CA2436070A1 - Fiber cooling of fuel cells - Google Patents
Fiber cooling of fuel cells Download PDFInfo
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- CA2436070A1 CA2436070A1 CA002436070A CA2436070A CA2436070A1 CA 2436070 A1 CA2436070 A1 CA 2436070A1 CA 002436070 A CA002436070 A CA 002436070A CA 2436070 A CA2436070 A CA 2436070A CA 2436070 A1 CA2436070 A1 CA 2436070A1
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- flow channel
- fluid flow
- fuel cell
- fiber
- fuel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
- H01M8/026—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant characterised by grooves, e.g. their pitch or depth
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/243—Grouping of unit cells of tubular or cylindrical configuration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/2432—Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
Fuel cells [50] for example solid oxide fuel cells require cooling to maintain temperature levels and remove thermal energy generated by the fuel cells [50].
The present invention provides a fuel cell assembly [10] comprising at least one fuel cell [50]. The fuel cell comprises an anode [22], a cathode [18], an electrolyte [20]
interposed therebetween, an interconnect [24] which is in intimate contact with at least one of the anode [22], the cathode [18] and the electrolyte [20], at least one fluid flow channel [95] which is disposed within the fuel cell [50], and at least one fiber [40] which is disposed within the fluid flow channel [95]. The fiber [40]
disposed within the fluid flow channel [95] disrupts a fluid flow during travel of the fluid within the fluid flow channel [95] to generate unsteady wakes [501]. These unsteady wakes [501] enhance the local heat transfer characteristics adjacent to at least one fiber [40]. A higher Reynolds number enhances the heat transfer characteristics proportionately. Enhanced heat transfer characteristics increase the ability to remove heat more efficiently and more effectively. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics thus improve cooling ability and enable the maintenance of predetermined thermal gradients and temperature levels across the fuel cell assembly [10].
The present invention provides a fuel cell assembly [10] comprising at least one fuel cell [50]. The fuel cell comprises an anode [22], a cathode [18], an electrolyte [20]
interposed therebetween, an interconnect [24] which is in intimate contact with at least one of the anode [22], the cathode [18] and the electrolyte [20], at least one fluid flow channel [95] which is disposed within the fuel cell [50], and at least one fiber [40] which is disposed within the fluid flow channel [95]. The fiber [40]
disposed within the fluid flow channel [95] disrupts a fluid flow during travel of the fluid within the fluid flow channel [95] to generate unsteady wakes [501]. These unsteady wakes [501] enhance the local heat transfer characteristics adjacent to at least one fiber [40]. A higher Reynolds number enhances the heat transfer characteristics proportionately. Enhanced heat transfer characteristics increase the ability to remove heat more efficiently and more effectively. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics thus improve cooling ability and enable the maintenance of predetermined thermal gradients and temperature levels across the fuel cell assembly [10].
Description
FIBER COOLING OF FUEL CELLS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to power generation equipment such as fuel cells, and particularly to thermal management of fuel cells, for example solid oxide fuel cells.
A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that produces electricity, by electrochemically combining a fuel and an oxidant across an ionic conducting layer.
A high temperature fuel cell bundle for example a solid oxide fuel cell bundle is typically constructed of an array of axially elongated tubular shaped connected fuel cells and associated fuel and air distribution equipment. Alternative constructions to the tubular fuel cells are planar fuel cells constructed from flat single members. The planar fuel cells can be of counter-flow, cross-flow and parallel flow varieties. The members of a typical planar fuel cell comprise tri-layer anodelelectrolyte/cathode components that conduct current from cell to cell and provide channels for gas flow into a cubic structure or stack.
In a solid oxide fuel cell, the oxygen ion transport (OZ-) across the electrolyte produces a flow of electrons in an external load. The waste heat generated in a solid oxide fuel cell at its operating temperature from about 600 °C to about 1300 °C is typically removed via an oxidant in order to maintain a desired temperature level of the fuel cell components such as the anode, cathode and electrolyte.
Fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells have demonstrated potential for high efficiency and low pollution in power generation, however, there are problems associated with thermal management particularly in the temperature regulation of fuel cell components. Thermal energy generated in a fuel cell from the reaction of a fuel and an oxidant needs to be removed or used internally in order to maintain the operating temperature. Cooling channels in planar fuel cell or cooling tubes in tubular fuel cells use oxidant, typically air, to aid in the transfer or removal of waste heat so as to maintain a stack temperature at or below prescribed limits and maintain a predetermined thermal gradient. Such channels or cooling tubes, as used in conventional fuel cell applications have low convective thermal transfer coefficient between the fluid flow channel and the oxidant. Accordingly there is a need in the art to address improved cooling requirements of fuel cell with improved heat transfer characteristics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One embodiment of the present invention provides a fuel cell assembly comprising at least one fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte interposed therebetween, an interconnect in intimate contact with at least one of the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, at least one fluid flow channel disposed within the fuel cell, and at least one fiber disposed within the fluid flaw channel.
The fiber disposed within the fluid flow channel disrupts a fluid flow during travel of the fluid within the fluid flow channel and improves the overall heat transfer effectiveness within the fuel cell.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a fluid flow channel for a fuel cell assembly. The fluid flow channel comprises a housing that defines at least one flow path for a fluid flow. The housing comprises a pair of opposing side portions, and a connecting portion joining the pair of opposing side portions, and at least one fiber, disposed within the housing. The fiber is directly or indirectly attached to at least one of the side portions and the connecting portion of the housing. The fiber disrupts fluid flow during travel of the fluid within the housing.
Still another embodiment of the invention describes a method for making a fuel cell assembly. The method comprises providing at least one anode, providing at least one cathode; providing at least one electrolyte, providing at least one interconnect;
providing at least one fluid flow channel, providing fluid flow through the fluid flow channel, and disposing at least one fiber within the fluid flow channel.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to power generation equipment such as fuel cells, and particularly to thermal management of fuel cells, for example solid oxide fuel cells.
