CA2434470A1

CA2434470A1 - Electrical-energy-storage unit (eesu) utilizing ceramic and integrated-circuit technologies for replacement of electrochemical batteries

Info

Publication number: CA2434470A1
Application number: CA002434470A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Richard Dean Weir; Carl W. Nelson
Original assignee: Richard Dean Weir; Carl W. Nelson; Eestor, Inc.
Current assignee: EEStor Inc
Priority date: 2001-04-12
Filing date: 2003-07-22
Publication date: 2005-01-22
Also published as: US20040071944A1; US7033406B2

Abstract

An electrical-energy-storage unit (EESU) has as a basis material a high-permittivity composition-modified barium titanate ceramic powder. This powder is double coated with the first coating being aluminum oxide and the second coating calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass. The components of the EESU are manufactured with the use of classical ceramic fabrication techniques which include screen printing alternating multilayers of nickel electrodes and high-permittivitiy composition-modified barium titanate powder; sintering to a closed-pore porous body, followed by hot-isostatic pressing to a void-free body.
The components are configured into a multilayer array with the use of a solder-bump technique as the enabling technology so as to provide a parallel configuration of components that has the capability to store electrical energy in the range of 52 kW.cndot.h. The total weight of an EESU with this range of electrical energy storage is about 336 pounds.

Description

Patent _i_ Electrical-Energy: Sto~°age Unit (EESII) Utilli~ang-Ceranrnic and Integrated~Circuit Technologies for lZeplace8nent of Electrocheynicat batteries BackQr~und of the Inventi~n Field of tJ~e Invention This invention relates generally to energy-storage devices; and relates more pat'ticularly to high-permittivity ceramic components uti~izedun an array configuration for application iri uttrahigh-electrical-eaiergy storage devices.
y~scription of the Relevant Art The internal-combustion-engine (ICE,) powered vehicles have as their electrical energy sources a generator and battery system. This electrical system powers the vehicle accessories; which include the radio; lights; heating, and air conditioning.
The generator is driven by a belt and pulley system.and some of its;power is also used to recharge the battery when the ICE is in operation. 'The battery initially provides the required electrical ' power to operate an electrical motor that is used to tuim the ICE during the staving operatioh and the ignition system:' The most cmmmon batteries in use today are flooded lead-acid, sealed gel lead-acid, Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), lVicke~ Metal hydride (NilVt~and Nickel-zinc (Ni-Z)References on the subject ofelectrolchemicall batteries include the following: Guardian, Inc., °'Product Specification": Feb.

2, 2001; IK. A.
Nishimura, '°NiCd Battery"; Science Electronics FAQ V 1.00: Nov. 20, 1996; ~ronics, Inc., '°Product Data Sheet": no date; Evercei, Inc., ,°l~attery L?ata Sheet ~ yodel I00°'. no date; S. R GvShinsl~y et al; "Gvonics NiMH Batteries: The Enabling Technology for Heavy-Duty Electrical and Hybrid Electric Vehicles"; ~vonucs publication 2000-3108: Nov. 5; 1999; B. Dickinson et al.;: °'Issues and Benefits withFast Charging Industrial Batteries°'; AeroVeron~ent; Inc. article: no date:
Each specific type of battery has characteristics, which a it either W ore mr tees desirable to use in a specific application: Cost is always a major factor and the NiNI~I
battery tops the list in price with the flooded lead-acid battery being the most Patent inexpensive. Evereel manufactures the Ni Z battery, and by a. patented process, with the claim to have he highest power-her-pound ratio ofany battery. See Table l below for comparisons among the various batteries. What is lost in the cost translation is the fact that NilVgi batteries yield nearly twiice the perform4ance (energy density per weight of the b~.ttery) than do conventional lead-acid batteries. A ~.jor ack to the N'~EI
battery is the very high self discharge rate of approximately 5 to 1Cl% per day. This would make the battery useless in a few weeks. The IeTi-Cad battery as does the lead-acid battery also has selfc-discharge but at is in the range of about 1% per day and both comain hazardous materia.Is such as acid or highly toxic cadmium. Tlie Ni-2 and the N~IEI
batteries contain potassium hydroxide and this electrolyte in moderate and high concen$rations is very eaustic and will cause severe burns to tissue and corrosion to many metals such as beryllium, magnesium, aluminum; zinc; and tin.
Another factor that must be considered when making a battery cr~mparison is the recharge time: Lead-acid batteries require a very long recharge period, as long as 6 to 8 hours. Lead-acid batteries,- because of their chemical makeup, cannot sustain high current ;
or voltage continuously during charging: The lead plates within the battery heat rapidly and caoI vcry slowly: Too much heat results in a condition l~,nown as'°~assing'° where hydrogen and oxygen gases are released from the battery's vent cap. Aver txrne, gassing reduces the egectiveness of the battery and also increases the need for battery maintenance, ie., requiring periodic deionized or distilled water addition.
Batteries such as Ni-Cad and NiMH are not as susceptible to heat and can be recharged in less time, allowing for high current or voltage changes which can bring the battery from a 20%
state of charge o an 80'/o state o~ charge in as quick as 20 minutes. The time to fully recharge these batteries can take longer than an hour: Common tc all present day batteries is a mite life and if they are fully discharged and recharged ~on a regular basis their life is reduced considerably:

