CA2455971C - Encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules and method for the preparation thereof - Google Patents
Encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules and method for the preparation thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2455971C CA2455971C CA002455971A CA2455971A CA2455971C CA 2455971 C CA2455971 C CA 2455971C CA 002455971 A CA002455971 A CA 002455971A CA 2455971 A CA2455971 A CA 2455971A CA 2455971 C CA2455971 C CA 2455971C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- microcapsule
- process according
- primary
- mixture
- loading substance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 152
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 73
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 57
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 claims description 53
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 45
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 31
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCC(O)=O MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940105329 carboxymethylcellulose Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940088623 biologically active substance Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940045110 chitosan Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000020660 omega-3 fatty acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940012843 omega-3 fatty acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 229960000292 pectin Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000010378 sodium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M sodium ascorbate Substances [Na+].OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RKJRWTFHSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-JLNKQSITSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960005055 sodium ascorbate Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M sodium-L-ascorbate Chemical group [Na+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000020669 docosahexaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000020673 eicosapentaenoic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- TYLNXKAVUJJPMU-DNKOKRCQSA-N Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(=O)OCC TYLNXKAVUJJPMU-DNKOKRCQSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000064 Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- SSQPWTVBQMWLSZ-AAQCHOMXSA-N ethyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoate Chemical group CCOC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CC SSQPWTVBQMWLSZ-AAQCHOMXSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutaraldehyde Chemical group O=CCCCC=O SXRSQZLOMIGNAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 108060008539 Transglutaminase Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940075999 phytosterol ester Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 102000003601 transglutaminase Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-HHDP-beta-D-glucose Natural products OC1C(O2)COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC1C(O)C2OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 TUSDEZXZIZRFGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001263 FEMA 3042 Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-PPKXGCFTSA-N Penta-digallate-beta-D-glucose Natural products OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-PPKXGCFTSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930003427 Vitamin E Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002417 nutraceutical Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021436 nutraceutical agent Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019830 sodium polyphosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002258 tannic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N tannic acid Chemical compound OC1=C(O)C(O)=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(O)C=C(C=2)C(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)[C@@H](OC(=O)C=3C=C(OC(=O)C=4C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=4)C(O)=C(O)C=3)O2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(OC(=O)C=3C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=3)C(O)=C(O)C=2)O)=C1 LRBQNJMCXXYXIU-NRMVVENXSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940033123 tannic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015523 tannic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LGHXTTIAZFVCCU-SSVNFBSYSA-N (2E,4E,6E,8E)-octadeca-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C(O)=O LGHXTTIAZFVCCU-SSVNFBSYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000978776 Senegalia senegal Species 0.000 claims 8
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N delta1-THC Chemical compound C1=C(C)CC[C@H]2C(C)(C)OC3=CC(CCCCC)=CC(O)=C3[C@@H]21 CYQFCXCEBYINGO-IAGOWNOFSA-N 0.000 claims 8
- 229940090949 docosahexaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 claims 5
- 229960005135 eicosapentaenoic acid Drugs 0.000 claims 5
- JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N eicosapentaenoic acid Natural products CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCC(O)=O JAZBEHYOTPTENJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 5
- ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Coenzym Q10 Natural products COC1=C(OC)C(=O)C(CC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)=C(C)C1=O ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 235000017471 coenzyme Q10 Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N coenzyme Q10 Chemical group COC1=C(OC)C(=O)C(C\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CCC=C(C)C)=C(C)C1=O ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N alpha-linolenic acid Chemical group CC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-PDBXOOCHSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 19
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005354 coacervation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940072107 ascorbate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000021466 carotenoid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001747 carotenoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000879 optical micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- -1 phytosterol esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 241001365823 Anchoviella guianensis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000273930 Brevoortia tyrannus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000251730 Chondrichthyes Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000252203 Clupea harengus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000555825 Clupeidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000276438 Gadus morhua Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000665629 Linum flavum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001417902 Mallotus villosus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004260 Potassium ascorbate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000277331 Salmonidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000736062 Scomber scombrus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013871 bee wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012166 beeswax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015165 citric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004494 ethyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940013317 fish oils Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000000320 mechanical mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006014 omega-3 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019275 potassium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940017794 potassium ascorbate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CONVKSGEGAVTMB-RXSVEWSESA-M potassium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [K+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] CONVKSGEGAVTMB-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019512 sardine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-Linolenic acid Chemical compound CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N γ-tocopherol Chemical class OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1 QUEDXNHFTDJVIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
- A23P10/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the products
- A23P10/30—Encapsulation of particles, e.g. foodstuff additives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/501—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
- A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/5052—Proteins, e.g. albumin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/10—Complex coacervation, i.e. interaction of oppositely charged particles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2984—Microcapsule with fluid core [includes liposome]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2984—Microcapsule with fluid core [includes liposome]
- Y10T428/2985—Solid-walled microcapsule from synthetic polymer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2989—Microcapsule with solid core [includes liposome]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
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Abstract
Microcapsules comprising an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell, may be prepared by providing an aqueous mixture of a loading substance and a shell material, adjusting pH, temperature, concentration and/or mixing speed to form primary shells of shell material around the loading substance and cooling the aqueous mixture until the primary shells agglomerate and an outer shell of shell material forms around the agglomeration. Such microcapsules are useful for storing a substance and for delivering the substance to a desired environment.
Description
ENCAPSULATED AGGLOMERATION OF MICROCAPSULES AND METHOD FOR
THE PREPARATION THEREOF
Field of the Invention This invention relates to microcapsules, methods of preparing microcapsules and to their use.
Background of the Invention Microcapsules are defined as small particles of solids, or droplets of liquids, inside a thin coating of a shell material such as beeswax, starch, gelatine or LO polyaCryliC acid. They are used, for example, to prepare liquids as free-flowing powders or compressed solids, to separate reactive materials, to reduce toxicity, to protect against oxidation and/or to control the rate of release of a substance such as an enzyme, a flavour, a nutrient, a drug, L5 etC.
Over the past fifty years, the prior art has concentrated on so-called "single-core" microcapsules.
However, one of the problems with single-core microcapsules is their susceptibility to rupture. To increase the ~0 strength of microcapsules, it is known in the art to increase the thickness of the microcapsule wall. However, this leads to a reduction in the loading capacity of the microcapsule. Another approach has been to create so-called "multi-core" microcapsules. For example, United States 25 patent 5,780,056 discloses a "multi-core" microcapsule having gelatine as a shell material. These microcapsules are formed by spray cooling an aqueous emulsion of oil or carotenoid particles such that the gelatine hardens around "cores" of the oil or carotenoid particles. Yoshida et al.
30 (Chemical Abstract 1990:140735 or Japanese patent publication JP 01-148338 published June 9, 1989) discloses a complex coacervation process for the manufacture of microcapsules in which an emulsion of gelatine and paraffin wax is added to an arabic rubber solution and then mixed with a surfactant to form "multi-core" microcapsules.