A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that produces electricity, by electrochemically combining a fuel and an oxidant across an ionic conducting layer.
A high temperature fuel cell bundle for example a solid oxide fuel cell bundle is typically constructed of an array of axially elongated tubular shaped connected fuel cells and associated fuel and air distribution equipment. Alternative constructions to the tubular fuel cells are planar fuel cells constructed from flat single members. The planar fuel cells can be of counter-flow, cross-flow and parallel flow varieties. The members of a typical planar fuel cell comprise tri-layer anodelelectrolyte/cathode components that conduct current from cell to cell and provide channels for gas flow into a cubic structure or stack.
In a solid oxide fuel cell, the oxygen ion transport (OZ-) across the electrolyte produces a flow of electrons in an external load. The waste heat generated in a solid oxide fuel cell at its operating temperature from about 600 °C to about 1300 °C is typically removed via an oxidant in order to maintain a desired temperature level of the fuel cell components such as the anode, cathode and electrolyte.
Fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells have demonstrated potential for high efficiency and low pollution in power generation, however, there are problems associated with thermal management particularly in the temperature regulation of fuel cell components. Thermal energy generated in a fuel cell from the reaction of a fuel and an oxidant needs to be removed or used internally in order to maintain the operating temperature. Cooling channels in planar fuel cell or cooling tubes in tubular fuel cells use oxidant, typically air, to aid in the transfer or removal of waste heat so as to maintain a stack temperature at or below prescribed limits and maintain a predetermined thermal gradient. Such channels or cooling tubes, as used in conventional fuel cell applications have low convective thermal transfer coefficient between the fluid flow channel and the oxidant. Accordingly there is a need in the art to address improved cooling requirements of fuel cell with improved heat transfer characteristics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
One embodiment of the present invention provides a fuel cell assembly comprising at least one fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte interposed therebetween, an interconnect in intimate contact with at least one of the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte, at least one fluid flow channel disposed within the fuel cell, and at least one fiber disposed within the fluid flaw channel.
The fiber disposed within the fluid flow channel disrupts a fluid flow during travel of the fluid within the fluid flow channel and improves the overall heat transfer effectiveness within the fuel cell.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a fluid flow channel for a fuel cell assembly. The fluid flow channel comprises a housing that defines at least one flow path for a fluid flow. The housing comprises a pair of opposing side portions, and a connecting portion joining the pair of opposing side portions, and at least one fiber, disposed within the housing. The fiber is directly or indirectly attached to at least one of the side portions and the connecting portion of the housing. The fiber disrupts fluid flow during travel of the fluid within the housing.
Still another embodiment of the invention describes a method for making a fuel cell assembly. The method comprises providing at least one anode, providing at least one cathode; providing at least one electrolyte, providing at least one interconnect;
providing at least one fluid flow channel, providing fluid flow through the fluid flow channel, and disposing at least one fiber within the fluid flow channel.
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure -1 is a perspective view of a planar fuel cell stack.
Figure-2 is a perspective exploded view of a single unit of a planar fuel cell stack.
Figure-3 is an exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figure-4 is another exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figure-5 is a perspective view of a single cell unit of a tubular fuel cell stack.
Figure-6 is a sectional view of the single cell unit of a tubular fuel cell as shown in Figure S across section B-B.
Figure-7 is an exemplary arrangement of fibers according to one embodiment of the invention for a tubular fuel cell.
Figure-8 is a schematic view of heat transfer mechanism of the fibers in an exemplary fuel cell arrangement.
Figure-9 is a schematic view of producing electrical energy in an exemplary fuel cell.
Figure-10 is a plot of heat transfer characteristics of fibers in an exemplary fuel cell.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a fuel cell assembly 10, for example a solid oxide fuel cell (hereinafter "SOFC") assembly, which is an array bundle or stack of fuel cells comprising at least one fuel cell 50. Each fuel cell 50 is a repeat cell unit 50 capable of being stacked together either in series or in parallel or both to build a fuel cell stack system or architecture, capable of producing a resultant electrical energy output.
Refernng to Figure 1 and Figure 2, at least one fuel cell 50 comprises an anode 22, a cathode 18, an electrolyte 20 interposed therebetween, an interconnect 24 which is in intimate contact with at least one of the anode 22, the cathodel8 and the electrolyte 20, at least one fluid flow channel 95 and at least one fiber 40 disposed within at least one fluid flow channel 95. The at least one fluid flow channel 95 typically comprises at least one oxidant flow channel 28 and at least one fuel flow channel 36 disposed within the fuel cell 50. At least one fiber 40 is disposed within at least one of the oxidant flow channel 28 and the fuel flow channel 36. These fibers disrupt the oxidant flow, traveling through the oxidant flow channel 28, and the fuel flow, traveling through the fuel flow channel 36 respectively.
The fuel cell 50 can be any type of fuel cell, that requires flow channels including, but not limited to, solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane or solid polymer fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells.
As illustrated in Figure 9, the oxidant 32, for example air, is fed to the cathode 18.
Oxygen ions (02-) generated at the cathode 18 are transported across the electrolyte 20 interposed between the anode 22 and the cathode 18. A fuel 34, for example natural gas, is fed to the anode. The fuel 34 at the anode site reacts with oxygen ions (OZ-) transported to the anode 22 across the electrolyte 20. The oxygen ions (O2~) are de-ionized to release electrons to an external electric circuit 65. The electron flow thus produces direct current electricity across the external electric circuit 65.
The electricity generation process produces certain exhaust gases and generates waste heat.