Patent -Sum~arv of tl~e Invention In accordance with the illustrated preferred-embodiment; the present invention provides a unique electrical-energy~»storage unit that has the capability to store ultrahigh:
amounts of energy.
~ne aspect of the present invention is that the materials used to produce the energy-storage unit; EESU, are not explosive; corrosive, or hazardous. 7I'he basis material; a high-permittivity calcined composition-modified barium titanate powder is'an inert powder and is described in the following references: 5. A. l3rono, I).
K. Swanson, and I. Burn; J. Am Ceram. Soc. 76, 1233 ~ 1993; P. I-Iansen, U. SPatent loco.
6,078,494, issued Jun. 2U; 2000': The most cost-e#~ective metal that can be used for the conduction paths is nickel: Nickel as a metal is not hazardous and only becoanes a problem if it is in solution such as in deposition of electroless nickel. None of the EESU
materials will explode when being recharged or impacted. Thus the EESU is a safe product when used in electric vehicles; buses, bicycles, tractors, ~r any device that is used for transportation or to perform work Tt could also be used for storing'electrical power generated frown olar voltaic cells or other alternative sources for residential, commercial, or industrial applications. The EESU will also allow power averaging of power plants utilizing S~VC
or wind technology and will have the capability to provide his function by staring sufficient electrical energy sa that when the sun is not shinning or the wind is not blowing they can meet the energy requirements of residential; commercial; and industrial sites.
Another aspect of the present invention is that the EESU initial specifications will not degrade due to being fully discharged or recharged. lDeep cycling the EESU
through the life of any commercial product that may use it will not cause the EESU
specifications to be degraded: The EESU can also be rapidly charged without damaging the material or reducing its life. The cycle time to filly charge a 52 kW~h EESU would be in the range of 4 to 6 minutes with sufliciem cooling of the: power cables and connections.
This and the ability of a bank of EESUs to store su~ciem energy to'supply 40a eIectric'vehicles or snore with a single charge will a.Ilow electrical energy stations that have the same features as the present day gasoline stations for the ICE cars. The bank of EESUs will store the energy being delivered to it from the present day utility power grid during the night when Patent demand is low and then deliver the energy when the demand hits a peak. The EESU
energy ,bank will be charging during the peak $imes but at a rate that is su~cient to provide a full charge of the bank over a 24-hour period or less. 'This method of electrical power averaging would reduce the number of dower generating stations required and the charging energy could also come from alternative sources: ~'hese electrical-energy-delivery, stations will not have the hazards of the explosive gasoline.
Yet another aspect of the present invention is that the coating of aluminum oxide and calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass on calcined composition-modified barium titanate powder provides many enhanceme~ features and m~anufacturin~
capabilities to the basis material. These coating materials have exceptional high voltage breakdown and when coated onto the above material will increase the breakdown voltage of ceramics comprised of the coated particles from 3 x 106 V/~m of the nxncoated basis material to around 5 x IOg Vlcm or higher. The following reference indicates the dieleetirc breakdown strength in V/cm of such materials: ~. Kuwata et al., "Electrical Properties of Perovskite-Type Oxide Thin-Films Prepared by ItF Sputtering", Jpn. J. Appl.
Phys., Part 1,:,1985,:24(Suppl. 24-2, Proc. Int: lVTeet: Ferroelectr:; 6~'), 413-15.1'his very high voltage breakdown assists in allowing the ceramic EESU to store a large amount of energy due to the following: Stored energy E = CVZl2Formula 1, as indicated a F. Sears et al., "Capacitance -Properties ofDielectrics", University Physics; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company; Inc.: Dec. 1957: pp 468-486, there C is the capacitance; V
is the voltage across the EESU terminals, and E is the stored energy. This indicates that the energy of the EESU increases with the square of the voltage. Figure 1 indicates that a double array of 2230 energy storage components 9 in a parallel configuration that contain the calcined composition-modified barium titanate powder.1.~u11y densified ceramic components of this powder coaxed with l t~ A of aluminum oxide as the first coating ~
and a 100 A of calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass as the second coating g can be safely charged to 3500 V. The number of components used in the double array depends on the electrical energy storage requirements of the application. The components used iru the array,can vary from 2 to 10,000 or shore. The total capacitance of this particular array 9 is 31 F which will allow 52,220 W~h ~f energy to be stored as derived by Forr~aula 1.

