CA2128230C - Formation of colloidal metal dispersions using aminodextrans as reductants and protective agents - Google Patents
Formation of colloidal metal dispersions using aminodextrans as reductants and protective agentsInfo
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- CA2128230C CA2128230C CA002128230A CA2128230A CA2128230C CA 2128230 C CA2128230 C CA 2128230C CA 002128230 A CA002128230 A CA 002128230A CA 2128230 A CA2128230 A CA 2128230A CA 2128230 C CA2128230 C CA 2128230C
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- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/551—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being inorganic
- G01N33/553—Metal or metal coated
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
- A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
- A61K47/6927—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores
- A61K47/6929—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores the form being a nanoparticle, e.g. an immuno-nanoparticle
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/544—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being organic
- G01N33/548—Carbohydrates, e.g. dextran
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2989—Microcapsule with solid core [includes liposome]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
- Y10T428/2998—Coated including synthetic resin or polymer
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Abstract
The invention related generally to the preparation of colloidal metal(O) particles having a crosslinked aminodextran coating with pendent amine groups attached thereto. The aminodextran acts as both a reductant for reducing metal ions to metal(O) particles and as the protective agent which coats the metal(O) particles thus formed. After stabilizing the aminodextran coating by use of a crosslinking agent, the coated particles can be used to covalently bind proteins. The resulting protein containing colloidal particles can be used as markers in optical and electron microscopy, in immunological and biological assays, and possibly as therapeutic agents.
Description
FORMATION OF COLLOIDAL METAL DISPERSIONS USING AMINODEXTRANS
AS REDUCTANTS AND PROTECTIVE AGENTS
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to a method for the preparation of stable colloidal metal particles having a crosslinked polysaccharide coating with functional groups attached thereto. More specifically, the invention is directed to a method for preparing selected colloidal metal particles, using an aminodextran as both the metal ion reductant and the protective coating agent for the colloidal particles produced, the aminodextran coated on the particles being stabilized by use of crosslinking agents.
BACKGROUND ART
Metal ions in solution are attracted to the vicinity of functionalized polymer molecules. The reduction of the metal ions to metal(0) atoms creates a condition of supersaturation with respect to metal(0) atoms at a given polymer site. Consequently, the nucleation of metal particles proceeds in the local domain of the individual polymer molecules. Steric repulsion between different polymer-metal domains keeps the domains separated while attractive forces between the polymer's functional groups and metal atoms on a particle keeps the particle in a single domain. The net effect is the immobilization of metallic nuclei by individual polymer molecules and the prevention of metal(0) particle growth by coagulation, i.e., nuclei from different polymer molecules are prevented from migrating and coagulating to form larger particles.
While polymer molecules may prevent metal(0) particle growth by coagulation, particle growth can occur by the diffusion of metal ions to the vicinity of the metal(0) particle nuclei. The growth of the particles is terminated when the solution is depleted CA 02l28230 l999-0l-28 of metal ions capable of migration. The metal(0) particles that are formed are uniform in size and shape. Further information on homogeneous precipitation, may be found in A.E.
Nielsen, "Kinetics of Precipitation" (McMillan, New York 1964); E. Matijevic, Accts. Chem. Res., 14: 22 (1981); and T.
Sugimoto, Adv. Coll. Interface Sci., 25: 65-108 (1987).
Colloidal dispersions of different metals have been prepared through a judicious choice of polymer, metal ion, reducing agent, the selective concentrations of the various ingredients and the temperature at which the reactions are carried out. Simple alcohols such as methanol or ethanol have been used as both solvent and reductant in the presence of a protecting polymer such as PVA (polyvinyl acetate). Polyols, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol have been used similarly as both solvent and reductant. Functionalized polymers such as hydrazinium polyacrylate have been used as both reductant and protecting polymer in the preparation of monodispersed particles of gold, silver, copper, platinum and selenium.
Tannin, which contains one to three trihydroxybenzenecarboxylate groups on a sugar, usually glucose, can act as both a reducing agent and a protecting substance during the formation of gold hydrosols. For examples, see L. Hernandez et al., J. Colloid Sci., 3: 363-375 (1948) (rhodium-polyvinyl acetate [Rh-PVA] polymer using hydrogen as reductant); H. Thiele et al, J. Colloid Sci., 20:
679-695 (1965) (hydrizide of polyacrylic acid (PAH)-Au, Ag, Cu, Pt and polyethyleneimi acid-Au); H. Harai et al, J.
Macromol. Sci. Chem., A12: 1117-1141 (1978) (Rh-PVA using methanol as reductant); H. Harai et al., J. Macromol. Sci.
Chem., A13: 633-649 (1979) (Rh-, Pd-, Os-, Ir- and Pt- PVA
using methanol as reductant); H. Harai et al, ibid., A13: 727-750 (1979) Rh-, Pd-, Ag-, Os-, and Ir-PVP using ethanol as reductant); F. Pievet et al, MRS Bulletin, December, 1989 pp.
29-34 (Au-, Ag-, Pd-, Pt-, Cu-, Co-, Ni-,Cd- and Pb-Polyol);
O. Siiman et ~0 93/1511~ r'(~/~S93/()n979 Al ., J. Chem. Soc. Fnredny ~rsns., ~2: 551-567 (19S6) (~u-PVP-ethanol); Il. ~. Wlnr;er, "Inorq~nlc Collold Chemistry, Vol. 1, The Colloid Elements~ (Wiley, New York (1933)) (tannln-Au); ~.W. Smlth et nl., Macromol., 13: 1203-1207 (1980) (Se-PA hydrnzlne) nnd T. W. Smlth et nl., J. Phys. Chem., 84: 1621-1629 (1980) (Fe-poly~er).
Colloldal gold hns been used frequent~y ns en adsorbent for antibodles, enzymes, lectlns nnd other protelns, prlmarlly because of the non-speclflc nature of proteln adsorptlon on colloldal gold. Vlrtually any proteln materlal may be adsorbed onto colloldal gold. Proteln-gold specles, malntalned ln nn active state, have found use ns cell surfnce markers ln optical nnd electron mlcroscopy. [See "Collold Gold:
Prlnclples, Methods nnd ~ppllcatlons", Vols. 1, II nnd III, M.~. 1Jayat, ed. (Acndemlc Press, New York 1989) and A.J. Verklel~ snd J.L.M. Leunlseen, rImmuno-Gold Labelllng In Cell Blology" (CRC Press, Boca Rston, Fla.
1989)]. The detectlon of colloldal metal pnrtlcles of 10-100 nm dlameter ln llght mlcroscopy by epl-lllumlnatlon wlth polarlzed llght ls descrlbed ln U.S.
Patent No. 4,752,567 to M.J. De Brabander et al. Of partlcular lnterest nre colloldal gold partlcles havlng dlrect~y or lndlrectly ndsorbed antlbodles. Indlrect adsorptlon ls accompllshed by blndlng the antlbody to a first adsorbed layer: for example, a secondary antlbody, avldln, or proteln A or G. Llgand-dextran complexes have been adsorbed onto colloldal gold. The llgands included lectins, concanavalln A, Rlclnus communls agglutlnln and wl-eat germ agglutlnln [D. Ilicks and ~.S. Molday, Invest. Opthalmol. Vls. Sci., 26:
1002-]013 (1985~] and ouabain [R.J. Mrsny et al., Eur.
J. Cell Blol., 45: 200-208 (1987)].
llowever, the adsorptlon of protelns onto colloidal gold particles in aqueous solutlon is a reversible equilibrium reactior-. Particle adsorbed proteln and unabsorbed or free protein are separated, usually by ~-093/1511 rcT/~ 593/nO979 eentrlfugatlon. ~owever, after separation and removal of the free proteln, and resuspenslon of the purlfled protein-gold colloid, further Ios9 of adgorbed material oceurs AS equlllbrlum re-establlshes ltself.
Consequently, long term r;torage of purlfled adsorbed proteln-gold con~ugates has not been practlcnl. Some workers ln the fleld have 6uspended the purlfied protein-gold colloids in buffer solutlons eontaining blocking agents such 85 bovlne serum albumln (~SA), polyvlnyl pyrrolldone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and other polymerlc materlals in an nttempt to increase stablllty. The polymerlc materlals serve to cover nny remalning exposed nreas on the 6urface of the colloldal gold partlcles nnd thus prevent nggregatlon of gold partlcles. ~lowever, the polymerlc materlal is present ln large excess over the ndsorbed proteln on the colloldal gold nnd competes wlth the protein for colloidal gold sites. Inevltably, r;ome desorptlon of proteln from gold wlll occur nnd free proteln wlll be present again in the solutlon.
It ls an ob~ect of the lr-ventlon to prepare colloldal metal partlcles, preferably colloldal gold or sllver partlcles, having a stabillzed coatlng of a polysaccharlde materlal. ~nother obJect of the lnvention is to use sueh coated eollolds to prepare stable protein-eolloid eonJugates. The proteln-eollold eon~ugates of the inventlon overcome tl)e instablllty and orientation problems assoclated wlth protelns whlch are adsorbed dlrectly on eolloid metal surfaces.
DISCLOSURE OFINVENTION
The inventlon provldes for the preparatlon of monodlspersed eolloldal metal(O) partlcles l-avlng a solld eore and coated wlth an amlne-derivatlzed polysaccharlde, the coatlng belng crosslln)ced or flxed by the actlon of a chemical crosslln)clng agent nnd having a plurality of pendent functlonal groups. The pendent functional groups may be or have terminal aldehyde or carboxylate groups, amlne groups, ~ 212~230 ~V093/l~1l, PCT/~S93/~979 sulfhydryl or maleimidyl groups and polyclonal or monoclonal antibodles.
~ ne invention provides a one step process for preparing coated colloldal metal(O) particles by heating an aqueous solut$on of a metal salt wlth an amino-derivatized polysaccharide havlng at least one reducible sugar component and preferably a plurallty of reducible sugar components, for a tlme and at a temperature sufflcient to reduce the metal salt to a metal(O) particle and slmultaneously coat the particle wlth the polysaccharlde. Subsequently, the coated partlcle is treated with a bifunctlonal crosslinklng agent, preferably gluteraldehyde, a diamine, preferably 1,3-dlaminopropane, and a reduclng agent, preferably sodium borohydride and purified to give a stabilized, amlne derivatized polysaccharlde coated metal(O) particle. The polysaccharlde acts as both a reducing agent for the metal ions and as the coating agent for the zero-valent colloidal metal particles that are formed. The polysaccharide coating is stabilized by crosslinking using a suitable crosslinking agent. The resultlng coated and stabilized colloldal metal particles may then be con~ugated with proteins such as enzymes, lectins, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies and the like. These proteins may or may not have attached thereto detectable labels such as dyes, compounds containing radioactive elements, electron dense elements, enzymes and the like. The resulting protein-containing colloidal metal(O) conjugates may be used in a variety of diagnostic and assay procedures.
~RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figs. lA - lD illustrate an absorption extinction spectra in the visible region of gold hydrosols prepared using different aminodextran-to-Au(III) ratios according to the invention.
Fig. 2 illustrates an extinction spectra of a silver hydrosol prepared by mixing aqueous aminodextran T-40 and silver nitrate solutions.
~: .
-~ .
21282~
Wo 93/1~1 1, PCrt-S93/00979 : ~ -6-Flg. 3 illustrates an absorptlon spectra of FITC-~ dextran-Au(III) solution Fig. 33 and FITC-dextran-"~, AU~ olution mixed to near boillng temperature to -~ produce a gold hydrosol (Flg. 3A,top spectra).
~- BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Descrlbed herein ls the preparatlon of -' polysaccharlde coated colloldal metal(O) particles that have partlcular advantages for the con~ugation of antibodies and other protelns. ~ 1no~eYtran ls the ~ = , preferred polysaccharide. Dextran, as used herein, refers to any branched polys~cch~ride of D-glucose, regardless of the branch polnt of the repeatlng unlt:
l.e., 1~2, 1~3, 1~4, etc. ~ ~node~tran means any dextran that has been modifled to have one or more amine (NH2) groups. 1,3-Di- 1nopropane is the preferred diamine for avoiding lntra- and lnter-sugar residue crosslinking which would the negate amine functionalization of dextran.
A number of different, usually bifunctional, crossl~nklng agents such as bls~2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl~sulfone, disuccinimidyl tartarate, ethylene glycol bis(succinimidylsuccinate), disuccinimidyl suberate and glutaraldehyde, can be used in practicing the invention. Common commercially available glutaraldehyde, the preferred crosslinking agent, usually contains mainly monomer absorbing at 280 nanometers (nm). However, this glutaraldehyde product also contains some polymeric species which gives rise to an absorbance at 235 nm. The polymeric species, probably trimers or linear oligomers, are of sufficient length to form intra- and inter-molecular bridges between amino groups present on the adsorbed aminodextran. By ~udicious selection of reaction conditions, the aminodextran can be suitably fixed on the colloidal core particles so the it will not be removed during subsequent manipulations. Large flocs created by excessive crosslinking of free aminodextran , . .
~, ' 212~23~
W093/1~ PCT/-S93/~979 can thereby be avoided and lnterpartlcle crossllnklng 16 negated.
In order to be useful ln the blologlcal and medlcal arts, the flxed or crossllnked ~ 1nodeYtran coatlng on the colloldal gold partlcles should contain functional groups whlch can be conJugated wlth blologlcally actlve substances. Covalent coupling of blologlcal substances such as monoclonal antlbodies to the coatlng ls preferred over slmple adsorptlon. The coupllng of an antlbody, elther polyclonal or monoclonal, to the crossllnked amlnodextran surface coatlng is accompllshed by the use of "short chaln"
diamines or polyamlnes and a hetero-blfunctlonal reagent. (Hereafter the word dlamlne lncludes polyamines having three or more amlne groups). ~he :~:
dlamlne ls reacted wlth resldual aldehyde or carboxylate groups, either naturally occurrlng or present by the steps of thls lnventlon, present on the surface of the crossllnked aminodextran surface. The dlamine serves not only to block alde~yde and carboxylate groups, but also serves to replenlsh the amlne groups that were reacted durlng the crossllnklng process. The diamlne reacts wlth aldehyde groups to form Schlff bases. ~he Schlff bases are then reduced to stable amine groups by reductlon, preferably wlth sodlum borohydrlde.
