CA2450801A1 - Drugs that enhance synaptic responses mediated by ampa receptors - Google Patents
Drugs that enhance synaptic responses mediated by ampa receptors Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
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- A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
- A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
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- C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
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Abstract
This invention discloses compounds having the structure (see formula I) that are useful for enhancing synaptic responses mediated by AMPA receptors, methods for the preparation thereof, and methods for their use for treatment of subjects suffering from impaired nervous or intellectual functioning due to deficiencies in the number of excitatory synapses or in the number of AMPA receptors. The invention compounds can also be used for the treatment of non-impaired subjects for enhancing performance in sensory-motor and cognitive tasks which depend on brain networks utilizing AMPA receptors and for improving memory encoding.
Claims (19)
1. A compound having the structure:
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
, wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or ; when -J- is selected from:
; or -(CR2)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, -C x R(2x-2)-, when -J- is:
-R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from -C n' H2n'-, -C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O-, -NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -C z' R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 or 2, when one -Y'- is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y'- are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-;
with the proviso that when each M is -C(H)-, each Y' is -O-, and Z' is -CH2-, then Y is not -(CH2)4,5-;
or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above.
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
, wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or ; when -J- is selected from:
; or -(CR2)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, -C x R(2x-2)-, when -J- is:
-R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from -C n' H2n'-, -C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O-, -NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -C z' R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 or 2, when one -Y'- is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y'- are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-;
with the proviso that when each M is -C(H)-, each Y' is -O-, and Z' is -CH2-, then Y is not -(CH2)4,5-;
or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above.
2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein -Y-is ~
, and y is selected from 3 or 4.
, and y is selected from 3 or 4.
3. A compound according to claim 2 wherein each Y' is -O-, and Z' is -CH2-.
4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Y
is -(CR(2x-2))x-, and x is selected from 4 or 5.
is -(CR(2x-2))x-, and x is selected from 4 or 5.
5. A compound according to claim 1 wherein Z' is selected from -CR2-, -CR2-CH2-, -CR=, or -CR=CH-, wherein each R is independently H or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms.
6. A compound according to claim 2 wherein -OR
is -OCH3.
is -OCH3.
7. A compound according to claim 4 wherein -NR2 is -N(CH3)2.
8. A compound according to claim 1 having the structure:
wherein:
Y' is O, N or NR', Y'' is optional, and when present, is O, N or NR', R' is H or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, a = 3, 4, 5 or 6, b = an even number between 6-12, inclusive, depending on the value of a, c = 1 or 2, d = 0, 1 or 3, or the combination of Y' and C c H d -R' produces a dialkylamino derivative thereof, wherein a dialkylamino group replaces the heterocyclic ring fused to the core aromatic ring.
wherein:
Y' is O, N or NR', Y'' is optional, and when present, is O, N or NR', R' is H or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms, a = 3, 4, 5 or 6, b = an even number between 6-12, inclusive, depending on the value of a, c = 1 or 2, d = 0, 1 or 3, or the combination of Y' and C c H d -R' produces a dialkylamino derivative thereof, wherein a dialkylamino group replaces the heterocyclic ring fused to the core aromatic ring.
9. A method for producing the compound of claim 1 comprising:
(a) contacting a benzoic acid derivative under conditions suitable to activate the carboxy group thereof for the formation of an amide therefrom, wherein said benzoic acid derivative has the structure:
wherein -M-, -Y'-, and Z' are as defined above; or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; and (b) contacting the activated benzoic acid derivative produced in step (a) with a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of the structure:
wherein Y is as defined above, wherein said contacting is carried out under conditions suitable to produce the desired imides or amides.
(a) contacting a benzoic acid derivative under conditions suitable to activate the carboxy group thereof for the formation of an amide therefrom, wherein said benzoic acid derivative has the structure:
wherein -M-, -Y'-, and Z' are as defined above; or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; and (b) contacting the activated benzoic acid derivative produced in step (a) with a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of the structure:
wherein Y is as defined above, wherein said contacting is carried out under conditions suitable to produce the desired imides or amides.
10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the carboxy group of said benzoic acid derivative is activated for the formation of an amide therefrom by contacting with carbonyl diimidazole.