Patent _,~-bars i8 are attached on each side of the econd array as indicated in Figure 4.
'Then the EESU is packaged into its final assembly.
The features of this patent indicate that the ceramic ~ESI~, as indicated in Table l, outperforms the elects~chemical battery in every parameter. This technol~gy wvill prcwide mission-critical capability to many sections ofthe energy-storage indusxry.
~{Gel) ~"ex°amic EES~T 3vTi-Z
Weight (pounds) 1716 3646 336 192 ~lolume ~inch3) 17;881 43,045 Zf105 34,780 Discharge rate 5~/o/30 days 1°Jo/30'days ~.1°/o/3Q days 1~~'~/30 days Charging time (full) -- 1. 5 hr 8.0 hr 3-6 1. ~ hr Life reduced with moderate high none moderate deep cycle use Hazardous materials - YES YES Nt~NE y~S
Table le The parameters of each techn~logy to store 52.2 k'~~h of eleatrica.l energy are indicated - (data as of 2/2001 from manufacturers' specification sheets):
This EESU will have the pote~ial to revolutionize tlxe eleetrie vehicle (EV) industry; the storage and use of electrical energy generated ~-om alternative sources with the present utility grid system as a backup source for residential, commercial, and industrial sites, and the electric energy point of sales to EVs. The F:IrSU
will replace the electrochemical battery in any of the applications that are associated with the above business-areas or in any business area where its features are reduired.
The features and advantages described in the pecifications are not alI
inclusive, and particularly, matey additional features and advatrtages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the description, specification and claims hereof.
Moreover, it should be noted that the lan~tage osed in the specification has beep principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not have been ~ate~t ::g~
selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive sub,~ect matter, resort to the claams being necessary to determine such inventive subject matter.
Description -- Figures ~ to 4 Figure 1 indicates a schematic of 2320 energy storage componen#s 9 hooked up in parallel with a total capacitance of 31 farads: The maximum charge voltage 8 of 3500 'V
is indicated with the cathode emd of the energy storage components 9 hooked to system ground 10.
Figure 2 is a' cross'-section side view of the electrical-energy-storage unit component. This figure indicates the alternating layers of nickel electrode layers 12 and high-permittivity cofnposition-modified barium titanate dielectric layers 11.
This figure also indicate the preferentially aligning concept of the nickel electrode layers 12 so that each storage layer can be hooked up in parallel.
Figure-3 is side view of a single-layer array indicating the attachment of individual components 15 with the nickel side bars 14 attached t~ two preferentially aligned copper conducting heets 13.
Figure 4 is a side view ofa double-layer array with'copper array connecting nickel bars lb attaching the two arrays via the edges of the-preferentially aligned copper conductor sheets 13. This figure indicates the method of att~.chtn~ the components in a multilayer array to provide the required energy storage.
Reference numerals in dr~awin~
$ System maximum voltage of 3504 ~7 9 2320 energy-storage components hooked up in parallel with a total capacitance of 1~ Stem' ground 11 High-permittivity calcined composition-modified barium titanate dielectric layers 12 Preferentially aligned nickel electrode layers 13 Copper conddctor sheets 14 Nickel sidebars 15 Componems 1.6 Copper array connecting nickel bars ' ~ 02434470 2003-07-22 Patent a~ ~-Preparation of the calcined composition-modified bario.m titanate powder is indicaxed by the following process steps.
A solution of the precursors: Ba{N~3)2, Ca(N03h~4-HzO, l~Td(N~3~~6HZ0, Y(rT~3)3~4HzO, Mn{CH3COO)g~4Hz0, ZrO(NO3~, and (~H3CH{~-)COONS]2T1{~H)2, as sel~ted from the reference; Sigma-Aldrich, Corps, "Handbook of Fine Chemicals and ~;aboratory Er~uipment' ; 200(1-2001, in deionized water heated to ~0°C
is made in the proportionate amount in weight percent for each of the seuen precursors as shmwn in the most right-hand column of Table 3. A separate solutapn of (CH3)4NOH somewhat in excess amount than required, as shown in Table 4, is made'in deionized: water free of dissolved carbon dioxide (COz) and heated to $0°-~SoC. The two solutions are rn~ed by pumping the heated ingredient streams simultaneously through a coaxial fluid'~et mixer. A
slurry of the caprecipitated powder is produced and collected in a drown out vessel. The coprecipitated powder is refluxed in the drown-out vessel at.
90°~95°C for 12 hr and then filtered; deionized-water washed; and dried. Alternatively, he pm~rder inay be collected by centrifugal sedimentation tin advantage of {C~I3)4NOH as the strong base reactant is that there are no metal element ion residuals to wash away anyvway. Any residual (CH3)aNOH, like any residual anions from the precursors, is harmless, because:remoVal by volatilization and decomposition occurs during the calcintn~ step; The powder contaaed in a silica glass tray br tube is calcined at 1050°C iin air.
Alternatively, an alumina ceramic tray can be used as the container for the powder during calcining.

