CA2362064A1 - Method and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube Download PDFInfo
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- CA2362064A1 CA2362064A1 CA002362064A CA2362064A CA2362064A1 CA 2362064 A1 CA2362064 A1 CA 2362064A1 CA 002362064 A CA002362064 A CA 002362064A CA 2362064 A CA2362064 A CA 2362064A CA 2362064 A1 CA2362064 A1 CA 2362064A1
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- oil
- housing
- processing chamber
- ray tube
- hose
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
- H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
- H05G1/02—Constructional details
- H05G1/04—Mounting the X-ray tube within a closed housing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
- H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
- H05G1/02—Constructional details
- H05G1/025—Means for cooling the X-ray tube or the generator
Abstract
Methods and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube (10). An x-ray tube (10) typically contains an insert (34) for generating x-rays. The insert (14) is housed in a housing (18) wherein an insulating fluid (16) circulates around the insert (14) in the housing (18) to provide thermal and electrical insulation. One embodiment of the invention includes a processor (32) containing a coalescing element (40) for removing water as a vapor from the oil (16). Other embodiments include methods and devices for drying the interior of the housing (18). Another embodiment of the invention includes a kit (90) containing a processor (32) having a coalescing element (40) for removing water from the insulating oil (16). The portable kit (90) allows the invention to be practiced on x-ray tubes (10) maintained in gantry supports of x-ray machines, such as CT scanners.
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
EXTENDING THE LIFE OF AN X-RAY TUBE
The present invention relates to methods and devices for extending the life of an x-ray tube. Typically x-ray tubes are mounted inside a lead shielded radiation enclosure called a housing or casing. The housing is attachable to the x-ray machine, typically a CT, fluoroscopic, or rad machine. The housing is filled with a fluid of synthetic or petroleum derivative, generally referred to as insulating oil. The insulating oil acts to thermally and electrically insulate the tube. Heat is generally removed to air through fluid to water or fluid to water cooled air transfer.
1~ All such fluids, are damaged, from four major contributors: (1) heat; (2) radiation; (3) high voltage arcing; and (4) corona discharge.
This heating oil is sold by two primary standards:
(1) ASTM 877 for unprocessed oil; and (2) ASTM 1816 for ?0 processed oil. Insulating oil consists of perhaps 3500 separate hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons having varying carbon chain lengths with many separate bonded molecules and ions, such as hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyls, and many others.
For most x-ray products, the end of life is primarily predicated by an arcing process. Failure is accentuated by deposition on the glass or metal window of the insert. Deposition on the high voltage hold off leads to collapse in the insert itself, leading to 30 subsequent deterioration of rotor function. The arcing while starting out infrequently, increases in frequency as the oil deteriorates. As the arcing increases the oil suesmur~ SHEET (RULE 26) deteriorates more rapidly which, in turn, leads to more arcing.
It is commonly thought that the greases and waxes produced during the life of an x-ray tube are deleterious to the insulating oil, i.e. damaging. Such is the motivation behind U.S. Patent 5440608 entitled "Method and System for Extending the Service Life of an X-Ray Tube" by Peralta, et at. The method taught in Pat. '608, and subsequent patents by Peralta, U.S. Patent 5596622 and 5732123. U.S. Pats. 5440608; 5732123; and 5596622 are collectively referred to herein as PERALTA. PERALTA
describes methods and apparatus for removing the old oil and replacing it with new oil, and methods for filtering the greases and waxes produced during the life an x-ray 1J tube. As PERALTA points out, the financial risks involved in when working with x-ray tubes and CT scanners is substantial. Tubes are very delicate in some respects and require great care when repairing them.
One problem encountered in the past has been the removal of bubbles which have come out of solution, or removal of those introduced into the system when oil has been replaced. For Siemens and Phillips manufactured tubes it has been quite common for many years to remove bubbles by replacing the oil. Circa 1984, General 2~ Electric introduced quick-disconnects into the hydraulic system, i.e. quick-disconnects in-line between the heat exchanger and the x-ray tube housing. This facilitated the removal of bubbles from the system. Since approximately 1985, this inventor has had occasion to open the hoses between the heat exchanger and the x-ray tube to remove bubbles, or replace oil, or both. PERALTA
describes these well known techniques.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) This inventor believes the greases and waxes are not as damaging as is commonly believed. In fact, the addition of new oil, as taught by Peralta, is contrary to preferred embodiments of the present invention.
It is desirable to process the oil while the x-ray tube is mounted in the gantry to avoid the time, expense and potential risk of dismounting the x-ray tube, remounting the x-ray tube, calibrating the x-ray tube.
It is also desirable because it avoids extended down time of the x-ray machine.
One object of the present invention is to provide a means for extending the life of an x-ray tube. Another object of the present invention is to reduce healthcare costs. A further object of the invention is to encourage l~ manufacturers to develop longer lasting tubes at lower costs.
One object of the present invention is to provide a device for drying the housing of an x-ray tube. Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for removing water from the insulating oil of an x-ray tube.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for improving the performance of x-ray tubes.
7j Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for resurrecting "failed tubes".
Another object is to teach a preventive maintenance program for extending the life of, and improving the performance of, an x-ray tube. A further objective is to provide a device for performing the preventive maintenance program.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for drying insulating oil of an x-ray tube.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for taking gases out of a solution wherein the gases are in the insulating oil of an x-ray tube.
A further object of the present invention is to out-gas deleterious gases from the insulating oil.
Another object of the present invention is to remove damaging gases from insulating oil by providing a device which processes the oil in an environment below atmospheric pressure.
Another object is to provide a device for processing oil in a closed system.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) having a housing (18) and an insert (14) located therein for producing x-rays, the method comprising the step of providing the x-ray tube (10) with an insulating oil (16) in the housing (18); characterized by the step of processing the insulating oil (16) to remove deleterious gases from the oil (16).
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) having a housing (18) and an insert (14) located therein for producing x-rays, the method comprising providing an insulating oil (16) in the housing (18), characterized by drying the insulating oil (16) .
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube. One SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) embodiment of the present invention includes a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube having a housing and an insert located therein for producing x-rays. The method comprises the steps of providing the x-ray tube with an insulating oil in the housing; and processing the insulating oil to remove deleterious gases from the oil.
In a preferred embodiment the step of processing the oil to remove deleterious gases from the oil comprises removing water from the oil. The method also includes drying the housing. In one embodiment this is accomplished by circulating insulating oil which has been dried through the housing to absorb water in the housing and drying, or withdrawing, water from the oil.
The method may include the steps of aligning a first l~ end of the coalescing element over the processing chamber inlet and supporting the coalescing element above the sump of oil. The step of transporting the oil to the housing may include pumping the oil to the housing, and the step of evacuating the processing chamber may include evacuating the deleterious gases out-gased from the oil.
The method preferably effectively prevents a bubble from being sucked through the processing chamber outlet.
This may be achieved by locating the processing chamber outlet away from where the oil exiting the coalescing element enters the sump oil.
In a preferred embodiment the method comprises the steps of: locating the coalescing element in a processing chamber having an inlet, an outlet, and an evacuation port; fluidly connecting the housing to the processing chamber inlet; fluidly connecting the housing to the processing chamber outlet; connecting a vacuum source to the processing chamber evacuation port; evacuating gases SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) from the processing chamber; and circulating oil through the processing chamber.
Preferably the steps of fluidly connecting the housing to the inlet and the outlet of the processing chamber comprise the steps of inserting quick-connects in oil flow lines between the housing and a heat exchanger on gantry. Preferably the method also includes the steps of: locating the coalescing element above a sump of oil in the processing chamber; and positioning the coalescing element relative to the processing chamber inlet such that oil entering the processing chamber through the processing chamber inlet must pass through the coalescing filter. Preferably, the oil is circulated at a positive pressure through the housing. Preferably this is 1~ achieved by pumping the oil into the housing to increase pressure in the housing and the step of pumping oil into the housing begins prior to allowing oil to flow out of the housing.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes an x-ray tube oil processor for extending the life of an x-ray tube. This is accomplished by processing the insulating oil for the x-ray tube. The x-ray tube oil processor includes a processing chamber having an oil inlet, an oil outlet, and a gas outlet. Preferably a coalescing element is positioned in the processing chamber. The coalescing element has a first end in fluid communication with the oil inlet.
Generally a vacuum source is placed in fluid communication with the gas outlet to evacuate the processing chamber. An oil inlet hose and an oil outlet hose are respectively connected in fluid communication to the oil inlet and the oil outlet of the processing SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) chamber. Oil the enters the oil inlet hose, passes through the coalescing element which removes gases, in particular water as a vapor, from the oil, and the oil then exits the oil outlet hose.
According to another aspect of the invention, therefore, there is provided an x-ray tube oil processor for extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) by processing insulating oil (16) for the x-ray tube (10), in which the oil (16) is arranged to circulate around an insert (14) in a housing (18) of the x-ray tube (10), the processor comprising: a processing chamber (32) having an oil inlet (34), an oil outlet (36) and a gas outlet (38);
a coalescing element (40) positioned in the processing chamber (18), the coalescing element (40) having a first l~ end in fluid communication with the oil inlet (34); a vacuum source (44) in fluid communication with the gas outlet (38); and an oil inlet hose (46) and an oil outlet hose (48) respectively in fluid communication with the oil inlet (34) and the oil outlet (36) of the processing chamber (32) whereby in use, the oil (16) enters the oil inlet hose (46), passes through the coalescing element (40), and exits the oil outlet hose (48).
The present invention is therefore able to provide a device which forces bubbles back into solution while in the housing, then transfers the solution to a processing chamber, then allows the bubbles to be taken out of solution and removed as a gas by an evacuation process in a processing chamber. The coalescing element is employed in some embodiments to aid removal of the gases from the oil.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes an x-ray tube processing kit for processing oil in an x-SU8ST1TUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ray tube. The kit is important in the present invention because this allows the x-ray tube processor to be readily portable to a field location in which the x-ray tube is mounted on a gantry of an x-ray machine or CT
scanner, and the like. The kit generally comprises a processing chamber containing a coalescent filter; a plurality of fluid hoses adapted to connect to the processing chamber. Preferably the kit also includes an oil pump adapter to connect to one of the plurality of fluid hoses; and a vacuum pump adapted to connect to the processing chamber.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is therefore provided an x-ray tube processing kit (90) for processing oil (16) in an x-ray tube housing (18), in which the housing (18) is to be mounted on a gantry (20), characterized in that the kit comprises: a processing chamber (32) containing a coalescing filter (40); a plurality of fluid hoses (46,48) adapted to connect to the processing chamber (40 ) ; an oil pump ( 54 ) adapted to connect to one (48) of the plurality of fluid hoses; and a vacuum pump (80) adapted to connect to the processing chamber ( 3 2 ) .
Due to the damage which may be caused by excessive or minimal pressure in the housing, the method may include monitoring pressure in the housing and/or monitoring pressure in the processing chamber. Typically, the step of monitoring pressure in the housing is accomplished via an oil pressure gauge. The step of monitoring pressure in the processing chamber is accomplished via a vacuum gauge.
Since different out-gases come out of solution at different temperatures one possibility is to effect out-SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) gassing of gases formed at higher temperatures by heating the oil. Another comprises the step of out-gassing gases formed at colder temperatures by cooling the oil.