The main purpose of the anode 22 is to provide reaction sites for the electrochemical oxidation of a fuel gas introduced into the fuel cell. In addition, the anode material should be stable in the fuel-reducing environment, have adequate electronic conductivity, surface area and catalytic activity for the fuel gas reaction at the fuel cell operating conditions and have sufficient porosity to allow gas transport to the reaction sites. The materials suitable for the anode 22 having these properties, include, but are not limited to metallic nickel, nickel alloy, silver, copper, noble metals such as gold and platinum, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets (Ni-YSZ
Figure -1 is a perspective view of a planar fuel cell stack.
Figure-2 is a perspective exploded view of a single unit of a planar fuel cell stack.
Figure-3 is an exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figure-4 is another exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to one embodiment of the invention.
Figure-5 is a perspective view of a single cell unit of a tubular fuel cell stack.
Figure-6 is a sectional view of the single cell unit of a tubular fuel cell as shown in Figure S across section B-B.
Figure-7 is an exemplary arrangement of fibers according to one embodiment of the invention for a tubular fuel cell.
Figure-8 is a schematic view of heat transfer mechanism of the fibers in an exemplary fuel cell arrangement.
Figure-9 is a schematic view of producing electrical energy in an exemplary fuel cell.
Figure-10 is a plot of heat transfer characteristics of fibers in an exemplary fuel cell.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a fuel cell assembly 10, for example a solid oxide fuel cell (hereinafter "SOFC") assembly, which is an array bundle or stack of fuel cells comprising at least one fuel cell 50. Each fuel cell 50 is a repeat cell unit 50 capable of being stacked together either in series or in parallel or both to build a fuel cell stack system or architecture, capable of producing a resultant electrical energy output.
Refernng to Figure 1 and Figure 2, at least one fuel cell 50 comprises an anode 22, a cathode 18, an electrolyte 20 interposed therebetween, an interconnect 24 which is in intimate contact with at least one of the anode 22, the cathodel8 and the electrolyte 20, at least one fluid flow channel 95 and at least one fiber 40 disposed within at least one fluid flow channel 95. The at least one fluid flow channel 95 typically comprises at least one oxidant flow channel 28 and at least one fuel flow channel 36 disposed within the fuel cell 50. At least one fiber 40 is disposed within at least one of the oxidant flow channel 28 and the fuel flow channel 36. These fibers disrupt the oxidant flow, traveling through the oxidant flow channel 28, and the fuel flow, traveling through the fuel flow channel 36 respectively.
The fuel cell 50 can be any type of fuel cell, that requires flow channels including, but not limited to, solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane or solid polymer fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, or protonic ceramic fuel cells.
As illustrated in Figure 9, the oxidant 32, for example air, is fed to the cathode 18.
Oxygen ions (02-) generated at the cathode 18 are transported across the electrolyte 20 interposed between the anode 22 and the cathode 18. A fuel 34, for example natural gas, is fed to the anode. The fuel 34 at the anode site reacts with oxygen ions (OZ-) transported to the anode 22 across the electrolyte 20. The oxygen ions (O2~) are de-ionized to release electrons to an external electric circuit 65. The electron flow thus produces direct current electricity across the external electric circuit 65.
The electricity generation process produces certain exhaust gases and generates waste heat.
The main purpose of the anode 22 is to provide reaction sites for the electrochemical oxidation of a fuel gas introduced into the fuel cell. In addition, the anode material should be stable in the fuel-reducing environment, have adequate electronic conductivity, surface area and catalytic activity for the fuel gas reaction at the fuel cell operating conditions and have sufficient porosity to allow gas transport to the reaction sites. The materials suitable for the anode 22 having these properties, include, but are not limited to metallic nickel, nickel alloy, silver, copper, noble metals such as gold and platinum, cobalt, ruthenium, nickel-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets (Ni-YSZ
cermets), copper-yttria-stabilized zirconia cermets (Cu-YSZ cermets), Ni-Ceria cermets, ceramics or combinations thereof.
The main purpose of the cathode 18 is to provide reaction sites for the electrochemical reduction of the oxidant. Accordingly, the cathode 18 must be stable in the oxidizing environment, have sufficient electronic conductivity, surface area and catalytic activity for the oxidant gas reaction at the fuel cell operating conditions and have sufficient porosity to allow gas transport to the reaction sites. The materials suitable for the cathode 18 having the aforesaid properties, include, but are not limited to perovskite doped lanthanum manganate (LaMn03), strontium-doped LaMn04 (SLM), tin doped Indium Oxide (In203), strontium-doped PrMn03, LaFe03-LaCo03 RuOz-Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), lanthanum cobaltite, and combinations thereof.
The anode 22 and the cathode 18 typically have a surface area sufficient to support electrochemical reactions. The materials used for the anode 22 and the cathode 18, are thermally stable between the typical minimum and maximum operating temperature of the fuel cell assembly 10, for example between about 600 °C to about 1300 °C.
The main purpose of electrolyte 20 disposed between the anode 22 and the cathode 18 is to transport oxygen ions (OZ-) between the cathode 18 and the anode 22. In addition to the above, the electrolyte 20 separates the fuel from the oxidant in the fuel cell 50.
Accordingly, the electrolyte 20 must be stable in both the reducing and oxidizing environments, impermeable to the reacting gases and adequately conductive at the operating conditions. The materials suitable for the electrolyte 20 having the aforesaid properties, include, but are not limited to, zirconium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), doped ceria, cerium oxide (Ce02), bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, perovskite oxide materials and combinations thereof.
The primary function of the interconnect 24 is to electrically connect the anode 22 of one repeatable cell unit to the cathode 18 of an adjacent cell unit. In addition, the interconnect 24 should provide uniform current distribution, should be impermeable to gases, stable in both reducing and oxidizing environments, and adequately conductive to support electron flow at a variety of temperatures. The materials -S-suitable for the interconnect 24 having the aforesaid properties, include, but are not limited to, chromium based ferritic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCr03), cobalt dichromate (CoCr2O4), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, Ebrite and combinations thereof.