Short chaln dlamines are preferred in order to avoid crossllnking neighborlng aldehyde or carboxylic acld groups on the same partlcle or to avold llnking such groups on dlfferent partlcles. One dlamlne group reacts wlth the coatlng surface and the other remains unreacted and available for coupling, dlrectly or indirectly, to a proteln material. In general, the diamine is selected from the group consistlng of H NCH -(CH ) -CH (CH3) -NH2 and C6H4 (NH2)2, where x =
0-3, y = 1 or 2, and z = 1 when y = 1 OI' Z = 0 when y =
: -:
~- 2; and a = O or 6. Examples lnclude ethylenedlamine, -- phenylenediamine, propylenediamine, 1,4-*..
.: . -.
, ..
,, 2l2s23a ~ ~vo 93/lSIl, PC'r/~S93/009~9 ,. -8-cyclohexanediamlne, cyclohexenediamine, tetramethylenediamlne and the like. Trlamlne amines include diethylene triamlne, 1,5-dlamlno-3-(2-amino-thyl)pentane and the llke. Ethylenediamlne ls ,: ,- .
preferred.
The coupllng of blologlcal substances to the flxed, amlnodextran coated colloldal gold partlcles lnvolves activatlon of free amlno groups wlth a water soluble hetero-bifunctlonal reagent such as 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (IT), 8ul fosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC), m-maleimidosuccinimlde ester, N-succlnimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, succinimidyl-4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate, N-succinimidyl-(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate, the reagents llsted above as substitutes for glutaraldehyde and the like. The 2-iminothlolane hydrochloride and the malelmidyl and succinlmidyl reagents are preferred. E. Ishikswa, noassay Supp., 1:1-16 (1980) and J. Immunoassay, 4:209-227 (1983); M. Imagawa et al., J. Appl. ~iochem., 4: 41-57 (1982) and M.D. Partis, J. Protein Chem., 2:
263-227 t1983). When using sulfo-SMCC, the actlve sulfosucclnlmidyl ester end of sulfo-SMCC will react at pH 7.0-7.5 with amines to give peptlde bonds. The sulfo-SMCC/diamine bridging unit which results is approximately 16 Angs~ in length.
The maleimidyl group of sulfo-SMCC will react at pH 6.5-7.5 with free sulfhydryl groups to form a stable, coualent thioether bond. However, it is essential that the coated particles which are reacted with sulfo-SMCC contain no free sulfhydryl groups which would react with the maleimidyl end of sulfo-SMCC. The use of aminodextran as a coating agent precludes such a problem because, unlike other coating materials such as gelatin, it does not have any free sulfhydryl groups.
Proteins, particularly either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, can be linked to the maleimidyl end of sulfo-SMCC functionalized, aminodextran coated ,, i ~
. , ~
2t282~
0 93/1511, PCr/~S93/009~9 _g_ gold collolds by mesns of ~ulfh~dryl groups that are present on protelne e~ther naturally or by derlvatlzatlon. Protelns whlch have cYstelnyl resldues lnherently contain sulfhydryl groups. To lntroduce addl~i~nal sulfhydryl groups, the protelns' smine groups are actlvated wlth Traut'~ reagent, 2-lmlnothlolane hydrochlorlde (IT), at a pH ln the range of 7-10. When the proteins are antlbodies, antibody lysyl snd te- ~ nal amine groups are actlvated by IT.
M. Ereclnska, Blochem. Blophys. Res. Commun., 76: 495-500 (1977); J.M. Lambert et al., Blochemlstry, 17:
5406-5416 (1978); and M.E. Blrnbaumer et al., Biochem.
J. 181: 201-213 (1979).
When uslng the amlnodextran coated gold colloids of the lnvention, lt ls u~eful to vary the reactlon condltions and the concentratlon of reagents ln order determine optimal coupllng so that the proteln, particularly when an antlbody, wlll retain lts maximum functlonal activlty. Although malelmldes react quite rapldly with sulfhydryl groups ln solutlon, the same groups lmmoblllzed on partlcles should be allowed a glven longer reactlon tlme ln order to assure completeness of reactlon. Partlcle and antibody concentrations during antlbody conJugation should be optlml2ed to avoid aggregation, particularly when IgM
antibodies are used. The optimized procedures for IgM
antibodles can be used for all monoclonal antibodies with an isoelectric point range of about 5.0 to about 9Ø Generally, about 30-fold less antibody is required to achieve covalent coupllng than ls required for simple adsorptlon; a consequence of importance where expensive or hard to obtain antlbodies are lnvolved.
The lnvention ellminates separately preparlng colloidal metal particles and subsequently preparing the collolds for polymer (coating) adsorption and crosslinking. These steps are combined in the method ~,.
' described herein by reacting metal salts with an .
,.
212~2~
,. .
: ~ WO 93/1511 î PCr/~S93/00979 : ,;
- i - 1 0 -oxidizable sugar conta~n~ng amine derivatized ~, .
polysaccharide such as an r ~ noAsYtran for a time and -~ at a temperature sufflcient to reduce the metal salt to colloldal metalt0) partlcles and simutaneou~ly coating ' ~- the particles wlth the polys~cch~ride. The preferred temper~tures are in the range of about 90-100~C. In general, metal ion6 having a reduction potential of +0.7 volts (H3IO6/I05) or higher may be used according to the invention. [For examples see Handbook of Physics and Chemistry, 64th Ed. (CRC Press, Boca ~aton, FL (1983-84), page D-156] . Gold and ~ilver salts are preferred. Salts of Rh(III), Pd(II), Pt(II) and Ir(III) may also be used. Uslng gold and sllver salts as non-limiting examples, an aminodextran compound used according to the lnventlon assumes the followlng multiple roles ln the formatlon of the colloldal metal particles and their subsequent reactlons:
1. It ls the reduclng agent for converting Au(III) to Au(0) or Ag(I) to Ag(0) by oxidation of glucopy~anose rings first to an aldehyde, -(OH)CH-CH(OH)- ~ 2 -CH(O) + 2 H , and subsequently to organic acid, ~' 2 CH(O) ~ 2 H O ~ 2 -COOH + 2 H .
~ 2. It is the colloid protecting species due to - the ability of the amino groups to interact strongly with metal ions or atoms.
Furthermore, the amino groups coordinate with the cationic metal ions in solution, assume a - positive charge and stabilize the cationic dispersion. Although dextran is capable of reducing Au(III) or Ag(I) ions, it will not ~- stabilize the resulting colloid.
~-- 3. Crosslinkages can be formed during colloid -~ formation between the aldehyde groups formed by oxidation of the sugar groups and amino groups already present on aminodextran to form Schiff bases, -HC~N-, which can further -, ,~
\~093/1511, rcr/~ S93/nO979 strengthen the particle-polymer complex.
4. Crossllnklng n(Jel~ts slJch r1s glutaraldehyde can be used to further bridge metal (0) partlcle coatlng amlno groups and encapsu~ate the colloldal partlcles so that they cannot be released by purely physlcnl means.
Protelns whlch are subseguerltly covalently bound to the crossllnked coatlng wlll not be sepnrated from the colloldal metal pnrtlcles by the equlllbrlum reaction descrlbed above.
5. Unreacted polymer nmlno groups and nmlno groups created by blocklng unreacted aldehyde groups wlt,h n dlam~ne serve es sltes for bindlng antlbodies nnd other protelns to the colloldal partlcle coatlng. ~rldglng groups may be used to between the protein nnd the coatlng amlno groups.
The method of the lnventlon ls usefu~ ls preparlng colloldal metal(0) partlcles ln the slze range of 5-lOO
nm diameter. The exact r;lze of the partlcles formed will vary nccordlng to the concentratlon of the startlng rengents used ln the reaction (nminodextran, metal ion~, the tempernture of colloid formatlon, the rate of stirring the mixture of metsl lon nnd aminodextran, nnd the Average molecular weight of the nminodextrnn u3ed in the renction.
In practlcing the invention, it s11ould be considered that metallic particles pose particular problems wlth regard to covalent coupling methods. In particular, surface metal atoms or ions may be vulnerable to chemical reaction and leachirlg by the coupling, actlvatlng and blocklng agents that are often used in the covalent blnding of proteins to organlc coatlngs. Some typical reagents used to bind protelns to organic coatings which may have this effect are lminothiolane, glutaraldehyde, ethy]erledlamlne, cysteine, lodoacetamide and sulfosucclnlmldyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC).
CA 02l28230 l999-0l-28 Careful selection of reagents and control of their concentration must be exercised in practicing the invention.
Even though a first layer of polymeric coating can often be easily applied to a metal particle, this does not eliminate the need to exercise precaution in subsequent use of the coated particles. Since small molecules can easily pass through the pores in a polymer layer, the surface of the metal particle is still accessible to these molecules.
The polymeric coating realized from employing the invention may not necessarily cover the entire surface of the colloidal metal particle. Consequently, particle aggregation remains a possibility. However, the occurrence of bare spots on the colloidal particles can be minimized by judicious choice of polymer concentration and molecular weight before fixation with a crosslinking agent. Aggregates are eliminated after several ultracentragugings and redispersions of the coated gold colloid by rejection of any non-mobile residue.
The size of the polymer should be smaller than the diameter of the colloidal metal particles. For 20 nm diameter gold particles, this means an average polymer molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons in order to prevent the polymer from causing bridging flocculation. The polymer molecules must surround the gold particles instead of the gold particles staining the polymer molecule. For gold particles of 20 nm diameter at a concentration of 10l2 particles/mL, the polymer concentration should be in the range of about 0.1-2.5 mg/mL.
The optimum conditions for the reaction of activated gold particles with activated proteins such as monoclonal antibodies can be estimated from similar reactions with other colloidal particles. For example, to avoid aggregation of particles and obtain a good surface loading of monoclonal antibody on magnetic beads of l~m mean diameter, the particle concentration was 1.83-3.73 x 10'3 particles/cm3 and the total CA 02l28230 l999-0l-28 antibody concentration was 0.313-0.625 mg/mL. This particle concentration gives a mean interparticle distance of 64-81 ~m or 64-81 particle diameters. Colloidal gold particles of 20 nm diameter are typically prepared at a concentration of 1.30 x 10l2 particles/cm3, yielding a mean interparticle distance of 0.92 ~m or 46 particle diameters. Consequently, a 3-6 fold dilution of the gold sol is necessary to operate under kinetic conditions similar to those of the magnetic particles.
Description Of the Preferred Embodiment Example 1. Preparation of Aminodextran Method 1. Small scale preparation of aminodextran.
Aminodextran was prepared by partial cleavage and oxidation of the glucopyranose rings in dextran to aldehyde functional groups, coupling of the aldehyde groups with 1,3-diaminopropane to form Schiff base linkages and reduction of the Schiff's base linkages to stable amino groups. In a typical procedure, 20 g of dextran were dissolved in 150 mL of 50 mM potassium acetate buffer, pH 6.5. A solution of 2.14 g of sodium periodate in 25 mL of distilled water was added dropwise to the dextran over about 10 minutes with vigorous magnetic mixing. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature, 15-27~C, for about 1.5 hours and then dialyzed against distilled water. 20 mL of 1,3-diaminopropane was mixed with 20 mL of distilled water, cooled in an ice bath, vigorously stirred and pH adjusted from about 11.5 to about 8 7 over about 15 minutes by the addition of glacial acetic acid. Typically, 15-20 mL of glacial acetic acid is used.
The dialyzed dextran was added dropwise over about 15-20 minutes to the chilled diamine solution. After the addition was completed, the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for about 2.25 hours. A reducing solution of 0.8 g sodium borohydride in 10 mL of 0.1 mM sodium hyroxide was added to the dextran .'~.~ !
~ ' 2 ~ 3 0 .~- reactlon mlxture at room temperature over about 15 minutes. The k,; reaction mixture was stirred durlng the borohydride addition to ~ expel most of the effervescence. The crude aminodextran solution ~ was exhaustively dialyzed against distilled water until the -~s conductivity of the effluent was 3-4 ~mho/cm. The dialyzed solution was then filtered through an 0.2 ~m filter and freeze-dried over 24 hours in a model TDS-00030-A, Dura-Dry3 microprocessor controlled freeze dryer (FTS Systems, Inc.) to produce 4 . 25 g of flaky, pale yellow crystals in 21~ yield.
Method 2. Large scale preparation of aminodextran.
The procedure of Method 1 is modified for the large scale ~- preparation of aminodextran and for increasing the number of amino groups introduced into dextran. Hollow fiber membrane filtration replaces dialysis and a smaller diamine-periodate molar ratio is used to avoid further cleavage of the sugar polymer into lower molecular weight fragments. A hollow fiber cartridge (polysufone, 3 ft3 membrane surface area, 1 mm diameter fibers and 5,000 MW cut-off) was mounted vertically with an input power pu~p (two pump heads, maximum flow rate of about 4.56 liters/minute with No. 18 Norprene~ food grade tubing) delivering 15-20 psi which corresponds to 5-10 psi in the retenate line. The filtrate is collected at 50-100 mL/min. Washing was done using 20-30 liters of distilled water over about 6-8 hours. The specific conductance was reduced to about 3-4 ~mho-cm~1 and the pH was 6.0-6.5. The feed volume was maintained at 2 liters during desalting and then concentrated to 800 mL in the first washing of oxidized dextran and to 400 mL in ~-~ the second washing of aminodextran.