Patent Compostion-modified barium titanate with metal element atom fractions as follows:

lVletal element Atom fraction At t Product '6Vt Ba ~.9575 ' 137.327 13I.49060 98.52855 Ca 0:0400 40.078 l.ti0312 1.20125 Nd 0.0025 144:240 0:36064 0.27020 Total >' 1.0000 100.00000 Ti 0.8150 47.867 39:01161 69.92390 Zr 0.1800 91:224 16.42032 29,43157 Mn 0.0025 54.93085 0.1373 0.24614 Y 0.0025 88.90585 U:22226 0.39839 Total 1.0000 100.00040 Fable 2Composition-mod~ed barium titanate with metal elemem atom fractaons given for an optimum result, as demonstrated in the reference: P. l~ansen, U. S,: Patent lVo.

6,U78,494, issued Jai: 20, 2000.

$ atent Precursor I'VV t ~/~ Wt lo e~ctant base l4~Iot of bast atultipUer reqaired;

Ba(N(3~)2 261.3448.09$98 0.1$4048 2 0.368095 Ca(N03~.4HzO 236:151.81568 0:007b89 2 0.015377 ~d(NO3)3.(HZ~ 438:350.21065 0:000481 3: 0.001442 ~~

Y( 346:984.15300 U.000441 3 ~.001323 N
03~4H24 Mn(CH3COOh~4H20 245:080.10$06 0:000441 2 0.000$82 Zr0(I~O3~ 231:237.34097. 0:03174.7 2 0.063495 [cx,cn(o-~oorlt~,]2Ti cod 42.27266 0:143'74.5 2 0.287491 294:08 Total 0.738105 100.00000 Reactant strong base (CH3)4NOH 91.15'fhe wt of (GH3).~T~lf~, requir cd is accordingly a minimum of (0.738105 mol) (91.
I5 g/mol) = 67.278 g for 1'00 g of the precursor Vie.

Note: Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (CH3)~TOH is a strong base.

Table 4Calculation of minimum g of the am~unt of (Cl-I3)QNOH
required for 100 precursor mixture P~.ten$
-2~-E~AniplC:
Capacitance of one layer = 8.854'x 10'i2 Flm x 2.948 x l0a x 6.45 x 14°~mz I 12.7 x 10'~ m C = 0.000413235 g With 1000 layers;
C = 0:013235 F
The required energy storage is:
~. F,~ = 14 hp x 746 W/hp x 5 h = $2,220 W~h The total required capacitance of the energy-storage unit:
Cr = ~,x ~ x 36Q0 s/h l V~= 52,220 W~h x 2 x 3600 s/h I (3500 V) ~=31F
Number of capacitance components required:
s N~:=31F/0.01323~F=2320 Volume and weight of energy-stt~rage unit:
Volume of the dielectric material:
Volume = area x thickness x number of layers 6.45 cm2 x 12.72 x 10'~ cm x 1000 -- 8.2 cm3 Total volume = 8.2 c~r~ x number of cozriponent~ (2320) =19,024 cm~
Density of the dielectric material = 6.5 g/~m3 Weight of each component - density x volume = 53:3 g Total weight of the dielectric material = 53.3 g x 2320/ 454 g per pound = 272 pounds Volume of the nickel conductor layers:
Thickness of the nicl~el layer is 1 x 10'~