11. A method for producing the compound of claim 1 comprising:
(a) contacting a benzoic acid derivative with at least two equivalents of a suitable bass in suitable solvent, then contacting the resulting ionized benzoic acid derivative with pivaloyl chloride or a reactive carboxylic acid anhydride under conditions suitable to produce a mixed anhydride containing said benzoic acid, wherein said benzoic acid derivative has the structure:
wherein -M-, -Y'-, and Z' are as defined above or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; and (b) contacting said mixed anhydride produced in step (a) with a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of the structure:
wherein Y is as defined above, wherein said contacting is carried out under conditions suitable to produce the desired imides or amides.
(a) contacting a benzoic acid derivative with at least two equivalents of a suitable bass in suitable solvent, then contacting the resulting ionized benzoic acid derivative with pivaloyl chloride or a reactive carboxylic acid anhydride under conditions suitable to produce a mixed anhydride containing said benzoic acid, wherein said benzoic acid derivative has the structure:
wherein -M-, -Y'-, and Z' are as defined above or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; or wherein -M- and -R are as defined above; and (b) contacting said mixed anhydride produced in step (a) with a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of the structure:
wherein Y is as defined above, wherein said contacting is carried out under conditions suitable to produce the desired imides or amides.
12. A method for producing the compound of claim 1 comprising:
(a) contacting 3,4-(methylenedihetero)-benzaldehyde with ammonia under conditions suitable to form an imine derivative thereof, (b) contacting the imine produced in step (a) with:
under conditions suitable to form a benzyloxy carbonyl imine, (c) contacting the product of step (b) with a simple conjugated diene under cycloaddition reaction conditions; and (d) contacting the reaction product of step (c) with a Lewis acid under conditions suitable for Friedel-Crafts acylation to occur.
(a) contacting 3,4-(methylenedihetero)-benzaldehyde with ammonia under conditions suitable to form an imine derivative thereof, (b) contacting the imine produced in step (a) with:
under conditions suitable to form a benzyloxy carbonyl imine, (c) contacting the product of step (b) with a simple conjugated diene under cycloaddition reaction conditions; and (d) contacting the reaction product of step (c) with a Lewis acid under conditions suitable for Friedel-Crafts acylation to occur.
13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising separating the enantiomers produced in the Friedel-Crafts reaction.
14. A method for producing the compound of claim 1 comprising:
(a) contacting 2,3-dihydroxy naphthalene with 1,2-dibromoethane in the presence of base under conditions suitable to produce an ethylenedioxy derivative of naphthalene, (b) contacting the ethylenedioxy derivative of naphthalene produced in step (a) with a suitable oxidizing agent under conditions suitable to produce 4,5-ethylenedioxyphthaldehydic acid, (c) contacting the product of step (b) with anhydrous ammonia under conditions suitable to form an imine, which is then treated with a suitable carbonyl-activating agent under cyclization conditions suitable to form an acyl imine, and (d) contacting the product of step (c) with a simple conjugated diene under conditions suitable for cycloaddition to occur.
(a) contacting 2,3-dihydroxy naphthalene with 1,2-dibromoethane in the presence of base under conditions suitable to produce an ethylenedioxy derivative of naphthalene, (b) contacting the ethylenedioxy derivative of naphthalene produced in step (a) with a suitable oxidizing agent under conditions suitable to produce 4,5-ethylenedioxyphthaldehydic acid, (c) contacting the product of step (b) with anhydrous ammonia under conditions suitable to form an imine, which is then treated with a suitable carbonyl-activating agent under cyclization conditions suitable to form an acyl imine, and (d) contacting the product of step (c) with a simple conjugated diene under conditions suitable for cycloaddition to occur.
15. A formulation useful for enhancing synaptic responses mediated by AMPA receptors, said formulation comprising:
a compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
a compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
16. A method for the treatment of a subject to enhance synaptic response mediated by AMPA receptors, said method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound having the structure:
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
, wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or ; when -J- is selected from:
; or -(CR2)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, -C x R(2x-2)-, when -J- is:
;
-R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from -C n' H2n'-, -C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O-, -NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -C z,R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 or 2, when one -Y' - is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y' are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-; or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above.
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
, wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or ; when -J- is selected from:
; or -(CR2)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, -C x R(2x-2)-, when -J- is:
;
-R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from -C n' H2n'-, -C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O-, -NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -C z,R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 or 2, when one -Y' - is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y' are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-; or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above.
17. A method according to claim 16 wherein the performance of said subject is improved on sensory-motor problems or cognitive tasks dependent upon brain networks utilizing AMPA receptors, wherein the strength of memory encoding by said subject is improved, or wherein brain functioning is improved in subjects with deficiencies in the number of excitatory synapses or in the number of AMPA receptors.
