CA1314710C - Flexible grinding tool - Google Patents
Flexible grinding toolInfo
- Publication number
- CA1314710C CA1314710C CA000593635A CA593635A CA1314710C CA 1314710 C CA1314710 C CA 1314710C CA 000593635 A CA000593635 A CA 000593635A CA 593635 A CA593635 A CA 593635A CA 1314710 C CA1314710 C CA 1314710C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- finish
- ingredient
- grinding tool
- grinding
- belt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 208000002925 dental caries Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101800000535 3C-like proteinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800002396 3C-like proteinase nsp5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000517645 Abra Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000518994 Conta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000153665 Ficus glomerata Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012571 Ficus glomerata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 101000950718 Homo sapiens Inositol oxygenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100037804 Inositol oxygenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000283986 Lepus Species 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015125 Sterculia urens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001217 buttock Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009963 fulling Methods 0.000 description 1
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- NQLVQOSNDJXLKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N prosulfocarb Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C(=O)SCC1=CC=CC=C1 NQLVQOSNDJXLKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
- B24D11/02—Backings, e.g. foils, webs, mesh fabrics
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
- Y10T442/2041—Two or more non-extruded coatings or impregnations
- Y10T442/2049—Each major face of the fabric has at least one coating or impregnation
- Y10T442/2057—At least two coatings or impregnations of different chemical composition
- Y10T442/2074—At least one coating or impregnation contains particulate material
Abstract
Abstract The back finish of a flexible grinding tool, especially a grinding belt, contains an ingredient which is composed predominantly of plate-like mineral particles, preferably micaceous iron ore. It gives the belt a higher rigidity and better sliding properties on its back.
Description
~3~7.~ ~3 The invention relates to a flexible grinding t~ol, especially a grinding belt, with a flexible backing which carries a back finish.
In flexible grinding tools, it is often desirable to ensure that the backing has a high strength towards fulling and bending stresses. It is known that, in backings based on fiber material, for example fabric~ this property can be improved by using a hardening back finish which is applied in the liquid state and which partially penetrates into the fiber or thread interspaces and partially remains as a layer on the back of the backing. It should have a high inherent strength in view of its reinforcing function and its capacity for resistance to the mechanical stresses of a grinding machine. Those finishes which are comparatively hard in the hardened state are therefore usually used. In contrast to this, substances remaining relatively soft are employed for the so-called core finish which is introduced into the fiber material before the application of the back finish and grain-side finish, in order to prevent the penetration of the side finishes and protect the fibers against possibly aggressive and embrittling influences of the side finishes.
Furthermore, the aim to be achieved by applying the back finish is to smooth the rear of the backing which is generally uneven or rough according to the textile structure.
However, it is impossible with conventional finishes to eliminate the unevenness of the back completely, since, after the harfening of the finish, the surface structure of the backing exhibits more or less large height differences in ~`
~31~7~ ~
the surface of the layer ~ormed by the finish. There are types of sheet-like textile material which have an especially uneven back. These include stitch-bonded fabrics with ~iber strands which lie on their back and which are connected by means of a stitch-bonding thread. The fiber strands appear as elevations with intermediate depressions. The stitching threads projecting above the fiber strands attain an even greater height. Thus, in a product available on the market, the distanca between the under-side of the yarn and the highest point of the stitch-bonding thread can be of the order of 0.3 to 0.5 mm, with a center spacing of the fiber strands of 1.8 mm. In the grinning zone, the grinding belt is supported on the supporting structure of the gxinding machine at its points which are the highest on its back. If the supporting structure is formed by stationary supporting elements over which the grinding belt slides, the uneven form of the back of the grinding belt can have a highly abrasive effect, especially when the supporting elements are equipped with graphitic sliding coverings which, tensioned by means of pressure bars, are intended to prevent friction between the back of the grinding belt and the pressure-bar surface.
Attempts have heen made to reduce the roughness of the rear of the backing by means of a nonwoven coating (W0 8//02306), but this involves a very high outlay.
The invention reduces the wearing effect of the back of the grinding tool on the supporting structure of the grinding machine and improves the mechanical properties of the grinding tool.
According to the invention, the back finish contains a plate-like mineral ingredient.
The ingredient reinforces the layer containing it and thereby increases the resistance of the tool. Whereas it has been necessary hitherto to influence this resistance by a suitable choice of the hardness, layer thickness and depth of penetration of the back finish, ~ 3 1 4 1 1 0 these parameters can now be chosen with greater freedom.
Th;s applies espec;ally to those parameters ~hich relate to the above-explajn~d ~earing property of the ~ool.
To that extent, the ;nvention i5 base~ on th~ f;nding that, on the one hand, the hitherto conventional hard consistencies of the back fin;sh have an adverse influence on the uearing propert;es of the tool and, on the other hand, a soft consist~ncy of the back finish re~u~es the wear caused by the tool baçk.
The softness of the hardened back finish refers primar;ly to the Shore hardness which should not be hi~her than 90 Shore A~ ~referably no h;gh~r than 8S Shore A and further prefer~bly no higher than 80 Shore A~ hardness rangRs of be~ween 60 and ao Shore A have proven appropriate. It must ~e assume~ that not only the hardness as such but aLso the h;gher wearing capacity of the back finish caused thereby is respons;ble tor the effect accordin~ to the ;n~ention. Softness within the meaning of ~he invention ~ilL th~re~ore also preferab~y rèfer to a relative~y high weariny capacity~
~ck eleva~ions which could other~ise have an abrasive ef~ect àre ehus re~oved more quickly, and pl~ne or softly rounded support;ng surfaces form at these points. Th;s appl;es esPeCially to the points which are r~ise~ 3S a result of stitch-bonding threads Lying undernea~h. It does nat matter if, after th~ wear of the ba~k finish~
the stitch~bonding threads are exposed at these points, especially sincs after a short period of oper~tion they ~re penetrated by a s~iding agent, for example graphite dust, ~hich ;~ abraded by the suppor~in~ eL~ments. A
Plura~;ty of fiber bundles of the stitch-bond;ng threads ~hich ara penetrated by the sl;d;ng agen~ can, ~s 3 ~hole, form a ~ow~fri~t;on sliding ~nd conta~t surfase ot the gr;nding belt ln relat;on to the suppore;ng element.
Although it ;s known ~US-A-3,1b6,3a8) to use poly~er reinforcin~ p~rtlcles in a backing composed of a ~oo~-f;ber n~n~oven, this proposal neverth~less bQars no`relat;on to the ~e~ring proper~ies of a ~rinding-belt baGk and a back finish~
;. . .
~ 3 ~
- 4 ~
The softness or ~e~ring caparity of the b3ck finish is appropriat~ly selected so that the highest b~ck points ar~ substan~ially removed, to form sur~ace portions havin~ a ~oo~ sliding prope~ty, ~ter approxi-~atel~ one tenth of the inte~ded lifetime of the ~rindin~
belt. In products curr~ntly on the ~rke~, this corres-ponds to ~ per;od of time of approximately half ~n hour~
The re;nfor~ing effe~t of the plate-l;ke ~articl~5 is the grea~er, the more ~hey are ~anged parallel to the tool e~tension An ~dvarlta~eous em~odiment of the invention is therefore distinguished ;n that, in the alignment of the par~icle~, the directional comPonent parallel to the tanl extension p~edom;nates. Th;s can also be favorable in ~erms of the sliding and wearin~
propert;es of the tool~ A multiple mutual overl~pping of a~jacerlt particles also contri~utes to the reinforce-ment. ~his ~pplies especially when the particles are bedded close to the rear sur~ace of the ~ecking and are also at only a short d;stance from one another~ Accor-ding to the inven~ion, such a state c~n b~ achieve~ by ensurin~ that, at least in a produc~ion ~hase in vhich the beLt 3dvance hori70nt~lly or slightly inclined, the f ;nish is of .such low viscosity that the particl~s are concent~ate~ near the rear surface of the backing. In an advantageous extreme case, the p~rticles f~r~ a layer sedimented on the rear of the b~king, ~hilst that part of the back f;nish loc~ted near~r its free surf~ce is substantially free of or clearly ~ore defi~ient in partiGles. The a~vantages of this construction are, on the one hand, the ;mpro~ed reinforcing ~ffect ~f the part;cles, and, on the other hand, ~hat they a~e l~cking in the outermost zone of the finish criticaL for the s~;ting properties and can th~refore be seleGted without taking into account their slidin~ proPerties- In order to sink the particles into thQ re~r surface of the backing, ;t is advantayeous that they have a high specific weight, for e~ample of the order of 5 g/cm3.
Although the claim~ ~nd th~ descriPt;on mention an ingredient, this is not intended to repreSeht a ; ~
., ~
!, .
~314~ ~ ~
restriction ~o only one type of p~r~icle~ On the contrary, di~ferent substances can ~ogether form the ingredient.
The quantity of ingredient appl;e~ to the back of the backing will be a~ least 3 g/m$ Z, preferably more than 8 g/mS2. At ~he same ~ime, the proportion of in~red;ent ;n t~e hardened back fin;~h wiLl be at Least appr~ximately Z% by ~eight, pr~fe~ably more th3n 8% by weight, for exalnPle 1$X by weight.
Advantageously, the ingred;ent con~ains la~inar ~ystalLine particles which should also have a preferred ~lignment in the sliding direction.