Ijichi et al. (J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. (1997) 30(5):793-798) micoroencapsulated large droplets of biphenyl using a complex coacervation process to form mufti-layered mirocapsules. United States patents 4,219,439 and 4,222,891 disclose "mufti-nucleus", oil-containing microcapsules having an average diameter of 3-20 ~,m with an oil droplet size of 1-10 ~,m for use in pressure-sensitive copying papers and heat sensitive recording papers. While some improvement in the strength of microcapsules may be realized by using methods such as these, there remains a need for microcapsules having good rupture strength and good oxidative barrier to the encapsulated substance, preferably in conjunction with high load volumes. Illustrative of this need is the current lack of commercially available 'multicore' microcapsules.
Summary of the Invention There is provided a microcapsule comprising an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell.
There is further provided a process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a loading substance, a first polymer component of shell material and a second polymer component of shell material;
(b) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(c) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (d) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of shell material around the agglomerations.
There is still further provided a process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a first polymer component of shell material;
(b) dispersing a loading substance into the aqueous mixture;
(c) then adding a second polymer component of shell material to the aqueous mixture;
(d) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(e) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (f) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of shell material around the agglomerations.
THE PREPARATION THEREOF
Field of the Invention This invention relates to microcapsules, methods of preparing microcapsules and to their use.
Background of the Invention Microcapsules are defined as small particles of solids, or droplets of liquids, inside a thin coating of a shell material such as beeswax, starch, gelatine or LO polyaCryliC acid. They are used, for example, to prepare liquids as free-flowing powders or compressed solids, to separate reactive materials, to reduce toxicity, to protect against oxidation and/or to control the rate of release of a substance such as an enzyme, a flavour, a nutrient, a drug, L5 etC.
Over the past fifty years, the prior art has concentrated on so-called "single-core" microcapsules.
However, one of the problems with single-core microcapsules is their susceptibility to rupture. To increase the ~0 strength of microcapsules, it is known in the art to increase the thickness of the microcapsule wall. However, this leads to a reduction in the loading capacity of the microcapsule. Another approach has been to create so-called "multi-core" microcapsules. For example, United States 25 patent 5,780,056 discloses a "multi-core" microcapsule having gelatine as a shell material. These microcapsules are formed by spray cooling an aqueous emulsion of oil or carotenoid particles such that the gelatine hardens around "cores" of the oil or carotenoid particles. Yoshida et al.
30 (Chemical Abstract 1990:140735 or Japanese patent publication JP 01-148338 published June 9, 1989) discloses a complex coacervation process for the manufacture of microcapsules in which an emulsion of gelatine and paraffin wax is added to an arabic rubber solution and then mixed with a surfactant to form "multi-core" microcapsules.
Ijichi et al. (J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. (1997) 30(5):793-798) micoroencapsulated large droplets of biphenyl using a complex coacervation process to form mufti-layered mirocapsules. United States patents 4,219,439 and 4,222,891 disclose "mufti-nucleus", oil-containing microcapsules having an average diameter of 3-20 ~,m with an oil droplet size of 1-10 ~,m for use in pressure-sensitive copying papers and heat sensitive recording papers. While some improvement in the strength of microcapsules may be realized by using methods such as these, there remains a need for microcapsules having good rupture strength and good oxidative barrier to the encapsulated substance, preferably in conjunction with high load volumes. Illustrative of this need is the current lack of commercially available 'multicore' microcapsules.
Summary of the Invention There is provided a microcapsule comprising an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell.
There is further provided a process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a loading substance, a first polymer component of shell material and a second polymer component of shell material;
(b) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(c) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (d) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of shell material around the agglomerations.
There is still further provided a process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a first polymer component of shell material;
(b) dispersing a loading substance into the aqueous mixture;
(c) then adding a second polymer component of shell material to the aqueous mixture;
(d) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(e) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (f) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of shell material around the agglomerations.
Microcapsules of the present invention may be used to contain a loading substance for a variety of applications.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is an optical micrograph (400 X) of encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 is a second optical micrograph (400 X) of encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules in accordance LO with the invention.
Detailed Description Composition:
The loading substance may be virtually any substance that is not entirely soluble in the aqueous mixture. Preferably, the loading substance is a solid, a hydrophobic liquid, or a mixture of a solid and a hydrophobic liquid. The loading substance is more preferably a hydrophobic liquid, such as grease, oil or a mixture thereof. Typical oils may be fish oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils, derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof.
The loading substance may comprise a purified or partially purified oily substance such as a fatty acid, a triglyceride or a mixture thereof. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as a-linolenic acid (18:3n3), octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) (DHA), and derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof, are preferred. Many types of derivatives are well known to one skilled in the art. Examples of suitable derivatives are esters, such as phytosterol esters, branched or unbranched C1-C3o alkyl esters, branched or unbranched C2-C3o alkenyl esters or branched or unbranched C3-C3o cycloalkyl esters, in particular phytosterol esters and C1-C6 alkyl esters. Preferred sources of oils are oils derived from aquatic organisms (e. g. anchovies, capelin, Atlantic 5 cod, Atlantic herring, Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic menhaden, salmonids, sardines, shark, tuna, etc) and plants (e. g.
flax, vegetables, algae, etc). While the loading substance may or may not be a biologically active substance, the microcapsules of the present invention are particularly suited for biologically active substances, for example, drugs, nutritional supplements, flavours or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred loading substances include antioxidants, such as CoQlo and vitamin E.
The shell material may be any material that can form a microcapsule around the loading substance of interest. The shell material typically comprises at least one polymer component. Examples of polymer components include, but are not limited to, gelatines, polyphosphate, polysaccharides and mixtures thereof. Preferred polymer components are gelatine A, gelatine B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxy-methylcellulose (CMC) or a mixture thereof. A particularly preferred form of gelatine type A has a Bloom strength of 50-350, more preferably a Bloom strength of 275.
The shell material is preferably a two-component system made from a mixture of different types of polymer components. More preferably, the shell material is a complex coacervate between two or more polymer components.
Component A is preferably gelatine type A, although other polymers are also contemplated as component A. Component B
is preferably gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethyl-cellulose or a mixture thereof. The molar ratio of component A:component B that is used depends on the type of components but is typically from 1:5 to 15:1. For example, when gelatine type A and polyphosphate are used as components A and B respectively, the molar ratio of component A:component B is preferably 8:1 to 12:1; when gelatine type A and gelatine type B are used as components A
and B respectively, the molar ratio of component A:component B is preferably 2:1 to 1:2; and when gelatine type A and alginate are used as components A and B respectively, the LO molar ratio of component A:component B is preferably 3:1 to 8:1.
Processing aids may be included in the shell material. Processing aids may be used for a variety of reasons. For example, they may be used to promote L5 agglomeration of the primary microcapsules, control microcapsule size and/or to act as an antioxidant.
Antioxidant properties are useful both during the process (e.g. during coacervation and/or spray drying) and in the microcapsules after they are formed (i.e. to extend shelf-~0 life, etc). Preferably a small number of processing aids that perform a large number of functions is used. For example, ascorbic acid or a salt thereof may be used to promote agglomeration of the primary microcapsules, to control microcapsule size and to act as an antioxidant. The 25 ascorbic acid or salt thereof is preferably used in an amount of about 100 ppm to about 12,000 ppm, more preferably about 1000 ppm to about 5000 ppm. A salt of ascorbic acid, such as sodium or potassium ascorbate, is particularly preferred in this capacity.