Another method of extending the life of an x-ray tube having a housing and an insert located therein for producing x-rays comprises the step of providing an insulating oil in the housing; and drying insulating oil.
In some embodiments the step of drying the insulating oil comprises removing water from the insulating oil. Oil is highly deliquescent, similar to pure grain alcohol. The oil seeks water which is has condensed onto the outer cooler housing wall in the form of microscopic droplets. Thus, changing oil can aid the removal of saturated water, but it cannot remove absorbed 1~ water, except for what has gone into solution. Therefore, drying the oil, similar to wringing out a towel, allow the, now dryer, oil to absorb more water, which is in turn "wrung out" of the oil. The process is repeated until a sufficient level of dryness is achieved, i.e.
water is removed. This may be accomplished through use of a coalescing element, though other devices and methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
In some embodiments the step of removing water comprises reducing the water saturated in the oil. In one embodiment this includes reducing a parts of water per million parts of oil level to at most twenty parts of water per million parts of oil. The standard for most x-ray tube oil is on the order of thirty parts per million, wherein this is considered "dry". Thus, one embodiment of the invention is to improve performance by providing improved oil.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) As will be clear from the teachings herein, the method may also comprise the step of drying an interior (not shown) of the housing. This may be accomplished by circulating the insulating oil through the housing, wherein the insulating oil is drier than the housing; and allowing the drier insulating oil to absorb water in the housing. The method also includes the step of removing the absorbed water from the insulating oil. In many instances it is preferred that the step of drying the 10 insulating oil occurs while maintaining the x-ray tube on a gantry of an x-ray machine.
Another embodiment comprises the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons. This is beneficial because the insulating qualities of hydrocarbons is generally not suitable.
I~ Another embodiment comprises the steps of hardening oil and introducing the hardened oil into an environment or chamber. In one version, the environment is a cooling chamber of a nuclear power plant. The hardening is carried out using a radiation source in treatment chamber, wherein the treatment chamber is separate from the cooling chamber.
Another embodiment comprises the steps of out-gassing gases and capturing the gases. In one embodiment, the gases are captured in a balloon-trap to more readily illustrate the quantity of gases taken out of solution.
The invention extends to a processing kit including quick-connectors connected to the vacuum and the processing chamber. These allow oil to be maintained in both elements during shipping while preventing oil from spilling out. Upon set up, the oil will be gravity feed into the respective components.
SUBSTtTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Thus, although there have been described particular embodiments of the present invention of a new and useful X-Ray Tube Processor, it is not intended that such references be construed as limitations upon the scope of this invention.
Preferably the oil pump, the vacuum pump, and the processing chamber are sized such that the processing chamber, the vacuum pump, and the oil pump simultaneously fit into a carrying case.
The invention also extends to a method of supplying insulating oil comprising the steps of: hardening oil;
and introducing the hardened oil to an environment.
In this method, the environment may be a cooling chamber of a nuclear power plant, and the step of l~ hardening may comprise the step of exposing the oil to a radiation source in a treatment chamber, wherein the treatment chamber is separate from the cooling chamber.
The invention also extends to a method of processing oil comprising the steps of: out-gassing gases from the oil;
?0 and capturing the gases out-Based from the oil in a balloon-trap.
The invention may be carried into practice in various ways and some embodiments will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying 2~ drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 shows a prior art x-ray tube connected to a heat exchanger;
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a prior art insert for generating x-rays;
30 Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a prior art x-ray tube and heat exchanger mounted on a gantry of an x-ray machine;
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Fig. 4 is a side elevation, partly in section, showing a processing chamber according to the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of the apparatus of the present invention connected to an x-ray tube;
Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 4, showing a second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is a perspective view of the apparatus of the present invention connected to an x-ray tube mounted on a gantry;
Fig. 8 is a plan view of a processing kit according to the present invention;
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of a processing chamber 1~ similar to that shown in Fig. 6; and Fig. 10 is an exploded cutaway view of a prior art quick-connector.
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube. Fig.
1 is a prior art drawing showing an x-ray tube 10 fluidly connected to a heat exchanger 12. The x-rays are produced by an insert 14 shown in prior art drawing Fig .
2. The insert is placed in a housing of the type shown in Fig. 1. Insulating oil then is circulated around the inset. A housing 18, shown in Fig. 1, houses the insert 14. The insulating oil 16 shown in Fig. 2 circulates around the insert to provide thermal and electrical insulation. Fig. 3, prior art, depicts the x-ray tube 10 mounted on a gantry 20 of a computer tomography (CT) scanner 22. The machine depicted in Fig. 3 may also be any typical x-ray device.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) The following U.S. Patents discuss CT scanners, x-ray tubes, and cooling methods: U.S. Patent 5086449;
entitled "Debubbler System for X-Ray Tubes" by Furbee, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4115697 entitled "X-Ray Tube Cooling Arrangement" by Hounsefield; U.S. Patent 5012505 entitled "Fluidic Slip Ring for CT Scanners" by Zupancic, et al;
U.S. Patent No. 4622687 entitled "Liquid Cooled Anode X-Ray Tubes" by Whitaker et al; U.S. Patent No. 4688239 entitled "Heat Dissipation Means for X-Ray Generating Tubes" by Schaffner, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4767961 entitled "X-Ray Generator Cooling System" by Koller, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4841557 entitled "X-Radiator with Circulating Pump for Heat Dissipation" by Haberrecker, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4866743 entitled "Computer l~ Tomography Apparatus with a Closed Circulation Cooling System" by Kroener; and U.S. Patent No. 5732123 entitled "Method and System for Extending the Service Life of an X-Ray Tube" by Peralta et al.
As previously mentioned, greases and waxes produced during the life of an x-ray tube are not particularly damaging. Gases, however, which are highly absorbable in oil can be particularly damaging to the process of producing x=rays. Because bubbles are a location of reduced insulation, but they can act as a pathway for electrical conduction through the insulating oil more readily than through regions lacking bubbles. Also, gas in a solution provides opportunities for chemical disassociation by providing a source of hydrogen and oxygen ions.
As mentioned in the background section the oil is made up of some 3500 separate hydrocarbons. The oil is subjected to a chemical change due to the heat, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) radiation, arcing and corona phenomena within the x-ray tube. Longer chain molecules break down and recombine with other by-products to form longer and shorter chain molecules.
Shorter chain molecules may be pure gas, such as acetylene gas CZH6. CzH6 is produced primarily during a major high voltage breakdown in oil. Other by-products include hydrogen, which is produced by stripping off hydrogen ions by arcing or corona discharge. This is primarily due to corona phenomena.
Note that these gases are formed by manipulations of high voltage in the environment outside the actual x-ray tube insert. This is a key to understanding the nature of tube failure the x-ray machine. It is the insulating I~ oil which is being altered and damaged. When the insulating oil becomes damaged, then the insert becomes damaged due to lack of proper insulation (via the effects of arcing) .
One of the keys to the invention is the realization ?0 that water is a component in oil which has been subjected to an operating x-ray machine environment. At room temperature the saturation level of water is about 62 parts per million (ppm) in the insulating oil. During the x-ray process, and as the insulating oil breaks down, 25 water can come out of solution (i.e. become a drop, or droplet, in the oil). The water can accumulate in minute droplets on the cooler surfaces of the x-ray tube housing. This is similar to condensation of water vapor on a cooler surface. Thus, water is accumulating inside 30 the housing. The source of water is the oil itself.
Water, while a neutral molecule, supports arcing because of the molecular nature of it. It has a 105°
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) angle between the centers of the molecules. This makes it act as a dipole in a static direct current (dc) field.
In a CT tube, x-ray generation is thousands of times longer than in conventional tubes. In general, the x-ray in a CT scanner stays on for many seconds as opposed to the average milliseconds used in conventional tubes.
This results in the insulating oil being exposed to radiation and higher temperatures for a longer time, in any given application. More time, and higher 10 temperature, to expose and radiate the oil results in more disassociations and more water molecules formed to become aligned. A 150 kV do field is applied during the radiating process. Breakdown of the oil at a high field point of occurrence readily strips hydrogen ions from l~ long molecules. The recombination with hydroxyl ions produces free water.
Water is a by-product of some of these disassociations. Water is also a source of some of these disassociation problems. It is a damaging circular relationship during the production of radiation. Thus, it is desirable to remove water from the oil. It should also be noted that, generally speaking, the dielectric properties of the insulating oil (as a whole) are reduced by adding water.
As mentioned, water will act as a dipole in a direct current field. Thus, to preserve, or increase, the dielectric properties of the insulating oil, it would be desirable to remove water. In the prior art, water is added to the system by adding new oil. This is bad.
Thus, water which has seeped out of the old oil and is clinging to the housing in the insert mixes with the new oil though the water is not absorbed because the new oil SUBSTrCUTE SHEET (RULE 26) is likely saturated with water. That is, the oil is already at its saturation level for water. There is then even more water as a source for more disassociation problems.
The saturation level, or concentration, is a function of the oil temperature. As such, different amounts of gases will come out of solution at different temperatures. Also, different compounds form more readily at different temperatures. For example, acetylene, CZH6, is believed to form more readily at lower temperatures as compared to HZ at higher temperatures.
Water, which is absorbable in oil to the level about 60 parts per million at room temperature, should be removed. Embodiments of the present invention remove oil IS down to 12-20 parts per million at room temperature.
Other embodiments can reduce the water down to 5 to 10 parts per million.
At this point it is important to realise another aspect of the chemical breakdown in decomposition.
?0 Initially, all new housings are relatively similar, and new insulating oil is fairly standard. However, through the chemical breakdown which occurs during the x-radiation process, the particular parameters of the housing bond with the particular parameters of the oil in 25 that housing. The more that particular insulating oil breaks down and bonds with that particular housing, the less the oil will break down and form new bonds.
Essentially, the oil is subjected to a form of radiation hardening and is particularly tuned to that particular 30 housing. Thus it is actually preferred to use older oil, preferably oil which has undergone a bonding process, or has bonded, with that particular housing. This further SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) reduces oil disassociation because there are less sources for disassociation. That is, the "parametric cross section" has been reduced.
Each CT tube has an inherent set of parameters.
Specific dimensions of oil through which the primary radiation passes for any given tube are wide and varying.
Specific stray radiation varies from tube to tube also.
Specific voltage settings for any generator have small variabilities as well. Each of these parameters, during the aging, or oil deteriorating process, is more sensitive to specific bonding energies over narrow domains. Many of the bonding energies are insensitive to the deterioration energies of radiation in thermal and corona sources. Thus as a class, bonds are reduced in number for a particular oil-housing pair or combination.
Thus, the specific insulating oil in that specific housing has less opportunities to form new bonds.
Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is an x-ray tube oil processor 30 shown in Fig. 4. where ?0 a coalescing element in the processing chamber is shown removing water from oil. Oil is shown dripping from the coalescing filter. The x-ray tube oil processor 30 is for extending the life of an x-ray tube 10 by processing oil 16 for the x-ray tube 10, wherein the oil 16 is adapted to circulate around the insert 14 in the hosing 18 of the x-ray tube 10.
The processor 30 comprises a processing chamber 32 having an oil inlet 34 an oil outlet 36 and a gas outlet 38. The processor 30 also includes a coalescing element 40 positioned in the processing chamber 32 wherein the coalescing element 40 has a first end 42 in fluid communication with the oil inlet 34. A vacuum source 44 SUBSTfTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) is in fluid communication with the gas outlet 38.