18. A method for decreasing the amount of time needed for a subject to learn a cognitive, motor or perceptual task, or for increasing the time for which said subject retains cognitive, motor or perceptual tasks, or for decreasing the quantity and/or severity of errors made by a subject in recalling a cognitive, motor or perceptual task, said method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound having the structure:
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or when -J- is selected from:
or -(CR z)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, C x R(2x-2)- when -J- is:
-R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from -C n'H2n'-, C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O-, -NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -C z'R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 or 2, when one -Y'- is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y'- are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-; or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
I
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above.
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or when -J- is selected from:
or -(CR z)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, C x R(2x-2)- when -J- is:
-R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from -C n'H2n'-, C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O-, -NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -C z'R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 or 2, when one -Y'- is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y'- are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-; or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
I
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above.
19. Compounds of the formula:
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or when -J- is selected from:
or -(CR2)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, -C x R(2x-2)-, when -J- is -R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from --C n'H2n'-, -C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O--NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -Cz'R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 .or 2, when one -Y'- is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y'- are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-;
with the proviso that when each M is -C(H)-, each Y' is -O-, and Z' is -CH2-, then Y is not -(CH2)4,5-;
or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above for use in the manufacture of a medicament for decreasing the amount of time needed for a subject to learn a cognitive, motor or perceptual task, or for increasing the time for which said subject retains cognitive, motor or perceptual tasks, or for decreasing the quantity and/or severity of errors made by a subject in recalling a cognitive, motor or perceptual task.
wherein:
-Y- is selected from:
wherein y is 3, 4, or 5; or when -J- is selected from:
or -(CR2)x-, wherein x is 4, 5, or 6, -C x R(2x-2)-, when -J- is -R is hydrogen or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms;
each -M- is independently selected from:
-C(H)-, or -C(Z)-, wherein Z is selected from:
-R, or -OR;
wherein M can optionally be linked to Y by a linking moiety selected from --C n'H2n'-, -C n H(2n'-1)-, -O- or -NR-, wherein n' is 0 or 1;
each -Y'- is independently selected from:
-O--NR- or -N=; and -Z'- is selected from:
-(CR2)z-, wherein z is 1, 2, or 3, or -Cz'R(2z'-1)-, wherein z' is 1 .or 2, when one -Y'- is -N=, or -C2R2- when both -Y'- are -N= or both -Y'-are -O-;
with the proviso that when each M is -C(H)-, each Y' is -O-, and Z' is -CH2-, then Y is not -(CH2)4,5-;
or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above, or wherein:
-Y-, and -M- are as defined above for use in the manufacture of a medicament for decreasing the amount of time needed for a subject to learn a cognitive, motor or perceptual task, or for increasing the time for which said subject retains cognitive, motor or perceptual tasks, or for decreasing the quantity and/or severity of errors made by a subject in recalling a cognitive, motor or perceptual task.
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CA002138533A CA2138533C (en) | 1992-07-24 | 1993-07-23 | Drugs that enhance synaptic responses mediated by ampa receptors |
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CA002138533A Expired - Lifetime CA2138533C (en) | 1992-07-24 | 1993-07-23 | Drugs that enhance synaptic responses mediated by ampa receptors |
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EP (3) | EP0651746B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4374082B2 (en) |
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AT (2) | ATE215079T1 (en) |
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US5070101A (en) * | 1991-02-14 | 1991-12-03 | Mount Sinai School Of Medicine Of The City University Of New York | Method and pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of schizophrenia |