One embodiment of the invention as illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2 provides a fluid flow channel 95 defined by a housing 85. The housing 85 defines at least one flow channel 95 for fluid flow therethrough. The housing 85 comprises a pair of opposing side portions 70, and a connecting portion 80 joining the pair of opposing side portions 70 and at least one fiber 40, disposed within the housing (see Figure 2).
The fibers 40 are either directly or indirectly attached to one of the side portions 70 and the connecting portion 80 of the housing. The cross sectional shape of the fluid flow channel 95 can be selected from the group which includes, but is not limited to, a square, a rectangle, a circle, or a contour. Selection of the cross sectional shape of the fluid flow channel depends on factors such as manufacturing feasibility (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).
According to one embodiment, at least one fiber 40 is disposed within the oxidant flow channel 28, while in another embodiment, at least one fiber 40 is disposed within the fuel flow channel 36. The fibers 40, as disposed therein disrupt oxidant flow 32 during travel inside the oxidant flow channel 28, and also disrupt fuel flow 34 during travel inside the fuel flow channel 36 (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). The oxidant flow 32 inside the oxidant flow channel 28 as well as the fuel flow 34 inside the fuel flow channel 36 is either laminar or transitional having low Reynolds number characteristics.
As illustrated in Figure 10, heat transfer characteristics at low Reynolds number are lower than the heat transfer characteristics at higher Reynolds number. As illustrated in Figure 8, the fibers 502 while disrupting the fluid flow creates unsteady wakes 501 behind each fiber 502. These unsteady wakes 501 enhance the local heat transfer characteristics adjacent to each respective fiber 502. A higher Reynolds number enhances the heat transfer characteristics proportionately. Enhanced heat transfer characteristics increase the ability to remove heat more efficiently and more effectively. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics thus improve cooling ability and enable the maintenance of predetermined thermal gradients and temperature levels across the fuel cell assembly 10.
In one embodiment of the invention, at least one fiber 40 is exposed to a high temperature gaseous fuel flow 34 wherein temperature ranges from at or near room temperature to about 1300 °C. In accordance with the aforesaid embodiment, the fiber 40 must withstand the high temperature and accordingly the fiber 40 comprises a high temperature resistant material. The materials suitable fox the fiber 40 having aforesaid properties include, but are not limited to, chromium based ferritic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCr03), cobalt dichromate (CoCr20~), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, Ebrite and combinations thereof.
In another embodiment of the invention, at least one fiber 40 is exposed to an oxidant for example air. Therefore, in accordance with the present embodiment, the fiber 40 comprises materials, which are typically oxidation resistant or passive to oxidation in an oxidizing environment. Such materials, which are passive to oxidation, either form a protective scale on the base metal when exposed to the oxidizing environment or are chosen in order to prevent the formation of a scale due to high oxidation resistance.
The materials thus suitable for the fiber 40 having aforesaid properties include, but are not limited to, chromium based ferntic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCr03), cobalt dichromate (CoCr204), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, Ebrite and combinations thereof.
In another embodiment, at least one fiber has a thickness ranging from about 5 percent to about 20 percent of a width 220 of the fluid flow channel 95 (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). The choice of fiber thickness ensures mechanical stability and determines the region of influence for the unsteady wakes 501 generated by the fibers, when exposed to a stream of either oxidant flow 32 or fuel flow 34. In another embodiment, at least one fiber 40 has a substantially constant cross sectional area ensuring uniform heat transfer characteristics throughout the fiber. In accordance with the aforesaid embodiment, at least one fiber 40 has a cross-sectional shape _7_ selected from the group consisting of but not limited to square, rectangle, circle, ellipse, and annulus depending on factors, such as manufacturing feasibility While Figure 3 represents an exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to one embodiment of the invention, Figure 4 represents another exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to another embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, at least one fiber comprises a plurality of fibers 407 packed in a bundle 507 (see Figure 4). In an exemplary arrangement, - any two adjacent bundles 507 are located away from each other by a distance 700 of at least about five times to about forty times of a diameter 607 of the bundle 507.
According to another embodiment, any two adj acent bundles 507 are located away from each other by a distance 700 of at least about five times to about fifty times of a diameter 607 of the bundle 507.
In accordance with another embodiment, at least one fiber 308 is attached with one end connected to a surface of the fluid flow channel. In one embodiment, at least one fiber 309 is attached with both ends connected to the surface of at least one fluid flow channel (See Figure 3 and Figure 4). In another embodiment, at least one fiber 609 is secured within an insert 610 configured with both ends connected to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel (see Figure 3). Securing fibers 609 within an insert 610 ensures quick replacement of the fibers 609 in case they are damaged. Ability to replace fibers 609 quickly minimizes downtime of fuel cell 50 and enhances availability of the fuel cell 50.
In accordance with another embodiment, at least one fiber 304 is oriented, perpendicularly to the direction of flow. In another embodiment, at least one fiber 301 is oriented angularly to the direction of the fluid flow (see Figure 3).
In another embodiment, at least one fiber 401 is oriented parallel to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel 95. According to one embodiment, the fiber 401 is located away from the surface by a distance 430 of at least about one times to about five times of a diameter of the fiber. According to another embodiment, the fiber 401 is located away from the surface by a distance 430 of at least about one times to about ten times of a diameter of the fiber. Yet in certain other embodiment, at least one fiber _g_ 410 is oriented perpendicular to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel.
According to the aforesaid embodiment, the fibers 410 are in proximal contact with the surface perpendicular to the surface of the fluid flow channel 95. In some other embodiment, at least one fiber 409 is oriented angularly to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel 95 (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).
Orientation of fibers with the direction of fluid flow as well as with the surface of the fluid flow channel, and spacing between the fibers 40 and the distance between any two adjacent bundle of fibers 507, are chosen in such a fashion such that the density and thermal capacity of the fibers are tailored to control thermal gradient across the fuel cell assembly SO without significant increase of the resistance to the fluid flow offered by the fibers 40 and the bundle of fibers 507.