Preferably the gas outlet 38 is above the oil inlet 34 to reduce the likelihood of drawing oil, or oil foam, through the gas outlet 38 and then through the vacuum source 44. This embodiment is shown in Fig. 4; Figs 5 and 6 show the gas outlet 38 below the coalescing element 40.
An oil inlet hose 46 and an oil outlet hose 48 are respectively in fluid communication with the oil inlet 34 and the oil outlet 36 of the processing chamber 32. The oil 16 enters the oil inlet hose 46 and passes through the coalescing element 40 and exits the oil outlet hose 48 as processed oil 50. One preferred vacuum pump is produced by Robinair 15234 using a motor below.
l~ In the embodiment shown in Fig. 4 the processor 30 comprises a sump of oil 52 in the processing chamber 32.
In some embodiments, for some applications, it is preferred that the sump of oil 52 comprises radiation hardened oil, radiation hardened oil being oil which has 0 been exposed to x-rays. Preferably the oil has "bonded"
with that housing by having been exposed to radiation over a period of time in that housing. However, exposing oil to radiation, of the same general category that the x-ray tube for which the insulating oil 16 is being ?5 processed produces radiation, is also useful.
In a preferred embodiment the coalescing element 40 is located above the oil sump 52, as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 5 shows a schematic layout of the oil processor 30 connected to an x-ray tube 10. In the embodiment 30 shown in Fig. 5, the processor 30 comprises an oil pump 54 in fluid communication with the oil outlet hose 48.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Preferably the oil pump 54 is a gear pump. One acceptable gear pump is Tuthill DDS1.6.
A relief valve 56 is also shown fluidly connected to the oil outlet hose 48. A relief hose fluidly connects the relief valve 56 to the oil inlet hose 46.
A pressure gauge 60 is fluidly connected to the outlet hose 48. The pressure gauge can be used to determine the pressure in the housing. One acceptable pressure gauge is Ashcraft 1007PH.
In some embodiments, as is shown in Fig. 5, the processor 30 comprises an outlet flow valve 62 in line with the oil outlet hose 48. An inlet flow valve 64 is shown in line with the oil inlet hose 46. The oil outlet hose 48 shown in Fig. 5 is adapted to connect to the x-ray tube 10 housing 18, and the oil inlet hose 46 is adapted to connect to the x-ray tube 10 housing 18. The x-ray tube housing 18 shown in Fig. 5 includes an oil in hose 66 and an oil out hose 68. The oil outlet hose 48 is connected to the oil in hose 66 and the oil inlet hose 46 is connected to the oil out hose 68.
As shown in Fig. 5, the processor 30 comprises a first quick-connect 70 connecting the oil outlet hose 48 and the oil in hose 66, as well as a second quick-connect 72 connecting the oil inlet hose 46 and the oil out hose 2~ 68. Fig. 10 shows a representative quick-connect 70.
The quick-connect (or quick-disconnect) 70 shown in Fig.
10 includes a double O-ring 100 around the perimeter and a bevel connection 102 at the interface of the conforming pieces 104 and 106. Conforming piece 106 includes a triangular shaped lip 108 around its perimeter which abuts the edge of conforming piece 104 when the two pieces are mated.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) An acceptable hydraulic connector, which is a quick-coupling, is produced by Parker Fluid Connectors in the Quick-Coupling Division located in Minneapolis, MN.
The processing chamber in Fig. 6 includes a flow 5 director for directing the dripping oil from the coalescing element away from the oil outlet of the processing chamber.
Preferably the processor comprises a flow controller 74 proximate the coalescing element 40. The flow 10 controller 74 has a discharge portion 76 located away from the oil outlet 36. This is shown most clearly in Fig. 6. By locating the discharge portion 76 of the flow controller 74 away from the oil outlet 36 of the processing chamber 34, gas bubbles 78 are prevented from 15 entering the oil outlet 36. If gas bubbles enter the oil outlet 36 and pass through the oil outlet hose 48 they will damage the gear pump 54 and prevent it from working.
It is also desirable to prevent an air bubble from being transmitted into the housing 18 of the x-ray tube 10. A
20 bubble in an x-ray tube could be catastrophic to the tube, and damaging to the scanner. Since tubes cost from US$15,0000 to US$100,000, and the scanners cost from US$300,000 to US$1.2M., the risk is very real.
A vacuum gauge 80 is operably connected to the processing chamber 32. One preferred electronic vacuum gauge is that produced by JB Industries, Inc. of Aurora, Illinois 60507. When the oil processing is started, pressure in the processing chamber 32 may typically be of the order of 93.3Pa (700 microns). In some embodiments it is sufficient to evacuate the chamber down to 26.7Pa (200 microns). In some preferred embodiments it is desirable to evacuate the chamber down to 2.67Pa (20 microns).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Evacuation of the processing chamber 32 removes gasses from the processing chamber 32 and since the oil is processed, preferably, in a closed system, the evacuation process takes gases out of the oil. The reduced pressure in the chamber causes this to occur since the oil in the closed system is not under reduced pressure. In some preferred embodiments the processing chamber 32 is transparent. This allows the process to be visually monitored and to note the out-gassing from the oil. It is not required that the processing chamber 32 be transparent to monitor the process, however, because the process can be monitored by monitoring pressures in the processing chamber 32 as well as pressures in the housing 18.
l~ Preferably the processing chamber 32 extends over a length 82, shown in Fig. 6, and the coalescing element 40 extends over the length 82 of the processing chamber 32.
While a variety of coalescing filters will be apparent to those of skill in the art, the coalescing element 40 depicted in Figs. 4 and 6 is a hollow cylindrical tube comprising very fine highly compressed shards and strips of fiberglass. The tube is then enclosed within a fine nylon wire mesh having openings on the order of 0.25 to 1.27mm (0.01 to 0.05 inch). The multitude of shards in the fiberglass act to create thin films which coalesce or collect the gases, preferably water, and out-gas the collected gas from the oil.
Adjusting the pressure in the processing chamber, via evacuation, aids out-gassing.
In one preferred embodiment the relief valve 56 comprises an inport 84, an outport 86, and a relief port 88. The relief hose 58 connects the relief port 88 to the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) oil inlet hose 46. Preferably the oil pump 54 is downstream of the outlet valve 62 and the relief valve 56 is downstream of the oil pump 54. The pressure gauge 60 is connected to the oil outlet hose 48 downstream of the relief valve 56 in the configuration shown in Fig. 5.
In many instances it will be desirable to maintain the x-ray tube 10 on the gantry 20 of the CT scanner 22.
Thus the oil outlet 36 of the processing chamber 32 is attached to the housing 18 and the oil inlet 34 is attached to the housing 18 while the housing 18 is mounted in the gantry 20. This is shown in Fig. 7.
Since it will be desirable to perform the oil processing while the x-ray tube is mounted on a gantry, it will be desirable to have the oil processor portable.
1~ Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is for an x-ray tube processing kit 90 for processing oil 16 in an x-ray tube 10 housing 18 wherein the housing 18 is mounted on a gantry.
Referring to Fig. 8 the kit 90 comprises a ?0 processing chamber 32 containing a coalescing element 40;
a plurality of fluid hoses 92 adapted to connect to the processing chamber 32; an oil pump 54 adapted to connect to one of the plurality of the fluid hoses 92; and a vacuum pump 44 adapted to connect to the processing 25 chamber 32. A one preferred source of fluid hoses is Ritchie.
In one embodiment the plurality of fluid hoses 92 comprises at least two hoses fluidly connected to valves (see Fig. 5) including the one hose being adapted to 30 connect to the oil pump 54.
Preferably the kit 90 includes a plurality of quick-connectors (not shown in Fig. 8). Also it will be SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) desirable if the kit 90 includes a quick-connector kit for positioning a quick-connector in-line between the housing 18 and a heat exchanger 12, wherein the heat exchanger 12 is mounted on the gantry 20, and wherein the oil 16 is adapted to circulate through the heat exchanger 12 and the housing 18.
Preferably the kit 90 comprises a carrying case 94 for transporting the processing chamber 32. Generally it will be desirable if the carrying case 94 comprises foam padding 96 for securing the kit components in place.
Preferably the carrying case 94, the oil pump 54, the vacuum pump 44, and the processing chamber 32 are sized such that the processing chamber 32 , the vacuum pump 44 , and the oil pump simultaneously fit in the carrying case 94. It is desirable to have the kit weight less than 40 kilos. This facilitates international transportation of the kit.
More generally the present invention includes a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube 10 having a housing 18 and an insert 14 located therein for producing x-rays. The method comprises the steps of providing the x-ray tube 10 with an insulating oil 16 in the housing 18; and processing the insulating oil 16 to remove deleterious gases 98 from the oil. See Fig. 6.
Preferably the step of processing the oil 16 to remove deleterious gases 98 from the oil 16 comprises removing water from the oil wherein the water is removed as a gas.
The method may also include the step of drying the housing by removing water. This is accomplished when processed oil 50 circulates through the housing 18. Since the processed oil 50 is dryer than the housing 18 the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) processed oil will absorb water in the housing 18 which will then be removed from the oil by the coalescing element 40 (in some preferred embodiments).
Typically the deleterious gas 98 includes water vapor and the step of processing includes transporting the oil through a coalescing element 40, out-gassing the deleterious gases 98 from the oil 16 (or 50) and removing water from the oil 16 or 50, which indicates oil which has passed through the coalescing element 40 and has been "processed". However, the oil 16 and the processed oil 50 readily mix. So it is desirable to continually circulate and process the oil until a desired dryness is reached.
The desired dryness can be "measured" by reference to pressures in the processing chamber 32. Thus, the terms l~ oil 16 and oil 50 are used interchangeably except where reference to processed oil 50 facilitates understanding of the invention. One exemplary apparatus for accomplishing this is shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
One embodiment of the method comprises locating the coalescing element 40 in a processing chamber 32 and fluidly connecting the housing 18 to an inlet 34 of the processing chamber 32. The method also includes the step of evacuating the processing chamber 32 as oil 16 in the housing 18 is transported through the processing chamber 32 inlet 34 and through the coalescing element 40, wherein the oil 16 exiting the coalescing element is processed oil 50. See Fig 6.
Referring to Fig.5 as an exemplary embodiment, the method also comprises the step of fluidly connecting an outlet 36 of processing chamber 32 to the housing 18 and transporting the processed oil 50 to the housing 18.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Referring to Fig. 6, some embodiments of the method comprise the steps of placing a sump of oil 52 in the processing chamber 32; and allowing the processed oil 50 to mix with the oil in the sump. Thus the step of transporting the processed oil to the housing includes transporting sump oil to the housing. Preferably the method comprises utilizing radiation hardened oil in the sump of oil.
Thus it will be apparent to those of skill in the 10 art that the method in some embodiments will comprise the steps of circulating oil 16 from the housing 18 though the coalescing element 40 through the sump of oil 52 and back to the housing 18. Also included in the method are steps of removing gases from the oil 16 as it passes l~ through the coalescing element 40; and continuing to circulate the oil 16 until a desirable level of gas has been removed from the oil.