~ Volume of each layer = 6.45 cm~ x 1.0 x 10'~ cm x i 000 = 0:645 c~3 Density of nickel = 8.902 glcm~
~ Weight of nickel layers for each component = 5.742 g Total weight of nickel - 34 pounds Totat number of capacitance layers and vplu~e of the EESU.

lea required for each component to solder bump =1. I inclh2 A 12 x 12 array will allow 144 cc~mponertts for each layer o~the fri~sE array ,, 19 layers of the second array will provide 276 components which are more than enough to meet the required 2320 components.
The distance between the compone~s will be adjusted so that 2320 componems will be in each E~SU

Tha second arrsy area will xemain the same.

The total v~eight oftlie EESIT {est.) = 336 pounds The total volume~of the EESU (est:) =13.5 inches x 13.5 inches x I 1-inehes = 2OQ~

inches3 -'--- Includes the weight of the container and connecting material.

The total stored energy of the EESU = 52,220 W.h The configuration of the EESU components:

EI' 82 E3 ES a E232U

8 (3500 V) ~ ~ ~''9 Energy storage co~nponer~ts Capacitance total =

10---~ System ground ,. .< -. , . ' ' .. ~~~e I '' ; ,, From the above description, it will be apparent.that the invention>disclosed herein provides a novel and advantageous electrical,-energy-storage unit composed of unique materials and processes.
The foregoing discussion discloses'and describes merely exemplary methods and embodiments of the present invention.
As mll' be understood by those familiar with the art, the invention may be emb~died in other specific forms and utilize other materials without departing from the spirit or essen#ial characteristics thereof. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting; ofthe scope ofthe inve~ion;
which is set forth in the following claims.

June 23, 2UU3 Patent Office Canadian Intellectual Property Office Industry Canada Pace du Protage 1 5U Victoria Street Hull, Quebec Ih 1A OC9 Dear Sir:
The following is a list of the dacumentslpatents that were discovered during the search phase in preparing the document titled "Electrical-Energy-Storage Unit (EESU) Utilizing Ceramic and Integrated-Circuit 'Technologies for Replacement of Electrochemical Eatteries" for submission to the CIPO for patent approval.
Copies of each of the dacuments/patents are alsa enclosed.
1. R. Anderson, U.S. Patent No. 6,UU5,764, issued December 2i, 1999.
2. A, B. l°vlcEwen, U.S. Patent No. 5,97.x,913, issued October 2~, 1999.