While the present invention is discussed in terms of application to planar fuel cells as illustrated in Figure 1 through Figure 4, it is recognized that such invention can be utilized in other embodiments of fuel cells including but not limited to tubular fuel cells. Figure 5 represents a perspective view of a single cell unit of a tubular fuel cell bundle. Figure 6 and Figure 7 represents some exemplary arrangement of fibers according to one embodiment of the invention for a tubular fuel cell.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for making a fuel cell assembly. The method comprises providing at least one anode 22, providing at least one cathode 18, providing at least one electrolyte 20, providing at least one interconnect 24, providing at least one fluid flow channel, providing fluid flow through the fluid flow channel and disposing at least one fiber 40 within the fluid flow channel. The fluid flow inside the fluid flow channel is either laminar or transitional having low Reynolds number characteristics. Heat transfer characteristics at low Reynolds number are lower than the heat transfer characteristics at higher Reynolds number, which has been illustrated in Figure 9. Disposing at least one fiber in the fluid flow channel generates unsteady wakes 501 behind each fiber 502 as illustrated in Figure 8. These unsteady wakes 501 enhance the local heat transfer characteristics adjacent to the at least one fiber. A higher Reynolds number enhances the heat transfer characteristics proportionately. Enhanced heat transfer characteristics increase the ability to remove heat more efficiently and more effectively. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics thus improve cooling ability and enable the maintenance of predetermined thermal gradients and temperature levels across the fuel cell assembly 10.
The invention has been illustrated with some exemplary embodiments as described above. However the invention is not necessarily intended to be limited to the embodiments described herein, since various modifications and substitutions can be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. As such, further modifications and equivalents of the invention herein disclosed can occur to persons skilled in the art using no more than routine experimentation, and all such modifications and equivalents are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The main purpose of the cathode 18 is to provide reaction sites for the electrochemical reduction of the oxidant. Accordingly, the cathode 18 must be stable in the oxidizing environment, have sufficient electronic conductivity, surface area and catalytic activity for the oxidant gas reaction at the fuel cell operating conditions and have sufficient porosity to allow gas transport to the reaction sites. The materials suitable for the cathode 18 having the aforesaid properties, include, but are not limited to perovskite doped lanthanum manganate (LaMn03), strontium-doped LaMn04 (SLM), tin doped Indium Oxide (In203), strontium-doped PrMn03, LaFe03-LaCo03 RuOz-Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), lanthanum cobaltite, and combinations thereof.
The anode 22 and the cathode 18 typically have a surface area sufficient to support electrochemical reactions. The materials used for the anode 22 and the cathode 18, are thermally stable between the typical minimum and maximum operating temperature of the fuel cell assembly 10, for example between about 600 °C to about 1300 °C.
The main purpose of electrolyte 20 disposed between the anode 22 and the cathode 18 is to transport oxygen ions (OZ-) between the cathode 18 and the anode 22. In addition to the above, the electrolyte 20 separates the fuel from the oxidant in the fuel cell 50.
Accordingly, the electrolyte 20 must be stable in both the reducing and oxidizing environments, impermeable to the reacting gases and adequately conductive at the operating conditions. The materials suitable for the electrolyte 20 having the aforesaid properties, include, but are not limited to, zirconium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), doped ceria, cerium oxide (Ce02), bismuth sesquioxide, pyrochlore oxides, doped zirconates, perovskite oxide materials and combinations thereof.
The primary function of the interconnect 24 is to electrically connect the anode 22 of one repeatable cell unit to the cathode 18 of an adjacent cell unit. In addition, the interconnect 24 should provide uniform current distribution, should be impermeable to gases, stable in both reducing and oxidizing environments, and adequately conductive to support electron flow at a variety of temperatures. The materials -S-suitable for the interconnect 24 having the aforesaid properties, include, but are not limited to, chromium based ferritic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCr03), cobalt dichromate (CoCr2O4), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, Ebrite and combinations thereof.
One embodiment of the invention as illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2 provides a fluid flow channel 95 defined by a housing 85. The housing 85 defines at least one flow channel 95 for fluid flow therethrough. The housing 85 comprises a pair of opposing side portions 70, and a connecting portion 80 joining the pair of opposing side portions 70 and at least one fiber 40, disposed within the housing (see Figure 2).
The fibers 40 are either directly or indirectly attached to one of the side portions 70 and the connecting portion 80 of the housing. The cross sectional shape of the fluid flow channel 95 can be selected from the group which includes, but is not limited to, a square, a rectangle, a circle, or a contour. Selection of the cross sectional shape of the fluid flow channel depends on factors such as manufacturing feasibility (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).
According to one embodiment, at least one fiber 40 is disposed within the oxidant flow channel 28, while in another embodiment, at least one fiber 40 is disposed within the fuel flow channel 36. The fibers 40, as disposed therein disrupt oxidant flow 32 during travel inside the oxidant flow channel 28, and also disrupt fuel flow 34 during travel inside the fuel flow channel 36 (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). The oxidant flow 32 inside the oxidant flow channel 28 as well as the fuel flow 34 inside the fuel flow channel 36 is either laminar or transitional having low Reynolds number characteristics.
As illustrated in Figure 10, heat transfer characteristics at low Reynolds number are lower than the heat transfer characteristics at higher Reynolds number. As illustrated in Figure 8, the fibers 502 while disrupting the fluid flow creates unsteady wakes 501 behind each fiber 502. These unsteady wakes 501 enhance the local heat transfer characteristics adjacent to each respective fiber 502. A higher Reynolds number enhances the heat transfer characteristics proportionately. Enhanced heat transfer characteristics increase the ability to remove heat more efficiently and more effectively. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics thus improve cooling ability and enable the maintenance of predetermined thermal gradients and temperature levels across the fuel cell assembly 10.