In some preferred embodiments the method comprises the steps of aligning a first end 42 of the coalescing 20 element 40 over the processing chamber inlet 34 and supporting the coalescing element 40 above the sump of oil 52. The step of transporting the oils 50 to the housing 18 includes pumping the oil 50 to the housing 18.
The step of evacuating the processing chamber 32 includes 25 evacuating the deleterious gases 98 out-Based from the oil 16. This is shown in Fig. 6.
It is desirable to prevent a bubble 78 from being sucked through the processing chamber outlet 36 for the reasons previously discussed. This is most easily accomplished by locating the processing chamber outlet 36 away from where the oil exiting the coalescing element 40 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) enters the sump of oil 52. In Fig. 6 this is accomplished by use of a flow controller 74.
In some embodiments it is preferred that the step of circulating the oil through the housing is at a positive pressure. This prevents bubbles from coming out of solution while they are in the housing. The step of circulating the oil 16 in a positive pressure occurs prior to evacuating the deleterious gases 98 from the processing chamber 32, in some preferred embodiments.
This helps prevent a bubble from forming in the housing 18. Some embodiments of the method comprise the step of adjusting pressure in the housing by regulating oil flow into and out of the housing. In some instances, it is desirable to build up to a positive pressure of about 1.05x104kg/m3 (15 psi) in the housing, then begin processing, then operate at a neutral or slightly positive pressure, or thereabouts, in the housing.
Preferably, the method of processing the oil comprises maintaining the x-ray tube 10 on the gantry 20 of the x-ray machine 22.
It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the method also comprises the steps of locating the coalescing element 40 in a processing chamber 32 having an inlet 34 an outlet 36 and an evacuation port 38. The evacuation port 38 is also referred to as a gas outlet.
The method also comprises fluidly connecting the housing 18 to the processing chamber inlet 34; fluidly connecting the housing 18 to the processing chamber outlet 36; and connecting a vacuum source 44 to the processing chamber evacuation port 38. The method also includes evacuating gases 98 from the processing chamber 32 and circulating oil 16 and 50 through the processing chamber. Preferably SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) the steps of fluidly connecting the housing 18 to the inlet 34 and the outlet 36 of the processing chamber 32 comprises the step of inserting quick-connects 70 and 72 in oil flow lines between the housing 18 and a heat exchanger 12 on a gantry 20. See Fig. 7.
In some embodiments the method of processing the oil 16 comprises the steps of locating the coalescing element 40 above a sump of oil 52 in the processing chamber 32 and positioning the coalescing element 40 relative to the processing chamber 32 inlet 34 such that oil 16 entering the processing chamber 32 through the processing chamber inlet 34 must pass through the coalescing element 40.
Preferably the step of circulating the oil at a positive pressure through the housing comprises the step of pumping the oil into the housing to increase pressure in the housing prior to allowing oil to flow out of the housing. Thus, oil from the sump of oil is forced into the housing to increase pressure in the housing and aid forcing any bubbles in the housing back into solution.
The oil is then allowed to flow through the lines and through the coalescing filter. When the oil flows through the coalescing element, water and other gases are out-gased from the oil. This processed oil is then transported back to the housing.
2~ Some preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise placing a relief valve 56 in line between the oil pump 54 in the housing 18 and connecting a relief port 88 on the relief valve 56 to the processing chamber inlet.
Preferably the method also includes adjusting an inlet valve 64, also referred to as an inlet flow valve, 64 and an outlet valve, also referred to as an outlet SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) flow valve, 62 to regulate pressure in the housing 18.
The inlet valve 64 is in-line between the housing 18 and the processing chamber inlet 34, and the outlet valve 62 is in line between the housing 18 and the processing chamber outlet 36. The processing chamber inlet is also referred to as the oil inlet and the processing chamber outlet is also referred to as the oil outlet.
Due to the damage which may be caused by excessive or minimal pressure in the housing, the method may include monitoring pressure in the housing and/or monitoring pressure in the processing chamber. Typically, the step of monitoring pressure in the housing is accomplished via an oil pressure gauge. The step of monitoring pressure in the processing chamber is l~ accomplished via a vacuum gauge.
Since different out-gases come out of solution at different temperatures one possibility is to effect out-gassing of gases formed at higher temperatures by heating the oil. Another comprises the step of out-gassing gases formed at colder temperatures by cooling the oil.
Another method of extending the life of an x-ray tube having a housing and an insert located therein for producing x'-rays comprises the step of providing an insulating oil in the housing; and drying insulating oil.
In some embodiments the step of drying the insulating oil comprises removing water from the insulating oil. Oil is highly deliquescent, similar to pure grain alcohol. The oil seeks water which is has condensed onto the otter cooler housing wall in the form of microscopic droplets. Thus, changing oil can aid the removal of saturated water, but it cannot remove absorbed water, except for what has gone into solution. Therefore, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) drying the oil, similar to wringing out a towel, allow the, now dryer, oil to absorb more water, which is in turn "wrung out" of the oil. The process is repeated until a sufficient level of dryness is achieved, i.e.
water is removed. This may be accomplished through use of a coalescing element, though other devices and methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
In some embodiments the step of removing water comprises reducing the water saturated in the oil. In one embodiment this includes reducing a parts of water per million parts of oil level to at most twenty parts of water per million parts of oil. The standard for most x-ray tube oil is on the order of thirty parts per million, wherein this is considered "dry". Thus, one embodiment of l~ the invention is to improve performance by providing improved oil.
As will be clear from the teachings herein, the method may also comprise the step of drying an interior (not shown) of the housing. This may be accomplished by circulating the insulating oil through the housing, wherein the insulating oil is drier than the housing; and allowing the drier insulating oil to absorb water in the housing. The method also includes the step of removing the absorbed water from the insulating oil. In many instances it is preferred that the step of drying the insulating oil occurs while maintaining the x-ray tube on a gantry of an x-ray machine.
Another embodiment comprises the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons. This is beneficial because the insulating qualities of hydrocarbons is generally not suitable.
Another embodiment comprises the steps of hardening oil and introducing the hardened oil into an environment SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) or chamber. In one version, the environment is a cooling chamber of a nuclear power plant. The hardening is carried out using a radiation source in treatment chamber, wherein the treatment chamber is separate from the cooling chamber.
Another embodiment comprises the steps of out-gassing gases and capturing the gases. In one embodiment, the gases are captured in a balloon-trap to more readily illustrate the quantity of gases taken out of solution.
10 The invention extends to a processing kit including quick-connectors connected to the vacuum and the processing chamber. These allow oil to be maintained in both elements during shipping while preventing oil from spilling out. Upon set up, the oil will be gravity feed l~ into the respective components.
Thus, although there have been described particular embodiments of the present invention of a new and useful X-Ray Tube Processor, it is not intended that such references be construed as limitations upon the scope of 20 this invention.
SUBSTTTUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
EXTENDING THE LIFE OF AN X-RAY TUBE
The present invention relates to methods and devices for extending the life of an x-ray tube. Typically x-ray tubes are mounted inside a lead shielded radiation enclosure called a housing or casing. The housing is attachable to the x-ray machine, typically a CT, fluoroscopic, or rad machine. The housing is filled with a fluid of synthetic or petroleum derivative, generally referred to as insulating oil. The insulating oil acts to thermally and electrically insulate the tube. Heat is generally removed to air through fluid to water or fluid to water cooled air transfer.
1~ All such fluids, are damaged, from four major contributors: (1) heat; (2) radiation; (3) high voltage arcing; and (4) corona discharge.
This heating oil is sold by two primary standards:
(1) ASTM 877 for unprocessed oil; and (2) ASTM 1816 for ?0 processed oil. Insulating oil consists of perhaps 3500 separate hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons having varying carbon chain lengths with many separate bonded molecules and ions, such as hydrogen, oxygen, hydroxyls, and many others.
For most x-ray products, the end of life is primarily predicated by an arcing process. Failure is accentuated by deposition on the glass or metal window of the insert. Deposition on the high voltage hold off leads to collapse in the insert itself, leading to 30 subsequent deterioration of rotor function. The arcing while starting out infrequently, increases in frequency as the oil deteriorates. As the arcing increases the oil suesmur~ SHEET (RULE 26) deteriorates more rapidly which, in turn, leads to more arcing.
It is commonly thought that the greases and waxes produced during the life of an x-ray tube are deleterious to the insulating oil, i.e. damaging. Such is the motivation behind U.S. Patent 5440608 entitled "Method and System for Extending the Service Life of an X-Ray Tube" by Peralta, et at. The method taught in Pat. '608, and subsequent patents by Peralta, U.S. Patent 5596622 and 5732123. U.S. Pats. 5440608; 5732123; and 5596622 are collectively referred to herein as PERALTA. PERALTA
describes methods and apparatus for removing the old oil and replacing it with new oil, and methods for filtering the greases and waxes produced during the life an x-ray 1J tube. As PERALTA points out, the financial risks involved in when working with x-ray tubes and CT scanners is substantial. Tubes are very delicate in some respects and require great care when repairing them.
One problem encountered in the past has been the removal of bubbles which have come out of solution, or removal of those introduced into the system when oil has been replaced. For Siemens and Phillips manufactured tubes it has been quite common for many years to remove bubbles by replacing the oil. Circa 1984, General 2~ Electric introduced quick-disconnects into the hydraulic system, i.e. quick-disconnects in-line between the heat exchanger and the x-ray tube housing. This facilitated the removal of bubbles from the system. Since approximately 1985, this inventor has had occasion to open the hoses between the heat exchanger and the x-ray tube to remove bubbles, or replace oil, or both. PERALTA
describes these well known techniques.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) This inventor believes the greases and waxes are not as damaging as is commonly believed. In fact, the addition of new oil, as taught by Peralta, is contrary to preferred embodiments of the present invention.
It is desirable to process the oil while the x-ray tube is mounted in the gantry to avoid the time, expense and potential risk of dismounting the x-ray tube, remounting the x-ray tube, calibrating the x-ray tube.
It is also desirable because it avoids extended down time of the x-ray machine.
One object of the present invention is to provide a means for extending the life of an x-ray tube. Another object of the present invention is to reduce healthcare costs. A further object of the invention is to encourage l~ manufacturers to develop longer lasting tubes at lower costs.
One object of the present invention is to provide a device for drying the housing of an x-ray tube. Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for removing water from the insulating oil of an x-ray tube.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for improving the performance of x-ray tubes.
7j Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for resurrecting "failed tubes".
Another object is to teach a preventive maintenance program for extending the life of, and improving the performance of, an x-ray tube. A further objective is to provide a device for performing the preventive maintenance program.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for drying insulating oil of an x-ray tube.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for taking gases out of a solution wherein the gases are in the insulating oil of an x-ray tube.
A further object of the present invention is to out-gas deleterious gases from the insulating oil.
Another object of the present invention is to remove damaging gases from insulating oil by providing a device which processes the oil in an environment below atmospheric pressure.
Another object is to provide a device for processing oil in a closed system.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) having a housing (18) and an insert (14) located therein for producing x-rays, the method comprising the step of providing the x-ray tube (10) with an insulating oil (16) in the housing (18); characterized by the step of processing the insulating oil (16) to remove deleterious gases from the oil (16).
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) having a housing (18) and an insert (14) located therein for producing x-rays, the method comprising providing an insulating oil (16) in the housing (18), characterized by drying the insulating oil (16) .