In a standard scaled-up preparation, 80 g of dextran were transferred to 1 quart [liter] glass blender bowl containing 600 mL of distilled water. The solid was blended for about 2-5 minutes at medium speed ... . .
,~' ': ' .
:~ :~',:
. "
~,",~,~
tl51l, r~r/~ 593/00979 to dlr;r,olvn all the dextran. 8.56 9 of todlum perlodate were disso]vetl ln 100 ml. of distilled water and the resulting solution was added dropwise to the dextran sollJtlotl over nhout 10 mlnutes using vlgorous magnetlc stirrlng. After the addltion was comp]eted, the resulting mlxture was stlrred at room temperature for an additlonal 3 hours. The resultlng vlscolls reactlon mlxture was then dlluted to 2 llter-s wlth dlstllled water and desalted uslng a hollow flber cartr~dge. Tl~e lnltlal speclflc condllctanc~ was 1.5 mmho-cm or hlgher and tl-e lnltlal pll was 4Ø About 1~-22 liters of dlstllled water was used to obtain a flnal speclflc conductance of about 3-4 ~mho-cm and a flnal pll of 6.0-6.5. Tl~e final volume of washed, oxldized dextran solutlon was 800 m~..
To the washed, oxir3ized dextran r;olutlon, no mL of colorless, llquld l,3-dlamlnopropane was slowly added over about 10 mlnutes at room temperature. The resulting mlxture was then stlrred at room temperature for ~n addltlonal 3 hours. After the stlrring was flnlshed, 3.2 g of sodlum borohydrlde dlssolved ln 40 mL of 1 mM aqlJeous sodlum hydroxlde was added to the room temperature amlnodextran reactlon mlxture over about 5 mlnutes wlth magnetic stirrlng. After the completlon of the sodium borohydride additlon, the resultlng mlxture was stlrred for an addltlonal 1 hour and tl-en desalted usir-g a hollow flber cartrlclge. The lnltlal speclflc conductance was 5.0 mmho-cm or higher and the lnltlal pll was about 12Ø About 20-25 llters of c3istllled water were needed to reduce ttle speclfic conductance to about 3-4 ~mllo-cm and the pll to 6.0-6.5. The final vo]ume of aminodextran was 400 mL. This solution was passed througtl a 0.2 Jlm sterlle cellulose acetate filter unlt and thell freeze-drled over 48 hours to obtaln 48 grams of flaky, pale yellow crystals, a 52% yield.
Elemental analyses ~C,~l,N) were obtained for two samples of aminodextran prepared from dextrall T-2M by ~ 2 1 2 8 .~ ~ ~
~ 'O 93/1~11, P ~ /-S93/009~9 .., ~-- .
: '.~,.
,.: -the methods described above. The analyses are:
Sample 1. 20 g dextran scale, desalting by dialysis.
sd.: G, 43.04: H, 6.60, N, 1.09;
O (by difference), 49.27.
Sample 2. 80 g dextran scale, desalt$ng by membrane flltration.
, Obsd.: C, 42.53; H, S.52; N, 1.01;
O (by difference), 49.94 Calculated for C H NO 3H O:
C, 42.76: H, 6.63: N, 1.08: O, 49.53 ~:
The analyses for aminodextran in the two preparations were ~ry similar, thus indicating that the same product , " ~.
was obtained whether desalting was done by dialysis or by membrane filtrat$on. The empirical formula obtained for Sample 1, C46H84NO40, ls very similar to the fprmula C H NO 3H2O based on 29 units of glucose (C H 0O ), 1 unlt of fully diamine-substituted sugar rlng (C 2H28N4O3) and twelve units of water. Therefore, the degree of diamine substitution in dextran was 1/30 in Sample 1 ln contrast to a theoretical value of 1/12 based on 100%
periodate cleavage and diamine substitution. The empirical formula obtained for Sample 2, C4 Hg NO , is verY to the formula C49 H84 N040 20 unites of glucose, 1 unit of fully diamine substituted sugar ring and twelve units of water. The degree of substitution in dextran by diamin was 1/32 for Sample 2.
Example 2. Preparation Of Gold Hydrosol Using Aminodextran.
A stock gold solution was prepared by dissolving 112.4 mg of HAuCl (49~ Au) in 1 L distilled water to give a 2.8 x 10 M Au(III) solution. Stock Au(III) solution (380 mL) was brought to a boil, rapidly stirred and 45.0 mL of aminodextran concentrate (10.3 mg/mL) was added by pipette. The initial light purple of the mixture became wine red after about 1 minute. The mixture was boiled and stirred for a minimum of 15-20 minutes to complete the reaction and bring the total ....
.. ..
,,',''' 2 1 2 ~
-. -~ ~VO93/1~1/ PCr/~S93tO09~9 ~' volume of the gold sol to 200 mL and the concentration of aminodextran to 2.3 mg/mL (0.23% w/v). Sim$1ar results . w~re obtained using amlnodextrans havlng average molecular welghts of 10,000, 40,000 and 2,000,000 (T-10, T-40 and T-2M) with lX ( lX ~ 3.3% substltutlon of sugar resldues), 2X (6.6~) and 3X (9.9%) molar amounts of amino groups. The 2X snd 3X amlnodextrans were obtained using 2 and 3 tlmes the amount of sodlum periodate u~ed in the lX oxldatlon of dextran described ln Example 1. The amount of 1,3-dlaminopropane used for Schlff base formatlon was kept constant.
The stolchiometry of the reactions ls given by the followlng redox equatlons. The flrst equatlon lnvolves the cleavage and oxidation of glucopyranose rlngs to an -~ aldehyde and the reduction of Au(III) to Au(O) _~ ~ 2 AuC14 + 3 -(OH)CH-CH(OH)-2 Au(O) ~ 8 Cl ~ 6 -CH(O) + 6 H , The second equation is for the oxldation of the aldehyde to carboxylic acid and reduction of Au(III) to Au(O).
2 AuCl + 3 CH(O) ~ 3 H20 ' ~
2 Au(O) + 8 Cl + 3 -COOH + 6 H .
The progress of converting Au(III) to Au(O) was followed by monitoring the absorption spectrum of the gold colloid in the visible region. Small gold particles of about 20 nm diameter typically show a Ax1 absorption at 520 nm in aqueous solutlon. A shift of this peak to longer wavelengths is indlcative of larger particles or clusterlng of primarv partlcles to form doublets, triplets, etc. Optimal smlnodextran-gold molar ratlos for producing single, polymer-stabillzed particles were determined by analyzing the vlsible spectra of a ~- serles of preparatlons. Figs. lA - lD was obtaine~
- uslng lX aminodextran, T-10 derived, concentrations of 0.005, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.020%5w/v. Unreacted sugar 5 ~ units were, in5mol, 1.49 x 10 , 2.98 x 10 , 4.47 x 10 '~ and 5.95 x 10- , respectively. 50 mL of stock Au(III) -~, -5 - sol or 1.40 x 10 Au were used. The molar ratio of unreacted sugar to Au were about 1:1 (Fig. lA), 2:1 (Fig.
~, ~ . .
..~, ., '~ 212323~~VO93/151l, PCT/~S93/~9~9 ' lB), 3:1 (Fig. lC) and 4:1 (Fig. lD) respectively. The results shown in Flg. 1 lndlcate that a molar ratio of ~- 3:i or greater is requlred to obtain a stable aminodextran protected gold hydrosol. Using a lesser ratio results in the formatlon of aggregated partlcles.
Example 3. Reaction of Dextran wlth Chloroauric Acid.
2.5 g of dextran T-40 was dissolved in 50m~
distilled water. 10 mL (3mmol sugar residue) of this solution was added to 95 mL (0.034mmol Au) of boiling stock Au(III) solution (2.8 x 10 M Au). The mlxture was boiled and vigorously magnetically stirred for 2-3 minutes during which time a red-violet suspension appeared. After contlnuing boiling for 5 additional minute~, a light red precipitate formed on the walls of the container. The precipitate was solid gold which was not stabilized in a finely divlded colloldal state by dextran.
Example 4. Preparation of Sllver Hydrosol Using Aminodextran.
135 ~L of 0.589 M silver nitrate (O.080 mmol Ag) solution 135 ~L were added to 95 mL dist$11ed water.
This solution was brought to a boil and 16.1 mL (0.6 mmol sugar residue) of aminodextran T-40 (6.2 mg/ml) were added to it. Boillng snd vlgorous magnetic stlrring of the mixture was continued for 20 minutes, durlng which time the solution slowly turned yellow and then red. The suspension of silver particles was cooled to room temperature and its characteristic absorption spectrum, Fig. 2, was measured to show a peak at 395 nm and shoulder near 500 nm, and A395tA500 = 4.56. The same reaction, carried out in a pyrex reaction bottle at 90~C
in an oven showed no color change after 3 hours, but did give a yellow silver sol which then turned red after about 24 hours. A parallel oven reaction between stock Au(III) solution and aminodextran at 90~C took 3.5 hours to produce a wine red gold sol.
-- Example 5. Preparation of Gold Hydrosol Using 212~23~
093/1511, PCT/~S93/00979 Fluoresceln Isothiocyanate tFITC) - Dextran.
25 mg of ~ITC-dextran (Slgma; 17,000 MW; 0.0l mol FITC/mol glucose resldue) was added to 5 mL of bolllng stock Au(III) solutlon (2.8 x l0 M Au). Although the solld dextran derivatlve dlssolved ln the agueous solution no reaction was detected. After 5 mlnutes, an additional l0 mL of stock Au(III) solution were added to the bolling mixture and after an addltlonal 15 mlnutes, the wine red color characteristlc of colloidal gold was produced. Absorptlon spectra are dlsplayed ln Flgs. 3A
and 38. Au(III) shows an absorption peak at 420 nm and a shoulder near 480 nm, and flnely divided gold particles show an additional band at 535 nm. Slmilar results were obtained with 25 mg FITC-dextran (2,000,000 MW; 0.004 mol FITC/mnl ~lucose resldue) in 20 ml stock Au(III) solution. The FITC-dextran gold sol was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 30 mlnutes at 15~C in an SW60 rotor on the Beckman L8-70 ultracentrifuge, the supernatant was ~ ed, and the moblle colloidal gold residue was redispersed in lx phosphate buffered sallne, pH 7.2. The red colloidal gold particles did not show any FITC green emission under a fluorescence microscope.
Example 6. Crosslinking Of Aminodextran On Colloidal Gold.
0.8 mL of 25~ glutaraldehyde was added to 200 mL of approximately pH 6 colloidal gold suspension (Example 2) prepared in the presence of 0.23~ w/v aminodextran. The reaction mixture was stirred for l hour at room temperature. Ethylenediamine (0.320 mL) was added to the reactlon and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. In general, the diamine is selected from the group consisting of H2NCH2-(CH2) -CH (CH3) -NH
and C6H4 (NH2)2, where x = 0-3, y = l or 2, and z = l when y = l or Z = 0 when y = 2; and a = 0 or 6.
Ethylenediamine is preferred. The Schlff base linkages formed by addition of the diamine were reduced by the addition of ~.303 g sodium borohydride in 2 mL of l mM
~ ' !
1'(~'/~ ss3/nns7s aqueous potasslum hydroxide solutlon nnd stirring the resultlng reactlon mlxture for 30 m~nutes ~fter reduction, the mixture was exhaustively dialyzed against dlstllled water to a conductivlty of approximate1y 66 ~mho/cm The dialyzod solutlon was thnn centrifuged at 25,000 rpm for about 40 mlnutes at 15~C ln 25 mL tubes ln a Tl 50 2 rotor on a BecJcman LS-70 ultracentrlfuge The mostly moblle pool of colloldal gold-nminodextran was easily redlspersed ln 100 ml of lX pllosphate buffered 6allne (PBS) solutlon Uslng A l mm path quartz cell, an absorbance readlng of 0 24-0.29 unlts at lambda - 520 nm was observed. Thls reading indicates the presence of single particlns of gold The moblllty of T-40 derived, crossllnked aminodextran coated gold partlcle~ was measured by multl-angle Doppler electrophoretlc light scatterlng on a Coulter DE1,SA 440 In aqueous solutionl an average moblllty of ~0 486(11) x 10 cm V S was recorded over a pll range of 3.5 to 10.3. Uslng the 11uckel equatlon, thls data glves a zeta potentlal of ~9 mV and establlsl-es the coated gold partlcles as catlonlc probes Con~ugatlon of Tll monoclonal sntlbody (Coulter Immunology, 11laleah, Florlda) to the amlnodextran coated partlcles (vlde lnfra) dld not change tl-e catlonlc nature of the partlcles Example 7 Crossllnlclng of Amlr-odextran On Co~loldal Cold wlth FITC-Dextran 0.519 mL of amlnodextran, T-2M (10.3 mg/ml, 0.033 mmol glucose resldue) solutlon were added to 10 mL of boiling stock Au(III) solution (2 Bx]0 M) The mlxture was boiled and vigorous magnetic stirred for 15 mlnutes to produce a wlne-rec3 su5pensior of gold particles. 26 5 mg of FITC-dextran T-2M (Sigma, 0 009 degree of substitution) dlssolved ln 2 mL distllled water was added to the wine-red mlxture and the resultlng mlxture was stirred for an addltlonal 40 minutes at room temperature Since FIl'C con~ugati~n to dextran requires prlmary amlne : 2l~23~
WO 93/1~1 1 / PCT/~ S93/00979 groups or dextran, the Sigma material probably contains aminodextran conjugated with FITC. Consequently, crosslinklng was carrled out by the addltlon of 40 ~L of 25~ glutaraldehyde to the mlxture and further stlrring for 1 hour. To quench the crossllnklng reactlon, 16 ~L
ethylenediamlne were added and the resultlng mlxture was stirred for 1.5 hours. Finally, 15 mg ~odium borohydride ln 0.1 mL of 1 mM KOH was added and mlxed for 0.5 hour to stabllize the Schlff base by reductlon. The borohydrlde reduced mlxture was then centrlfuged at 20,000 rpm for 30 minutes at 15~C ln an SW60 rotor, the ~upernatant was .~ ~ved, and the mobile gold resldue was redispersed in 1% BSA, 0.17~ sodlum azlde in lx phosphate buffered ~aline. These gold particles, observed under a fluorescence mlcroscope, gave a bright green FITC
emisslon.