In one embodiment of the invention, at least one fiber 40 is exposed to a high temperature gaseous fuel flow 34 wherein temperature ranges from at or near room temperature to about 1300 °C. In accordance with the aforesaid embodiment, the fiber 40 must withstand the high temperature and accordingly the fiber 40 comprises a high temperature resistant material. The materials suitable fox the fiber 40 having aforesaid properties include, but are not limited to, chromium based ferritic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCr03), cobalt dichromate (CoCr20~), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, Ebrite and combinations thereof.
In another embodiment of the invention, at least one fiber 40 is exposed to an oxidant for example air. Therefore, in accordance with the present embodiment, the fiber 40 comprises materials, which are typically oxidation resistant or passive to oxidation in an oxidizing environment. Such materials, which are passive to oxidation, either form a protective scale on the base metal when exposed to the oxidizing environment or are chosen in order to prevent the formation of a scale due to high oxidation resistance.
The materials thus suitable for the fiber 40 having aforesaid properties include, but are not limited to, chromium based ferntic stainless steel, cobaltite, ceramic, lanthanum chromate (LaCr03), cobalt dichromate (CoCr204), Inconel 600, Inconel 601, Hastelloy X, Hastelloy-230, Ducrolloy, Kovar, Ebrite and combinations thereof.
In another embodiment, at least one fiber has a thickness ranging from about 5 percent to about 20 percent of a width 220 of the fluid flow channel 95 (see Figure 3 and Figure 4). The choice of fiber thickness ensures mechanical stability and determines the region of influence for the unsteady wakes 501 generated by the fibers, when exposed to a stream of either oxidant flow 32 or fuel flow 34. In another embodiment, at least one fiber 40 has a substantially constant cross sectional area ensuring uniform heat transfer characteristics throughout the fiber. In accordance with the aforesaid embodiment, at least one fiber 40 has a cross-sectional shape _7_ selected from the group consisting of but not limited to square, rectangle, circle, ellipse, and annulus depending on factors, such as manufacturing feasibility While Figure 3 represents an exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to one embodiment of the invention, Figure 4 represents another exemplary arrangement of fibers in a planar fuel cell according to another embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, at least one fiber comprises a plurality of fibers 407 packed in a bundle 507 (see Figure 4). In an exemplary arrangement, - any two adjacent bundles 507 are located away from each other by a distance 700 of at least about five times to about forty times of a diameter 607 of the bundle 507.
According to another embodiment, any two adj acent bundles 507 are located away from each other by a distance 700 of at least about five times to about fifty times of a diameter 607 of the bundle 507.
In accordance with another embodiment, at least one fiber 308 is attached with one end connected to a surface of the fluid flow channel. In one embodiment, at least one fiber 309 is attached with both ends connected to the surface of at least one fluid flow channel (See Figure 3 and Figure 4). In another embodiment, at least one fiber 609 is secured within an insert 610 configured with both ends connected to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel (see Figure 3). Securing fibers 609 within an insert 610 ensures quick replacement of the fibers 609 in case they are damaged. Ability to replace fibers 609 quickly minimizes downtime of fuel cell 50 and enhances availability of the fuel cell 50.
In accordance with another embodiment, at least one fiber 304 is oriented, perpendicularly to the direction of flow. In another embodiment, at least one fiber 301 is oriented angularly to the direction of the fluid flow (see Figure 3).
In another embodiment, at least one fiber 401 is oriented parallel to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel 95. According to one embodiment, the fiber 401 is located away from the surface by a distance 430 of at least about one times to about five times of a diameter of the fiber. According to another embodiment, the fiber 401 is located away from the surface by a distance 430 of at least about one times to about ten times of a diameter of the fiber. Yet in certain other embodiment, at least one fiber _g_ 410 is oriented perpendicular to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel.
According to the aforesaid embodiment, the fibers 410 are in proximal contact with the surface perpendicular to the surface of the fluid flow channel 95. In some other embodiment, at least one fiber 409 is oriented angularly to a surface of at least one fluid flow channel 95 (see Figure 3 and Figure 4).
Orientation of fibers with the direction of fluid flow as well as with the surface of the fluid flow channel, and spacing between the fibers 40 and the distance between any two adjacent bundle of fibers 507, are chosen in such a fashion such that the density and thermal capacity of the fibers are tailored to control thermal gradient across the fuel cell assembly SO without significant increase of the resistance to the fluid flow offered by the fibers 40 and the bundle of fibers 507.
While the present invention is discussed in terms of application to planar fuel cells as illustrated in Figure 1 through Figure 4, it is recognized that such invention can be utilized in other embodiments of fuel cells including but not limited to tubular fuel cells. Figure 5 represents a perspective view of a single cell unit of a tubular fuel cell bundle. Figure 6 and Figure 7 represents some exemplary arrangement of fibers according to one embodiment of the invention for a tubular fuel cell.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method for making a fuel cell assembly. The method comprises providing at least one anode 22, providing at least one cathode 18, providing at least one electrolyte 20, providing at least one interconnect 24, providing at least one fluid flow channel, providing fluid flow through the fluid flow channel and disposing at least one fiber 40 within the fluid flow channel. The fluid flow inside the fluid flow channel is either laminar or transitional having low Reynolds number characteristics. Heat transfer characteristics at low Reynolds number are lower than the heat transfer characteristics at higher Reynolds number, which has been illustrated in Figure 9. Disposing at least one fiber in the fluid flow channel generates unsteady wakes 501 behind each fiber 502 as illustrated in Figure 8. These unsteady wakes 501 enhance the local heat transfer characteristics adjacent to the at least one fiber. A higher Reynolds number enhances the heat transfer characteristics proportionately. Enhanced heat transfer characteristics increase the ability to remove heat more efficiently and more effectively. The enhanced heat transfer characteristics thus improve cooling ability and enable the maintenance of predetermined thermal gradients and temperature levels across the fuel cell assembly 10.