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube. One SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) embodiment of the present invention includes a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube having a housing and an insert located therein for producing x-rays. The method comprises the steps of providing the x-ray tube with an insulating oil in the housing; and processing the insulating oil to remove deleterious gases from the oil.
In a preferred embodiment the step of processing the oil to remove deleterious gases from the oil comprises removing water from the oil. The method also includes drying the housing. In one embodiment this is accomplished by circulating insulating oil which has been dried through the housing to absorb water in the housing and drying, or withdrawing, water from the oil.
The method may include the steps of aligning a first l~ end of the coalescing element over the processing chamber inlet and supporting the coalescing element above the sump of oil. The step of transporting the oil to the housing may include pumping the oil to the housing, and the step of evacuating the processing chamber may include evacuating the deleterious gases out-gased from the oil.
The method preferably effectively prevents a bubble from being sucked through the processing chamber outlet.
This may be achieved by locating the processing chamber outlet away from where the oil exiting the coalescing element enters the sump oil.
In a preferred embodiment the method comprises the steps of: locating the coalescing element in a processing chamber having an inlet, an outlet, and an evacuation port; fluidly connecting the housing to the processing chamber inlet; fluidly connecting the housing to the processing chamber outlet; connecting a vacuum source to the processing chamber evacuation port; evacuating gases SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) from the processing chamber; and circulating oil through the processing chamber.
Preferably the steps of fluidly connecting the housing to the inlet and the outlet of the processing chamber comprise the steps of inserting quick-connects in oil flow lines between the housing and a heat exchanger on gantry. Preferably the method also includes the steps of: locating the coalescing element above a sump of oil in the processing chamber; and positioning the coalescing element relative to the processing chamber inlet such that oil entering the processing chamber through the processing chamber inlet must pass through the coalescing filter. Preferably, the oil is circulated at a positive pressure through the housing. Preferably this is 1~ achieved by pumping the oil into the housing to increase pressure in the housing and the step of pumping oil into the housing begins prior to allowing oil to flow out of the housing.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes an x-ray tube oil processor for extending the life of an x-ray tube. This is accomplished by processing the insulating oil for the x-ray tube. The x-ray tube oil processor includes a processing chamber having an oil inlet, an oil outlet, and a gas outlet. Preferably a coalescing element is positioned in the processing chamber. The coalescing element has a first end in fluid communication with the oil inlet.
Generally a vacuum source is placed in fluid communication with the gas outlet to evacuate the processing chamber. An oil inlet hose and an oil outlet hose are respectively connected in fluid communication to the oil inlet and the oil outlet of the processing SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) chamber. Oil the enters the oil inlet hose, passes through the coalescing element which removes gases, in particular water as a vapor, from the oil, and the oil then exits the oil outlet hose.
According to another aspect of the invention, therefore, there is provided an x-ray tube oil processor for extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) by processing insulating oil (16) for the x-ray tube (10), in which the oil (16) is arranged to circulate around an insert (14) in a housing (18) of the x-ray tube (10), the processor comprising: a processing chamber (32) having an oil inlet (34), an oil outlet (36) and a gas outlet (38);
a coalescing element (40) positioned in the processing chamber (18), the coalescing element (40) having a first l~ end in fluid communication with the oil inlet (34); a vacuum source (44) in fluid communication with the gas outlet (38); and an oil inlet hose (46) and an oil outlet hose (48) respectively in fluid communication with the oil inlet (34) and the oil outlet (36) of the processing chamber (32) whereby in use, the oil (16) enters the oil inlet hose (46), passes through the coalescing element (40), and exits the oil outlet hose (48).
The present invention is therefore able to provide a device which forces bubbles back into solution while in the housing, then transfers the solution to a processing chamber, then allows the bubbles to be taken out of solution and removed as a gas by an evacuation process in a processing chamber. The coalescing element is employed in some embodiments to aid removal of the gases from the oil.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes an x-ray tube processing kit for processing oil in an x-SU8ST1TUTE SHEET (RULE 26) ray tube. The kit is important in the present invention because this allows the x-ray tube processor to be readily portable to a field location in which the x-ray tube is mounted on a gantry of an x-ray machine or CT
scanner, and the like. The kit generally comprises a processing chamber containing a coalescent filter; a plurality of fluid hoses adapted to connect to the processing chamber. Preferably the kit also includes an oil pump adapter to connect to one of the plurality of fluid hoses; and a vacuum pump adapted to connect to the processing chamber.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is therefore provided an x-ray tube processing kit (90) for processing oil (16) in an x-ray tube housing (18), in which the housing (18) is to be mounted on a gantry (20), characterized in that the kit comprises: a processing chamber (32) containing a coalescing filter (40); a plurality of fluid hoses (46,48) adapted to connect to the processing chamber (40 ) ; an oil pump ( 54 ) adapted to connect to one (48) of the plurality of fluid hoses; and a vacuum pump (80) adapted to connect to the processing chamber ( 3 2 ) .
Due to the damage which may be caused by excessive or minimal pressure in the housing, the method may include monitoring pressure in the housing and/or monitoring pressure in the processing chamber. Typically, the step of monitoring pressure in the housing is accomplished via an oil pressure gauge. The step of monitoring pressure in the processing chamber is accomplished via a vacuum gauge.
Since different out-gases come out of solution at different temperatures one possibility is to effect out-SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) gassing of gases formed at higher temperatures by heating the oil. Another comprises the step of out-gassing gases formed at colder temperatures by cooling the oil.
Another method of extending the life of an x-ray tube having a housing and an insert located therein for producing x-rays comprises the step of providing an insulating oil in the housing; and drying insulating oil.
In some embodiments the step of drying the insulating oil comprises removing water from the insulating oil. Oil is highly deliquescent, similar to pure grain alcohol. The oil seeks water which is has condensed onto the outer cooler housing wall in the form of microscopic droplets. Thus, changing oil can aid the removal of saturated water, but it cannot remove absorbed 1~ water, except for what has gone into solution. Therefore, drying the oil, similar to wringing out a towel, allow the, now dryer, oil to absorb more water, which is in turn "wrung out" of the oil. The process is repeated until a sufficient level of dryness is achieved, i.e.
water is removed. This may be accomplished through use of a coalescing element, though other devices and methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
In some embodiments the step of removing water comprises reducing the water saturated in the oil. In one embodiment this includes reducing a parts of water per million parts of oil level to at most twenty parts of water per million parts of oil. The standard for most x-ray tube oil is on the order of thirty parts per million, wherein this is considered "dry". Thus, one embodiment of the invention is to improve performance by providing improved oil.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) As will be clear from the teachings herein, the method may also comprise the step of drying an interior (not shown) of the housing. This may be accomplished by circulating the insulating oil through the housing, wherein the insulating oil is drier than the housing; and allowing the drier insulating oil to absorb water in the housing. The method also includes the step of removing the absorbed water from the insulating oil. In many instances it is preferred that the step of drying the 10 insulating oil occurs while maintaining the x-ray tube on a gantry of an x-ray machine.
Another embodiment comprises the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons. This is beneficial because the insulating qualities of hydrocarbons is generally not suitable.
I~ Another embodiment comprises the steps of hardening oil and introducing the hardened oil into an environment or chamber. In one version, the environment is a cooling chamber of a nuclear power plant. The hardening is carried out using a radiation source in treatment chamber, wherein the treatment chamber is separate from the cooling chamber.
Another embodiment comprises the steps of out-gassing gases and capturing the gases. In one embodiment, the gases are captured in a balloon-trap to more readily illustrate the quantity of gases taken out of solution.
The invention extends to a processing kit including quick-connectors connected to the vacuum and the processing chamber. These allow oil to be maintained in both elements during shipping while preventing oil from spilling out. Upon set up, the oil will be gravity feed into the respective components.
SUBSTtTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Thus, although there have been described particular embodiments of the present invention of a new and useful X-Ray Tube Processor, it is not intended that such references be construed as limitations upon the scope of this invention.
Preferably the oil pump, the vacuum pump, and the processing chamber are sized such that the processing chamber, the vacuum pump, and the oil pump simultaneously fit into a carrying case.
The invention also extends to a method of supplying insulating oil comprising the steps of: hardening oil;
and introducing the hardened oil to an environment.
In this method, the environment may be a cooling chamber of a nuclear power plant, and the step of l~ hardening may comprise the step of exposing the oil to a radiation source in a treatment chamber, wherein the treatment chamber is separate from the cooling chamber.
The invention also extends to a method of processing oil comprising the steps of: out-gassing gases from the oil;
?0 and capturing the gases out-Based from the oil in a balloon-trap.
The invention may be carried into practice in various ways and some embodiments will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying 2~ drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 shows a prior art x-ray tube connected to a heat exchanger;
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a prior art insert for generating x-rays;
30 Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a prior art x-ray tube and heat exchanger mounted on a gantry of an x-ray machine;
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Fig. 4 is a side elevation, partly in section, showing a processing chamber according to the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of the apparatus of the present invention connected to an x-ray tube;
Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 4, showing a second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is a perspective view of the apparatus of the present invention connected to an x-ray tube mounted on a gantry;
Fig. 8 is a plan view of a processing kit according to the present invention;
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of a processing chamber 1~ similar to that shown in Fig. 6; and Fig. 10 is an exploded cutaway view of a prior art quick-connector.
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube. Fig.
1 is a prior art drawing showing an x-ray tube 10 fluidly connected to a heat exchanger 12. The x-rays are produced by an insert 14 shown in prior art drawing Fig .
2. The insert is placed in a housing of the type shown in Fig. 1. Insulating oil then is circulated around the inset. A housing 18, shown in Fig. 1, houses the insert 14. The insulating oil 16 shown in Fig. 2 circulates around the insert to provide thermal and electrical insulation. Fig. 3, prior art, depicts the x-ray tube 10 mounted on a gantry 20 of a computer tomography (CT) scanner 22. The machine depicted in Fig. 3 may also be any typical x-ray device.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) The following U.S. Patents discuss CT scanners, x-ray tubes, and cooling methods: U.S. Patent 5086449;
entitled "Debubbler System for X-Ray Tubes" by Furbee, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4115697 entitled "X-Ray Tube Cooling Arrangement" by Hounsefield; U.S. Patent 5012505 entitled "Fluidic Slip Ring for CT Scanners" by Zupancic, et al;
U.S. Patent No. 4622687 entitled "Liquid Cooled Anode X-Ray Tubes" by Whitaker et al; U.S. Patent No. 4688239 entitled "Heat Dissipation Means for X-Ray Generating Tubes" by Schaffner, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4767961 entitled "X-Ray Generator Cooling System" by Koller, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4841557 entitled "X-Radiator with Circulating Pump for Heat Dissipation" by Haberrecker, et al; U.S. Patent No. 4866743 entitled "Computer l~ Tomography Apparatus with a Closed Circulation Cooling System" by Kroener; and U.S. Patent No. 5732123 entitled "Method and System for Extending the Service Life of an X-Ray Tube" by Peralta et al.
As previously mentioned, greases and waxes produced during the life of an x-ray tube are not particularly damaging. Gases, however, which are highly absorbable in oil can be particularly damaging to the process of producing x=rays. Because bubbles are a location of reduced insulation, but they can act as a pathway for electrical conduction through the insulating oil more readily than through regions lacking bubbles. Also, gas in a solution provides opportunities for chemical disassociation by providing a source of hydrogen and oxygen ions.