30 The structure of encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules in accordance with the present invention may be seen in Figures 1 and 2, which show that smaller (primary) microcapsules have agglomerated together and that the agglomeration is surrounded by shell material to form a larger microcapsule. Each individual primary microcapsule has its own distinct shell called the primary shell.
Furthermore, any space that there may be between the smaller microcapsules is filled with more shell material to hold and surround the smaller microcapsules thereby providing an extremely strong outer shell of the larger microcapsule in addition to the primary shell that forms the smaller microcapsules within the larger microcapsule. In one sense, LO the encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules may be viewed as an agglomeration of walled bubbles suspended in a matrix of shell material, i.e. a "foam-like" structure.
Such an encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules provides a stronger, more rupture-resistant structure than is previously known in the art, in conjunction with achieving high loads of loading substance.
The primary microcapsules (primary shells) typically have an average diameter of about 40 nm to about 10 ~,m, more particularly from about 0.1 ~,m to about 5 ~,m, even more particularly about 1 ~.m. The encapsulated agglomerations (outer shells) may have an average diameter of from about 1 ~,m to about 2000 ~.m, more typically from about 20 ~,m to about 1000 ~,m, more particularly from about 20 ~.m to about 100 ~.m, even more particularly from about 50 ~m to about 100 ~.m.
The encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules prepared by a process of the present invention typically have a combination of payload and structural strength that are better than multi-core microcapsules of the prior art.
For example, payloads of loading substance can be as high. as about 70% by weight in microcapsules of the present invention having an average size of about 50 ~,m for the outer shells and an average size of about 1 ~,m for the primary shells.
Process:
In the process for preparing microcapsules, an aqueous mixture of a loading substance, a first polymer component of the shell material and a second polymer component of the shell material is formed. The aqueous mixture may be a mechanical mixture, a suspension or an emulsion. When a liquid loading material is used, LO particularly a hydrophobic liquid, the aqueous mixture is preferably an emulsion of the loading material and the polymer components.
In a more preferred aspect, a first polymer component is provided in aqueous solution, preferably together with processing aids, such as antioxidants. A
loading substance may then be dispersed into the aqueous mixture, for example, by using a homogenizer. If the loading substance is a hydrophobic liquid, an emulsion is formed in which a fraction of the first polymer component begins to deposit around individual droplets of loading substance to begin the formation of primary shells. If the loading substance is a solid particle, a suspension is formed in which a fraction of the first polymer component begins to deposit around individual particles to begin the formation of primary shells. At this point, another aqueous solution of a second polymer component may be added to the aqueous mixture.
Droplets or particles of the loading substance in the aqueous mixture preferably have an average diameter of less than 100 ~,m, more preferably less than 50 Vim, even more preferably less than 25 Vim. Droplets or particles of the loading substance having an average diameter less than 10 ~.m or less than 5 ~,m or less than 3 ~m or less than 1 ~m may be used. Particle size may be measured using any typical equipment known in the art, for example, a CoulterT"" LS230 Particle Size Analyzer, Miami, Florida, USA.
The amount of the polymer components of the shell material provided in the aqueous mixture is typically sufficient to form both the primary shells and the outer shells of the encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules.
LO Preferably, the loading substance is provided in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the aqueous mixture, more preferably from about 3% to about 8o by weight, and even more preferably about 6% by weight.
The pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed L5 or a combination thereof is then adjusted to accelerate the formation of the primary shells around the droplets or particles of the loading substance. If there is more than one type of polymer component, complex coacervation will occur between the components to form a coacervate, which ~0 further deposits around the loading substance to form primary shells of shell material. The pH adjustment depends on the type of shell material to be formed. For example, when gelatine type A is a polymer component, the pH may be adjusted to a value from 3.5-5.0, preferably from 4.0-5Ø
25 If the pH of the mixture starts in the desired_range, then little or no pH adjustment is required. The initial temperature of the aqueous mixture is preferably set to a value of from about 40°C to about 60°C, more preferably at about 50°C. Mixing is preferably adjusted so that there is 30 good mixing without breaking the microcapsules as they form.
Particular mixing parameters depend on the type of equipment being used. Any of a variety of types of mixing equipment known in the art may be used. Particularly useful is an axial flow impeller, such as LightninT"" A310 or A510.
The aqueous mixture may then be cooled under controlled cooling rate and mixing parameters to permit 5 agglomeration of the primary shells to form encapsulated agglomerations of primary shells. The encapsulated agglomerations are discrete particles themselves. It is advantageous to control the formation of the encapsulated agglomerations at a temperature above the gel point of the 0 shell material, and to let excess shell material form a thicker outer shell. It is also possible at this stage to add more polymer components, either of the same kind or a different kind, in order to thicken the outer shell and/or produce microcapsules having primary and outer shells of .5 different composition. The temperature is preferably lowered at a rate of 1°C/10 minutes until it reaches a temperature of from about 5°C to about 10°C, preferably about 5°C. The outer shell encapsulates the agglomeration of primary shells to form a rigid encapsulated agglomeration of ?0 microcapsules.
At this stage, a cross-linker may be added to further increase the rigidity of the microcapsules by cross-linking the shell material in both the outer and primary shells and to make the shells insoluble in both aqueous and ?5 oily media. Any suitable cross-linker may be used and the choice of cross-linker depends somewhat on the choice of shell material. Preferred cross-linkers are enzymatic cross-linkers (e. g. transglutaminase), aldehydes (e. g.
formaldehyde or gluteraldehyde), tannic acid, alum or a 30 mixture thereof. When the microcapsules are to be used to deliver a biologically active substance to an organism, the cross-linkers are preferably non-toxic or of sufficiently low toxicity. The amount of cross'-linker used depends on ' 78162-41 (S) the type of shell material and may be adjusted to provide more or less structural rigidity as desired. For example, when gelatine type A is used in the shell material, the cross-linker may be conveniently used in an amount of about 1.0% to about 5.0%, preferably about 2.5%, by weight of the gelatine type A. In general, one skilled in the art may routinely determine the desired amount in any given case by simple experimentation.
Finally, the microcapsules may be washed with water and/or dried to provide a free-flowing powder. Drying may be accomplished by a number of methods known in the art, such as freeze drying, drying with ethanol or spray drying.
Spray drying is a particularly preferred method for drying the microcapsules. Spray drying techniques are disclosed in "Spray Drying Handbook", K. Masters, 5th edition, Longman Scientific Technical UK, 1991, Uses:
The microcapsules produced by the process of the present invention may be used to prepare liquids as free-flowing powders or compressed solids, to store a substance, to separate reactive substances, to reduce toxicity of a substance, to protect a substance against oxidation, to deliver a substance to a specified environment and/or to control the rate of release of a substance. In particular, the microcapsules may be used to deliver a biologically active substance to an organism for nutritional or medical purposes. The biologically active substance may be,~for example, a nutritional supplement, a flavour, a drug and/or an enzyme. The organism is preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Microcapsules containing the biologically active substance may be included, for example, in foods or beverages or in drug delivery systems. Use of the microcapsules of the present invention for formulating a nutritional supplement into human food is particularly preferred.