The invention has been illustrated with some exemplary embodiments as described above. However the invention is not necessarily intended to be limited to the embodiments described herein, since various modifications and substitutions can be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. As such, further modifications and equivalents of the invention herein disclosed can occur to persons skilled in the art using no more than routine experimentation, and all such modifications and equivalents are believed to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A fuel cell assembly [10] comprising:
at least one fuel cell [50] comprising an anode [22], a cathode [18], and an electrolyte [20] interposed there between;
an interconnect [24] in intimate contact with at least one of said anode [22], said cathode [18] and said electrolyte [20];
at least one fluid flow channel [95] disposed within said at least one fuel cell [50]; and at least one fiber [40] disposed within said at least one fluid flow channel [95] to disrupt a fluid flow during travel of said fluid flow within said at least one fluid flow channel [95].
at least one fuel cell [50] comprising an anode [22], a cathode [18], and an electrolyte [20] interposed there between;
an interconnect [24] in intimate contact with at least one of said anode [22], said cathode [18] and said electrolyte [20];
at least one fluid flow channel [95] disposed within said at least one fuel cell [50]; and at least one fiber [40] disposed within said at least one fluid flow channel [95] to disrupt a fluid flow during travel of said fluid flow within said at least one fluid flow channel [95].
2. A fuel cell assembly [10] in accordance with claim 1, wherein said fuel cell [50] is selected from the group consisting of solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane or solid polymer fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells, regenerative fuel cells, zinc air fuel cells, and protonic ceramic fuel cells.
3. A fuel cell assembly [10] in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one fiber [40] comprises a high temperature resistant material.
4. A fuel cell assembly [10] in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one fiber [40] comprises an oxidation resistant material.
5. A fuel cell assembly [10] in accordance with claim 1, wherein said at least one fiber [40] comprises a plurality of fibers [407] packed in a bundle [507].
6. A fluid flow channel [95] for a fuel cell assembly [10], said fluid flow channel [95] comprising:
a housing [85] defining at least one flow path for a fluid flow, said housing [85]
comprising a pair of opposing side portions [70], and a connecting portion [80]
joining said pair of opposing side portions [70]; and at least one fiber [40] disposed within said housing directly or indirectly attached to at least one of said side portions and said connecting portion to disrupt a fluid flow during travel of said fluid flow within said housing [85].
a housing [85] defining at least one flow path for a fluid flow, said housing [85]
comprising a pair of opposing side portions [70], and a connecting portion [80]
joining said pair of opposing side portions [70]; and at least one fiber [40] disposed within said housing directly or indirectly attached to at least one of said side portions and said connecting portion to disrupt a fluid flow during travel of said fluid flow within said housing [85].
7. A fluid flow channel [95] for a fuel cell assembly [10] in accordance with claim 1, wherein said fluid flow channel [95] comprises an oxidant flow channel [28]
and said at least one fiber is disposed within said oxidant flow channel [28]
to disrupt an oxidant flow [32] during travel within said oxidant flow channel [28].
and said at least one fiber is disposed within said oxidant flow channel [28]
to disrupt an oxidant flow [32] during travel within said oxidant flow channel [28].
8. A fluid flow channel [95] for a fuel cell assembly [10], said fluid flow channel [95] comprising:
a tubular housing [86] defining at least one flow path for a fluid flow; and at least one fiber [308] disposed within said tubular housing [86], said at least one fiber [308] having at least one end directly or indirectly attached to said tubular housing [86], to disrupt a fluid flow during travel of said fluid flow within said tubular housing [86].
a tubular housing [86] defining at least one flow path for a fluid flow; and at least one fiber [308] disposed within said tubular housing [86], said at least one fiber [308] having at least one end directly or indirectly attached to said tubular housing [86], to disrupt a fluid flow during travel of said fluid flow within said tubular housing [86].
9. A fluid flow channel [95] for a fuel cell assembly [10] in accordance with claim 8, wherein said fluid flow channel [95] comprises at least one of an oxidant flow channel [28] and a fuel Flow channel [36] and said at least one fiber [308] is disposed within said at least one of an oxidant flow channel [28] and a fuel flow channel [36].
10. A fuel cell assembly [10] comprising:
at least one fuel cell [50] comprising an anode [22], a cathode [18], and an electrolyte [20] interposed therebetween;
an interconnect [24] in intimate contact with at least one of said anode [22], said cathode [18] and said electrolyte [20];
at least one oxidant flow channel [28] disposed within said at least one fuel cell [50];
at least one fuel flow channel [36] disposed within said at least one fuel cell; and at least one fiber [40] disposed within at least one of said oxidant flow channel [28]
and said fuel flow channel [36] for disrupting a fluid flow during travel therein.