As mentioned in the background section the oil is made up of some 3500 separate hydrocarbons. The oil is subjected to a chemical change due to the heat, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) radiation, arcing and corona phenomena within the x-ray tube. Longer chain molecules break down and recombine with other by-products to form longer and shorter chain molecules.
Shorter chain molecules may be pure gas, such as acetylene gas CZH6. CzH6 is produced primarily during a major high voltage breakdown in oil. Other by-products include hydrogen, which is produced by stripping off hydrogen ions by arcing or corona discharge. This is primarily due to corona phenomena.
Note that these gases are formed by manipulations of high voltage in the environment outside the actual x-ray tube insert. This is a key to understanding the nature of tube failure the x-ray machine. It is the insulating I~ oil which is being altered and damaged. When the insulating oil becomes damaged, then the insert becomes damaged due to lack of proper insulation (via the effects of arcing) .
One of the keys to the invention is the realization ?0 that water is a component in oil which has been subjected to an operating x-ray machine environment. At room temperature the saturation level of water is about 62 parts per million (ppm) in the insulating oil. During the x-ray process, and as the insulating oil breaks down, 25 water can come out of solution (i.e. become a drop, or droplet, in the oil). The water can accumulate in minute droplets on the cooler surfaces of the x-ray tube housing. This is similar to condensation of water vapor on a cooler surface. Thus, water is accumulating inside 30 the housing. The source of water is the oil itself.
Water, while a neutral molecule, supports arcing because of the molecular nature of it. It has a 105°
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) angle between the centers of the molecules. This makes it act as a dipole in a static direct current (dc) field.
In a CT tube, x-ray generation is thousands of times longer than in conventional tubes. In general, the x-ray in a CT scanner stays on for many seconds as opposed to the average milliseconds used in conventional tubes.
This results in the insulating oil being exposed to radiation and higher temperatures for a longer time, in any given application. More time, and higher 10 temperature, to expose and radiate the oil results in more disassociations and more water molecules formed to become aligned. A 150 kV do field is applied during the radiating process. Breakdown of the oil at a high field point of occurrence readily strips hydrogen ions from l~ long molecules. The recombination with hydroxyl ions produces free water.
Water is a by-product of some of these disassociations. Water is also a source of some of these disassociation problems. It is a damaging circular relationship during the production of radiation. Thus, it is desirable to remove water from the oil. It should also be noted that, generally speaking, the dielectric properties of the insulating oil (as a whole) are reduced by adding water.
As mentioned, water will act as a dipole in a direct current field. Thus, to preserve, or increase, the dielectric properties of the insulating oil, it would be desirable to remove water. In the prior art, water is added to the system by adding new oil. This is bad.
Thus, water which has seeped out of the old oil and is clinging to the housing in the insert mixes with the new oil though the water is not absorbed because the new oil SUBSTrCUTE SHEET (RULE 26) is likely saturated with water. That is, the oil is already at its saturation level for water. There is then even more water as a source for more disassociation problems.
The saturation level, or concentration, is a function of the oil temperature. As such, different amounts of gases will come out of solution at different temperatures. Also, different compounds form more readily at different temperatures. For example, acetylene, CZH6, is believed to form more readily at lower temperatures as compared to HZ at higher temperatures.
Water, which is absorbable in oil to the level about 60 parts per million at room temperature, should be removed. Embodiments of the present invention remove oil IS down to 12-20 parts per million at room temperature.
Other embodiments can reduce the water down to 5 to 10 parts per million.
At this point it is important to realise another aspect of the chemical breakdown in decomposition.
?0 Initially, all new housings are relatively similar, and new insulating oil is fairly standard. However, through the chemical breakdown which occurs during the x-radiation process, the particular parameters of the housing bond with the particular parameters of the oil in 25 that housing. The more that particular insulating oil breaks down and bonds with that particular housing, the less the oil will break down and form new bonds.
Essentially, the oil is subjected to a form of radiation hardening and is particularly tuned to that particular 30 housing. Thus it is actually preferred to use older oil, preferably oil which has undergone a bonding process, or has bonded, with that particular housing. This further SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) reduces oil disassociation because there are less sources for disassociation. That is, the "parametric cross section" has been reduced.
Each CT tube has an inherent set of parameters.
Specific dimensions of oil through which the primary radiation passes for any given tube are wide and varying.
Specific stray radiation varies from tube to tube also.
Specific voltage settings for any generator have small variabilities as well. Each of these parameters, during the aging, or oil deteriorating process, is more sensitive to specific bonding energies over narrow domains. Many of the bonding energies are insensitive to the deterioration energies of radiation in thermal and corona sources. Thus as a class, bonds are reduced in number for a particular oil-housing pair or combination.
Thus, the specific insulating oil in that specific housing has less opportunities to form new bonds.
Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is an x-ray tube oil processor 30 shown in Fig. 4. where ?0 a coalescing element in the processing chamber is shown removing water from oil. Oil is shown dripping from the coalescing filter. The x-ray tube oil processor 30 is for extending the life of an x-ray tube 10 by processing oil 16 for the x-ray tube 10, wherein the oil 16 is adapted to circulate around the insert 14 in the hosing 18 of the x-ray tube 10.
The processor 30 comprises a processing chamber 32 having an oil inlet 34 an oil outlet 36 and a gas outlet 38. The processor 30 also includes a coalescing element 40 positioned in the processing chamber 32 wherein the coalescing element 40 has a first end 42 in fluid communication with the oil inlet 34. A vacuum source 44 SUBSTfTUTE SHEET (RULE 26) is in fluid communication with the gas outlet 38.
Preferably the gas outlet 38 is above the oil inlet 34 to reduce the likelihood of drawing oil, or oil foam, through the gas outlet 38 and then through the vacuum source 44. This embodiment is shown in Fig. 4; Figs 5 and 6 show the gas outlet 38 below the coalescing element 40.
An oil inlet hose 46 and an oil outlet hose 48 are respectively in fluid communication with the oil inlet 34 and the oil outlet 36 of the processing chamber 32. The oil 16 enters the oil inlet hose 46 and passes through the coalescing element 40 and exits the oil outlet hose 48 as processed oil 50. One preferred vacuum pump is produced by Robinair 15234 using a motor below.
l~ In the embodiment shown in Fig. 4 the processor 30 comprises a sump of oil 52 in the processing chamber 32.
In some embodiments, for some applications, it is preferred that the sump of oil 52 comprises radiation hardened oil, radiation hardened oil being oil which has 0 been exposed to x-rays. Preferably the oil has "bonded"
with that housing by having been exposed to radiation over a period of time in that housing. However, exposing oil to radiation, of the same general category that the x-ray tube for which the insulating oil 16 is being ?5 processed produces radiation, is also useful.
In a preferred embodiment the coalescing element 40 is located above the oil sump 52, as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 5 shows a schematic layout of the oil processor 30 connected to an x-ray tube 10. In the embodiment 30 shown in Fig. 5, the processor 30 comprises an oil pump 54 in fluid communication with the oil outlet hose 48.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Preferably the oil pump 54 is a gear pump. One acceptable gear pump is Tuthill DDS1.6.
A relief valve 56 is also shown fluidly connected to the oil outlet hose 48. A relief hose fluidly connects the relief valve 56 to the oil inlet hose 46.
A pressure gauge 60 is fluidly connected to the outlet hose 48. The pressure gauge can be used to determine the pressure in the housing. One acceptable pressure gauge is Ashcraft 1007PH.
In some embodiments, as is shown in Fig. 5, the processor 30 comprises an outlet flow valve 62 in line with the oil outlet hose 48. An inlet flow valve 64 is shown in line with the oil inlet hose 46. The oil outlet hose 48 shown in Fig. 5 is adapted to connect to the x-ray tube 10 housing 18, and the oil inlet hose 46 is adapted to connect to the x-ray tube 10 housing 18. The x-ray tube housing 18 shown in Fig. 5 includes an oil in hose 66 and an oil out hose 68. The oil outlet hose 48 is connected to the oil in hose 66 and the oil inlet hose 46 is connected to the oil out hose 68.
As shown in Fig. 5, the processor 30 comprises a first quick-connect 70 connecting the oil outlet hose 48 and the oil in hose 66, as well as a second quick-connect 72 connecting the oil inlet hose 46 and the oil out hose 2~ 68. Fig. 10 shows a representative quick-connect 70.
The quick-connect (or quick-disconnect) 70 shown in Fig.
10 includes a double O-ring 100 around the perimeter and a bevel connection 102 at the interface of the conforming pieces 104 and 106. Conforming piece 106 includes a triangular shaped lip 108 around its perimeter which abuts the edge of conforming piece 104 when the two pieces are mated.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) An acceptable hydraulic connector, which is a quick-coupling, is produced by Parker Fluid Connectors in the Quick-Coupling Division located in Minneapolis, MN.
The processing chamber in Fig. 6 includes a flow 5 director for directing the dripping oil from the coalescing element away from the oil outlet of the processing chamber.
Preferably the processor comprises a flow controller 74 proximate the coalescing element 40. The flow 10 controller 74 has a discharge portion 76 located away from the oil outlet 36. This is shown most clearly in Fig. 6. By locating the discharge portion 76 of the flow controller 74 away from the oil outlet 36 of the processing chamber 34, gas bubbles 78 are prevented from 15 entering the oil outlet 36. If gas bubbles enter the oil outlet 36 and pass through the oil outlet hose 48 they will damage the gear pump 54 and prevent it from working.
It is also desirable to prevent an air bubble from being transmitted into the housing 18 of the x-ray tube 10. A
20 bubble in an x-ray tube could be catastrophic to the tube, and damaging to the scanner. Since tubes cost from US$15,0000 to US$100,000, and the scanners cost from US$300,000 to US$1.2M., the risk is very real.
A vacuum gauge 80 is operably connected to the processing chamber 32. One preferred electronic vacuum gauge is that produced by JB Industries, Inc. of Aurora, Illinois 60507. When the oil processing is started, pressure in the processing chamber 32 may typically be of the order of 93.3Pa (700 microns). In some embodiments it is sufficient to evacuate the chamber down to 26.7Pa (200 microns). In some preferred embodiments it is desirable to evacuate the chamber down to 2.67Pa (20 microns).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Evacuation of the processing chamber 32 removes gasses from the processing chamber 32 and since the oil is processed, preferably, in a closed system, the evacuation process takes gases out of the oil. The reduced pressure in the chamber causes this to occur since the oil in the closed system is not under reduced pressure. In some preferred embodiments the processing chamber 32 is transparent. This allows the process to be visually monitored and to note the out-gassing from the oil. It is not required that the processing chamber 32 be transparent to monitor the process, however, because the process can be monitored by monitoring pressures in the processing chamber 32 as well as pressures in the housing 18.
l~ Preferably the processing chamber 32 extends over a length 82, shown in Fig. 6, and the coalescing element 40 extends over the length 82 of the processing chamber 32.
While a variety of coalescing filters will be apparent to those of skill in the art, the coalescing element 40 depicted in Figs. 4 and 6 is a hollow cylindrical tube comprising very fine highly compressed shards and strips of fiberglass. The tube is then enclosed within a fine nylon wire mesh having openings on the order of 0.25 to 1.27mm (0.01 to 0.05 inch). The multitude of shards in the fiberglass act to create thin films which coalesce or collect the gases, preferably water, and out-gas the collected gas from the oil.