Example 8. Actlvatlon Of Crosslinked Aminodextran-Gold Wlth Sulfo-SMCC.
Although varlous sulfo-SMCC/gold ratlos were tried, the best results were obtained using 2.25 ~L of sulfo-SMCC (10 mg/mL in lX PBS) per milllter of crosslinked aminodextran gold suspenslon. In a typlcal reaction, 56.25 ~L of sulfo-SMCC was added to 25 mL of crosslinked aminodextran gold suspenslon. The mlxture was mlxed for 1 hour and then twice centrlfuged for 30 minutes st 20,000 rpm and 15~C The mostly moblle pool was redispersed wlth the ald of ultrasonlc mixing, first in 25 mL and then 7.8 mL of lX PBS. The resultlng actlvated . ~:
~-~ aminodextran gold sol was filtered through a low protein blndlng 0.2 ~m filter prior to use.
Example 9. Actlvatlon Of Antlbody Wlth 2-Imlnothiolane Hydrochloride (IT).
;~ A stock solution contalnlng 43.77 mg/mL of Tll mono-clonal antibody in lX PBS contalning 0.1% NaN3 wa~
prepared. For a rea~tlon uslng 30 mg Tll antlbody a~ a concentration of 15 mg/mL, the total reactlon volume ,."~
AS REDUCTANTS AND PROTECTIVE AGENTS
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to a method for the preparation of stable colloidal metal particles having a crosslinked polysaccharide coating with functional groups attached thereto. More specifically, the invention is directed to a method for preparing selected colloidal metal particles, using an aminodextran as both the metal ion reductant and the protective coating agent for the colloidal particles produced, the aminodextran coated on the particles being stabilized by use of crosslinking agents.
BACKGROUND ART
Metal ions in solution are attracted to the vicinity of functionalized polymer molecules. The reduction of the metal ions to metal(0) atoms creates a condition of supersaturation with respect to metal(0) atoms at a given polymer site. Consequently, the nucleation of metal particles proceeds in the local domain of the individual polymer molecules. Steric repulsion between different polymer-metal domains keeps the domains separated while attractive forces between the polymer's functional groups and metal atoms on a particle keeps the particle in a single domain. The net effect is the immobilization of metallic nuclei by individual polymer molecules and the prevention of metal(0) particle growth by coagulation, i.e., nuclei from different polymer molecules are prevented from migrating and coagulating to form larger particles.
While polymer molecules may prevent metal(0) particle growth by coagulation, particle growth can occur by the diffusion of metal ions to the vicinity of the metal(0) particle nuclei. The growth of the particles is terminated when the solution is depleted CA 02l28230 l999-0l-28 of metal ions capable of migration. The metal(0) particles that are formed are uniform in size and shape. Further information on homogeneous precipitation, may be found in A.E.
Nielsen, "Kinetics of Precipitation" (McMillan, New York 1964); E. Matijevic, Accts. Chem. Res., 14: 22 (1981); and T.
Sugimoto, Adv. Coll. Interface Sci., 25: 65-108 (1987).
Colloidal dispersions of different metals have been prepared through a judicious choice of polymer, metal ion, reducing agent, the selective concentrations of the various ingredients and the temperature at which the reactions are carried out. Simple alcohols such as methanol or ethanol have been used as both solvent and reductant in the presence of a protecting polymer such as PVA (polyvinyl acetate). Polyols, ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol have been used similarly as both solvent and reductant. Functionalized polymers such as hydrazinium polyacrylate have been used as both reductant and protecting polymer in the preparation of monodispersed particles of gold, silver, copper, platinum and selenium.
Tannin, which contains one to three trihydroxybenzenecarboxylate groups on a sugar, usually glucose, can act as both a reducing agent and a protecting substance during the formation of gold hydrosols. For examples, see L. Hernandez et al., J. Colloid Sci., 3: 363-375 (1948) (rhodium-polyvinyl acetate [Rh-PVA] polymer using hydrogen as reductant); H. Thiele et al, J. Colloid Sci., 20:
679-695 (1965) (hydrizide of polyacrylic acid (PAH)-Au, Ag, Cu, Pt and polyethyleneimi acid-Au); H. Harai et al, J.
Macromol. Sci. Chem., A12: 1117-1141 (1978) (Rh-PVA using methanol as reductant); H. Harai et al., J. Macromol. Sci.
Chem., A13: 633-649 (1979) (Rh-, Pd-, Os-, Ir- and Pt- PVA
using methanol as reductant); H. Harai et al, ibid., A13: 727-750 (1979) Rh-, Pd-, Ag-, Os-, and Ir-PVP using ethanol as reductant); F. Pievet et al, MRS Bulletin, December, 1989 pp.
29-34 (Au-, Ag-, Pd-, Pt-, Cu-, Co-, Ni-,Cd- and Pb-Polyol);
O. Siiman et ~0 93/1511~ r'(~/~S93/()n979 Al ., J. Chem. Soc. Fnredny ~rsns., ~2: 551-567 (19S6) (~u-PVP-ethanol); Il. ~. Wlnr;er, "Inorq~nlc Collold Chemistry, Vol. 1, The Colloid Elements~ (Wiley, New York (1933)) (tannln-Au); ~.W. Smlth et nl., Macromol., 13: 1203-1207 (1980) (Se-PA hydrnzlne) nnd T. W. Smlth et nl., J. Phys. Chem., 84: 1621-1629 (1980) (Fe-poly~er).
Colloldal gold hns been used frequent~y ns en adsorbent for antibodles, enzymes, lectlns nnd other protelns, prlmarlly because of the non-speclflc nature of proteln adsorptlon on colloldal gold. Vlrtually any proteln materlal may be adsorbed onto colloldal gold. Proteln-gold specles, malntalned ln nn active state, have found use ns cell surfnce markers ln optical nnd electron mlcroscopy. [See "Collold Gold:
Prlnclples, Methods nnd ~ppllcatlons", Vols. 1, II nnd III, M.~. 1Jayat, ed. (Acndemlc Press, New York 1989) and A.J. Verklel~ snd J.L.M. Leunlseen, rImmuno-Gold Labelllng In Cell Blology" (CRC Press, Boca Rston, Fla.
1989)]. The detectlon of colloldal metal pnrtlcles of 10-100 nm dlameter ln llght mlcroscopy by epl-lllumlnatlon wlth polarlzed llght ls descrlbed ln U.S.
Patent No. 4,752,567 to M.J. De Brabander et al. Of partlcular lnterest nre colloldal gold partlcles havlng dlrect~y or lndlrectly ndsorbed antlbodles. Indlrect adsorptlon ls accompllshed by blndlng the antlbody to a first adsorbed layer: for example, a secondary antlbody, avldln, or proteln A or G. Llgand-dextran complexes have been adsorbed onto colloldal gold. The llgands included lectins, concanavalln A, Rlclnus communls agglutlnln and wl-eat germ agglutlnln [D. Ilicks and ~.S. Molday, Invest. Opthalmol. Vls. Sci., 26:
1002-]013 (1985~] and ouabain [R.J. Mrsny et al., Eur.
J. Cell Blol., 45: 200-208 (1987)].
llowever, the adsorptlon of protelns onto colloidal gold particles in aqueous solutlon is a reversible equilibrium reactior-. Particle adsorbed proteln and unabsorbed or free protein are separated, usually by ~-093/1511 rcT/~ 593/nO979 eentrlfugatlon. ~owever, after separation and removal of the free proteln, and resuspenslon of the purlfled protein-gold colloid, further Ios9 of adgorbed material oceurs AS equlllbrlum re-establlshes ltself.
Consequently, long term r;torage of purlfled adsorbed proteln-gold con~ugates has not been practlcnl. Some workers ln the fleld have 6uspended the purlfied protein-gold colloids in buffer solutlons eontaining blocking agents such 85 bovlne serum albumln (~SA), polyvlnyl pyrrolldone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and other polymerlc materlals in an nttempt to increase stablllty. The polymerlc materlals serve to cover nny remalning exposed nreas on the 6urface of the colloldal gold partlcles nnd thus prevent nggregatlon of gold partlcles. ~lowever, the polymerlc materlal is present ln large excess over the ndsorbed proteln on the colloldal gold nnd competes wlth the protein for colloidal gold sites. Inevltably, r;ome desorptlon of proteln from gold wlll occur nnd free proteln wlll be present again in the solutlon.
It ls an ob~ect of the lr-ventlon to prepare colloldal metal partlcles, preferably colloldal gold or sllver partlcles, having a stabillzed coatlng of a polysaccharlde materlal. ~nother obJect of the lnvention is to use sueh coated eollolds to prepare stable protein-eolloid eonJugates. The proteln-eollold eon~ugates of the inventlon overcome tl)e instablllty and orientation problems assoclated wlth protelns whlch are adsorbed dlrectly on eolloid metal surfaces.
DISCLOSURE OFINVENTION
The inventlon provldes for the preparatlon of monodlspersed eolloldal metal(O) partlcles l-avlng a solld eore and coated wlth an amlne-derivatlzed polysaccharlde, the coatlng belng crosslln)ced or flxed by the actlon of a chemical crosslln)clng agent nnd having a plurality of pendent functlonal groups. The pendent functional groups may be or have terminal aldehyde or carboxylate groups, amlne groups, ~ 212~230 ~V093/l~1l, PCT/~S93/~979 sulfhydryl or maleimidyl groups and polyclonal or monoclonal antibodles.
~ ne invention provides a one step process for preparing coated colloldal metal(O) particles by heating an aqueous solut$on of a metal salt wlth an amino-derivatized polysaccharide havlng at least one reducible sugar component and preferably a plurallty of reducible sugar components, for a tlme and at a temperature sufflcient to reduce the metal salt to a metal(O) particle and slmultaneously coat the particle wlth the polysaccharlde. Subsequently, the coated partlcle is treated with a bifunctlonal crosslinklng agent, preferably gluteraldehyde, a diamine, preferably 1,3-dlaminopropane, and a reduclng agent, preferably sodium borohydride and purified to give a stabilized, amlne derivatized polysaccharlde coated metal(O) particle. The polysaccharlde acts as both a reducing agent for the metal ions and as the coating agent for the zero-valent colloidal metal particles that are formed. The polysaccharide coating is stabilized by crosslinking using a suitable crosslinking agent. The resultlng coated and stabilized colloldal metal particles may then be con~ugated with proteins such as enzymes, lectins, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies and the like. These proteins may or may not have attached thereto detectable labels such as dyes, compounds containing radioactive elements, electron dense elements, enzymes and the like. The resulting protein-containing colloidal metal(O) conjugates may be used in a variety of diagnostic and assay procedures.
~RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figs. lA - lD illustrate an absorption extinction spectra in the visible region of gold hydrosols prepared using different aminodextran-to-Au(III) ratios according to the invention.
Fig. 2 illustrates an extinction spectra of a silver hydrosol prepared by mixing aqueous aminodextran T-40 and silver nitrate solutions.
~: .
-~ .
21282~
Wo 93/1~1 1, PCrt-S93/00979 : ~ -6-Flg. 3 illustrates an absorptlon spectra of FITC-~ dextran-Au(III) solution Fig. 33 and FITC-dextran-"~, AU~ olution mixed to near boillng temperature to -~ produce a gold hydrosol (Flg. 3A,top spectra).
~- BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Descrlbed herein ls the preparatlon of -' polysaccharlde coated colloldal metal(O) particles that have partlcular advantages for the con~ugation of antibodies and other protelns. ~ 1no~eYtran ls the ~ = , preferred polysaccharide. Dextran, as used herein, refers to any branched polys~cch~ride of D-glucose, regardless of the branch polnt of the repeatlng unlt:
l.e., 1~2, 1~3, 1~4, etc. ~ ~node~tran means any dextran that has been modifled to have one or more amine (NH2) groups. 1,3-Di- 1nopropane is the preferred diamine for avoiding lntra- and lnter-sugar residue crosslinking which would the negate amine functionalization of dextran.
A number of different, usually bifunctional, crossl~nklng agents such as bls~2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl~sulfone, disuccinimidyl tartarate, ethylene glycol bis(succinimidylsuccinate), disuccinimidyl suberate and glutaraldehyde, can be used in practicing the invention. Common commercially available glutaraldehyde, the preferred crosslinking agent, usually contains mainly monomer absorbing at 280 nanometers (nm). However, this glutaraldehyde product also contains some polymeric species which gives rise to an absorbance at 235 nm. The polymeric species, probably trimers or linear oligomers, are of sufficient length to form intra- and inter-molecular bridges between amino groups present on the adsorbed aminodextran. By ~udicious selection of reaction conditions, the aminodextran can be suitably fixed on the colloidal core particles so the it will not be removed during subsequent manipulations. Large flocs created by excessive crosslinking of free aminodextran , . .
~, ' 212~23~
W093/1~ PCT/-S93/~979 can thereby be avoided and lnterpartlcle crossllnklng 16 negated.