3. K. C. Tsai, U.S. Patent No. 5,867,363, issued February= 2, 1999.

4. J. A. Weimer, U.S. Patent No. 5,85U, l t3, issued December 1 S, 1998.
S. N. Ahmad, U.S. Patent No. S,SUU,857, issued September 1, 1998.
6. 3. P. Zheng, U.S. Patent No. 5,797,971, issued August 2 5, 1998.
7. J. Bai, U.S. Patent Na. 5,744,258, issued April 28, 1998.
8. C~. Thamas, U.S. Patent No. 5,738,919, issued April 14; 1998.
9. I~. C. Tsai, U.S. Patent No. 5,711,988, issued January 27, 1998.
The shortness of this list does not reflect the extent of the search made for this patent application. Even though these patents do not reflect the ceramic EESU
proposed in this patent application they are all that we could find in our extensive search that was even in this field. Vie also certify that all statements make in this patent application are accurate.
Sincerely, Richard D. Weir i4U4 Wesson Cove Cedar Park Texas 78613 Phone: (S t 2) 258-5669 Cell Phane: (512 771-3614 June 23, 2003 Patent Office Canadian Intellectual Property Office Industry Canada Pace du Protage 1 SO ~lictoria Street I-dull, Quebec KlA OC9 Dear Sir:
The following is a List of the references that that are cited in the document titled "Electrical-Energy-Storage Unit {EESU) Utilizing Ceramic and Integrated-Circuit Technologies for Replacement of Electrochemical Batteries" that as being submitted to the PTO for patent appraval. Copies of each of the cited documents are also enclosed.
I. Guardian, Inc., "Product Specification": Feb_ 2, 2001 2. K. A. Nishimura, "NiCd Battery" Science Electronics FAQ V L .OU: Nov. 20, 1996.
3. Ovonics, Inc., "Product Data Sheet": no date.
4. Evercel, Inc., "Battery Data Sheet - ~!lodel L 00": no date.

5. S. R. Ovshinsky et al., "Ovonic NiMH Batteries: The Enabling Technology for Heavy-Duty Electrical and Hybrid Electric '~'ehicels", C3vonics, publication 3108: Nov. 5, 1999.

6. B. Dickinson et al., "Issues and Benefits with Fast Charging Industrial Batteries", AeroVeronment, Inc. Article: no date.

7. S. A. Bruno, D. K. Swanson, and I. Burn, J. Am Ceram. Soc. '~6, 1233 (1993.

8. J. Kuwata et al., "Electrical Properties of Perovskite-Type Oxide Thin-Films Prepared by RF Sputtering°, Jpn J. Appl. Phys., Part I, s 985, 24~Suppl. 24-2, Proc. Int. IVIeet.
Ferroelectr., 6a'), 413-15.

9. F. Sears et al., "Capacitance - Properties of Dielectrics'°, ~Jni.versity Physics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.: Dec. 1957: pp 468-485.

10. Flow Autoclave Systems, Inc., '°Hot Isostatic Presses Data Sheets":
Sept., 2000.

11. Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., "Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment", 2000-20U 1.