Adjusting the pressure in the processing chamber, via evacuation, aids out-gassing.
In one preferred embodiment the relief valve 56 comprises an inport 84, an outport 86, and a relief port 88. The relief hose 58 connects the relief port 88 to the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) oil inlet hose 46. Preferably the oil pump 54 is downstream of the outlet valve 62 and the relief valve 56 is downstream of the oil pump 54. The pressure gauge 60 is connected to the oil outlet hose 48 downstream of the relief valve 56 in the configuration shown in Fig. 5.
In many instances it will be desirable to maintain the x-ray tube 10 on the gantry 20 of the CT scanner 22.
Thus the oil outlet 36 of the processing chamber 32 is attached to the housing 18 and the oil inlet 34 is attached to the housing 18 while the housing 18 is mounted in the gantry 20. This is shown in Fig. 7.
Since it will be desirable to perform the oil processing while the x-ray tube is mounted on a gantry, it will be desirable to have the oil processor portable.
1~ Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention is for an x-ray tube processing kit 90 for processing oil 16 in an x-ray tube 10 housing 18 wherein the housing 18 is mounted on a gantry.
Referring to Fig. 8 the kit 90 comprises a ?0 processing chamber 32 containing a coalescing element 40;
a plurality of fluid hoses 92 adapted to connect to the processing chamber 32; an oil pump 54 adapted to connect to one of the plurality of the fluid hoses 92; and a vacuum pump 44 adapted to connect to the processing 25 chamber 32. A one preferred source of fluid hoses is Ritchie.
In one embodiment the plurality of fluid hoses 92 comprises at least two hoses fluidly connected to valves (see Fig. 5) including the one hose being adapted to 30 connect to the oil pump 54.
Preferably the kit 90 includes a plurality of quick-connectors (not shown in Fig. 8). Also it will be SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) desirable if the kit 90 includes a quick-connector kit for positioning a quick-connector in-line between the housing 18 and a heat exchanger 12, wherein the heat exchanger 12 is mounted on the gantry 20, and wherein the oil 16 is adapted to circulate through the heat exchanger 12 and the housing 18.
Preferably the kit 90 comprises a carrying case 94 for transporting the processing chamber 32. Generally it will be desirable if the carrying case 94 comprises foam padding 96 for securing the kit components in place.
Preferably the carrying case 94, the oil pump 54, the vacuum pump 44, and the processing chamber 32 are sized such that the processing chamber 32 , the vacuum pump 44 , and the oil pump simultaneously fit in the carrying case 94. It is desirable to have the kit weight less than 40 kilos. This facilitates international transportation of the kit.
More generally the present invention includes a method of extending the life of an x-ray tube 10 having a housing 18 and an insert 14 located therein for producing x-rays. The method comprises the steps of providing the x-ray tube 10 with an insulating oil 16 in the housing 18; and processing the insulating oil 16 to remove deleterious gases 98 from the oil. See Fig. 6.
Preferably the step of processing the oil 16 to remove deleterious gases 98 from the oil 16 comprises removing water from the oil wherein the water is removed as a gas.
The method may also include the step of drying the housing by removing water. This is accomplished when processed oil 50 circulates through the housing 18. Since the processed oil 50 is dryer than the housing 18 the SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) processed oil will absorb water in the housing 18 which will then be removed from the oil by the coalescing element 40 (in some preferred embodiments).
Typically the deleterious gas 98 includes water vapor and the step of processing includes transporting the oil through a coalescing element 40, out-gassing the deleterious gases 98 from the oil 16 (or 50) and removing water from the oil 16 or 50, which indicates oil which has passed through the coalescing element 40 and has been "processed". However, the oil 16 and the processed oil 50 readily mix. So it is desirable to continually circulate and process the oil until a desired dryness is reached.
The desired dryness can be "measured" by reference to pressures in the processing chamber 32. Thus, the terms l~ oil 16 and oil 50 are used interchangeably except where reference to processed oil 50 facilitates understanding of the invention. One exemplary apparatus for accomplishing this is shown in Figs. 5 and 6.
One embodiment of the method comprises locating the coalescing element 40 in a processing chamber 32 and fluidly connecting the housing 18 to an inlet 34 of the processing chamber 32. The method also includes the step of evacuating the processing chamber 32 as oil 16 in the housing 18 is transported through the processing chamber 32 inlet 34 and through the coalescing element 40, wherein the oil 16 exiting the coalescing element is processed oil 50. See Fig 6.
Referring to Fig.5 as an exemplary embodiment, the method also comprises the step of fluidly connecting an outlet 36 of processing chamber 32 to the housing 18 and transporting the processed oil 50 to the housing 18.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) Referring to Fig. 6, some embodiments of the method comprise the steps of placing a sump of oil 52 in the processing chamber 32; and allowing the processed oil 50 to mix with the oil in the sump. Thus the step of transporting the processed oil to the housing includes transporting sump oil to the housing. Preferably the method comprises utilizing radiation hardened oil in the sump of oil.
Thus it will be apparent to those of skill in the 10 art that the method in some embodiments will comprise the steps of circulating oil 16 from the housing 18 though the coalescing element 40 through the sump of oil 52 and back to the housing 18. Also included in the method are steps of removing gases from the oil 16 as it passes l~ through the coalescing element 40; and continuing to circulate the oil 16 until a desirable level of gas has been removed from the oil.
In some preferred embodiments the method comprises the steps of aligning a first end 42 of the coalescing 20 element 40 over the processing chamber inlet 34 and supporting the coalescing element 40 above the sump of oil 52. The step of transporting the oils 50 to the housing 18 includes pumping the oil 50 to the housing 18.
The step of evacuating the processing chamber 32 includes 25 evacuating the deleterious gases 98 out-Based from the oil 16. This is shown in Fig. 6.
It is desirable to prevent a bubble 78 from being sucked through the processing chamber outlet 36 for the reasons previously discussed. This is most easily accomplished by locating the processing chamber outlet 36 away from where the oil exiting the coalescing element 40 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) enters the sump of oil 52. In Fig. 6 this is accomplished by use of a flow controller 74.
In some embodiments it is preferred that the step of circulating the oil through the housing is at a positive pressure. This prevents bubbles from coming out of solution while they are in the housing. The step of circulating the oil 16 in a positive pressure occurs prior to evacuating the deleterious gases 98 from the processing chamber 32, in some preferred embodiments.
This helps prevent a bubble from forming in the housing 18. Some embodiments of the method comprise the step of adjusting pressure in the housing by regulating oil flow into and out of the housing. In some instances, it is desirable to build up to a positive pressure of about 1.05x104kg/m3 (15 psi) in the housing, then begin processing, then operate at a neutral or slightly positive pressure, or thereabouts, in the housing.
Preferably, the method of processing the oil comprises maintaining the x-ray tube 10 on the gantry 20 of the x-ray machine 22.
It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that the method also comprises the steps of locating the coalescing element 40 in a processing chamber 32 having an inlet 34 an outlet 36 and an evacuation port 38. The evacuation port 38 is also referred to as a gas outlet.
The method also comprises fluidly connecting the housing 18 to the processing chamber inlet 34; fluidly connecting the housing 18 to the processing chamber outlet 36; and connecting a vacuum source 44 to the processing chamber evacuation port 38. The method also includes evacuating gases 98 from the processing chamber 32 and circulating oil 16 and 50 through the processing chamber. Preferably SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) the steps of fluidly connecting the housing 18 to the inlet 34 and the outlet 36 of the processing chamber 32 comprises the step of inserting quick-connects 70 and 72 in oil flow lines between the housing 18 and a heat exchanger 12 on a gantry 20. See Fig. 7.
In some embodiments the method of processing the oil 16 comprises the steps of locating the coalescing element 40 above a sump of oil 52 in the processing chamber 32 and positioning the coalescing element 40 relative to the processing chamber 32 inlet 34 such that oil 16 entering the processing chamber 32 through the processing chamber inlet 34 must pass through the coalescing element 40.
Preferably the step of circulating the oil at a positive pressure through the housing comprises the step of pumping the oil into the housing to increase pressure in the housing prior to allowing oil to flow out of the housing. Thus, oil from the sump of oil is forced into the housing to increase pressure in the housing and aid forcing any bubbles in the housing back into solution.
The oil is then allowed to flow through the lines and through the coalescing filter. When the oil flows through the coalescing element, water and other gases are out-gased from the oil. This processed oil is then transported back to the housing.
2~ Some preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise placing a relief valve 56 in line between the oil pump 54 in the housing 18 and connecting a relief port 88 on the relief valve 56 to the processing chamber inlet.
Preferably the method also includes adjusting an inlet valve 64, also referred to as an inlet flow valve, 64 and an outlet valve, also referred to as an outlet SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) flow valve, 62 to regulate pressure in the housing 18.
The inlet valve 64 is in-line between the housing 18 and the processing chamber inlet 34, and the outlet valve 62 is in line between the housing 18 and the processing chamber outlet 36. The processing chamber inlet is also referred to as the oil inlet and the processing chamber outlet is also referred to as the oil outlet.
Due to the damage which may be caused by excessive or minimal pressure in the housing, the method may include monitoring pressure in the housing and/or monitoring pressure in the processing chamber. Typically, the step of monitoring pressure in the housing is accomplished via an oil pressure gauge. The step of monitoring pressure in the processing chamber is l~ accomplished via a vacuum gauge.
Since different out-gases come out of solution at different temperatures one possibility is to effect out-gassing of gases formed at higher temperatures by heating the oil. Another comprises the step of out-gassing gases formed at colder temperatures by cooling the oil.
Another method of extending the life of an x-ray tube having a housing and an insert located therein for producing x'-rays comprises the step of providing an insulating oil in the housing; and drying insulating oil.
In some embodiments the step of drying the insulating oil comprises removing water from the insulating oil. Oil is highly deliquescent, similar to pure grain alcohol. The oil seeks water which is has condensed onto the otter cooler housing wall in the form of microscopic droplets. Thus, changing oil can aid the removal of saturated water, but it cannot remove absorbed water, except for what has gone into solution. Therefore, SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) drying the oil, similar to wringing out a towel, allow the, now dryer, oil to absorb more water, which is in turn "wrung out" of the oil. The process is repeated until a sufficient level of dryness is achieved, i.e.
water is removed. This may be accomplished through use of a coalescing element, though other devices and methods will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
In some embodiments the step of removing water comprises reducing the water saturated in the oil. In one embodiment this includes reducing a parts of water per million parts of oil level to at most twenty parts of water per million parts of oil. The standard for most x-ray tube oil is on the order of thirty parts per million, wherein this is considered "dry". Thus, one embodiment of l~ the invention is to improve performance by providing improved oil.
As will be clear from the teachings herein, the method may also comprise the step of drying an interior (not shown) of the housing. This may be accomplished by circulating the insulating oil through the housing, wherein the insulating oil is drier than the housing; and allowing the drier insulating oil to absorb water in the housing. The method also includes the step of removing the absorbed water from the insulating oil. In many instances it is preferred that the step of drying the insulating oil occurs while maintaining the x-ray tube on a gantry of an x-ray machine.
Another embodiment comprises the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons. This is beneficial because the insulating qualities of hydrocarbons is generally not suitable.