In order to be useful ln the blologlcal and medlcal arts, the flxed or crossllnked ~ 1nodeYtran coatlng on the colloldal gold partlcles should contain functional groups whlch can be conJugated wlth blologlcally actlve substances. Covalent coupling of blologlcal substances such as monoclonal antlbodies to the coatlng ls preferred over slmple adsorptlon. The coupllng of an antlbody, elther polyclonal or monoclonal, to the crossllnked amlnodextran surface coatlng is accompllshed by the use of "short chaln"
diamines or polyamlnes and a hetero-blfunctlonal reagent. (Hereafter the word dlamlne lncludes polyamines having three or more amlne groups). ~he :~:
dlamlne ls reacted wlth resldual aldehyde or carboxylate groups, either naturally occurrlng or present by the steps of thls lnventlon, present on the surface of the crossllnked aminodextran surface. The dlamine serves not only to block alde~yde and carboxylate groups, but also serves to replenlsh the amlne groups that were reacted durlng the crossllnklng process. The diamlne reacts wlth aldehyde groups to form Schlff bases. ~he Schlff bases are then reduced to stable amine groups by reductlon, preferably wlth sodlum borohydrlde.
Short chaln dlamines are preferred in order to avoid crossllnking neighborlng aldehyde or carboxylic acld groups on the same partlcle or to avold llnking such groups on dlfferent partlcles. One dlamlne group reacts wlth the coatlng surface and the other remains unreacted and available for coupling, dlrectly or indirectly, to a proteln material. In general, the diamine is selected from the group consistlng of H NCH -(CH ) -CH (CH3) -NH2 and C6H4 (NH2)2, where x =
0-3, y = 1 or 2, and z = 1 when y = 1 OI' Z = 0 when y =
: -:
~- 2; and a = O or 6. Examples lnclude ethylenedlamine, -- phenylenediamine, propylenediamine, 1,4-*..
.: . -.
, ..
,, 2l2s23a ~ ~vo 93/lSIl, PC'r/~S93/009~9 ,. -8-cyclohexanediamlne, cyclohexenediamine, tetramethylenediamlne and the like. Trlamlne amines include diethylene triamlne, 1,5-dlamlno-3-(2-amino-thyl)pentane and the llke. Ethylenediamlne ls ,: ,- .
preferred.
The coupllng of blologlcal substances to the flxed, amlnodextran coated colloldal gold partlcles lnvolves activatlon of free amlno groups wlth a water soluble hetero-bifunctlonal reagent such as 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride (IT), 8ul fosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC), m-maleimidosuccinimlde ester, N-succlnimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, succinimidyl-4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate, N-succinimidyl-(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate, the reagents llsted above as substitutes for glutaraldehyde and the like. The 2-iminothlolane hydrochloride and the malelmidyl and succinlmidyl reagents are preferred. E. Ishikswa, noassay Supp., 1:1-16 (1980) and J. Immunoassay, 4:209-227 (1983); M. Imagawa et al., J. Appl. ~iochem., 4: 41-57 (1982) and M.D. Partis, J. Protein Chem., 2:
263-227 t1983). When using sulfo-SMCC, the actlve sulfosucclnlmidyl ester end of sulfo-SMCC will react at pH 7.0-7.5 with amines to give peptlde bonds. The sulfo-SMCC/diamine bridging unit which results is approximately 16 Angs~ in length.
The maleimidyl group of sulfo-SMCC will react at pH 6.5-7.5 with free sulfhydryl groups to form a stable, coualent thioether bond. However, it is essential that the coated particles which are reacted with sulfo-SMCC contain no free sulfhydryl groups which would react with the maleimidyl end of sulfo-SMCC. The use of aminodextran as a coating agent precludes such a problem because, unlike other coating materials such as gelatin, it does not have any free sulfhydryl groups.
Proteins, particularly either monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, can be linked to the maleimidyl end of sulfo-SMCC functionalized, aminodextran coated ,, i ~
. , ~
2t282~
0 93/1511, PCr/~S93/009~9 _g_ gold collolds by mesns of ~ulfh~dryl groups that are present on protelne e~ther naturally or by derlvatlzatlon. Protelns whlch have cYstelnyl resldues lnherently contain sulfhydryl groups. To lntroduce addl~i~nal sulfhydryl groups, the protelns' smine groups are actlvated wlth Traut'~ reagent, 2-lmlnothlolane hydrochlorlde (IT), at a pH ln the range of 7-10. When the proteins are antlbodies, antibody lysyl snd te- ~ nal amine groups are actlvated by IT.
M. Ereclnska, Blochem. Blophys. Res. Commun., 76: 495-500 (1977); J.M. Lambert et al., Blochemlstry, 17:
5406-5416 (1978); and M.E. Blrnbaumer et al., Biochem.
J. 181: 201-213 (1979).
When uslng the amlnodextran coated gold colloids of the lnvention, lt ls u~eful to vary the reactlon condltions and the concentratlon of reagents ln order determine optimal coupllng so that the proteln, particularly when an antlbody, wlll retain lts maximum functlonal activlty. Although malelmldes react quite rapldly with sulfhydryl groups ln solutlon, the same groups lmmoblllzed on partlcles should be allowed a glven longer reactlon tlme ln order to assure completeness of reactlon. Partlcle and antibody concentrations during antlbody conJugation should be optlml2ed to avoid aggregation, particularly when IgM
antibodies are used. The optimized procedures for IgM
antibodles can be used for all monoclonal antibodies with an isoelectric point range of about 5.0 to about 9Ø Generally, about 30-fold less antibody is required to achieve covalent coupllng than ls required for simple adsorptlon; a consequence of importance where expensive or hard to obtain antlbodies are lnvolved.
The lnvention ellminates separately preparlng colloidal metal particles and subsequently preparing the collolds for polymer (coating) adsorption and crosslinking. These steps are combined in the method ~,.
' described herein by reacting metal salts with an .
,.
212~2~
,. .
: ~ WO 93/1511 î PCr/~S93/00979 : ,;
- i - 1 0 -oxidizable sugar conta~n~ng amine derivatized ~, .
polysaccharide such as an r ~ noAsYtran for a time and -~ at a temperature sufflcient to reduce the metal salt to colloldal metalt0) partlcles and simutaneou~ly coating ' ~- the particles wlth the polys~cch~ride. The preferred temper~tures are in the range of about 90-100~C. In general, metal ion6 having a reduction potential of +0.7 volts (H3IO6/I05) or higher may be used according to the invention. [For examples see Handbook of Physics and Chemistry, 64th Ed. (CRC Press, Boca ~aton, FL (1983-84), page D-156] . Gold and ~ilver salts are preferred. Salts of Rh(III), Pd(II), Pt(II) and Ir(III) may also be used. Uslng gold and sllver salts as non-limiting examples, an aminodextran compound used according to the lnventlon assumes the followlng multiple roles ln the formatlon of the colloldal metal particles and their subsequent reactlons:
1. It ls the reduclng agent for converting Au(III) to Au(0) or Ag(I) to Ag(0) by oxidation of glucopy~anose rings first to an aldehyde, -(OH)CH-CH(OH)- ~ 2 -CH(O) + 2 H , and subsequently to organic acid, ~' 2 CH(O) ~ 2 H O ~ 2 -COOH + 2 H .
~ 2. It is the colloid protecting species due to - the ability of the amino groups to interact strongly with metal ions or atoms.
Furthermore, the amino groups coordinate with the cationic metal ions in solution, assume a - positive charge and stabilize the cationic dispersion. Although dextran is capable of reducing Au(III) or Ag(I) ions, it will not ~- stabilize the resulting colloid.
~-- 3. Crosslinkages can be formed during colloid -~ formation between the aldehyde groups formed by oxidation of the sugar groups and amino groups already present on aminodextran to form Schiff bases, -HC~N-, which can further -, ,~
\~093/1511, rcr/~ S93/nO979 strengthen the particle-polymer complex.
4. Crossllnklng n(Jel~ts slJch r1s glutaraldehyde can be used to further bridge metal (0) partlcle coatlng amlno groups and encapsu~ate the colloldal partlcles so that they cannot be released by purely physlcnl means.
Protelns whlch are subseguerltly covalently bound to the crossllnked coatlng wlll not be sepnrated from the colloldal metal pnrtlcles by the equlllbrlum reaction descrlbed above.
5. Unreacted polymer nmlno groups and nmlno groups created by blocklng unreacted aldehyde groups wlt,h n dlam~ne serve es sltes for bindlng antlbodies nnd other protelns to the colloldal partlcle coatlng. ~rldglng groups may be used to between the protein nnd the coatlng amlno groups.
The method of the lnventlon ls usefu~ ls preparlng colloldal metal(0) partlcles ln the slze range of 5-lOO
nm diameter. The exact r;lze of the partlcles formed will vary nccordlng to the concentratlon of the startlng rengents used ln the reaction (nminodextran, metal ion~, the tempernture of colloid formatlon, the rate of stirring the mixture of metsl lon nnd aminodextran, nnd the Average molecular weight of the nminodextrnn u3ed in the renction.
In practlcing the invention, it s11ould be considered that metallic particles pose particular problems wlth regard to covalent coupling methods. In particular, surface metal atoms or ions may be vulnerable to chemical reaction and leachirlg by the coupling, actlvatlng and blocklng agents that are often used in the covalent blnding of proteins to organlc coatlngs. Some typical reagents used to bind protelns to organic coatings which may have this effect are lminothiolane, glutaraldehyde, ethy]erledlamlne, cysteine, lodoacetamide and sulfosucclnlmldyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-l-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC).
CA 02l28230 l999-0l-28 Careful selection of reagents and control of their concentration must be exercised in practicing the invention.
Even though a first layer of polymeric coating can often be easily applied to a metal particle, this does not eliminate the need to exercise precaution in subsequent use of the coated particles. Since small molecules can easily pass through the pores in a polymer layer, the surface of the metal particle is still accessible to these molecules.
The polymeric coating realized from employing the invention may not necessarily cover the entire surface of the colloidal metal particle. Consequently, particle aggregation remains a possibility. However, the occurrence of bare spots on the colloidal particles can be minimized by judicious choice of polymer concentration and molecular weight before fixation with a crosslinking agent. Aggregates are eliminated after several ultracentragugings and redispersions of the coated gold colloid by rejection of any non-mobile residue.
The size of the polymer should be smaller than the diameter of the colloidal metal particles. For 20 nm diameter gold particles, this means an average polymer molecular weight of about 40,000 daltons in order to prevent the polymer from causing bridging flocculation. The polymer molecules must surround the gold particles instead of the gold particles staining the polymer molecule. For gold particles of 20 nm diameter at a concentration of 10l2 particles/mL, the polymer concentration should be in the range of about 0.1-2.5 mg/mL.
The optimum conditions for the reaction of activated gold particles with activated proteins such as monoclonal antibodies can be estimated from similar reactions with other colloidal particles. For example, to avoid aggregation of particles and obtain a good surface loading of monoclonal antibody on magnetic beads of l~m mean diameter, the particle concentration was 1.83-3.73 x 10'3 particles/cm3 and the total CA 02l28230 l999-0l-28 antibody concentration was 0.313-0.625 mg/mL. This particle concentration gives a mean interparticle distance of 64-81 ~m or 64-81 particle diameters. Colloidal gold particles of 20 nm diameter are typically prepared at a concentration of 1.30 x 10l2 particles/cm3, yielding a mean interparticle distance of 0.92 ~m or 46 particle diameters. Consequently, a 3-6 fold dilution of the gold sol is necessary to operate under kinetic conditions similar to those of the magnetic particles.
Description Of the Preferred Embodiment Example 1. Preparation of Aminodextran Method 1. Small scale preparation of aminodextran.
Aminodextran was prepared by partial cleavage and oxidation of the glucopyranose rings in dextran to aldehyde functional groups, coupling of the aldehyde groups with 1,3-diaminopropane to form Schiff base linkages and reduction of the Schiff's base linkages to stable amino groups. In a typical procedure, 20 g of dextran were dissolved in 150 mL of 50 mM potassium acetate buffer, pH 6.5. A solution of 2.14 g of sodium periodate in 25 mL of distilled water was added dropwise to the dextran over about 10 minutes with vigorous magnetic mixing. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature, 15-27~C, for about 1.5 hours and then dialyzed against distilled water. 20 mL of 1,3-diaminopropane was mixed with 20 mL of distilled water, cooled in an ice bath, vigorously stirred and pH adjusted from about 11.5 to about 8 7 over about 15 minutes by the addition of glacial acetic acid. Typically, 15-20 mL of glacial acetic acid is used.
The dialyzed dextran was added dropwise over about 15-20 minutes to the chilled diamine solution. After the addition was completed, the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for about 2.25 hours. A reducing solution of 0.8 g sodium borohydride in 10 mL of 0.1 mM sodium hyroxide was added to the dextran .'~.~ !
~ ' 2 ~ 3 0 .~- reactlon mlxture at room temperature over about 15 minutes. The k,; reaction mixture was stirred durlng the borohydride addition to ~ expel most of the effervescence. The crude aminodextran solution ~ was exhaustively dialyzed against distilled water until the -~s conductivity of the effluent was 3-4 ~mho/cm. The dialyzed solution was then filtered through an 0.2 ~m filter and freeze-dried over 24 hours in a model TDS-00030-A, Dura-Dry3 microprocessor controlled freeze dryer (FTS Systems, Inc.) to produce 4 . 25 g of flaky, pale yellow crystals in 21~ yield.
Method 2. Large scale preparation of aminodextran.
The procedure of Method 1 is modified for the large scale ~- preparation of aminodextran and for increasing the number of amino groups introduced into dextran. Hollow fiber membrane filtration replaces dialysis and a smaller diamine-periodate molar ratio is used to avoid further cleavage of the sugar polymer into lower molecular weight fragments. A hollow fiber cartridge (polysufone, 3 ft3 membrane surface area, 1 mm diameter fibers and 5,000 MW cut-off) was mounted vertically with an input power pu~p (two pump heads, maximum flow rate of about 4.56 liters/minute with No. 18 Norprene~ food grade tubing) delivering 15-20 psi which corresponds to 5-10 psi in the retenate line. The filtrate is collected at 50-100 mL/min. Washing was done using 20-30 liters of distilled water over about 6-8 hours. The specific conductance was reduced to about 3-4 ~mho-cm~1 and the pH was 6.0-6.5. The feed volume was maintained at 2 liters during desalting and then concentrated to 800 mL in the first washing of oxidized dextran and to 400 mL in ~-~ the second washing of aminodextran.
