sample is whole blood.

39. The method of claim 37, wherein said sample is plasma, serum, saliva, sputum, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, a tissue specimen, a tissue biopsy, or a stool specimen.

40. The method of claim 37, wherein said sample is neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, or monocytes.

41. The method of claim 36, wherein the constructing step comprises applying a data analysis algorithm to features corresponding to biomarkers listed in Table I
that are obtained from members of a population.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein said population comprises subjects that subsequently develop sepsis (sepsis subjects) and subjects that do not subsequently develop sepsis (SIRS
subjects).

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the features corresponding to biomarkers listed in Table I that are obtained from members of the population are obtained at a time prior to when a portion of the subjects in the population acquire sepsis.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein said data analysis algorithm is a decision tree, predictive analysis of microarrays, a multiple additive regression tree, a neural network, a clustering algorithm, principal component analysis, a nearest neighbor analysis, a linear discriminant analysis, a quadratic discriminant analysis, a support vector machine, an evolutionary method, a projection pursuit, or weighted voting.

45. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising constructing, prior to the evaluating step, said first value set.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the constructing step comprises applying a data analysis algorithm to features obtained from members of a population.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein said population comprises subjects that develop sepsis during an observation time period and subjects that do not develop sepsis during an observation time period.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein said data analysis algorithm is a decision tree, predictive analysis of microarrays, a multiple additive regression tree, a neural network, a clustering algorithm, principal component analysis, a nearest neighbor analysis, a linear discriminant analysis, a quadratic discriminant analysis, a support vector machine, an evolutionary method, a projection pursuit, or weighted voting.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the constructing step generates a decision rule and wherein said evaluating step comprises applying said decision rule to the plurality of features in order to determine whether they satisfy the first value set.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein said decision rule classifies subjects in said population as (i) subjects that develop sepsis and (ii) subjects that do not develop sepsis with an accuracy of seventy percent or greater.

51. The method of claim 49, wherein said decision rule classifies subjects in said population as (i) subjects that develop sepsis and (ii) subjects that do not develop sepsis with an accuracy of ninety percent or greater.

52. The method of claim 1, wherein a first biomarker in said biomarker profile is up-regulated in patients likely to develop sepsis.

53. The method of claim 1, wherein at least five biomarkers in said biomarker profile are up-regulated in patients likely to develop sepsis.

54. The method of claim 1, wherein a first biomarker in said biomarker profile is down-regulated in patients likely to develop sepsis.

55. The method of claim 1, wherein at least five biomarkers in said biomarker profile are down-regulated in patients likely to develop sepsis.

56. The method of claim 1, wherein the test subject has a likelihood of developing sepsis within 4 to 8 hours.

57. The method of claim 1, wherein the test subject has a likelihood of developing sepsis within 8 to 12 hours.

58. The method of claim 1, wherein the test subject has a likelihood of developing sepsis within 12 to 24 hours.

59. The method of claim 1, wherein the test subject has a likelihood of developing sepsis within 24 to 36 hours.

60. The method of claim 1, wherein the test subject has a likelihood of developing sepsis within 36 to 48 hours.

61. The method of claim 1, wherein the test subject has a likelihood of developing sepsis within 48 to 72 hours.

62. A method of diagnosing sepsis in a test subject, comprising:
evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set, wherein satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis, wherein the plurality of features correspond to a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I
when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

63. The method of claim 62, the method further comprising constructing, prior to the evaluating step, said biomarker profile.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein said constructing step comprises obtaining said plurality of features from a sample of said test subject.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein said sample is whole blood.

66. The method of claim 64, wherein said sample is plasma, serum, saliva, sputum, urine, cerebral spinal fluid, a tissue specimen, a tissue biopsy, or stool.

67. The method of claim 64, wherein said sample is neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, or monocytes.

68. The method of claim 64, wherein said sample is a single tissue.

69. The method of claim 64, wherein said sample is from more than one tissue of said test subject.

70. The method of claim 63, wherein said constructing step comprises determining the identity of the biomarkers in Table I that correspond to the plurality of features.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein the determining step comprises applying a data analysis algorithm to features corresponding to biomarkers listed in Table I
that are obtained from members of a population.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein said population comprises subjects that develop sepsis at a later time (sepsis subject) and subjects that do not develop sepsis (SIRS subjects).

73. The method of claim 62, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

74. The method of claim 62, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

75. A microarray comprising a plurality of probe spots, wherein at least twenty percent of the probe spots in the plurality of probe spots correspond to a plurality of biomarkers listed in Table I, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

76. The microarray of claim 75, wherein said microarray comprises one or more control spots.

77. The microarray of claim 75, wherein at least forty percent of the probe spots in the plurality of probe spots correspond to biomarkers listed in Table I.