at least one fuel cell [50] comprising an anode [22], a cathode [18], and an electrolyte [20] interposed therebetween;
an interconnect [24] in intimate contact with at least one of said anode [22], said cathode [18] and said electrolyte [20];
at least one oxidant flow channel [28] disposed within said at least one fuel cell [50];
at least one fuel flow channel [36] disposed within said at least one fuel cell; and at least one fiber [40] disposed within at least one of said oxidant flow channel [28]
and said fuel flow channel [36] for disrupting a fluid flow during travel therein.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/212,541 | 2002-08-06 | ||
| US10/212,541 US6953633B2 (en) | 2002-08-06 | 2002-08-06 | Fiber cooling of fuel cells |
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| CA2436070A1 true CA2436070A1 (en) | 2004-02-06 |
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| CA002436070A Abandoned CA2436070A1 (en) | 2002-08-06 | 2003-07-24 | Fiber cooling of fuel cells |
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| US8158057B2 (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2012-04-17 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells and ferritic stainless steels adapted for use with solid oxide fuel cells |
| US7981561B2 (en) * | 2005-06-15 | 2011-07-19 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells and ferritic stainless steels adapted for use with solid oxide fuel cells |
| US7842434B2 (en) | 2005-06-15 | 2010-11-30 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Interconnects for solid oxide fuel cells and ferritic stainless steels adapted for use with solid oxide fuel cells |
| US7090942B2 (en) * | 2002-09-18 | 2006-08-15 | General Electric Company | Flow disruptor enhanced fuel cell |
| US7393388B2 (en) * | 2005-05-13 | 2008-07-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Spiral wound fuel stabilization unit for fuel de-oxygenation |
| US7435283B2 (en) * | 2005-05-18 | 2008-10-14 | United Technologies Corporation | Modular fuel stabilization system |
| US7465336B2 (en) * | 2005-06-09 | 2008-12-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Fuel deoxygenation system with non-planar plate members |
| US7377112B2 (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2008-05-27 | United Technologies Corporation | Fuel deoxygenation for improved combustion performance |
| US20070101731A1 (en) * | 2005-09-07 | 2007-05-10 | United Technologies Corporation | Deoxygenated fuel-cooled environmental control system pre-cooler for an aircraft |
| US7615104B2 (en) | 2005-11-03 | 2009-11-10 | United Technologies Corporation | Fuel deoxygenation system with multi-layer oxygen permeable membrane |
| US20070130956A1 (en) * | 2005-12-08 | 2007-06-14 | Chen Alexander G | Rich catalytic clean burn for liquid fuel with fuel stabilization unit |
| US7824470B2 (en) * | 2006-01-18 | 2010-11-02 | United Technologies Corporation | Method for enhancing mass transport in fuel deoxygenation systems |
| US7569099B2 (en) * | 2006-01-18 | 2009-08-04 | United Technologies Corporation | Fuel deoxygenation system with non-metallic fuel plate assembly |
| US7582137B2 (en) * | 2006-01-18 | 2009-09-01 | United Technologies Corporation | Fuel deoxygenator with non-planar fuel channel and oxygen permeable membrane |
| US20080160354A1 (en) * | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-03 | Weilong Zhang | Metal alloy bipolar plates for fuel cell |
| US20080176113A1 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2008-07-24 | Jian Wu | Systems and method for solid oxide fuel cell cathode processing and testing |
| JP5117963B2 (en) * | 2008-09-17 | 2013-01-16 | アークレイ株式会社 | Analysis equipment |
| DE102010012255A1 (en) * | 2010-03-22 | 2011-09-22 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Gas distributor plate for use in e.g. high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell, has cooling passages exhibiting dual dimensioning in y-direction, where main course direction of passages is deflected twice by deflections units |
| DE102014209207B4 (en) | 2014-05-15 | 2022-08-11 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Fuel cell stack with flow distributor to optimize media distribution |
| CN109301284B (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2021-02-26 | 东北大学 | Fuel cell for heating device based on efficient waste heat utilization composite polar plate |
| US11923569B2 (en) | 2021-04-26 | 2024-03-05 | General Electric Company | High performance fuel cells |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US4395468A (en) | 1980-12-22 | 1983-07-26 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Fuel cell generator |
| US4874678A (en) * | 1987-12-10 | 1989-10-17 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Elongated solid electrolyte cell configurations and flexible connections therefor |
| US5935725A (en) | 1997-07-18 | 1999-08-10 | Bcs Technology | Flow facilitator for improving operation of a fuel cell |
| US5906898A (en) | 1997-09-18 | 1999-05-25 | M-C Power Corporation | Finned internal manifold oxidant cooled fuel cell stack system |
| JP3181248B2 (en) * | 1997-10-06 | 2001-07-03 | 日本たばこ産業株式会社 | Cigarette with filter and filter for cigarette |
| US6060188A (en) * | 1998-04-06 | 2000-05-09 | Motorola, Inc. | High pressure coaxial fuel cell |
| DE10029468A1 (en) | 1999-06-23 | 2001-04-12 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | Fuel cell system for producing electrical energy comprises a reforming unit, a fuel cell and a hydrogen separating unit |
| US6531238B1 (en) * | 2000-09-26 | 2003-03-11 | Reliant Energy Power Systems, Inc. | Mass transport for ternary reaction optimization in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell assembly and stack assembly |
| US6770395B2 (en) * | 2000-10-23 | 2004-08-03 | Materials And Systems Research, Inc. | Internally manifolded, planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack with an inexpensive interconnect |
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2002
- 2002-08-06 US US10/212,541 patent/US6953633B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-07-11 AU AU2003212048A patent/AU2003212048A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-24 CA CA002436070A patent/CA2436070A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-28 SG SG200305846A patent/SG111157A1/en unknown
- 2003-08-05 JP JP2003286539A patent/JP2004071568A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-08-05 KR KR1020030054168A patent/KR20040014282A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-08-06 AT AT03254885T patent/ATE359605T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-08-06 ES ES03254885T patent/ES2285051T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-06 DK DK03254885T patent/DK1406331T3/en active
- 2003-08-06 EP EP03254885A patent/EP1406331B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-06 CN CNA031274196A patent/CN1481046A/en active Pending
- 2003-08-06 DE DE60313099T patent/DE60313099T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| SG111157A1 (en) | 2005-05-30 |
| AU2003212048A1 (en) | 2004-02-26 |
| EP1406331B1 (en) | 2007-04-11 |
| ES2285051T3 (en) | 2007-11-16 |
| DE60313099D1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
| US20040028988A1 (en) | 2004-02-12 |
| EP1406331A1 (en) | 2004-04-07 |
| ATE359605T1 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
| CN1481046A (en) | 2004-03-10 |
| KR20040014282A (en) | 2004-02-14 |
| US6953633B2 (en) | 2005-10-11 |
| DE60313099T2 (en) | 2007-12-13 |
| JP2004071568A (en) | 2004-03-04 |
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| FZDE | Discontinued |