In a standard scaled-up preparation, 80 g of dextran were transferred to 1 quart [liter] glass blender bowl containing 600 mL of distilled water. The solid was blended for about 2-5 minutes at medium speed ... . .
,~' ': ' .
:~ :~',:
. "
~,",~,~
tl51l, r~r/~ 593/00979 to dlr;r,olvn all the dextran. 8.56 9 of todlum perlodate were disso]vetl ln 100 ml. of distilled water and the resulting solution was added dropwise to the dextran sollJtlotl over nhout 10 mlnutes using vlgorous magnetlc stirrlng. After the addltion was comp]eted, the resulting mlxture was stlrred at room temperature for an additlonal 3 hours. The resultlng vlscolls reactlon mlxture was then dlluted to 2 llter-s wlth dlstllled water and desalted uslng a hollow flber cartr~dge. Tl~e lnltlal speclflc condllctanc~ was 1.5 mmho-cm or hlgher and tl-e lnltlal pll was 4Ø About 1~-22 liters of dlstllled water was used to obtain a flnal speclflc conductance of about 3-4 ~mho-cm and a flnal pll of 6.0-6.5. Tl~e final volume of washed, oxldized dextran solutlon was 800 m~..
To the washed, oxir3ized dextran r;olutlon, no mL of colorless, llquld l,3-dlamlnopropane was slowly added over about 10 mlnutes at room temperature. The resulting mlxture was then stlrred at room temperature for ~n addltlonal 3 hours. After the stlrring was flnlshed, 3.2 g of sodlum borohydrlde dlssolved ln 40 mL of 1 mM aqlJeous sodlum hydroxlde was added to the room temperature amlnodextran reactlon mlxture over about 5 mlnutes wlth magnetic stirrlng. After the completlon of the sodium borohydride additlon, the resultlng mlxture was stlrred for an addltlonal 1 hour and tl-en desalted usir-g a hollow flber cartrlclge. The lnltlal speclflc conductance was 5.0 mmho-cm or higher and the lnltlal pll was about 12Ø About 20-25 llters of c3istllled water were needed to reduce ttle speclfic conductance to about 3-4 ~mllo-cm and the pll to 6.0-6.5. The final vo]ume of aminodextran was 400 mL. This solution was passed througtl a 0.2 Jlm sterlle cellulose acetate filter unlt and thell freeze-drled over 48 hours to obtaln 48 grams of flaky, pale yellow crystals, a 52% yield.
Elemental analyses ~C,~l,N) were obtained for two samples of aminodextran prepared from dextrall T-2M by ~ 2 1 2 8 .~ ~ ~
~ 'O 93/1~11, P ~ /-S93/009~9 .., ~-- .
: '.~,.
,.: -the methods described above. The analyses are:
Sample 1. 20 g dextran scale, desalting by dialysis.
sd.: G, 43.04: H, 6.60, N, 1.09;
O (by difference), 49.27.
Sample 2. 80 g dextran scale, desalt$ng by membrane flltration.
, Obsd.: C, 42.53; H, S.52; N, 1.01;
O (by difference), 49.94 Calculated for C H NO 3H O:
C, 42.76: H, 6.63: N, 1.08: O, 49.53 ~:
The analyses for aminodextran in the two preparations were ~ry similar, thus indicating that the same product , " ~.
was obtained whether desalting was done by dialysis or by membrane filtrat$on. The empirical formula obtained for Sample 1, C46H84NO40, ls very similar to the fprmula C H NO 3H2O based on 29 units of glucose (C H 0O ), 1 unlt of fully diamine-substituted sugar rlng (C 2H28N4O3) and twelve units of water. Therefore, the degree of diamine substitution in dextran was 1/30 in Sample 1 ln contrast to a theoretical value of 1/12 based on 100%
periodate cleavage and diamine substitution. The empirical formula obtained for Sample 2, C4 Hg NO , is verY to the formula C49 H84 N040 20 unites of glucose, 1 unit of fully diamine substituted sugar ring and twelve units of water. The degree of substitution in dextran by diamin was 1/32 for Sample 2.
Example 2. Preparation Of Gold Hydrosol Using Aminodextran.
A stock gold solution was prepared by dissolving 112.4 mg of HAuCl (49~ Au) in 1 L distilled water to give a 2.8 x 10 M Au(III) solution. Stock Au(III) solution (380 mL) was brought to a boil, rapidly stirred and 45.0 mL of aminodextran concentrate (10.3 mg/mL) was added by pipette. The initial light purple of the mixture became wine red after about 1 minute. The mixture was boiled and stirred for a minimum of 15-20 minutes to complete the reaction and bring the total ....
.. ..
,,',''' 2 1 2 ~
-. -~ ~VO93/1~1/ PCr/~S93tO09~9 ~' volume of the gold sol to 200 mL and the concentration of aminodextran to 2.3 mg/mL (0.23% w/v). Sim$1ar results . w~re obtained using amlnodextrans havlng average molecular welghts of 10,000, 40,000 and 2,000,000 (T-10, T-40 and T-2M) with lX ( lX ~ 3.3% substltutlon of sugar resldues), 2X (6.6~) and 3X (9.9%) molar amounts of amino groups. The 2X snd 3X amlnodextrans were obtained using 2 and 3 tlmes the amount of sodlum periodate u~ed in the lX oxldatlon of dextran described ln Example 1. The amount of 1,3-dlaminopropane used for Schlff base formatlon was kept constant.
The stolchiometry of the reactions ls given by the followlng redox equatlons. The flrst equatlon lnvolves the cleavage and oxidation of glucopyranose rlngs to an -~ aldehyde and the reduction of Au(III) to Au(O) _~ ~ 2 AuC14 + 3 -(OH)CH-CH(OH)-2 Au(O) ~ 8 Cl ~ 6 -CH(O) + 6 H , The second equation is for the oxldation of the aldehyde to carboxylic acid and reduction of Au(III) to Au(O).
2 AuCl + 3 CH(O) ~ 3 H20 ' ~
2 Au(O) + 8 Cl + 3 -COOH + 6 H .
The progress of converting Au(III) to Au(O) was followed by monitoring the absorption spectrum of the gold colloid in the visible region. Small gold particles of about 20 nm diameter typically show a Ax1 absorption at 520 nm in aqueous solutlon. A shift of this peak to longer wavelengths is indlcative of larger particles or clusterlng of primarv partlcles to form doublets, triplets, etc. Optimal smlnodextran-gold molar ratlos for producing single, polymer-stabillzed particles were determined by analyzing the vlsible spectra of a ~- serles of preparatlons. Figs. lA - lD was obtaine~
- uslng lX aminodextran, T-10 derived, concentrations of 0.005, 0.010, 0.015 and 0.020%5w/v. Unreacted sugar 5 ~ units were, in5mol, 1.49 x 10 , 2.98 x 10 , 4.47 x 10 '~ and 5.95 x 10- , respectively. 50 mL of stock Au(III) -~, -5 - sol or 1.40 x 10 Au were used. The molar ratio of unreacted sugar to Au were about 1:1 (Fig. lA), 2:1 (Fig.
~, ~ . .
..~, ., '~ 212323~~VO93/151l, PCT/~S93/~9~9 ' lB), 3:1 (Fig. lC) and 4:1 (Fig. lD) respectively. The results shown in Flg. 1 lndlcate that a molar ratio of ~- 3:i or greater is requlred to obtain a stable aminodextran protected gold hydrosol. Using a lesser ratio results in the formatlon of aggregated partlcles.
Example 3. Reaction of Dextran wlth Chloroauric Acid.
2.5 g of dextran T-40 was dissolved in 50m~
distilled water. 10 mL (3mmol sugar residue) of this solution was added to 95 mL (0.034mmol Au) of boiling stock Au(III) solution (2.8 x 10 M Au). The mlxture was boiled and vigorously magnetically stirred for 2-3 minutes during which time a red-violet suspension appeared. After contlnuing boiling for 5 additional minute~, a light red precipitate formed on the walls of the container. The precipitate was solid gold which was not stabilized in a finely divlded colloldal state by dextran.
Example 4. Preparation of Sllver Hydrosol Using Aminodextran.
135 ~L of 0.589 M silver nitrate (O.080 mmol Ag) solution 135 ~L were added to 95 mL dist$11ed water.
This solution was brought to a boil and 16.1 mL (0.6 mmol sugar residue) of aminodextran T-40 (6.2 mg/ml) were added to it. Boillng snd vlgorous magnetic stlrring of the mixture was continued for 20 minutes, durlng which time the solution slowly turned yellow and then red. The suspension of silver particles was cooled to room temperature and its characteristic absorption spectrum, Fig. 2, was measured to show a peak at 395 nm and shoulder near 500 nm, and A395tA500 = 4.56. The same reaction, carried out in a pyrex reaction bottle at 90~C
in an oven showed no color change after 3 hours, but did give a yellow silver sol which then turned red after about 24 hours. A parallel oven reaction between stock Au(III) solution and aminodextran at 90~C took 3.5 hours to produce a wine red gold sol.
-- Example 5. Preparation of Gold Hydrosol Using 212~23~
093/1511, PCT/~S93/00979 Fluoresceln Isothiocyanate tFITC) - Dextran.
25 mg of ~ITC-dextran (Slgma; 17,000 MW; 0.0l mol FITC/mol glucose resldue) was added to 5 mL of bolllng stock Au(III) solutlon (2.8 x l0 M Au). Although the solld dextran derivatlve dlssolved ln the agueous solution no reaction was detected. After 5 mlnutes, an additional l0 mL of stock Au(III) solution were added to the bolling mixture and after an addltlonal 15 mlnutes, the wine red color characteristlc of colloidal gold was produced. Absorptlon spectra are dlsplayed ln Flgs. 3A
and 38. Au(III) shows an absorption peak at 420 nm and a shoulder near 480 nm, and flnely divided gold particles show an additional band at 535 nm. Slmilar results were obtained with 25 mg FITC-dextran (2,000,000 MW; 0.004 mol FITC/mnl ~lucose resldue) in 20 ml stock Au(III) solution. The FITC-dextran gold sol was centrifuged at 20,000 rpm for 30 mlnutes at 15~C in an SW60 rotor on the Beckman L8-70 ultracentrifuge, the supernatant was ~ ed, and the moblle colloidal gold residue was redispersed in lx phosphate buffered sallne, pH 7.2. The red colloidal gold particles did not show any FITC green emission under a fluorescence microscope.
Example 6. Crosslinking Of Aminodextran On Colloidal Gold.
0.8 mL of 25~ glutaraldehyde was added to 200 mL of approximately pH 6 colloidal gold suspension (Example 2) prepared in the presence of 0.23~ w/v aminodextran. The reaction mixture was stirred for l hour at room temperature. Ethylenediamine (0.320 mL) was added to the reactlon and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. In general, the diamine is selected from the group consisting of H2NCH2-(CH2) -CH (CH3) -NH
and C6H4 (NH2)2, where x = 0-3, y = l or 2, and z = l when y = l or Z = 0 when y = 2; and a = 0 or 6.
Ethylenediamine is preferred. The Schlff base linkages formed by addition of the diamine were reduced by the addition of ~.303 g sodium borohydride in 2 mL of l mM
~ ' !
1'(~'/~ ss3/nns7s aqueous potasslum hydroxide solutlon nnd stirring the resultlng reactlon mlxture for 30 m~nutes ~fter reduction, the mixture was exhaustively dialyzed against dlstllled water to a conductivlty of approximate1y 66 ~mho/cm The dialyzod solutlon was thnn centrifuged at 25,000 rpm for about 40 mlnutes at 15~C ln 25 mL tubes ln a Tl 50 2 rotor on a BecJcman LS-70 ultracentrlfuge The mostly moblle pool of colloldal gold-nminodextran was easily redlspersed ln 100 ml of lX pllosphate buffered 6allne (PBS) solutlon Uslng A l mm path quartz cell, an absorbance readlng of 0 24-0.29 unlts at lambda - 520 nm was observed. Thls reading indicates the presence of single particlns of gold The moblllty of T-40 derived, crossllnked aminodextran coated gold partlcle~ was measured by multl-angle Doppler electrophoretlc light scatterlng on a Coulter DE1,SA 440 In aqueous solutionl an average moblllty of ~0 486(11) x 10 cm V S was recorded over a pll range of 3.5 to 10.3. Uslng the 11uckel equatlon, thls data glves a zeta potentlal of ~9 mV and establlsl-es the coated gold partlcles as catlonlc probes Con~ugatlon of Tll monoclonal sntlbody (Coulter Immunology, 11laleah, Florlda) to the amlnodextran coated partlcles (vlde lnfra) dld not change tl-e catlonlc nature of the partlcles Example 7 Crossllnlclng of Amlr-odextran On Co~loldal Cold wlth FITC-Dextran 0.519 mL of amlnodextran, T-2M (10.3 mg/ml, 0.033 mmol glucose resldue) solutlon were added to 10 mL of boiling stock Au(III) solution (2 Bx]0 M) The mlxture was boiled and vigorous magnetic stirred for 15 mlnutes to produce a wlne-rec3 su5pensior of gold particles. 26 5 mg of FITC-dextran T-2M (Sigma, 0 009 degree of substitution) dlssolved ln 2 mL distllled water was added to the wine-red mlxture and the resultlng mlxture was stirred for an addltlonal 40 minutes at room temperature Since FIl'C con~ugati~n to dextran requires prlmary amlne : 2l~23~
WO 93/1~1 1 / PCT/~ S93/00979 groups or dextran, the Sigma material probably contains aminodextran conjugated with FITC. Consequently, crosslinklng was carrled out by the addltlon of 40 ~L of 25~ glutaraldehyde to the mlxture and further stlrring for 1 hour. To quench the crossllnklng reactlon, 16 ~L
ethylenediamlne were added and the resultlng mlxture was stirred for 1.5 hours. Finally, 15 mg ~odium borohydride ln 0.1 mL of 1 mM KOH was added and mlxed for 0.5 hour to stabllize the Schlff base by reductlon. The borohydrlde reduced mlxture was then centrlfuged at 20,000 rpm for 30 minutes at 15~C ln an SW60 rotor, the ~upernatant was .~ ~ved, and the mobile gold resldue was redispersed in 1% BSA, 0.17~ sodlum azlde in lx phosphate buffered ~aline. These gold particles, observed under a fluorescence mlcroscope, gave a bright green FITC
emisslon.
Example 8. Actlvatlon Of Crosslinked Aminodextran-Gold Wlth Sulfo-SMCC.
Although varlous sulfo-SMCC/gold ratlos were tried, the best results were obtained using 2.25 ~L of sulfo-SMCC (10 mg/mL in lX PBS) per milllter of crosslinked aminodextran gold suspenslon. In a typlcal reaction, 56.25 ~L of sulfo-SMCC was added to 25 mL of crosslinked aminodextran gold suspenslon. The mlxture was mlxed for 1 hour and then twice centrlfuged for 30 minutes st 20,000 rpm and 15~C The mostly moblle pool was redispersed wlth the ald of ultrasonlc mixing, first in 25 mL and then 7.8 mL of lX PBS. The resultlng actlvated . ~:
~-~ aminodextran gold sol was filtered through a low protein blndlng 0.2 ~m filter prior to use.
Example 9. Actlvatlon Of Antlbody Wlth 2-Imlnothiolane Hydrochloride (IT).
;~ A stock solution contalnlng 43.77 mg/mL of Tll mono-clonal antibody in lX PBS contalning 0.1% NaN3 wa~
prepared. For a rea~tlon uslng 30 mg Tll antlbody a~ a concentration of 15 mg/mL, the total reactlon volume ,."~
.
should be 2.00 mL. Using a 15:1 IT:Tll activation ratio, 2.81 ~mol (0.388 mg) or 194 ~L of 2 mg/mL IT in lX PBS is required.
~:~ Therefore 1.121 mL of lX PBS solution was added to 0.685 mL of Tll stock solution. The total volume upon mixing all the reagent solutions is 0.194 mL IT + 1.121 mL PBS + 0.685 mL T11 = 2.0 mL.
The resulting solution is roller mixed for 1 hour in a reaction tube. The contents of the reaction tube were then applied to the top of a 100 mL G-50 Sephadex~ column, equilibrated and washed with 500 mL lX PBS. The derivatized monoclonal antlbody was eluted using lX PBS and a plurality of 50 mL fractlons were collected using a W monltor. Fractions ln the mlddle of the band absorbing at 280 nm were pooled and the A280 value was used to determlne the T/IT product concentration. Typically, the concentration was about 2.5 mg/m~.
: ' Example 10. Conjugation Of Tll/IT And Sulfo-SMCC
Derivatlzed XL-Aminodextran Gold Particles.
A 2.200 mL sample of 2.854 mg/mL T11/IT in lX PBS was added to 7.8 mL of sulfo-SMCC activated aminodextran coated gold particles prepared as described above. The T11/IT solution was added in 0.5 mL lncrements wlth sonicatlon and rapid physlcal mixing between addltions. The resulting suspension was then roller mixed in a 15 mL tube for approximately 2 hours. Unreacted maleimldyl groups on the sulfo-SMCC actlvated particles were blocked after antlbody conjugatlon by the addltlon of L-cystelne.
Typically, 0.120 mL of 5 mg/mL L-cysteine in lX PBS was added to 10 mL of the conjugatlon mlxture [(0.0120 mL L-cysteine) x (volume of conjugation mixture)] and the resulting suspension was roller mixed for about 15 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged in a Beckman 50.2 Ti rotor for 30 minutes at 15~C and 10,000 rpm. The mostly mobile pool was resuspended in lX PBS containing 0.1% NaN3 and 1% BSA, and filtered through an 0.2 ~m filter. The resulting antibody conjugated, crosslinked amlnodextran coated gold partlcles were found .., 1 ~. ~
21282~
~ ~, Wo 93/1~1 1 / PCr/~S93/00979 ., ~ -23-... . .
: ~
.~.
- sultable for use as markers in optical and electron ~ microscopy. The high activlty of T11 antibody on these ; gold particles was ~ ~nstrated by (1) using GAM-FITC
(goat antibody against mouse immunoglobulin -FITC, Coulter Immunolo~y) as a second~ry antibody added to a mixture of Tll-amlnodextran-gold partlcles and whole blood, and observing under a fluorescence microscope that ~- Tll+ cells were completely coated wlth the gold label;
and (2) using an lnverted mlcroscope (Zeiss) wlth an epi-; illumination configuration to directly view the gold ' particles on T11~ cells as small red spots on the cell surface.
Additional successful preparations of antibody conjugated, crosslinked r ~node~tran coated gold ~ ~ particles were carried out using:
-- 1. Aminodextran T-40 having 2X amino sroups;
2. Aminodextran T-40 having lX amino groups;
~- 3. Aminodextran T-2M havlng lX amino groups; and ' 4. Aminodextran T-10 having lX amino groups.Each of these crosslinked aminodextran coated gold particles preparations were used in three different Tll ~ monoclonal antibody conjugation reactions. These were:
-~ 1. lx activation with ~ulfO-SMCC, 0.833 mg/ml Tll/IT during conjugation and no L-cysteine blocking;
2. lx activation with sulfo-SMCC, 0.653 mg/mL
Tll/IT during conjugation and 0.0120 x vol of 5 ' mg/mL L-cysteine: and -~ 3. (1/3)X activation with sulfo-SMCC, 0.628 mg/mL
T11/IT and 0.0120 x vol of 5 mg/mL L-cysteine.
, Example 11. Antibody-aminodextran-colloidal Metal Complexes in Cell Population Analyses.
Triple antibody staining of lndividual cells has been accomplished with colloidal gold - and two fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies (fluorescein and rhodamine or phycoerythrin plus antibody) for use in light microscopy by epi-illumination with polarized light :~1 ' ,-'-~
~ ':
~ 3 ~ . PCT/~S93/0097s ~- (J.J.M. Van Dongen et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 80:1-6 (1985)) and ln flow cytometry (R. Festin et al., J.
Immunol. Methods, 101: 23-28 ~1987)). No interference between gold (rlght angle light scatter) and the fluorescence labels was observed. Thus, antlbody-amlnodextran-colloid gold complexes can be used alone or together wlth fluorochrome-con~ug antlbodles ln various cell populatlon analyses by flow cytometry or other methods such as those descrlbed ln Internatlonal Patent Appllcatlon WO 90/13013 by T. Russell, M.C. Ha~ek, C.M.
Rodriquez, and W.H. Coulter. Small partlcles of other metals such as platlnum, palladlum, lrldlum, or rhodium, whlch absorb maxlmally ln the ultraviolet region instead of vislble reglon (gold collold at about 520 nm, sllver collold at about 400 nm may prove to be more,useful as cell labels of the antibody-amlnodextran-colloldal metal type, slnce thelr absorptlon bands do not overlap wlth the emlsslon bands of typlcal fluorochromes.
For analyses of T cell sub~ets (T4,T8) a T4 or T8 monoclonal antlbody-amlnodextran-gold collo6d complex is flrst mixed wlth a whole blood sample (lxlO total lymphocytes maxlmum) for 6 mlnutes. T4-RDl (phycoerythrln) and T8-~ITC tCoulter Immunology, Hialeah, FL) fluorescent markers are then added and mixed for lO
mlnutes. The resulting mlxture ls then treated by a Q-PREP~ (Coulter Immunology~ lyse (formic acid) and quench (sodium carbonate, etc. and paraformaldehyde) of RBCs.
The sample ls then analyzed by flow cytometry for T4 or T8 cell populatlons and for T-cell speclflclty in the forward shifted (by colloldal metal) versus side scatter region of lymphocytes. Similar analyses have been successfully carried out wlth T4- and T8- polystyrene bead (ca. 2 ~m diameter) con~ugates for analyses of T4 and T8 cell populatlons among lymphocytes in whole blood.
It is important that bead or metal partlcle-antibody con~ugates be first mixed with whole blood before adding fluorescent markers to avoid saturation of antlgenic sites on '''-, ~093/1511, rcl/~ 593/On979 T-cells by the smaller and more moblle molecular dye-sntlbody conJugates.
Shifts in the forward versus side scatter diagrams for metal c~llold-labelled lymphocytes will dlffer ln degree and dlrectlon deper-dlng on the r;lze, shape and refractlve lndex of metal partlcles. Therefore, lt ls conceivable that two or more colloldal partlcles uslng dlfferent colloldal metals can be con~ugated wlth dlfferent monoclonal antlbodles and used to analyze cell subset populatlons ln non-overlapplng reglons of the scatter plot by flow cytometry wlth multlple fluorescent markers. Thls would be useful to lnvestlgate dlversity nmong antigenic sltes ex~ressed ln ls sma]l population of cells, sucll as, about lO cells.
I Clalm:
should be 2.00 mL. Using a 15:1 IT:Tll activation ratio, 2.81 ~mol (0.388 mg) or 194 ~L of 2 mg/mL IT in lX PBS is required.
~:~ Therefore 1.121 mL of lX PBS solution was added to 0.685 mL of Tll stock solution. The total volume upon mixing all the reagent solutions is 0.194 mL IT + 1.121 mL PBS + 0.685 mL T11 = 2.0 mL.
The resulting solution is roller mixed for 1 hour in a reaction tube. The contents of the reaction tube were then applied to the top of a 100 mL G-50 Sephadex~ column, equilibrated and washed with 500 mL lX PBS. The derivatized monoclonal antlbody was eluted using lX PBS and a plurality of 50 mL fractlons were collected using a W monltor. Fractions ln the mlddle of the band absorbing at 280 nm were pooled and the A280 value was used to determlne the T/IT product concentration. Typically, the concentration was about 2.5 mg/m~.
: ' Example 10. Conjugation Of Tll/IT And Sulfo-SMCC
Derivatlzed XL-Aminodextran Gold Particles.
A 2.200 mL sample of 2.854 mg/mL T11/IT in lX PBS was added to 7.8 mL of sulfo-SMCC activated aminodextran coated gold particles prepared as described above. The T11/IT solution was added in 0.5 mL lncrements wlth sonicatlon and rapid physlcal mixing between addltions. The resulting suspension was then roller mixed in a 15 mL tube for approximately 2 hours. Unreacted maleimldyl groups on the sulfo-SMCC actlvated particles were blocked after antlbody conjugatlon by the addltlon of L-cystelne.
Typically, 0.120 mL of 5 mg/mL L-cysteine in lX PBS was added to 10 mL of the conjugatlon mlxture [(0.0120 mL L-cysteine) x (volume of conjugation mixture)] and the resulting suspension was roller mixed for about 15 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged in a Beckman 50.2 Ti rotor for 30 minutes at 15~C and 10,000 rpm. The mostly mobile pool was resuspended in lX PBS containing 0.1% NaN3 and 1% BSA, and filtered through an 0.2 ~m filter. The resulting antibody conjugated, crosslinked amlnodextran coated gold partlcles were found .., 1 ~. ~
21282~
~ ~, Wo 93/1~1 1 / PCr/~S93/00979 ., ~ -23-... . .
: ~
.~.
- sultable for use as markers in optical and electron ~ microscopy. The high activlty of T11 antibody on these ; gold particles was ~ ~nstrated by (1) using GAM-FITC
(goat antibody against mouse immunoglobulin -FITC, Coulter Immunolo~y) as a second~ry antibody added to a mixture of Tll-amlnodextran-gold partlcles and whole blood, and observing under a fluorescence microscope that ~- Tll+ cells were completely coated wlth the gold label;
and (2) using an lnverted mlcroscope (Zeiss) wlth an epi-; illumination configuration to directly view the gold ' particles on T11~ cells as small red spots on the cell surface.
Additional successful preparations of antibody conjugated, crosslinked r ~node~tran coated gold ~ ~ particles were carried out using:
-- 1. Aminodextran T-40 having 2X amino sroups;
2. Aminodextran T-40 having lX amino groups;
~- 3. Aminodextran T-2M havlng lX amino groups; and ' 4. Aminodextran T-10 having lX amino groups.Each of these crosslinked aminodextran coated gold particles preparations were used in three different Tll ~ monoclonal antibody conjugation reactions. These were:
-~ 1. lx activation with ~ulfO-SMCC, 0.833 mg/ml Tll/IT during conjugation and no L-cysteine blocking;
2. lx activation with sulfo-SMCC, 0.653 mg/mL
Tll/IT during conjugation and 0.0120 x vol of 5 ' mg/mL L-cysteine: and -~ 3. (1/3)X activation with sulfo-SMCC, 0.628 mg/mL
T11/IT and 0.0120 x vol of 5 mg/mL L-cysteine.
, Example 11. Antibody-aminodextran-colloidal Metal Complexes in Cell Population Analyses.
Triple antibody staining of lndividual cells has been accomplished with colloidal gold - and two fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies (fluorescein and rhodamine or phycoerythrin plus antibody) for use in light microscopy by epi-illumination with polarized light :~1 ' ,-'-~
~ ':
~ 3 ~ . PCT/~S93/0097s ~- (J.J.M. Van Dongen et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 80:1-6 (1985)) and ln flow cytometry (R. Festin et al., J.