78. The microarray of claim 75, wherein the microarray consists of between about three and fifty probe spots on a substrate.

79. The microarray of claim 75, wherein said microarray is a nucleic acid microarray.

80. The microarray of claim 75, wherein said microarray is a protein microarray.

81. A kit for predicting the development of sepsis in a test subject, the kit comprising a plurality of antibodies that, collectively, specifically bind at least three biomarkers listed in Table I.

82. A kit for predicting the development of sepsis in a test subject, the kit comprising a plurality of antibodies that, collectively, specifically bind at least three biomarkers listed in Table K.

83. A computer program product, wherein the computer program product comprises a computer readable storage medium and a computer program mechanism embedded therein, the computer program mechanism comprising:
instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set, wherein satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis, and wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

84. The computer program product of claim 83, the computer program product further comprising:
instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set, wherein satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis.

85. The computer program product of claim 83, wherein said biomarker profile consists of between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I.

86. The computer program product of claim 83, wherein said biomarker profile consists of between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table I.

87. The computer program product of claim 83, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

88. The computer program product of claim 83, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

89. A computer comprising:
a central processing unit;
a memory coupled to the central processing unit, the memory storing:
instructions for evaluating whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject at risk for developing sepsis satisfies a first value set, wherein satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis, and wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers from Table I, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

90. The computer of claim 89, the memory further storing:
instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set, wherein satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis.

91. The computer of claim 89, wherein said biomarker profile consists of between 3 and 50 biomarkers listed in Table I.

92. The computer of claim 89, wherein said biomarker profile consists of between 3 and 40 biomarkers listed in Table I.

93. The computer of claim 89, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

94. The computer of claim 89, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

95. A computer system for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis, the computer system comprising:
a central processing unit; and a memory, coupled to the central processing unit, the memory storing:
instructions for obtaining a biomarker profile of a test subject, wherein said biomarker profile comprises a plurality of features and wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I;

instructions for transmitting the biomarker profile to a remote computer, wherein the remote computer includes instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set, wherein satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis; and instructions for receiving a determination, from the remote computer, as to whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set; and instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

96. The computer system of claim 95, wherein the remote computer further comprises instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a second value set, wherein satisfying the second value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis; and wherein the memory further comprises:
instructions for receiving a determination, from the remote computer, as to whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the second set;
and instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the second value set.

97. The computer system of claim 95, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

98. The computer system of claim 95, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

99. A digital signal embodied on a carrier wave comprising a respective value for each of a plurality of features in a biomarker profile; wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, and wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

100. The digital signal of claim 99, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

101. The digital signal of claim 99, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

102. A digital signal, embodied on a carrier wave, comprising a determination as to whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a value set, wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, and wherein satisfying the value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis; and wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

103. The digital signal of claim 102, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

104. The digital signal of claim 102, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

105. A digital signal, embodied on a carrier wave, comprising a determination as to whether a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a value set, wlierein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, and wherein satisfying the value set predicts that the test subject is not likely to develop sepsis, and wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

106. The digital signal of claim 105, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

107. The digital signal of claim 105, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

108. A graphical user interface for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis, the graphical user interface comprising a display field for a displaying a result encoded in a digital signal embodied on a carrier wave received from a remote computer, wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I, and wherein said result has a first value when a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a first value set; and said result has a second value when a plurality of features in a biomarker profile of a test subject satisfies a second value set; and wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

109. The graphical user interface of claim 108, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

110. The graphical user interface of claim 108, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.

111. A computer system for determining whether a subject is likely to develop sepsis, the computer system comprising:
a central processing unit; and a memory, coupled to the central processing unit, the memory storing:
instructions for obtaining a biomarker profile of a test subject, wherein said biomarker profile comprises a plurality of features and wherein the plurality of features are measurable aspects of a plurality of biomarkers, the plurality of biomarkers comprising at least three biomarkers listed in Table I;
instructions for evaluating whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies a first value set, wherein satisfying the first value set predicts that the test subject is likely to develop sepsis; and instructions for reporting whether the plurality of features in the biomarker profile of the test subject satisfies the first value set; and wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least six biomarkers listed in Table I when the plurality of biomarkers comprises both IL-6 and IL-8.

112. The computer system of claim 111, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least four biomarkers listed in Table I.

113. The computer system of claim 111, wherein the plurality of biomarkers comprises at least eight biomarkers listed in Table I.