US5104877A (en) * | 1991-02-25 | 1992-04-14 | Abbott Laboratories | Psoriasis treatment |
US5336675A (en) * | 1991-05-14 | 1994-08-09 | Ernir Snorrason | Method of treating mania in humans |
US5312817A (en) * | 1991-05-14 | 1994-05-17 | Ernir Snorrason | Treatment of fatigue syndrome |
DE4119146C2 (en) * | 1991-06-11 | 2001-01-11 | Rehau Ag & Co | Polymer blends Process for their preparation and their use |
US5298506A (en) * | 1992-05-08 | 1994-03-29 | Brigham And Women's Hospital | Use of guanylate cyclase inhibitors in the treatment of shock |
US6406868B1 (en) * | 1992-06-10 | 2002-06-18 | Nps Allelix Corporation | AMPA-binding human GluR1 receptors |
DK1156043T3 (en) | 1992-07-24 | 2004-03-01 | Univ California | Drugs that enhance synaptic responses mediated by ampa receptors |
US5385940A (en) * | 1992-11-05 | 1995-01-31 | The General Hospital Corporation | Treatment of stroke with nitric-oxide releasing compounds |
US5488049A (en) * | 1993-12-10 | 1996-01-30 | Fidia - Georgetown Institute For The Neuro-Sciences | Method of treating learning and memory disorders using benzothiadiazide derivatives as nootropic agents |
US6329364B1 (en) * | 1994-08-31 | 2001-12-11 | Eli Lilly And Company | Crystalline form of dihydro-2,3-benzodiazepine derivative |
US5852008A (en) | 1995-01-24 | 1998-12-22 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Heteroatom substituted benzoyl derivatives that enhance synaptic response mediated by receptors |
US5773434A (en) | 1995-08-30 | 1998-06-30 | Gary A. Rogers | Facilitation of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in brain as a treatment for schizophrenia |
AU745641B2 (en) | 1997-10-27 | 2002-03-28 | Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Treatment of schizophrenia with ampakines and neuroleptics |
-
1993
- 1993-07-23 DK DK01111268T patent/DK1156043T3/en active
- 1993-07-23 CA CA002450801A patent/CA2450801C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 EP EP93918326A patent/EP0651746B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 AU AU47815/93A patent/AU688271B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-07-23 CA CA002138533A patent/CA2138533C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 EP EP01111268A patent/EP1156043B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1993-07-23 EP EP03016192A patent/EP1367056A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-07-23 AT AT93918326T patent/ATE215079T1/en active
- 1993-07-23 JP JP50469994A patent/JP4374082B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-07-23 DK DK93918326T patent/DK0651746T3/en active
- 1993-07-23 US US08/374,584 patent/US5747492A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 AT AT01111268T patent/ATE253909T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-07-23 WO PCT/US1993/006916 patent/WO1994002475A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-07-23 ES ES93918326T patent/ES2174851T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 PT PT93918326T patent/PT651746E/en unknown
- 1993-07-23 DE DE69333299T patent/DE69333299T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 ES ES01111268T patent/ES2210060T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 DE DE69331761T patent/DE69331761T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-07-23 PT PT01111268T patent/PT1156043E/en unknown
- 1993-07-23 NZ NZ255097A patent/NZ255097A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-07-23 KR KR1019950700260A patent/KR100303523B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1994
- 1994-02-03 NZ NZ510375A patent/NZ510375A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1995
- 1995-06-05 US US08/461,235 patent/US5891876A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2002
- 2002-05-17 HK HK02103739.8A patent/HK1042485B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
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NZ255097A (en) | 2001-04-27 |
EP1156043A2 (en) | 2001-11-21 |
DE69333299T2 (en) | 2004-09-09 |
US5891876A (en) | 1999-04-06 |
DK0651746T3 (en) | 2002-07-29 |
AU688271B2 (en) | 1998-03-12 |
JPH07509468A (en) | 1995-10-19 |
EP0651746A1 (en) | 1995-05-10 |
HK1042485A1 (en) | 2002-08-16 |
EP1156043B1 (en) | 2003-11-12 |
EP1367056A1 (en) | 2003-12-03 |
EP1156043A3 (en) | 2001-12-05 |
DK1156043T3 (en) | 2004-03-01 |
HK1042485B (en) | 2004-03-05 |
AU4781593A (en) | 1994-02-14 |
CA2450801C (en) | 2009-11-17 |
PT651746E (en) | 2002-09-30 |
ATE215079T1 (en) | 2002-04-15 |
ES2210060T3 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
CA2138533C (en) | 2009-04-14 |
DE69331761D1 (en) | 2002-05-02 |
CA2138533A1 (en) | 1994-02-03 |
ES2174851T3 (en) | 2002-11-16 |
PT1156043E (en) | 2004-03-31 |
NZ510375A (en) | 2003-04-29 |
EP0651746B1 (en) | 2002-03-27 |
KR950702550A (en) | 1995-07-29 |
DE69331761T2 (en) | 2002-09-12 |
DE69333299D1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
JP4374082B2 (en) | 2009-12-02 |
WO1994002475A1 (en) | 1994-02-03 |
KR100303523B1 (en) | 2001-11-22 |
ATE253909T1 (en) | 2003-11-15 |
US5747492A (en) | 1998-05-05 |
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