Microcapsules of the present invention have good rupture strength to help reduce or prevent breaking of the miCrocapsules during incorporation into food or other formulations. Furthermore, the microcapsule's shells are insoluble in both aqueous and oily media, and help reduce or .0 prevent oxidation and/or deterioration of the loading substance during preparation of the microcapsules, during long-term storage, and/or during incorporation of the microcapsules into a formulation vehicle, for example, into foods, beverages, nutraceutical formulations or _5 pharmaceutical formulations.
Examples Example 1:
54.5 grams gelatine 275 Bloom type A (isoelectric point of about 9) was mixed with 600 grams of deionized ?0 water containing 0.5% sodium ascorbate under agitation at 50°C until completely dissolved. 5.45 grams of sodium polyphosphate was dissolved in 104 grams of deionized water containing 0.5% sodium ascorbate. 90 grams of a fish oil concentrate containing 30% eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ?5 (EPA) and 20% docosahexaenoiC acid ethyl ester (DHA) (available from Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd.) was dispersed with 1.0% of an antioxidant (blend of natural flavour, tocopherols and citric acid available as DuraloxT"' from KalseCT"") into the gelatine solution with a high speed 30 PolytronT"" homogenizes. An oil-in-water emulsion was formed.
The oil droplet size had a narrow distribution with an average size of about 1 ~,m measured by CoulterT"" LS230 Particle Size Analyzer. The emulsion was diluted with 700 grams of deionized water containing 0.5% sodium ascorbate at 50°C. The sodium polyphosphate solution was then added into the emulsion and mixed with a LightninT"~ agitator at 600 rpm.
The pH was then adjusted to 4.5 with a 10% aqueous acetic acid solution. During pH adjustment and the cooling step that followed pH adjustment, a coacervate formed from the gelatine and polyphosphate coated onto the oil droplets to 0 form primary microcapsules. Cooling was carried out to above the gel point of the gelatine and polyphosphate and the primary microcapsules started to agglomerate to form lumps under agitation. Upon further cooling of the mixture, polymer remaining in the aqueous phase further coated the _5 lumps of primary microcapsules to form an encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules having an outer shell and having an average size of 50 ~,m. Once the temperature had been cooled to 5°C, 2.7 grams of 50o gluteraldehyde was added into the mixture to further strengthen the shell. The ?0 mixture was then warmed to room temperature and kept stirring for 12 hours. Finally, the microcapsule suspension washed with water. The washed suspension was then spray dried to obtain a free-flowing powder. A payload of 60% was obtained.
? 5 Examp 1 a 2 Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that 0.25% sodium ascorbate was used. A payload of 60% was obtained.
Example 3:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that no ascorbate was used. A payload of 60o was obtained.
Example 4:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that 105 grams of fish oil concentrate was used and a payload of 70o was obtained.
LO Example 5:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that it was applied to triglyceride (TG) fish oil (available from Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd.) rather than ethyl ester L5 fish oil.
Example 6:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that gelatine (type A) and gum arabic were used as polymer 20 components of the shell material.
Example 7:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that 150 Bloom gelatine (type A) and polyphosphate were used 25 as polymer components of the shell material and 105 grams of fish oil concentrate was used to obtain a payload of 700.
Example 8:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that transglutaminase was used to cross-link the shell 5 material.
Example 9: Evaluation of microcapsules The microcapsules of Examples 1-8 were evaluated for mechanical strength, encapsulated oil quality and oxidative stability.
LO Microcapsule shell strength was evaluated by centrifuging a given amount of the prepared microcapsule powders from each of the Examples 1-8 at 34,541 g at 25°C for 30 minutes in a SorvallT"" Super T-21 centrifuge. The original and the centrifuged powders were washed with hexane to L5 extract oil released from the microcapsules due to shell breakage under centrifuge force. The ratio of percent free oil of the centrifuged powders to that of the original powders is used as an indicator of the shell strength. The lower the ratio, the stronger is the microcapsule's shell.
Oil quality in microcapsules was evaluated by crushing the shells of the prepared microcapsule powders from each of Examples 1-8 with a grinder. The encapsulated oil was then extracted with hexane. Peroxide Value (PV) was analyzed with American Oil Chemist Society Method (AOCS
Official Method Cd 8-53: Peroxide value). A high PV
indicates a higher concentration of primary oxidation products in the encapsulated oil.
Accelerated oxidative stability was evaluated by placing the prepared microcapsule powders from each of Examples 1-8 in an oxygen bomb (OxipresT"", MIKROLAB AARHUS
A/S, Denmark) with an initial oxygen pressure of 5 bar at a constant temperature of 65°C. When the encapsulated fish oil started to oxidize, the oxygen pressure dropped. The time at which the oxygen pressure started to drop is called Induction Period. A longer Induction Period means that the contents of the microcapsules are better protected towards oxidation.
Results are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the agglomerated microcapsules prepared in LO accordance with the present invention have excellent strength and resistance to oxidation of the encapsulated loading substance.
Table 1 run load ascorbate Induction PV free notes ## (o) (%) period value oil (hr) ratio 1 60 0.50 38 3.0 2.0 2 60 0.25 34 4.1 1.5 3 60 0.0 26 7.8 1.5 4 70 0.50 38 3.2 1.7 5 60 0.50 37 0.28 3.0 TG oil 6 60 0.50 30 3.4 1.5 gum arabic 7 70 0.50 38 4.4 2.2 150 bloom gelatin 8 60 0.50 33 3.2 1.1 enzymatic cross linking Other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.
Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is an optical micrograph (400 X) of encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules in accordance with the invention.
Figure 2 is a second optical micrograph (400 X) of encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules in accordance LO with the invention.
Detailed Description Composition:
The loading substance may be virtually any substance that is not entirely soluble in the aqueous mixture. Preferably, the loading substance is a solid, a hydrophobic liquid, or a mixture of a solid and a hydrophobic liquid. The loading substance is more preferably a hydrophobic liquid, such as grease, oil or a mixture thereof. Typical oils may be fish oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils, derivatives thereof or mixtures thereof.
The loading substance may comprise a purified or partially purified oily substance such as a fatty acid, a triglyceride or a mixture thereof. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as a-linolenic acid (18:3n3), octadecatetraenoic acid (18:4n3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3) (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n3) (DHA), and derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof, are preferred. Many types of derivatives are well known to one skilled in the art. Examples of suitable derivatives are esters, such as phytosterol esters, branched or unbranched C1-C3o alkyl esters, branched or unbranched C2-C3o alkenyl esters or branched or unbranched C3-C3o cycloalkyl esters, in particular phytosterol esters and C1-C6 alkyl esters. Preferred sources of oils are oils derived from aquatic organisms (e. g. anchovies, capelin, Atlantic 5 cod, Atlantic herring, Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic menhaden, salmonids, sardines, shark, tuna, etc) and plants (e. g.
flax, vegetables, algae, etc). While the loading substance may or may not be a biologically active substance, the microcapsules of the present invention are particularly suited for biologically active substances, for example, drugs, nutritional supplements, flavours or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred loading substances include antioxidants, such as CoQlo and vitamin E.
The shell material may be any material that can form a microcapsule around the loading substance of interest. The shell material typically comprises at least one polymer component. Examples of polymer components include, but are not limited to, gelatines, polyphosphate, polysaccharides and mixtures thereof. Preferred polymer components are gelatine A, gelatine B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxy-methylcellulose (CMC) or a mixture thereof. A particularly preferred form of gelatine type A has a Bloom strength of 50-350, more preferably a Bloom strength of 275.
The shell material is preferably a two-component system made from a mixture of different types of polymer components. More preferably, the shell material is a complex coacervate between two or more polymer components.
Component A is preferably gelatine type A, although other polymers are also contemplated as component A. Component B
is preferably gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethyl-cellulose or a mixture thereof. The molar ratio of component A:component B that is used depends on the type of components but is typically from 1:5 to 15:1. For example, when gelatine type A and polyphosphate are used as components A and B respectively, the molar ratio of component A:component B is preferably 8:1 to 12:1; when gelatine type A and gelatine type B are used as components A
and B respectively, the molar ratio of component A:component B is preferably 2:1 to 1:2; and when gelatine type A and alginate are used as components A and B respectively, the LO molar ratio of component A:component B is preferably 3:1 to 8:1.
Processing aids may be included in the shell material. Processing aids may be used for a variety of reasons. For example, they may be used to promote L5 agglomeration of the primary microcapsules, control microcapsule size and/or to act as an antioxidant.
Antioxidant properties are useful both during the process (e.g. during coacervation and/or spray drying) and in the microcapsules after they are formed (i.e. to extend shelf-~0 life, etc). Preferably a small number of processing aids that perform a large number of functions is used. For example, ascorbic acid or a salt thereof may be used to promote agglomeration of the primary microcapsules, to control microcapsule size and to act as an antioxidant. The 25 ascorbic acid or salt thereof is preferably used in an amount of about 100 ppm to about 12,000 ppm, more preferably about 1000 ppm to about 5000 ppm. A salt of ascorbic acid, such as sodium or potassium ascorbate, is particularly preferred in this capacity.
30 The structure of encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules in accordance with the present invention may be seen in Figures 1 and 2, which show that smaller (primary) microcapsules have agglomerated together and that the agglomeration is surrounded by shell material to form a larger microcapsule. Each individual primary microcapsule has its own distinct shell called the primary shell.
Furthermore, any space that there may be between the smaller microcapsules is filled with more shell material to hold and surround the smaller microcapsules thereby providing an extremely strong outer shell of the larger microcapsule in addition to the primary shell that forms the smaller microcapsules within the larger microcapsule. In one sense, LO the encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules may be viewed as an agglomeration of walled bubbles suspended in a matrix of shell material, i.e. a "foam-like" structure.
Such an encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules provides a stronger, more rupture-resistant structure than is previously known in the art, in conjunction with achieving high loads of loading substance.
The primary microcapsules (primary shells) typically have an average diameter of about 40 nm to about 10 ~,m, more particularly from about 0.1 ~,m to about 5 ~,m, even more particularly about 1 ~.m. The encapsulated agglomerations (outer shells) may have an average diameter of from about 1 ~,m to about 2000 ~.m, more typically from about 20 ~,m to about 1000 ~,m, more particularly from about 20 ~.m to about 100 ~.m, even more particularly from about 50 ~m to about 100 ~.m.
The encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules prepared by a process of the present invention typically have a combination of payload and structural strength that are better than multi-core microcapsules of the prior art.
For example, payloads of loading substance can be as high. as about 70% by weight in microcapsules of the present invention having an average size of about 50 ~,m for the outer shells and an average size of about 1 ~,m for the primary shells.
Process:
In the process for preparing microcapsules, an aqueous mixture of a loading substance, a first polymer component of the shell material and a second polymer component of the shell material is formed. The aqueous mixture may be a mechanical mixture, a suspension or an emulsion. When a liquid loading material is used, LO particularly a hydrophobic liquid, the aqueous mixture is preferably an emulsion of the loading material and the polymer components.
In a more preferred aspect, a first polymer component is provided in aqueous solution, preferably together with processing aids, such as antioxidants. A
loading substance may then be dispersed into the aqueous mixture, for example, by using a homogenizer. If the loading substance is a hydrophobic liquid, an emulsion is formed in which a fraction of the first polymer component begins to deposit around individual droplets of loading substance to begin the formation of primary shells. If the loading substance is a solid particle, a suspension is formed in which a fraction of the first polymer component begins to deposit around individual particles to begin the formation of primary shells. At this point, another aqueous solution of a second polymer component may be added to the aqueous mixture.
Droplets or particles of the loading substance in the aqueous mixture preferably have an average diameter of less than 100 ~,m, more preferably less than 50 Vim, even more preferably less than 25 Vim. Droplets or particles of the loading substance having an average diameter less than 10 ~.m or less than 5 ~,m or less than 3 ~m or less than 1 ~m may be used. Particle size may be measured using any typical equipment known in the art, for example, a CoulterT"" LS230 Particle Size Analyzer, Miami, Florida, USA.
The amount of the polymer components of the shell material provided in the aqueous mixture is typically sufficient to form both the primary shells and the outer shells of the encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules.
LO Preferably, the loading substance is provided in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the aqueous mixture, more preferably from about 3% to about 8o by weight, and even more preferably about 6% by weight.
The pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed L5 or a combination thereof is then adjusted to accelerate the formation of the primary shells around the droplets or particles of the loading substance. If there is more than one type of polymer component, complex coacervation will occur between the components to form a coacervate, which ~0 further deposits around the loading substance to form primary shells of shell material. The pH adjustment depends on the type of shell material to be formed. For example, when gelatine type A is a polymer component, the pH may be adjusted to a value from 3.5-5.0, preferably from 4.0-5Ø
25 If the pH of the mixture starts in the desired_range, then little or no pH adjustment is required. The initial temperature of the aqueous mixture is preferably set to a value of from about 40°C to about 60°C, more preferably at about 50°C. Mixing is preferably adjusted so that there is 30 good mixing without breaking the microcapsules as they form.
Particular mixing parameters depend on the type of equipment being used. Any of a variety of types of mixing equipment known in the art may be used. Particularly useful is an axial flow impeller, such as LightninT"" A310 or A510.
The aqueous mixture may then be cooled under controlled cooling rate and mixing parameters to permit 5 agglomeration of the primary shells to form encapsulated agglomerations of primary shells. The encapsulated agglomerations are discrete particles themselves. It is advantageous to control the formation of the encapsulated agglomerations at a temperature above the gel point of the 0 shell material, and to let excess shell material form a thicker outer shell. It is also possible at this stage to add more polymer components, either of the same kind or a different kind, in order to thicken the outer shell and/or produce microcapsules having primary and outer shells of .5 different composition. The temperature is preferably lowered at a rate of 1°C/10 minutes until it reaches a temperature of from about 5°C to about 10°C, preferably about 5°C. The outer shell encapsulates the agglomeration of primary shells to form a rigid encapsulated agglomeration of ?0 microcapsules.
At this stage, a cross-linker may be added to further increase the rigidity of the microcapsules by cross-linking the shell material in both the outer and primary shells and to make the shells insoluble in both aqueous and ?5 oily media. Any suitable cross-linker may be used and the choice of cross-linker depends somewhat on the choice of shell material. Preferred cross-linkers are enzymatic cross-linkers (e. g. transglutaminase), aldehydes (e. g.
formaldehyde or gluteraldehyde), tannic acid, alum or a 30 mixture thereof. When the microcapsules are to be used to deliver a biologically active substance to an organism, the cross-linkers are preferably non-toxic or of sufficiently low toxicity. The amount of cross'-linker used depends on ' 78162-41 (S) the type of shell material and may be adjusted to provide more or less structural rigidity as desired. For example, when gelatine type A is used in the shell material, the cross-linker may be conveniently used in an amount of about 1.0% to about 5.0%, preferably about 2.5%, by weight of the gelatine type A. In general, one skilled in the art may routinely determine the desired amount in any given case by simple experimentation.
Finally, the microcapsules may be washed with water and/or dried to provide a free-flowing powder. Drying may be accomplished by a number of methods known in the art, such as freeze drying, drying with ethanol or spray drying.
Spray drying is a particularly preferred method for drying the microcapsules. Spray drying techniques are disclosed in "Spray Drying Handbook", K. Masters, 5th edition, Longman Scientific Technical UK, 1991, Uses:
The microcapsules produced by the process of the present invention may be used to prepare liquids as free-flowing powders or compressed solids, to store a substance, to separate reactive substances, to reduce toxicity of a substance, to protect a substance against oxidation, to deliver a substance to a specified environment and/or to control the rate of release of a substance. In particular, the microcapsules may be used to deliver a biologically active substance to an organism for nutritional or medical purposes. The biologically active substance may be,~for example, a nutritional supplement, a flavour, a drug and/or an enzyme. The organism is preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Microcapsules containing the biologically active substance may be included, for example, in foods or beverages or in drug delivery systems. Use of the microcapsules of the present invention for formulating a nutritional supplement into human food is particularly preferred.
Microcapsules of the present invention have good rupture strength to help reduce or prevent breaking of the miCrocapsules during incorporation into food or other formulations. Furthermore, the microcapsule's shells are insoluble in both aqueous and oily media, and help reduce or .0 prevent oxidation and/or deterioration of the loading substance during preparation of the microcapsules, during long-term storage, and/or during incorporation of the microcapsules into a formulation vehicle, for example, into foods, beverages, nutraceutical formulations or _5 pharmaceutical formulations.
Examples Example 1:
54.5 grams gelatine 275 Bloom type A (isoelectric point of about 9) was mixed with 600 grams of deionized ?0 water containing 0.5% sodium ascorbate under agitation at 50°C until completely dissolved. 5.45 grams of sodium polyphosphate was dissolved in 104 grams of deionized water containing 0.5% sodium ascorbate. 90 grams of a fish oil concentrate containing 30% eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester ?5 (EPA) and 20% docosahexaenoiC acid ethyl ester (DHA) (available from Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd.) was dispersed with 1.0% of an antioxidant (blend of natural flavour, tocopherols and citric acid available as DuraloxT"' from KalseCT"") into the gelatine solution with a high speed 30 PolytronT"" homogenizes. An oil-in-water emulsion was formed.
The oil droplet size had a narrow distribution with an average size of about 1 ~,m measured by CoulterT"" LS230 Particle Size Analyzer. The emulsion was diluted with 700 grams of deionized water containing 0.5% sodium ascorbate at 50°C. The sodium polyphosphate solution was then added into the emulsion and mixed with a LightninT"~ agitator at 600 rpm.
The pH was then adjusted to 4.5 with a 10% aqueous acetic acid solution. During pH adjustment and the cooling step that followed pH adjustment, a coacervate formed from the gelatine and polyphosphate coated onto the oil droplets to 0 form primary microcapsules. Cooling was carried out to above the gel point of the gelatine and polyphosphate and the primary microcapsules started to agglomerate to form lumps under agitation. Upon further cooling of the mixture, polymer remaining in the aqueous phase further coated the _5 lumps of primary microcapsules to form an encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules having an outer shell and having an average size of 50 ~,m. Once the temperature had been cooled to 5°C, 2.7 grams of 50o gluteraldehyde was added into the mixture to further strengthen the shell. The ?0 mixture was then warmed to room temperature and kept stirring for 12 hours. Finally, the microcapsule suspension washed with water. The washed suspension was then spray dried to obtain a free-flowing powder. A payload of 60% was obtained.
? 5 Examp 1 a 2 Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that 0.25% sodium ascorbate was used. A payload of 60% was obtained.
Example 3:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that no ascorbate was used. A payload of 60o was obtained.
Example 4:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that 105 grams of fish oil concentrate was used and a payload of 70o was obtained.
LO Example 5:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that it was applied to triglyceride (TG) fish oil (available from Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd.) rather than ethyl ester L5 fish oil.
Example 6:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that gelatine (type A) and gum arabic were used as polymer 20 components of the shell material.
Example 7:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that 150 Bloom gelatine (type A) and polyphosphate were used 25 as polymer components of the shell material and 105 grams of fish oil concentrate was used to obtain a payload of 700.
Example 8:
Encapsulated agglomerations of microcapsules were formed in accordance with the method of Example 1 except that transglutaminase was used to cross-link the shell 5 material.
Example 9: Evaluation of microcapsules The microcapsules of Examples 1-8 were evaluated for mechanical strength, encapsulated oil quality and oxidative stability.
LO Microcapsule shell strength was evaluated by centrifuging a given amount of the prepared microcapsule powders from each of the Examples 1-8 at 34,541 g at 25°C for 30 minutes in a SorvallT"" Super T-21 centrifuge. The original and the centrifuged powders were washed with hexane to L5 extract oil released from the microcapsules due to shell breakage under centrifuge force. The ratio of percent free oil of the centrifuged powders to that of the original powders is used as an indicator of the shell strength. The lower the ratio, the stronger is the microcapsule's shell.
Oil quality in microcapsules was evaluated by crushing the shells of the prepared microcapsule powders from each of Examples 1-8 with a grinder. The encapsulated oil was then extracted with hexane. Peroxide Value (PV) was analyzed with American Oil Chemist Society Method (AOCS
Official Method Cd 8-53: Peroxide value). A high PV
indicates a higher concentration of primary oxidation products in the encapsulated oil.
Accelerated oxidative stability was evaluated by placing the prepared microcapsule powders from each of Examples 1-8 in an oxygen bomb (OxipresT"", MIKROLAB AARHUS
A/S, Denmark) with an initial oxygen pressure of 5 bar at a constant temperature of 65°C. When the encapsulated fish oil started to oxidize, the oxygen pressure dropped. The time at which the oxygen pressure started to drop is called Induction Period. A longer Induction Period means that the contents of the microcapsules are better protected towards oxidation.