12. P. Hansen, U.S. Patent No. 6,078,494, issued Jun. 20, 2000.
S' rely, ;, , tic rd . ~ eir 1404 Wesson Cove Cedar Park, Texas 78613 Phone: X512) 258-5669 ----- Cell Phone (SI2) 771-3614

Claims

1. An electrical-energy-storage unit comprising of components containing;
.cndot. calcined composition-modified barium titanate powder with;
.cndot. a first uniform coating of 100 .ANG. of aluminum oxide; and .cndot. a second uniform coating of 100 .ANG. of calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass;
and .cndot. screen-printed into interleaved multilayers of preferentially aligned nickel electrode layers 12 and double-coated calcined composition-modified barium titanate high-relative-permittivity layers 11 with the use of screening inks having the proper rheology for each of the layers; and .cndot. dry and cut the green multilayer components 15 into a specified area;
and .cndot. sinter the green multilayer components 15 to closed-pore porous ceramic bodies;
and .cndot. hot isostatically press the closed-pore porous ceramic bodies into a void-free~
condition; and .cndot. grind and polish each side of the component to expose the preferentially aligned interleaved nickel electrodes 12; and .cndot. nickel side bars 14 are connected to each side of the components 15 that have the interleaved and preferentially aligned nickel electrodes 12 exposed by applying nickel ink with the proper rheology to each side and clamping the combinations together; and .cndot. components and side nickel bar combination 14-15 are then heated at the proper temperature and time duration to bond them together; and .cndot. wave solder each side of the conducting bars; and .cndot. components 15 with the connected nickel side bars 14 are then assembled into the first array, Figure 3, utilizing unique tooling and solder-bump technology;
and .cndot. the first arrays are then assembled into the second array, Figure 4;
and .cndot. the second arrays are then assembled into the EESU final assembly

2. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that will not degrade due to being fully charged or discharged.

3. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that has the capability to be rapidly charged without incurring any damage or degrading the specifications to the components.

4. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that due to the unique double coating of the basis particles and the hot isostatic pressing at the near-minimum-temperature viscous-flow condition of the glass, a dielectric voltage breakdown strength in the range of 1 x 10 6 to 5 x 10 6 V/cm or higher is allowed across the terminals of the components in this double-array configuration, Figure 4.

5. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that has an ease of manufacturing due to the softening temperature of the calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass allowing the relatively low hot-isostatic-pressing temperature of 800°C which in turn will provide a void-free ceramic body.

6. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that has an ease of manufacturing due to the softening temperature of the calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass allowing the relatively low hot-isostatic-pressing temperature of 800°C which in turn will allow the use of nickel for the conduction-path electrodes.

7. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that has an ease of manufacturing due to the softening temperature of the calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass allowing the relatively low hot-isostatic-pressing temperature of 800°C. This feature along with the coating method providing a uniform-thickness shell of the calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass in turn will provide a hot-isostatic-pressed double-coated composition-modified barium titanate high-relative-permittivity layer that is uniform and homogeneous in microstructure.

8. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that due to the double coating of the basis particles has reduced the leakage and aging of this material by an order of magnitude of the specification of the basis material or lower. This will reduce the discharge rate to 0.1% per 30 days or lower; and

9. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that the relatively low 800° C
hot-isostatic-pressing temperature allows nickel to be used as the electrode material rather than expensive platinum, palladium, or palladium-silver alloy.

10. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that due to the unique double-layered array configuration, Figure 4, can store up to 52,220 W.cndot.h of electrical energy or more depending on the size of the arrays or the value of the relative permittivity.

11. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recital in Claim 1 that does not have any material that is explosive, corrosive, or hazardous.

12. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that can supply electrical energy to electrical vehicles, which include bicycles, tractors buses, cars, or any device used for transportation or to perform work, that is not explosive, corrosive, or hazardous.

13. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that can store electrical energy from electrical-energy-delivery systems and then be used to supply electrical energy to residential, commercial, industrial applications and the present power grid that is not explosive, corrosive, or hazardous.

14. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in Claim 1 that can store electrical energy from electrical-energy-delivery systems and them be transported to a required location and be used as a source of electrical energy that is not explosive, corrosive, or hazardous.

15. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in claim 1 that can supply electrical energy to portable electronic devices such as computers, radios, television sets, cameras, refrigerators, phones, lights, and other such devices.

16. An electrical-energy-storage unit as recited in claim 1 that can supply electrical energy to remote devices such as microwave repeaters, phones, traffic signals, recreational equipment, lighting systems, camping equipment, farming equipment, ana other such devices.