Another embodiment comprises the steps of hardening oil and introducing the hardened oil into an environment SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26) or chamber. In one version, the environment is a cooling chamber of a nuclear power plant. The hardening is carried out using a radiation source in treatment chamber, wherein the treatment chamber is separate from the cooling chamber.
Another embodiment comprises the steps of out-gassing gases and capturing the gases. In one embodiment, the gases are captured in a balloon-trap to more readily illustrate the quantity of gases taken out of solution.
10 The invention extends to a processing kit including quick-connectors connected to the vacuum and the processing chamber. These allow oil to be maintained in both elements during shipping while preventing oil from spilling out. Upon set up, the oil will be gravity feed l~ into the respective components.
Thus, although there have been described particular embodiments of the present invention of a new and useful X-Ray Tube Processor, it is not intended that such references be construed as limitations upon the scope of 20 this invention.
SUBSTTTUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
Claims (26)
1. A method of extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) having a housing (18) and an insert (19) located therein for producing x-rays, the method comprising providing an insulating oil (16) in the housing (18), characterized by drying the insulating oil (16) by removing water that is in solution with the oil, wherein the water is removed as a gas and/or a liquid.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that the step of removing water comprises reducing the water per oil content to at most 20 parts of water per million parts of oil (16).
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, characterized by passing the oil (16) through a coalescing element (40), thereby removing water from the oil (16).
4. A method as claimed in Claim 3, characterized by locating the coalescing element (40) in a processing chamber (32): fluidly connecting the housing (18) to an inlet (34) of the processing chamber (32): evacuating the processing chamber (32) as oil (16) in the housing (18) is transported through the processing chamber inlet (34) and through the coalescing element (40), wherein the oil (16) exiting the coalescing element (40) is processed oil (50): and fluidly connecting an outlet (36) of the processing chamber (32) to the housing (18) and transporting the processed oil (50) to the housing (18).
5. A method as claimed in Claim 4, characterized by the steps of placing a sump of oil (52) in the processing chamber (34) and allowing the processed oil (50) to mix with the oil (52) in the sump, and in which the step of transporting the processed oil (50) to the housing (18) includes transporting sump oil (52) to the housing (18).
6. A method as claimed in Claim 5, characterized in that the oil (52) in the sump is radiation hardened oil.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 5 or Claim 6, characterized by the steps of circulating oil (16) from the housing (18) through the coalescing element (40) through the sump of oil (52) and back to the housing (18), removing water from the oil as it passes through the coalescing element (40) and continuing to circulate the oil until a desirable level of water has been removed from the oil.
8. A method as claimed in any of Claims 3 to 7, characterized by directing oil (16) exiting the coalescing element (40) away from the processing chamber outlet (36) with a flow controller (74).
9. A method as claimed in any preceding Claim, characterized in that the oil is circulated through the housing (18) at a positive pressure, preferably prior to evacuating water as a gas from the processing chamber (32).
10. A method as claimed in any preceding Claim, characterized in that the pressure is the housing (18) is adjusted by regulating oil flow into and out of the housing (18).
11. A method as claimed in any preceding Claim, characterized by drying the interior of the housing (18).
12. A method as claimed in Claim 11, characterized in that the step of drying the interior of the housing (18) comprises the steps of: circulating the insulating oil (16) through the housing (18), wherein the insulating oil (16) is dryer than the housing (18); allowing the insulating oil (16) to absorb water in the housing (18); and preferably removing the absorbed water from the insulating oil (16).
13. The method as claimed in any on of Claims 4 to 8, characterized by placing a relief valve (56) between an oil pump (54) and the housing (18); connecting a relief port (88) on the relief valve (56) to the processing chamber inlet (34); and adjusting an inlet valve (64) and an outlet valve (62) to regulate pressure in the housing (18), the inlet valve (64) being located between the housing (18) and the processing chamber inlet (34), and the outlet valve (62) being located between the housing (18) and the processing chamber outlet (36).
14. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 4 to 8 or Claim 13, characterized by monitoring pressure in the housing (18) and/or the processing chamber (32).
15. A method as claimed in any preceding Claim, characterized by out-gassing gases formed at higher temperatures by heating the oil (16,50) and/or out-gassing gases formed at colder temperatures by cooling the oil (16,50).
16. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, characterised by maintaining the housing on a gantry.
17. An x-ray tube oil processor for extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) by processing insulating oil (16) for the x-ray tube (10), in which the oil (16) is arranged to circulate around an insert (14) in a housing (18)of the x-ray tube (10), the processor comprising: a processing chamber (32) having an oil inlet (34), an oil outlet (36) and a gas outlet (38); a coalescing element (40) positioned in the processing chamber (18), the coalescing element (40) having a first end in fluid communication with the oil inlet (34): a vacuum source (44) in fluid communication with the gas outlet (38): and an oil inlet hose (46)and an oil outlet hose (48) respectively in fluid communication with the oil inlet (34) and the oil outlet (36) of the processing chamber (32) whereby in use, the oil (16) enters the oil inlet hose (46), passes through the coalescing element (40), and exits the oil outlet hose (48).
18. A processor as claimed in Claim 17, characterized by a sump of oil (52) in the processing chamber (32), the coalescing element (40) preferably being above the sump.
19. A processor as claimed in Claim 17 or Claim 18, characterized by an oil pump (54) in fluid communication with the oil outlet hose (48), a relief hose (58) fluidly connected to the relief valve (56) and the oil inlet hose (46), and preferably a pressure gauge (60) fluidly connected to the oil outlet hose (48).
20. A processor as claimed in Claim 19, characterized in that the x-ray tube housing (18) includes an oil-in hose and an oil-out hose, the oil outlet hose (48) being connected to the oil-in hose and the oil inlet hose (46) being connected to the oil-out hose, the connections preferably being effected respectively through first and second quick connects (70,72).
21. A processor as claimed in any of Claims 17 to 20, characterized by a flow controller (74) proximate the coalescing element (40). the flow controller (74) having a discharge portion (76) located away from the oil outlet (36).
22. A processor as claimed in any of Claims 17 to 21.
characterised in that the processing chamber (32) is transparent.
characterised in that the processing chamber (32) is transparent.
23. A processor as claimed in any of Claims 17 to 22, characterized in that the oil outlet hose (48) is attached to the housing (18), the oil inlet hose (46) is attached to the housing (18). and the housing (18) is mounted on a gantry (20).
24. An x-ray tube processing kit (90) for processing oil (16) in an x-ray tube housing (18), in which the housing (18) is to be mounted on a gantry (20), characterized in that the kit comprises: a processing chamber (32) containing a coalescing filter (40): a plurality of fluid hoses (46,48) adapted to connect to the processing chamber (40): an oil pump (54) adapted to connect to one (48) of the plurality of fluid hoses: and a vacuum pump (80) adapted to connect to the processing chamber (32).
25. A kit as claimed in Claim 29, characterized in that at least two of the hoses are fluidly connected to valves (56,62,64), including the one hose (48) adapted to connect to the oil pump (54).
26. A method of extending the life of an x-ray tube (10) comprising the step of allowing insulating fluid (18) to pass through a (32) processing chamber characterized by the steps of passing the insulating fluid through a coalescing filter thereby removing gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/244,729 | 1999-02-05 | ||
| US09/244,729 US6254272B1 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 1999-02-05 | Method and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube |
| PCT/US2000/001505 WO2000047022A1 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2000-01-21 | Method and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2362064A1 true CA2362064A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
Family
ID=22923892
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002362064A Abandoned CA2362064A1 (en) | 1999-02-05 | 2000-01-21 | Method and apparatus for extending the life of an x-ray tube |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6254272B1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1151644A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002536804A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU769326B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2362064A1 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR200102280T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2000047022A1 (en) |
| ZA (2) | ZA200104043B (en) |
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| DE19845756C2 (en) * | 1998-10-05 | 2003-02-20 | Siemens Ag | Computer tomography system with a cooled gantry |
| JP2002345804A (en) * | 2001-05-18 | 2002-12-03 | Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Co Llc | X-ray tube unit and device as well as its cooling method and program |
| FR2831325B1 (en) * | 2001-10-23 | 2004-08-27 | Ge Med Sys Global Tech Co Llc | X-RAY EMISSION DEVICE |
| EP1691394A4 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2009-12-23 | Toshiba Kk | X-ray apparatus |
| WO2005069342A2 (en) * | 2004-01-13 | 2005-07-28 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. | Liquid flow sensor for x-ray tubes |
| US7056017B2 (en) * | 2004-03-12 | 2006-06-06 | Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc | Cooling system and method for an imaging system |
| US7376218B2 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2008-05-20 | Endicott Interconnect Technologies, Inc. | X-ray source assembly |
| FR2929068B1 (en) * | 2008-03-21 | 2014-03-14 | Gen Electric | MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEM WITH COOLING FLUID CIRCULATION PUMP DEPORTEE IN RELATION TO ITS X-RAY TRANSMISSION TUBE |
| US9708907B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 | 2017-07-18 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Apparatus and method for estimating formation lithology using X-ray flourescence |
| US8858669B2 (en) | 2012-05-01 | 2014-10-14 | Allied Separation Technology, Inc. | Oil coalescing filter |
| US9253863B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-02-02 | Southern Linac, Llc | Systems and methods for changing coolant in a linear accelerator |
| US9374878B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-06-21 | Southern Linac, Llc | System and method for servicing x-ray tubes in situ |
| US11064599B1 (en) * | 2016-01-12 | 2021-07-13 | Medical Imaging Solutions USA, LLC | Vacuum oil purification system |
| WO2020081694A1 (en) | 2018-10-16 | 2020-04-23 | Philip Teague | Combined thermal and voltage transfer system for an x-ray source |
| JP7179625B2 (en) * | 2019-01-11 | 2022-11-29 | キヤノン電子管デバイス株式会社 | Bubble remover for X-ray tube |
| KR102451350B1 (en) * | 2021-07-22 | 2022-10-07 | 성기봉 | Method and apparatus for making portable x-ray scanning device with high bubble removal performance |
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-
1999
- 1999-02-05 US US09/244,729 patent/US6254272B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-01-21 TR TR2001/02280T patent/TR200102280T2/en unknown
- 2000-01-21 CA CA002362064A patent/CA2362064A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-01-21 JP JP2000597984A patent/JP2002536804A/en active Pending
- 2000-01-21 WO PCT/US2000/001505 patent/WO2000047022A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-01-21 EP EP00908334A patent/EP1151644A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-01-21 AU AU29701/00A patent/AU769326B2/en not_active Ceased
-
2001
- 2001-03-14 US US09/808,712 patent/US6286998B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-05-17 ZA ZA200104043A patent/ZA200104043B/en unknown
- 2001-10-05 ZA ZA200108223A patent/ZA200108223B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2002536804A (en) | 2002-10-29 |
| ZA200104043B (en) | 2002-08-19 |
| AU769326B2 (en) | 2004-01-22 |
| EP1151644A1 (en) | 2001-11-07 |
| WO2000047022A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
| AU2970100A (en) | 2000-08-25 |
| US6254272B1 (en) | 2001-07-03 |
| TR200102280T2 (en) | 2001-12-21 |
| US6286998B1 (en) | 2001-09-11 |
| ZA200108223B (en) | 2002-10-30 |
| US20010017908A1 (en) | 2001-08-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |