CA2074806A1

CA2074806A1 - Systems for eradicating contaminants in fluids

Info

Publication number: CA2074806A1
Application number: CA002074806A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Ludwig Wolf Jr.; John T. Foley; William R. Bratten
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Baxter International Inc
Priority date: 1990-12-20
Filing date: 1991-12-20
Publication date: 1992-06-21
Also published as: WO1992011060A1; JP3051996B2; DE69130218D1; EP0525138A4; AU646533B2; AU9159391A; US5290221A; EP0525138A1; EP0525138B1; JPH05505126A; DE69130218T2

Abstract

Systems for treating a fluid carrying a contaminant to which a photoactive material has been bound include a treatment device (12) that defines a relatively narrow, arcuately shaped flow path (26). These systems envelop the path with a radiation chamber (50) that directs radiation from one or more sources (52) into the fluid.

Description

W09~ 0 P~/IJS~ '712 .'. J,) Fiald of the Invention The invention gen~rally relates to the erad-ication o~ biological contaminants u~ing photodynamic therapy. The invention also generally relates to the processing of ~hole blood and ~ts component6 ~or stor- ` :
age and trans~usion. In a more ~peci~ic ~en~e, the inven~ion rela~es ~o ~he ~xtracorporeal treatment of collec~ed whole blood and its components with photoactive ~aterials to eradicate viruses and other pathogenic con~aminants.
Back~r~ound o~ thQ In~ention With the coming of blood co~ponent therapy, most whole blood collected today is separated into its : clinically proven components for storage and ; administration. The clinically proven components of : whole blood include red blood cells, used to treat chronic anemia; pla~elet-poor plasma, from which Clot- . .
29 ting Factor ~ rich cryoprecipitate c~n b~ obtained :: :

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WO92/lJ060 PC~/U~ 712 ~ 2 -for the treatment of hemophilia; and concentrations of platelets, used to control thrombocytopenic bleeding.
It is well known that blood can carry infec-tious agents like hepatitis-~ ~irus; the human immuno-deficiency (AIDS) virus; the Herpes virus; and the influenza virus. To avoid the transmission of these infectious agents during blood transfusions, donors of blood are routinely screened and also undergo serolog-ic testing to detect the presence of these agents.
Still, it is difficult to always assure that these infectious agents are detected.
The use of photodynamic therapy has been - suggested as a way to eradicate infectious agents from collected blood and its components prior to storage and transfusion. See Matthews et al, "Photodynamic Therapy of Viral Contaminants With Potential for Blood ~ank Applications," Transfusion, 28(1), pp. 81-83 (1988). Various extracorporeal systems have b~en pro-posed that use photodynamic therapy to treat blood prior to storag~ and transfusion. Sae, for example, Edelson U.S. Patents 4,613,322 and 4,684,521; Troutner et al U.S. Patent 4,708,715: Wiesehahn et al U.S. Pat-ent 4,727,027; Sieber U.S. Patents 4,775,6Z5 and 4,915,683; and Judy et al U.S. Patent 4 1 818, 891.
: 25 ~o date, there has been a general lack of success in economically adapting the bene~its of pho-todynamic therapy to the demands of the blood banking industry. The extracorporeal systems proposed to date have not been able to provide acceptable levels of eradication at ~he relatively high flow rates reguired to economically process therapeutic units of blood components.
For this and other reasons, the promise of photodynamic therapy in treating the nation 1 5 banked blood supply has gone largely un~ulfilled.

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wos~ 060 2 ~ Pcr/us~l/097l2 ~y==~y_g~_the In~ention The inventors have discovered tha~ systems can be provided that accommodate relatively high pro-cessing flow rates and yet achieva an acceptably high rate of contaminant eradication through photodynamic therapy. The invention provides system~ that convey the fluid during photodynamic tr~atment through a rel-atively narrow, arcuately shaped flow path. These systems envelop the path with a radiation chamber that directs radiation from one o.r more sources into the flui~.
one embodiment of the invention houses a treatment ~hamber within a generally flexible contain-er. These ~ystems wrap the flexible aontainer about a generally cylindrical center platen to shape the treatment chamber into a relatively narrow, arcuately ~haped gap. Another embodiment provides syste~s that use a generally rigid, cylindrical outer wall to house a treatment chamber. In this embodiment, a generally cylindrical inner wall occupies most of the interior area of the housing. Th~ innPr wall is spaced a short distance ~rom the outer housing wall. This arrange-ment creates a treatment chamber within the housing that takes the shape o~ a relatively narrow, arcuate gap.
In each e~bodimant, the outer wall of the arcuate treatment chamber is essentially transparent to the radiation used to treat the fluid, to thereby pass the radiation into the ~luid.
In each embodiment, tha ~ystems further in-clude an associated radiation chamber that receives the treat~ent chamber and directs radiation uni~ormly upon the outer wall about its entire periphery.
In one arrangement, the system uses a single source o~ radiation positioned outside and on one side .
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3~ - 4 _ o~ the ~reatment cha~ber. To direct radia~ion from the single source into the chamber, the system enve-lops both the chamber and the source with a reflective surface that is generally elliptical in shape. The radiation source is located at one of the focal points o~ the ellipse. The chamber :is located at the other focal pointO ~adiation emil:ted by the 60urce is thereby transmitted by re~lection uniformly into all sides of the arcuate flow gap, including those that do not directly face the radiatiDn source.
In another arrangement, the system uses a number of discrete radiation sources. In one variation of this arrangement, the radiation sources are arranged in an array or bank at one and o~ an el~
liptical reflec~ive ~urface. In this arrangement, the treatment chamber is located at the other end of the elliptical reflective sur~ace near a focal point.
Radiation emitted by the radiation bank is thereby transmitted by reflection uniformly into all sides of the flow gap.
In another varlation of this arrangement, the radiation sources are arranged in panels that sur-round the housing.
In a pre~erred embodiment, the multiple ra-diation sources comprise photodiodes.
Another aspect of the invention also houses the treatment chamber within a generally flexible con-tainer. This aspect o~ the invention provides a gen-erally elongated radiation source. In this arrange-ment~ the radia~ion source is surrounded by a first generally cylindrical platen. A second generally cy-lindrical platen nests upon the first platen. The flexible container is wrapped about the first platen.
The container is captured between the two nested platens, thereby conPorming to their generally .

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cylindrical shape. This creates the relatively nar-row, arcuately shaped gap. The width of the treatment gap is determined by the spacing between the two nest~
ed platens.
The first platen is essentially transparent to the emitted radiation. This platen thereby passes radiation from the source di.rectly into one side o~
the treatment chamber. The second platen is ~ade of a material that reflects the emitted radiation. This platen thereby retain~ the emitted radiation within the treatment chamber, directing radiation that passes out of the treatment chamber back into the chamber.
The systems that embody the ~eatures of the invention are applicable for use in environments where sterility and biologically closed system integrity must be maintained during processing. The systems and methods there~ore readily lend themsel~es to blood processing applications. The sy~tems that embody the features of the invention can quicXly and effectively eradicate contaminants like infectious agents from fluids like blood.
Other featureF and advantages of the inven-tion will be pointed out in, or will be apparent from, the drawings, specification and claims that follow.
Description o~ the Drawings ~ig. 1 is a perspective view, with portions broken away and in section o~ a system for treating fluids using photodynamic therapy that embodies the features o~ the invention;
Fig. 2 is a side sec~ion view of the system shown in Fig. 1 taken generally along line 2-2 in Fig.
l;
Fi.g. 3 is a top ~ection view o~ the system - shown in Fig. 1 taken generally along line 3-3 in Fig.
2;

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W092/~1060 PCT/1)~9~/09712 Fig. 4 is a top section view o~ the treat-ment chamber associated with the system shown in Fig.
1 taken generally along line 4-4 in Fig. 2;
Fiy. 5 is an enlarged side sectional view of 5the treatment chamber associated with the system shown in Fig. 1 taken generally along line 5-5 in Fig. 4:
Fig. 6 is a perspect:ive view of another sys-tem for treating fluids using photodynamic therapy that embodies the ~eatures of the invention;
10Fig. 7 iB a top sectional view of the system shown in Fig. 6 taken generally along line 7-7 in Fig.
6;
Fig. 8 is a side sectional view o~ the sys-tem shown in Fig. 6 taken generally along line 8-8 in 15Fig. 7;
Fig. 9 is an elevation view of a portion of the system shown in Fig. 6 taken g~nerally along line 9-9 in Fig. 8;
Fig. 10 is a perspective ~iew o~ another 20system for ~reating fluids using photodynamlc therapy that embodies th~ features of the inve~tion;
Fig. 11 is a ~ide sectional view of the sys-tem shown in Fig. 10 taken generally along line 11-11 in Fig. 10;
25Fig. 12 is a top sectional view of the ~ys-tem shown in Fig. 10 taken generally along line 12-12-in Fig. 11;
FigO 13 is an elevation vi~w of a portion of the system shown in Fig. 10 taken generally along line 3013-13 in Fig. 12;
Fig. I4 is a perspective view o~ the treat~
ment chamber and its associated components that the systems shown iR Figs- 1 to 13 incorporate, with the component disassembled as they would be prior to use;
35Fig. 15 is a perspecti~e ~iew of another em- ~

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WO92/11060 PCT/US')I/0~712 ~ 7 ~ ~ 7 ~

bodiment of a treatment chamber and its associated components disassembled as they would be prior to use;
Fig. 16 is a perspective view of the treatment chamber shown in Fig. 15 wrapped around a center patten to form a treatment device, Fig. 17 is a perspective view of the treatment chamber shown in Fig. 15 captured between an inner and outer platen to for~ a treat~ent device;
Fig. 18 is a top sectional ~iew o~ the top portion of the treatment device shown in Fig. 17, tak-en generally along linQ 18-18 in Fig. 17;
Fig. 19 i~ a perspective view, with portions broken away and in ~ection of another sy~tem for treating fluids using photodynamic therapy that embod-ies the features o~ the inventio~;
Fig. 20 is an enlarged perspective ~iew of the top portion of the treatment device shown in Fig.
19; :
Fig. 21 is a top sectional view of the treat~ent device shown in Fig. 19 taken generally along line 21-21 in Fig. 19; and Fig. 22 is an enlarged side elevation view of the top portion of the treatment de~ice shown in Fig. 19.
The invention is not limited to ~he details of the construction and the arrangements of parts set forth in the following description or shown in the drawing~. The invention can be practiced in other em-bodiments and in various other ways. ~he terminology and phrases are used for description and should not be regarded as limiting.
Des~ription of ~he Preferred Embodiments . Fig. l shows a system 10 for treating a ~lu--: id carrying a biological contaminant that embodies the features of the invention. The system 10 inc~udes a , :~

- .. . ... - . ... - . . . - . . . .. - , -w~92/11060 " P~T/~S91/09712 ~'J g~ 8 treatment device 12 that receives the fluid ~rom a source container 14 and conveys the ~luid after treat-ment to a collection container 16.
The fluid to be treated can vary. In the illustrated embodiment, the fl.uid comprises a compo- -nent of whole human blood that is intended to be stsred for trans~usion. More specifically, the fluid consists of red blood cells suspended in plasma. T~p-ically, a quantity o~ white blood cells is also pres-ent with the red blood cells. ~he fluid can al90 in-clude an anticoagulant and, optionally, a storage me-dium for the blood component. Alternatively, the flu-id can consist of platelets suspended in plasma.
In the illustrat~d embodiment, the contami-~ant comprises a pathogenic viru~ typically carried in the blood. For example, the contaminant can consist of the hepatitis-B virus; the human immunodeficiency virus; the Herpes virus; or the in~luen2a virus.
The fluid in the source container 14 in-cludes a photoactive material that has an affinity for the biological contam~nant carried by the ~luid. The ; photoactive material isladded to the blood contained ~- in the source container 14 a~ter the blood is collect ed from a donor. The step of addi~g the photoactive material will be described in greater detail later.
Due to its affinity for the contaminant, the photoacti~e mat~rial become bound to ~he contaminant within the source container 14. The photoactive mate-rial is of a type that becomes active by exposure to radiation within a prescribed wavelength range. When activated by radiatio~, the material eradicates the contaminant.
Various types of photoactive materials can be used. In the illus~rated embodiment, th photoactive compound comprises a ~amily of ligh~-acti-- :- . ~ '. .: ' . ' . ' . .

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WO92/11060 PCT/US9l/0~712 ~ ir~ 7 ~

vated dru~s derived from benzoporphyrin. These deriv atives are commonly referred as BPD's. BPD's are com-mercially available ~rom Quadra Lo~ic Technologies, Inc., Vancouver B.C., Canada.
BPD's, like other types of hematoporphyrin materials, have an a~finity for the cell walls of man~
viral organisms that are carried in blood. They therefore bind or attach themse~lves to the biological c~ll wall of these organisms. When exposed to radia-tion, BPD's undergo an energy transfer process with oxygen, ~orming a singlet oxygen. When the singlet oxygen oxidizes, it kills the biological cells to which it has attached. BPD's are described in greater detail in Judy et al U.S. Patent 4,878,891.
According to the invention, the yst~m 10 conveys the fluid during photodynamic treatment through a relatively narrow, arcuately shaped flow path. The ~ystem 10 also envelops the path with a radiation chamber that uniformly ~irect~ radiation from one or more sources into the arcuate gap.
The arcuate gap can be formed in various way~. The drawings show several alternative embodi-ments. In Figs. 1 to 14, the gap is pra~ormed with a rigid housing. In ~igs 15 to 22, the gap is created within the confines o~ a flexible container.
The first embodiment will ~ow be described.
As Figs. 1 and 2 best show, khe treatment device 12 includes a housing 18 that defines a treatment chamber 20. The housing 18 has a generally rigid tubular out-er wall 22.
The housing 18 also contains a generally rigid interior wall 24. In the illustrated embodi-ment, the inner wall 24 takes the shape o~ a generally cylindrical rotor or spinner 24. This arrangement creates a pre~ormed, relatively narrow, arcuate gap 26 :: , ~ , : .

WO92/11060 ~ CT/~S9~/09712 between the rotor wall 24 and ~he in~erior of the housing wall 22. The preformed arcuate gap 26 creates the confines of the treatment chamber 20.
The housing wall 22 .is made ~rom a material t~at is essentially transparellt to the radiation to thereby pass the radiation into the arcuate gap 26.
This is shown by the arrow labeled with the letter R
in Figs. 4 and 5).
The ~luid to be treated traverses th gap 26 between an inlet 30 and an outlet 32. The inl~t 30 leads from the source container 14 through inlet tub-ing 34. The outlet 32 leads to the collection con-tain~r 16 through outlet tubing 36. A pump 38 conveys ~luid through the inlet tubing 34.
In the illustrated embodiment, bearings 40 carry the spinner 24 for rotation within the housing 18 about an axis 42 that is generally parallel to the direction of fluid flow in the gap 26 (~ee Fig. 2).
A dri~e 44 magnetically coupled to the epinn2r 24 ro-tates the spinner 24 at a controlled ~urface velocity.
By rotating the spinner 24 as fluid traverses the gap 26, the ~low patterns within the gap 26 are signi~icantly altered. The rotating spinner 24 creates secondary ~luid flow patterns called vortices 46 within in the gap 26 (sae Fig. 5). The vortices 46 spiral in a helical path along the axis of rotation 42. Th~se vortices 46 ar~ someti~es referrQd in the technical literature to as "Taylor Vortic~s" (see Taylor, "Stability of a Viscous Li~uid Contained Be-tween Two Rotating Cylinders~', Proc.~of_the Ro~al So-ciety, Vl51 (1935), pp. 239-343).
As Fig. 5 shows, the vortices 46 continually sweep the material carried by the fluid, including the contaminants to which the photoactive agent are bound (generally de.signated by numeral 48 in Fig. 5) from ;

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the inner region 25 of the treatment chamber 20 toward the outer region 23. Thus, the contaminants 48 not only follow an axial path between the inlet 30 and outlet 32 of the gap 26, but t:he contaminants 48 al50 ~ollow a radial, spiralling p2Lth through the gap 26.
The vortices 46 continually keep the contaminants 48 in circulation near the outer housing wall 22, where the radiation enters the gap 26. These mixing pat-terns established by the vortices 46 assure that all con~aminants 48 carried by the fluid are continuously brought to the outer region oP the gap 26 where the radiation enters the treatment cha~ber 20.
~he use of these mixing patterns to ~urther enhance exposure to radiation is described in greater detail in copending ~.S. Patent Application Serial : Number 7/630~840 (fiIed 20-12-90) and entitled SYSTEMS
AND METHODS FOR ERADICATIN& BIOLOGICAL CONT~INANTS
USING PHOTOACTIVE MATERIAIS IN FLUIDS LIKE ~LOOD.
In the illustrated embodiment, where the treated fluid contains blood materials, the gap 26 has a width of about 0.02 inch, and a length o~ about 3.0 incheq. The spinner 24 is rotated at about 3600 RPM's.
- ~he treatment device 12 includes a radiation chamber 50 that directs radiation uniformly into the treatment chamber 20 (that is, into the gap 26). The radiation chamber 50 can be variously constructed.
The drawings show three alternative constructions.
In the embodiment shown in Figs. 1 to 3, the ~ 30 radiation chamber 50 includes a single sourca o~ radi-: ation 52 and a reflector 54 that envelops both the radiation source 52 and the treatment device 12.
In this embodiment (as Fig. 2 best shows~, ~ the radiation source 52 comprises a tubular :~ 35 incandescent bulb 56 having an elongated ~ilament 58.

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WO92/l1060 Pcr/us9l/o97 A power source (not shown) conveys electrici~y ~o the filament 58 to cause the ~ilament 58 to Pmit radia-tion. The ~ilament material is selected to emit radi-ation of a prescribed wavele~gth or range of wave-lengths, according to the fluid that is to be treated.
In the illu~trated embodiment, where the treated fluid contain6 red blood cells, filament 58 is made of tungsten. This ~aterial emits a band o~ radi-ation displaying a red color having a wavelength of about 690 nm. When operated at a voltage of about 250 volts (AC), the radiation emitted by the filament 58 has an intensity of about 1.4 mw/cm2.
Red blood cells are essentially transparent to radiation at this wavelength. The BPD's, however, are not. The BPD' B absorb radiation in this wave-length to become activated.
On the other hand, if the fluid to be treat-ed cont2ins platelets, the filament would be selected to have a wavelength displaying a blue color having wavelength of about 42~ nm. Platelets are essentially transparent to radiation at this wavelength, but the BPD's are not.
~he incandescent source 52 shown in Figs. 1 to 3 includes ~irst and second chambers 60 and 62 that concentrically surround the bulb 56. Fluids are cir-culated through these cha~bers 60 and 62 to csol the radiation source.
In the arrangeme~t shown in Figs. 1 to 3, pressurized air circulates from an inlet 64 through the first chamber 60. The air is vented through a chimney 66 from the top o~ the first chamber 60. A
secondary cooling liquid like water circulates ~rom an inlet 68 at the top of the second chamber 62. The cooling liquid exits the second chamber 62 through a bottom outlet 70.

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In embodiment shown in Figs. 1 tc 3, the reflector 5~ is generally elliptical in shape (as Fig.

3 best shows). The elliptical reflestor 54 has two diametrically spaced focal poi:nts positioned 72 and 74 along its major axis 76. The filament 58 o~ the radi-ation source 52 is located at one focal point 72. The rotational axis 42 of the spinner 24 within the treat-ment chamber 20 is located at the oth~r focal point 74.
In this arrangement:, the entire interior surface o~ the re~lector 54 iS lined with a material that reflects the radiation emitted by the source 52.
Gold or like highly reflective material can be used to reflect the wavelengths of radiatio~ descrihed above.
: As Fig. 3 ~hows, the elliptical reflector 54 : directs radiation emitted from the source uniformly . a.ound the extsrior of the tubular housing }8 that : surrounds the trea~ment chamber 20. Radiation uniformly fills the gap 26 o~ the treatment chamber 20 as the spinner 24 rotates to continuously mix the flu-id as it traverses the gap 26 (as Figs. 4 and 5 show).
` In the second alternative embodiment ~shown in Fi~s. 6 to 9) the radiation chamber 50 includes a : 25 plurality of radiation BOUrCeS (generally designated by the numeral 7~). The treatment device 12 a~sociat-d with this embodiment is the same as the one aæsoci-ated with the embodiment shown in Figs. 1 to 3 ~the interior of which in use is also shown in Figs. 4 and 5)-In the illustrated embodiment (see Figs. 6 and 9), each radiation source 78 is "discrete," mean-ing that each source 78 is a sel~-co~tained emitter of radiation that establishes its own zone of radiation.
~eing discrete, èach source 78 also is capable o~

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WO97/11060 ~ J~ 14 - PCT/V~1/0~712 operation to emit a radiation independent o~ the emis-sion of radiation by the other sources 78.
In the illustrated embodiment, each radia-tion ~ource 78 takes the form o~ a photodiode. As with the single radiation source S2, various types of photodiodes can be selected, depending upon the fluid to be treated and khe characteristics of the photoactive matarial used. In the illustrated çmbodi-ment, where ~he treated flu:id contains red blood cells, all the photodiodes use transparent 6ubstrat8 aluminum gallium arsenide material ~TS AlGaAs).
Photodiodes of this type are commercially available ~rom Hewlett-Packard Co. (Product Designation "HLMP-8150 15 Cand~lla").
These photodiodes emit a band of radiation at a relati~ely narrow viewing angle o~ about 4 de-grees. The prescribed band of radiation has a rela-ti~ely precise wavelength displaying a rad color hav-ing a peak wavelength of about 690 nm. AG previously explained, if the ~luid to be treated contains platelets, the photodiode would be selected to have a wavelength displaying a blue color having peak wav~-length of about 425 nm.
In the illustrated embodiment, each discrete photodiode radiation source 78 has a minimum intensity o~ about 8.0 cd (~t 20 ~A), a maximum intensity of about 36.0 cd (at 20 mA), and a typical intensity of about 15.~ cd (at 20 mA). Each photodiode 60urce 78 operates at a low maximum forward voltage of about 2.4 V.
In embodiment shown in Figs, 6 to 9, the discrete radiation sources 78 are arranged in a bank 80 (as Fig. 9 best shows). The bank 80 includes the plurality of discrete sources 78 arranged in rows of about 15 sources each (shown horizontally in Fig. 6~.

.:
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, WO~)2/11060 - 15 - '?~ , PCr/[JS91/09712 In the illustrated embodiment, the bank 80 includes about l95 discrete radiation sources 78. ~ control element (not shown) operates khe discret2 radiation sources 78.
In this arrangement, the radiation chamber 50 also includes a reflector 82 that surrounds the treatment chamber 20. As Fig" 7 best shows, the re-flector 82 generally conforms to the shape of an el~
lipse that has been truncated along its minor axis 83 and therefore has but a single focal point 84. The : bank 80 of radiation sources is located acro~s the open end 86 khe truncated reflector 82. The rotation-al axis 42 of the treatment chamber 20 is located at the closed end 88 along focal point 84.
As in the e~bodiment shown in Figs. 1 to 3, the entire interior surface of the re~lactor 82 is lined with a material like gold that ra~lects the ra-diation emitted by the source. As Fig. 7 shows, the reflector 82 directs radiation emitted from the bank 80 uniformly around the exterior o~ the tubular hous-ing l8 of the treatment chamber 20. Radiation uni-~ormly fills the gap 2Ç of the treatment chamber 20 as the spinner 24 rotates to mix the fluid traversing the gap 26.
In the thlrd alternative e~bodi~ent (shown in Figs. lO to 13~, like tha embodiment shown in Figs.
6 to 3, thP radiation chamber 50 includes a plurality of radiation sources that take the ~orm o~ photodiodes ~which are also generally designat2d by the same nu-meral 78~. Like the embodiment shown in Figs. 6 to 9, the discrete radiation sources 78 are arranged in in-dividual banks 90. However, unli~e the arrangement shown in Figs. 6 to 9, the treatment chamber 20 does ; not include a reflector. In~tead, the banks 90 of radiation themselves completely surround the treatment -: . .: : . ;- :" . - . . .

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: . : . : . ... : . . : ..... .. - . -Wo92/llo6n ~ 16 - PCr/US91/097 chamber 20.
In the illustrated embodiment, there are twenty (20) hanks 90 arranged circumferentially ahout a center point 92. The rotational axis 42 o~ the tr~atment chamber 20 generally lies along on this cen-ter point 92. Each bank 90 inc.ludes twenty-~our (24) discrete light sources 78. The treatment chamber 20 is thereby exposed to some 480 discrete radiation sources 78. A control element (not shown) operates the discrete radiation ~ources 78.
As in ~e preceding e~bodiments, the en-velopin~ banks 90 of radiation sources 78 direct radiation uniformly around the exterior o~ the tubular housing 18 o~ the treatment chamber 20. Radiation uniformly fills the gap 26 o~ the treatment chamber 20 as the spinner 24 is rotated to mix the fluid travers-ing the sap 26.
Because each radiation source 78 shown in the second and third alt~rnati~e embodiment is dis-cre~e, the con~xol elemen~ can be configured ~o oper-ate two or moxe of the radiation sources at a dif~er-ent wavelength. Alternatively, the control element can be configured to operate two or more o~ the dis-crete sources 78 of radiation at substantially the same wavelength.
Furthermore, the zone of radiation emitted by each discret~ source 78 can be varied, as can the intensity of radiation of each source 78.
In all the illustrated ~mbodiments, the 3~ source container 14 and the collection container 16 each takes the ~orm of a bag tresp~ctiv~ly 94 and 96) made of a flexibla iner~ plastic material, like plasticized medical grade polyvinyl ohloride.
In the illustrated embodiment (as Fig. 14 shows), the inlet 30 to the treatm~nt device 12 .
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WO92/~1060 PCT/US9~/0')7~2 ~ f.l 7 ~

includes the length of flexible inert plastic tubing 34. The tubing 34 terminates in a fir~t connection device 98. Th~ tubing 34 also includes a conventional inline filter 100 for removin~ the white blood cells from the fluid prior to entering the treatment device 12. The ~iltration medium usled (not shown) can in-clude cotton wool, cellulose acetate, or another syn-thetic fiber like polyester.
A length of flexible inert plastic tubing 102 also joins the sour~e container 14. This tubing 102 includes a second connection device 104 that mates with the first connection device 98 to join the source container 14 to the inlet 30 of treatment device 12 (as Fig. 1 shows).
While various known connection devices may be used, in the illustrated embodiment, the devices 98 and 104 are preferable sterile connection devices like those shown in Granzow et al U.S. Patents 4,~57,723 and 4,265,280, which are incorporated herein by refer-ence.
~he outlet 32 of the treatment device 12 also includes the already describad tubing 36. The Pnd o~ the tubing 36 joins the collection container 16. In an alternative arrangement tnot ~hown), the tubing 36 could be normally separatad into two lengths, like tubings 34 and 102, each having a ster-ile connection device to join the collectio~ container 16 to the outlet 32 of the treatment device 12 prior to use.
In the illustrated embodiment ~as Fig. 14 shows) ? an auxiliary aontainer 106 holds a solution containing the photoactive material. The auxiliary container 106 also includes a length of tubing 108 that carries with a third (preferably sterile) connec-tion device 110. In this arrangement, the source con-':
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WO9~/11060 PCr/US9~/0~712 .i tainer 14 also includes another length o~ tubing 112 that carries a ~ourth (preferably ster:ile) connection device 114. By joining the third and fourth sterile connection devices 110 and 114, the photoactive mate-rial can be conveyed from the auxiliary oontainer 106 into the source container 14 for mixing with the fluid to be treated. The joined tubings 108 and 112 ~orm a closed, internally sterile path for introducing the photoactive materially into the ~ource container 14.
Once the photoactive material has been trans~erred, the tubing 108 can be heat sealled closed downstream of the joined connection devices 110 and 114 (as Fig. 1 shows), and the auxiliary container 106 removed.
By using the sterile connection devices 98, 104, 110, and 114, the ~ormed flow paths comprise a closed, internally sterile path for conveying fluid from the source con~ain~r 14, through the treatment chamber 20, and into the collection container lS.
After treatment, the tubing 36 can be heat sealed clo~ed and the collec~ion container 16 removed for storage.
The various additional alternative embodi-ments shown in Figs. 15 to 22 will now be described.
In this embodiment (see Fig. 15), the treat-ment chamber 20 is housed within ~he con~ines of a bag 116 made of a flexible inert pla~tic material that is essentially transparent to the treatment radiation.
The bag 116 has heat sealed peripheral edges 118 to ~orm a sealed interior area.
As Fig. 15 shaws, the bag 116 includes an inlet tube 120 with an inline filter 122. ~he inlet tube 120 terminates in a connection device 124 that mates with the connection device ~04 carried by the source container 14 in the manner previously described (as Fig. 14 shows).

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Wo9~/11060 PCT/US91tO9712 19 ~ J~

The bag 116 also includes an outlet tube 126 that is attached to tha collection container 16.
In the illustrated embodiment, the bag 116 further includes a series of interior heat sealed re-gions 128 that divide the interior area into interconnected flow pa6sages 1:30.
As shown in Fig. 16, the bag 116 constitutes a component part of a treatment device 20'. The device 20' includes 21 g~nerally cylindrical center platen 130 about which t:he bag 116 is wrapped.
The bag 116 includes mating fae;teners 132 on its side edges to hold the bag snugly against the platen 130.
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 17, a gen~r-ally cylindrical outer platen 134 further nesks about the center platen 130 to capture the bag 11~ in be tween. Latches 136 hold the outer platen 134 c~osed.
The outer platen 134 is made of a material tha~ is essentially transparent to the treatment radiation.
When wrapped upon the cen~er platen 130, the bag 11~ forms a treatment davice 20' not unlike the treatment device 20 6hown in Figs. 1 to 13. As Fig.
18 shows, the device 20' has an arcuate gap 26' through which fluid is conveyed for treatment. The width of the gap 26' is determined by the configura-tion o~ the bag 11~. ~hen the outer platen 134 is used (as Figs. 17 and 18 show), the spacing between the two platens 130 and 134 limits the maximum width of the gap 26'. The device 20' using the flexible bag 116 can be used in association with any o~ the treat-ment chambers 50 shown in Figs. 1 to 13.
An alternative treatment device 20 " that uses the flexible bag 116 is shown in Figs. 19 to 22.
This arrangement includes a generally elongated radia-tion source 52' that is much like the source 52 shown and previously descrlbed in Figs 1 to 3. Like the :

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WO92/110~0 ~ .?.~j9`- - 20 - pcr/us9l/o source 52 shown in Figs. 1 ~o 3, the source 52' inclu-des first and second chambers 60' and 62' that concen-trically surround kh~ bulb 56'. Air and water are circulated khrough the~e chambers 60' and 62' to cool the radiation source 52' in the manner previously de-scribed.
In the embodiment sh~wn in Figs. 19 to 22, the wall that forms the outer periphery o~ the second chamber 62' forms a first generally cylindrical platen 13~. The flexible bag 116 is w:rapped about this plat-en wall 138 (see Fig. 20) in the ~ame fashion the bag 116 is wrapped about the center platen 130 shown in Fig. 16.
A second generally cylindrical platen 140 nests upon the first platen 138 to capture the bag in between. Releasable latches 142 hold the 6econd platen 138 close. ~hen captured between the two nest-ed platens 138 and 140, the bag 116 con~orms to their generally cylindrical shape (s~e Fig. 21)~ Thi~ cre-ates the same relatively narrow, arcuately shaped gap : 26 " as previously described. The maximum width df the treatment gap 26'` is limited to the s~acing between the two nested platens 138 and 140.
The ~irst platen 13~ is es~entially trans-paren~ to ~he amitted radiation. This platen 138 thereby pas~es radiation from the source 52' directly into the adjacent side of the treatment chamber. The second platen 140 (like the elliptical reflectors shown in the preceding drawings) is made of a material that reflects the emitted radiation. This platen 140 thereby ratains the emitted radiation within the treatment gap 26 ", directing radiation that passes out of the treatment chamber back into the gap 26 "~
The following example demonstrates the ef-fectiveness of the systems ~hat use relatively narrow . :~ : :~; : : . . . . ... . .

WO~2/1106~ - 21 ~ 7 ?~ J; P~T/us91/09712 arcuate gaps to process fluid undergoing phokoactive therapy at relatively hiyh flow rates.
Exam~le:
Human red blood cell concentrates (at a he-matocrit of about 55~) contai.ning HSV-I virus were treat d in accordance with the invention. Before, treatment, BPD was added at a concentration of 4 ~g/ml. The red blood cell concentrate with the BPD
added was pumped through a flexible treatment device as shown in Fig. 15 at a flow rate of lO ml/min. The flexible treatment chamber was wrapped around a red incandescent bulb in an arrangement like that shown in Fig. l9. The viral load was reduced during the treat-ment by one order of magnitude (90%).
~he features and advantages o~ the invention are set forth in the following claims.

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Claims

We Claim:

1. A device for treating a fluid carrying a contaminant to which a photoactive material has been bound, the material being activated by exposure to radiation within a prescribed wavelength range to eradicate the contaminant, the device comprising a treatment chamber shaped as an arcuate gap that ex-tends between an outer cylindrical wall and an inner cylindrical wall spaced from the outer wall, the outer wall being essentially transparent to radiation within the prescribed wavelength to pass the radiation into the gap.

2. A device according to claim l wherein the annular gap includes an inlet for receiving fluid and an outlet for discharging flu-id.

3. A device according to claim l wherein the outer wall forms a generally tubular preformed housing that peripherally defines a interior area, wherein the inner wall forms a generally cy-lindrical preformed member located within the housing, the space between the inner wall and the outer wall forming an annular gap that comprises the treatment chamber.

4. A device according to claim l wherein the outer wall comprises a exterior wall of a generally flexible container, and wherein the inner wall comprises the oppo-site exterior wall of the flexible container and a generally cylindrical preformed interior platen about which the flexible container has been attached with the exterior container wall exposed.

5. A device according to claim 4 and further including an exterior platen that nests concentrically about the interior platen to capture the flexible container therebetween, the exte-rior platen being made of a material that is essen-tially transparent to the treatment radiation.

6. A system for treating a fluid carrying a contaminant to which a photoactive material has been bound, the material being activated by exposure to radiation within a prescribed wavelength range to eradicate the contaminant, the system comprising a radiation chamber including a generally elliptical reflective sur-face having at least one focal point, means for establishing a source of radiation positioned within the reflective surface and having a selected wavelength within the prescribed range to activate the photoactive material bound to the contaminant, and a treatment device located within the re-flective surface at a focal point of the ellipse.

7. A system according to claim 6 wherein the treatment device includes a treatment chamber shaped as an arcuate gap that ex-tends between an outer cylindrical wall and an inner cylindrical wall spaced from the outer wall, the outer wall being essentially transparent to radiation within the prescribed wavelength to pass the radiation into the gap.

8. A system according to claim 6 wherein the means for establishing a source of radiation includes a single source of radiation.

9. A system according to claim 8 wherein the elliptical reflective surface includes two diametrically spaced focal points, and wherein the single source of radiation is positioned at one of the focal points and the treat-ment chamber is position at the other focal point.

10. A system according to claim 6 wherein the means for establishing a source of radiation includes at least two sources of ra-diation.

11. A system according to claim 10 wherein each radiation source is discrete.

12. A system according to claim 11 wherein the radiation source includes a photodiode.

13. A system according to claim 6 wherein the elliptical reflective surface includes an open end extending along its minor axis and closed end spaced from the open end and including a focal point, wherein means for establishing a source of radiation is located at the open end of the ellipse and faces in the direction of the closed end, and wherein the treatment device is located in the closed end at the focal point.

14. A system according to claim 13 wherein the means for establishing a source of radiation includes at least two sources of ra-diation.

15. A system according to claim 14 wherein each radiation source is discrete.

16. A system according to claim 13 wherein the sources of radiation include photodiodes.

17. A system for treating a fluid carrying a contaminant to which a photoactive material has been bound, the material being activated by exposure to radiation within a prescribed wavelength range to eradicate the contaminant, the system comprising a treatment device including a treatment chamber shaped as an arcuate gap that extends between an outer cylindrical wall and an inner cylindrical wall spaced from the outer wall, the inner wall being essentially transparent to radiation within the pre-scribed wavelength to pass the radiation into the gap, and a radiation chamber including means for es-tablishing a source of radiation positioned adjacent the inner wall of the treatment chamber and having a selected wavelength within the prescribed range to activate the photoactive material bound to the contam-inant.

18. A system according to claim 17 wherein the radiation chamber further in-cludes a reflective surface surrounding the outer wall of the treatment chamber.

19. A system according to claim 16 wherein the inner and outer walls comprise the exterior walls of a generally flexible container, and wherein the inner wall further comprises the a generally cylindrical platen that surrounds the source of radiation and about which the flexible con-tainer has been attached, the platen being made of a material essentially transparent to the radiation emitted by the source.

20. A system according to claim 19 wherein the radiation chamber further in-cludes a reflective surface surrounding the outer ex-terior wall of the flexible container.