Immunol. Methods, 101: 23-28 ~1987)). No interference between gold (rlght angle light scatter) and the fluorescence labels was observed. Thus, antlbody-amlnodextran-colloid gold complexes can be used alone or together wlth fluorochrome-con~ug antlbodles ln various cell populatlon analyses by flow cytometry or other methods such as those descrlbed ln Internatlonal Patent Appllcatlon WO 90/13013 by T. Russell, M.C. Ha~ek, C.M.
Rodriquez, and W.H. Coulter. Small partlcles of other metals such as platlnum, palladlum, lrldlum, or rhodium, whlch absorb maxlmally ln the ultraviolet region instead of vislble reglon (gold collold at about 520 nm, sllver collold at about 400 nm may prove to be more,useful as cell labels of the antibody-amlnodextran-colloldal metal type, slnce thelr absorptlon bands do not overlap wlth the emlsslon bands of typlcal fluorochromes.
For analyses of T cell sub~ets (T4,T8) a T4 or T8 monoclonal antlbody-amlnodextran-gold collo6d complex is flrst mixed wlth a whole blood sample (lxlO total lymphocytes maxlmum) for 6 mlnutes. T4-RDl (phycoerythrln) and T8-~ITC tCoulter Immunology, Hialeah, FL) fluorescent markers are then added and mixed for lO
mlnutes. The resulting mlxture ls then treated by a Q-PREP~ (Coulter Immunology~ lyse (formic acid) and quench (sodium carbonate, etc. and paraformaldehyde) of RBCs.
The sample ls then analyzed by flow cytometry for T4 or T8 cell populatlons and for T-cell speclflclty in the forward shifted (by colloldal metal) versus side scatter region of lymphocytes. Similar analyses have been successfully carried out wlth T4- and T8- polystyrene bead (ca. 2 ~m diameter) con~ugates for analyses of T4 and T8 cell populatlons among lymphocytes in whole blood.
It is important that bead or metal partlcle-antibody con~ugates be first mixed with whole blood before adding fluorescent markers to avoid saturation of antlgenic sites on '''-, ~093/1511, rcl/~ 593/On979 T-cells by the smaller and more moblle molecular dye-sntlbody conJugates.
Shifts in the forward versus side scatter diagrams for metal c~llold-labelled lymphocytes will dlffer ln degree and dlrectlon deper-dlng on the r;lze, shape and refractlve lndex of metal partlcles. Therefore, lt ls conceivable that two or more colloldal partlcles uslng dlfferent colloldal metals can be con~ugated wlth dlfferent monoclonal antlbodles and used to analyze cell subset populatlons ln non-overlapplng reglons of the scatter plot by flow cytometry wlth multlple fluorescent markers. Thls would be useful to lnvestlgate dlversity nmong antigenic sltes ex~ressed ln ls sma]l population of cells, sucll as, about lO cells.
I Clalm:
Claims (33)
1. A method for preparing colloidal metal(0) particles from a solution of a metal salt and coating said particles with a polymeric organic compound which also is used as a reductant for said metal salt, said method comprising:
(a) heating a solution containing an amine derivatized, oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide and a metal salt capable of being reduced by said oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide for a time and at a temperature sufficient to reduce said metal salt to colloidal metal particles and simultaneously coating said particles with said polysaccharide; and (b) stabilizing the amine derivatized polysaccharide coating on said particles by means of a bifunctional crosslinking agent, a diamine and a reducing agent.
(a) heating a solution containing an amine derivatized, oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide and a metal salt capable of being reduced by said oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide for a time and at a temperature sufficient to reduce said metal salt to colloidal metal particles and simultaneously coating said particles with said polysaccharide; and (b) stabilizing the amine derivatized polysaccharide coating on said particles by means of a bifunctional crosslinking agent, a diamine and a reducing agent.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said amine derivatized polysaccharide is an aminodextran.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said metal salt has a reduction potential of +0.7 volts or higher.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said metal salt is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium salts capable of being reduced by said polysaccharide.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said metal salt is a gold or silver salt.
6. A method of preparing colloidal metal(0) particles coated with an amine derivatized, oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide, said method comprising:
(a) heating an aqueous solution of a sugar reducible metal salt and adding to said solution an aqueous solution of an amine derivatized polysaccharide having at least one reducing sugar component;
(b) heating and mixing the solution resulting from step (a) for about 10-30 minutes at a temperature in the range of about 90-100°C to reduce said metal salt by said polysaccharide to colloidal metal(0) particles suspended in said polysaccharide solution and coated with said polysaccharide:
(c) cooling the solution resulting from step (b) to room temperature and adding to the cooled solution an aqueous first bifunctional reagent capable of reacting with amine groups on said amine derivatized polysaccharide;
(d) adding an organic diamine to the product of step (c) (e) reducing the reducible groups formed in step (d);
(f) dialyzing the solution of step (e) against water; and (g) centrifuging the product of step (f) to obtain amine derivatized polysaccharide coated particles capable of being dispersed as colloids.
(a) heating an aqueous solution of a sugar reducible metal salt and adding to said solution an aqueous solution of an amine derivatized polysaccharide having at least one reducing sugar component;
(b) heating and mixing the solution resulting from step (a) for about 10-30 minutes at a temperature in the range of about 90-100°C to reduce said metal salt by said polysaccharide to colloidal metal(0) particles suspended in said polysaccharide solution and coated with said polysaccharide:
(c) cooling the solution resulting from step (b) to room temperature and adding to the cooled solution an aqueous first bifunctional reagent capable of reacting with amine groups on said amine derivatized polysaccharide;
(d) adding an organic diamine to the product of step (c) (e) reducing the reducible groups formed in step (d);
(f) dialyzing the solution of step (e) against water; and (g) centrifuging the product of step (f) to obtain amine derivatized polysaccharide coated particles capable of being dispersed as colloids.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said derivatized polysaccharide is an aminodextran.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein said metal salt has a reduction potential of +0.7 volts or higher.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said metal salt is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium salts capable of being reduced by said polysaccharide.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said metal salt is selected from the group consisting a gold or silver salt.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein said first bifunctional reagent is glutaraldehyde.
12. The method of claim 6 wherein said diamine is selected from the group consisting of H NCH2-(CH2) CH y(CH3)z-NH2 and C6H4+a(NH2)2' where x = 0-3,y = 1 or 2, and Z = 1 when y = 1 or Z = 0 when y = 2; and a = 0 or 6.
13. A method of preparing colloidal metal(0) particles coated with an amine derivatized, oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide and having a protein bound thereto, said method comprising:
(a) preparing coated colloidal metal particles according to claim 1, and (b) reacting the particles of step (a) with a protein capable of forming a covalent bond with the amine groups present on said particles.
(a) preparing coated colloidal metal particles according to claim 1, and (b) reacting the particles of step (a) with a protein capable of forming a covalent bond with the amine groups present on said particles.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said protein is a monoclonal antibody.
15. The method according to claim 13 wherein said colloidal metal particles are selected from the group consisting of colloidal gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium colloidal particles.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein said colloidal particles are colloidal gold or silver particles.
17. A method of preparing colloidal metal(0) particles coated with an amine-derivatized reducible sugar containing polysaccharide and having a protein bound thereto, said method comprising:
(a) preparing colloidal metal particles according to claim 1;
(b) converting the amine groups present on said particles to a group selected from the group consisting of sulhydryl and maleimidyl groups, and (c) reacting the product of step (b) with:
(1) a protein having a functional group reactive with said sulfhydryl and maleimidyl groups or (2) a derivatized protein having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of sulfhydryl and maleimidyl groups, such that when said particles contain sulfhydryl groups said protein contains maleimidyl groups, and when said particles contain maleimidyl groups said protein contains sulfhydryl groups.
(a) preparing colloidal metal particles according to claim 1;
(b) converting the amine groups present on said particles to a group selected from the group consisting of sulhydryl and maleimidyl groups, and (c) reacting the product of step (b) with:
(1) a protein having a functional group reactive with said sulfhydryl and maleimidyl groups or (2) a derivatized protein having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of sulfhydryl and maleimidyl groups, such that when said particles contain sulfhydryl groups said protein contains maleimidyl groups, and when said particles contain maleimidyl groups said protein contains sulfhydryl groups.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein said protein is a monoclonal antibody either with or without a detectable label selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a dye, an electron dense element and a radioactive element containing compound.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein said colloidal metal particles are selected from the group consisting of colloidal gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium colloidal particles.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein said colloidal particles are gold or silver colloidal particles.
21. Colloidal metal(0) particles having a polymeric organic coating thereon of a substance used to form said metal(0) particles by reduction of a metal salt with said substance, said coating comprising a stabilized amine derivatized polysaccharide and said coating being stabilized by means of a bifunctional crosslinking agent, a diamine and a reducing agent.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein said amine derivatized polysaccharide is an aminodextran.
23. The particles of claim 21 wherein said bifunctional crosslinking agent is glutaraldehyde.
24. The particles of claim 21 wherein said metal(0) is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium.
25. The particle of claim 24 wherein said metal(0) is silver or gold.
26. Colloidal metal(0) particles having a stabilized amine derivatized polysaccharide coating thereon, said particles being prepared by:
(a) heating an aqueous solution containing an amine derivatized, oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide and a metal salt capable of being reduced by said polysaccharide for a time and at a temperature sufficient to-reduce said metal salt to colloidal metal particles and simultaneously coating said particles with said polysaccharide;
(b) stabilizing the amine derivatized polysaccharide coating on said particles by means of a bifunctional crosslinking agent;
(c) reacting the product of step (b) with an organic diamine; and reducing the resulting product with a reducing reagent; and (d) separating the product of step (c) from impurities to obtain metals particles coated with a stabilized amine derivatized polysaccharide coating.
(a) heating an aqueous solution containing an amine derivatized, oxidizable sugar containing polysaccharide and a metal salt capable of being reduced by said polysaccharide for a time and at a temperature sufficient to-reduce said metal salt to colloidal metal particles and simultaneously coating said particles with said polysaccharide;
(b) stabilizing the amine derivatized polysaccharide coating on said particles by means of a bifunctional crosslinking agent;
(c) reacting the product of step (b) with an organic diamine; and reducing the resulting product with a reducing reagent; and (d) separating the product of step (c) from impurities to obtain metals particles coated with a stabilized amine derivatized polysaccharide coating.
27. The particles of claim 26 wherein said amine derivatized polysaccharide is an aminodextran.
28. The particles of claim 26 wherein said bifunctional crosslinking agent is glutaraldehyde.
29. The particles of claim 26 wherein said metal(0) is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium.
30. The particles of claim 29 wherein said metal(0) is gold or silver.
31. Colloidal metal(0) particles having a coating of a stabilized amine derivatized polysaccharide coating and a protein covalently bound to said coating, said particles comprising:
(a) particles prepared according to claim 6 and a protein covalently bound to polysaccharide coating on said particles: or (b) particles prepared according to claim 6 and further reacted to produce particles having reactive sulfhydryl or maleimidyl groups attached to the polysaccharide coating and protein covalently bound to the sulfhydryl or maleimidyl group on said coating.
(a) particles prepared according to claim 6 and a protein covalently bound to polysaccharide coating on said particles: or (b) particles prepared according to claim 6 and further reacted to produce particles having reactive sulfhydryl or maleimidyl groups attached to the polysaccharide coating and protein covalently bound to the sulfhydryl or maleimidyl group on said coating.
32. The particles according to claim 31 wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, enzymes and lectins.
33. The particles according to claim 31 wherein said protein has a detectible enzyme or substance containing a radioactive element or dye attached thereto.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/827,347 | 1992-01-29 | ||
| US07/827,347 US5248772A (en) | 1992-01-29 | 1992-01-29 | Formation of colloidal metal dispersions using aminodextrans as reductants and protective agents |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2128230A1 CA2128230A1 (en) | 1993-08-05 |
| CA2128230C true CA2128230C (en) | 1999-04-20 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002128230A Expired - Fee Related CA2128230C (en) | 1992-01-29 | 1993-01-28 | Formation of colloidal metal dispersions using aminodextrans as reductants and protective agents |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5248772A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0625993A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH07504843A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1074844A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU3608993A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2128230C (en) |
| IL (1) | IL104455A (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9300391A (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ245701A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993015117A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA93525B (en) |
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-
1992
- 1992-01-29 US US07/827,347 patent/US5248772A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-01-19 NZ NZ245701A patent/NZ245701A/en unknown
- 1993-01-20 IL IL10445593A patent/IL104455A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-01-25 ZA ZA93525A patent/ZA93525B/en unknown
- 1993-01-26 MX MX9300391A patent/MX9300391A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-01-28 JP JP5513509A patent/JPH07504843A/en active Pending
- 1993-01-28 EP EP93904879A patent/EP0625993A4/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-01-28 AU AU36089/93A patent/AU3608993A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-01-28 WO PCT/US1993/000979 patent/WO1993015117A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-01-28 CA CA002128230A patent/CA2128230C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-01-29 CN CN93100522A patent/CN1074844A/en active Pending
- 1993-09-09 US US08/118,980 patent/US5552086A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA93525B (en) | 1994-07-25 |
| EP0625993A1 (en) | 1994-11-30 |
| JPH07504843A (en) | 1995-06-01 |
| IL104455A0 (en) | 1993-05-13 |
| MX9300391A (en) | 1993-07-01 |
| WO1993015117A1 (en) | 1993-08-05 |
| CN1074844A (en) | 1993-08-04 |
| US5248772A (en) | 1993-09-28 |
| AU3608993A (en) | 1993-09-01 |
| CA2128230A1 (en) | 1993-08-05 |
| IL104455A (en) | 1996-06-18 |
| US5552086A (en) | 1996-09-03 |
| EP0625993A4 (en) | 1997-02-05 |
| NZ245701A (en) | 1995-03-28 |
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