Results are shown in Table 1. The results indicate that the agglomerated microcapsules prepared in LO accordance with the present invention have excellent strength and resistance to oxidation of the encapsulated loading substance.
Table 1 run load ascorbate Induction PV free notes ## (o) (%) period value oil (hr) ratio 1 60 0.50 38 3.0 2.0 2 60 0.25 34 4.1 1.5 3 60 0.0 26 7.8 1.5 4 70 0.50 38 3.2 1.7 5 60 0.50 37 0.28 3.0 TG oil 6 60 0.50 30 3.4 1.5 gum arabic 7 70 0.50 38 4.4 2.2 150 bloom gelatin 8 60 0.50 33 3.2 1.1 enzymatic cross linking Other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.
Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Claims (121)
PROPERTY OF PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A microcapsule comprising an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell.
2. The microcapsule according to claim 1, wherein the outer shell is a matrix of shell material that surrounds the agglomeration to form a foam-like structure, and wherein a loading substance is encapsulated in the primary microcapsule.
3. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the shell material comprises gelatine, polyphosphate, polysaccharide, or a mixture thereof.
4. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the shell material comprises gelatine type A, gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose or a mixture thereof.
5. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate.
6. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate between gelatine A and one or more of a polymer component selected from the group consisting of gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin and carboxymethylcellulose.
7. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate between gelatine A and polyphosphate.
8. The microcapsule according to claims 3, wherein the shell material further comprises an antioxidant.
9. The microcapsule according to claim 8, wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid or a salt thereof.
10. The microcapsule according to claim 8, wherein the antioxidant is sodium ascorbate.
11. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 1 µm to about 2,000 µm.
12. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 20 µm to about 1,000 µm.
13. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 20 µm to about 100 µm.
14. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 50 µm to about 100 µm.
15. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of from about 40 nm to about 10 µm.
16. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of from about 0.1 µm to about 5 µm.
17. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of about 1 µm.
18. The microcapsule according to claim 2 having a payload of loading substance of up to about 70% by weight.
19. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the loading substance is a solid, a liquid or a mixture thereof.
20. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the loading substance is grease, oil or a mixture thereof.
21. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the loading substance is a biologically active substance.
22. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the loading substance is a nutritional supplement.
23. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the loading substance is a triglyceride, an omega-3 fatty acid, an ester of an omega-3 fatty acid, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
24. The microcapsule according to claim 2, wherein the loading substance is a phytosterol ester of docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, a C1-C6 alkyl ester of docosahexaenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
25. A microcapsule comprising an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell, wherein a loading substance is encapsulated in the primary microcapsule, wherein the loading substance is eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester, the primary shell is composed of gelatine A and a polyphosphate, and the outer shell is a matrix of gelatine A and a polyphosphate.
26. The microcapsule of claim 25, wherein the polyphosphate is in the primary shell and outer shell is sodium polyphosphate.
27. The microcapsule of claim 25, wherein the outer shell further comprises an antioxidant, wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid or the salt thereof.
28. A process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a loading substance, a first polymer component of shell material and a second polymer component of shell material;
(b) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(c) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (d) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of the shell material around the agglomerations.
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a loading substance, a first polymer component of shell material and a second polymer component of shell material;
(b) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(c) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (d) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of the shell material around the agglomerations.
29. The process according to claim 28, wherein the first polymer component is gelatine type A.
30. The process according to claim 28, wherein the second polymer component is gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate; chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose or a mixture thereof.
31. The process according to claim 28, wherein the second polymer component is polyphosphate.
32. The process according to claim 28, wherein the loading substance is grease, oil or a mixture thereof and is dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous mixture.
33. The process according to claim 28, wherein the loading substance is a triglyceride, an omega-3 fatty acid, an ester of an omega-3 fatty acid or a mixture of two or more thereof.
34. The process according to claim 28, wherein the loading substance is provided in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the aqueous mixture.
35. The process according to claim 28, wherein an antioxidant is added to the aqueous mixture in part (a).
36. The process according to claim 28, wherein ascorbic acid or a salt thereof is added to the aqueous mixture in part (a).
37. The process according to claim 28, wherein sodium ascorbate is added to the aqueous mixture in part (a).
38. The process according to claim 28, wherein the pH is adjusted to a value from 3.5-5Ø
39. The process according claim 28, wherein the pH is adjusted to a value from 4.0-5Ø
40. The process according to claim 28, wherein the temperature is initially from about 40°C to about 60°C.
41. The process according to claim 28, wherein the temperature is initially about 50°C.
42. The process according to claim 28, wherein, in steps (c) and (d), the mixture is cooled at a rate of 1°C/10 minutes.
43. The process according to claim 28, wherein, in step (d), the mixture is cooled until it reaches a temperature of from about 5°C to about 10°C.
44. The process according to claim 28, wherein, in step (d), the mixture is cooled until it reaches a temperature of about 5°C.
45. The process according to claim 28, further comprising step (g) adding a cross-linker to cross-link the shell material.
46. The process according to claim 45, wherein the cross-linker is an enzymatic cross-linker, an aldehyde, tannic acid, alum or a mixture thereof.
47. The process according to claim 45, wherein the cross-linker is gluteraldehyde.
48. The process according to claim 45, wherein the cross-linker is transglutaminase.
49. The process according to claim 28, further comprising step of drying the microcapsules.
50. A process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a first polymer component of shell material;
(b) dispersing a loading substance into the aqueous mixture;
(c) then adding a second polymer component of shell material to the aqueous mixture;
(d) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising complex coacervates of the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(e) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (f) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of the shell material around the agglomerations.
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of a first polymer component of shell material;
(b) dispersing a loading substance into the aqueous mixture;
(c) then adding a second polymer component of shell material to the aqueous mixture;
(d) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form shell material comprising complex coacervates of the first and second polymer components, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(e) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the shell material until the primary shells form agglomerations; and, (f) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of the shell material around the agglomerations.
51. The process according to claim 50, wherein the first polymer component is gelatine type A.
52. The process according to claim 50, wherein the second polymer component is gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose or a mixture thereof.
53. The process according to claim 50, wherein the second polymer component is polyphosphate.
54. The process according to claim 50, further comprising adding more polymer components to the aqueous mixture in part (e).
55. The process according to claim 50, wherein the loading substance is grease, oil or a mixture thereof and is dispersed as an emulsion in the aqueous mixture.
56. The process according to claim 50, wherein the loading substance is a triglyceride, an omega-3 fatty acid, an ester of an omega-3 fatty acid or a mixture of two or more thereof.
57. The process according to claim 50, wherein the loading substance is provided in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by weight of the aqueous mixture.
58. The process according to claim 50, wherein an antioxidant is added to the aqueous mixture in part (a).
59. The process according to claim 50, wherein ascorbic acid or a salt thereof is added to the aqueous mixture in part (a).
60. The process according to claim 50, wherein sodium ascorbate is added to the aqueous mixture in part (a).
61. The process according to claim 50, wherein the pH is adjusted to a value from 3.5-5Ø
62. The process according to claim 50, wherein the pH is adjusted to a value from 4.0-5Ø
63. The process according to claim 50, wherein the temperature is initially from about 40°C to about 60°C.
64. The process according to claim 50, wherein the temperature is initially about 50°C.
65. The process according to claim 50, wherein, in steps (e) and (f), the mixture is cooled at a rate of 1°C/10 minutes.
66. The process according to claim 50, wherein, in step (f), the mixture is cooled until it reaches a temperature of from about 5°C to about 10°C.
67. The process according to claim 50, wherein, in step (f), the mixture is cooled until it reaches a temperature of about 5°C.
68. The process according to claim 50, further comprising step (g) adding a cross-linker to cross-link the shell material.
69. The process according to claim 68, wherein the cross-linker is an enzymatic cross-linker, an aldehyde, tannic acid, alum or a mixture thereof.
70. The process according to claim 68, wherein the cross-linker is gluteraldehyde.
71. The process according to claim 68, wherein the cross-linker is transglutaminase.
72. The process according to claim 50, further comprising step of drying the microcapsules.
73. A process for preparing microcapsules, the process comprising:
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of (i) a loading substance, wherein the loading substance is eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester, and (ii) a polymer component composed of gelatine A and a polyphosphate;
(b) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form a shell material comprising the polymer component, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(c) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the hell material until the primary shells form an agglomeration; and, (d) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of the shell material around the agglomeration.
(a) providing an aqueous mixture of (i) a loading substance, wherein the loading substance is eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester, and (ii) a polymer component composed of gelatine A and a polyphosphate;
(b) adjusting pH, temperature, concentration, mixing speed or a combination thereof to form a shell material comprising the polymer component, the shell material forming primary shells around the loading substance;
(c) cooling the aqueous mixture to a temperature above gel point of the hell material until the primary shells form an agglomeration; and, (d) further cooling the aqueous mixture to form an outer shell of the shell material around the agglomeration.
74. Microcapsules prepared by a process according to claim 28.
75. Microcapsules prepared by a process according to claim 50.
76. Microcapsules prepared by a process according to claim 73.
77. The use of a microcapsule to deliver a loading substance to a subject, wherein the microcapsule comprises an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell, wherein the loading substance is encapsulated in the primary microcapsule to deliver a loading substance to a subject.
78. The use of claim 77, wherein the outer shell is a matrix of shell material that surrounds the agglomeration to form a foam-like structure.
79. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material comprises gelatine, polyphosphate, polysaccharide, or a mixture thereof.
80. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material comprises gelatine type A, gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose, or a mixture thereof.
81. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material is gelatine type A having a Bloom strength of from 50 to 350.
82. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate.
83. The use of claim 77, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate between two or more polymer components.
84. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate between gelatine A and one or more polymers of gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, or carboxymethylcellulose.
85. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate between gelatine B and one or more polymers of polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, or carboxymethylcellulose.
86. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material is a complex coacervate between gelatine A and polyphosphate.
87. The use of claim 86, wherein the gelatine A and polyphosphate are present in a molar ratio of from 8:1 to 12:1.
88. The use of claim 78, wherein the shell material further comprises an antioxidant.
89. The use of claim 88, wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid or a salt thereof.
90. The use of claim 88, wherein the antioxidant is sodium ascorbate.
91. The use of claim 88, wherein the antioxidant is CoQ10 or vitamin E.
92. The use of claim 77, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 1 µm to about 2,000 µm.
93. The use of claim 77, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 20 µm to about 1,000 µm.
94. The use of claim 77, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 20 µm to about 100 µm.
95. The use of claim 77, wherein the outer shell has an average diameter of from about 50 µm to about 100 µm.
96. The use of claim 78, wherein the primary shell comprises gelatine, polyphosphate, polysaccharide, or a mixture thereof.
97. The use of claim 78, wherein the primary shell comprises gelatine type A, gelatine type B, polyphosphate, gum arabic, alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose or a mixture thereof.
98. The use of claim 77, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of from about 40 nm to about 10 µm.
99. The use of claim 77, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of from about 0.1 µm to about 5 µm.
100. The use of claim 77, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of from about 1 µm to about 5 µm.
101. The use of claim 77, wherein the primary shells have an average diameter of about 1 µm.
102. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is up to about 70% by weight of the microcapsule.
103. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is a solid, a liquid or a mixture thereof.
104. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is grease, oil, or a mixture thereof.
105. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is a biologically active substance.
106. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is a drug.
107. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is an enzyme
108. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is a nutritional supplement.
109. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is a triglyceride, an omega-3 fatty acid, an ester of an omega-3 fatty acid, or a mixture thereof.
110. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is a phytosterol ester of docosahexaenoic acid and/or eicosapentaenoic acid, a C1-C6 alkyl ester of docosahexaenoic acid and/or eicosapentaenoic acid, or a mixture thereof.
111. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is .alpha.-linolenic acid, octadecatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, a derivative thereof, or a mixture thereof.
112. The use of claim 77, wherein the loading substance is CoQ10 or vitamin E.
113. The use of claim 77, wherein the subject is a mammal.
114. The use of claim 77, wherein the subject is a human.
115. The use of a microcapsule to deliver a loading substance to a subject, wherein the microcapsule comprises an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell, wherein the loading substance is encapsulated in the primary microcapsule, wherein the loading substance is eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester, the primary shell is composed of gelatine A and a polyphosphate, and the outer shell is a matrix of gelatine A and a polyphosphate.
116. The use of the microcapsule of claim 1 as a nutritional supplement.
117. The use of the microcapsule of claim 1 as a medicament for delivering a biologically active compound to a subject for a medical purpose.
118. A formulation vehicle comprising a microcapsule comprising an agglomeration of primary microcapsules, each individual primary microcapsule having a primary shell and the agglomeration being encapsulated by an outer shell, wherein a biologically active substance is encapsulated in the primary microcapsule.
119. The formulation vehicle of claim 118, wherein the formulation vehicle is a food, a beverage, a nutraceutical formulation, or a pharmaceutical formulation.
120. The formulation vehicle of claim 118, wherein the biologically active substance is eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester, the primary shell is composed of gelatine A and a polyphosphate, and the outer shell is a matrix of gelatine A and a polyphosphate.
121. The formulation vehicle of claim 120, wherein the formulation vehicle is a food, a beverage, a nutraceutical formulation, or a pharmaceutical formulation.
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US10/120,621 US6974592B2 (en) | 2002-04-11 | 2002-04-11 | Encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules and method for the preparation thereof |
PCT/CA2003/000520 WO2003086104A1 (en) | 2002-04-11 | 2003-04-08 | Encapsulated agglomeration of microcapsules and method for the preparation thereof |
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CA2455971C true CA2455971C (en) | 2006-06-27 |
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US (3) | US6974592B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1492417B2 (en) |
JP (3) | JP5372310B2 (en) |
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CN (2) | CN100522338C (en) |
AT (2) | ATE457652T2 (en) |
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DE (2) | DE60309684T3 (en) |
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NZ (1) | NZ535687A (en) |
PT (1) | PT1492417E (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003086104A1 (en) |
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