Micaceous iron ore h~s proven outst~n~;n9 for the purpose~ ~ther types of m;~a c~n also be used, aPprop~iately in conjunction ~ith a comParativelY soft ~inder.
Wh;~e, according to the inven~;~n, the sliding properties are improve~, the energy transmission from the driving pu~ley or dr;ving rolLer to the grincling belt is not impaire~.
All ~inde~s suitable tor lamination can be used~
~speci~Lly synthe~ic resin~ and pl~stic d;spers;ons or mixtures of such subst~nces. aac~ finishe~ composed of pheno~-resin/~atex mixtures have pr~ven successful. ~he comparatively soft back f;n;sh accordiny to the ;nvent;~n preferabl~ contains~ as a binder cornponent, in the not yet hardened state phenol ~esin ~n~ an acrylate copolymer d;spersion in d w~ight ratio of 1:2. Heavy and/or` easily sli~a~le ancl/or surface-stable p~rt;cles wh;ch connect firmLy to the surrounding bin~er come under primary con-~;~eration as the ;ngredient~ In this respect to ~;cdceous ;~on ore~ ;~ ap~ropriate in combination with further ;ngredients or fill~rs, has proven advan~ageous, esPecia~ly with the use of a graphite press-shoe surface as a sUPport;n9 eLement.
~ he inven~ion is exPlained ;n de~ail below with reference to the draw;ng. In this:
~ 3 ~ i3 F;gure 1 shows a perspectlve partially sectionat v;ew of a cu~out fro~ the grin~ing tool accord;ng to th~ invention on ~n enlarge~
scale~
Figure ~ sho~s a part section A~ o~ ~ ~ur~her enLar~ed scale, and Fiyure 3 to 5 sho~ diagrams for compar;ng the operating mode of ~he gr;nding too~ ac~ording to ~he invention with the s~ate of the art.
The grinding tool accord;n~ ~o fi~ure 1 comprises a text;le ba~king composed of a cross-~hreld ~ructure 1 and a ~ongitudjnal-thread structure 2 wh;~h are join~d together by means of stitch~bonding thre~ds 3 as a st;tch-bonded fabr;c The textile laye~ is intr;nsi~aLly reinforced by means of a core f;nis~l not sho~n in the dr~w;ng, carries un the front side a grain tayQr 4 bo~nd by means of a ba~i~ binder l~yer 5 ~nd a coverin~ binder layer 6 an~ on the back is e~u;pped with a ~ack ~;nish uhich ;s shown onLy ;n the left-har~d half ot Fi~ure 1.
Depress;ons 8 filled with the back-~in1sh mas~ 7 form bet~een the con~a~t plane of the fiber ~trands 1 and ~ and the highest points of the ~titch-bondin~
threa~s 3 Advantageouslyt the back finish is designed in such a ~ay th~t it has a su~stantially l~rger thick-ness 9 ;n the intersPaces 8 than ae the elevate~ points of the fi~er strands ~ and stitch;ng threads 3 The surplus is scra~ed off by means of a doctor ~lade dur;ng the applicat;on, so that the h;ghest points of the thread are co~ered by the back fin;sh 7 only sliyhtly or not at all As a res~lt of sedi~entation, the p~rticles con-~entrate a lit~le n~ar the backing ;n ehe region 12, while the region 13 near the surfac~ ;s more deficient in in~redient. ~ certain loss of substa~ce in the layer 7 formed by the b~ck fini~h subsequentLy occurs part;~
during ~ryin~ and p~rt;ally as ~ result of the drawing of binder ;nto the text;le layer, so that ~he layer 7 f~llCi a little ;nto th~ depr~s~ions 8 and th~ corrugated structure of the backin~ emerges. ~eve~theless, the interspaces are filled ~o a ~re~ter extent than is custom~ry in ~he state of the ~rt. This too has an ad~antageous e-f~ect on ~he r;g;~ity of the produce. The h;ghest points o~ the threads 3 ei~her ~lready protrude free of coating after prod~ceion or lose the thin coating located on them at the latest afte~ a short period o-f operati~n, as ~ result of ~ar along ehe lin~ nd then form suPport;ny-surface eLements 10 for the bearing of those grinding mach;ne s~ructures ~hich exert pressure on the grind;ng belt from the rear. In a successfully tested example, the tqxt;le mater;al used for the barking was ~ stitch-bonded fabric, the stitching threads o~
~h;ch appear ~t r~guLar ;neerv~ls in the back ;n such a way that every such surface eLe~ent 10 oGcurs on a grid of 1~7 x 1 1 mm.
The micaceous ;ron ore ~h;ch h~s pro~en apprapriate in conne~tion ~ith the inventiOn is the pr~du~t which is sold under the erademark MIOX of Messrs.
K~rntner Montanindustrie GmbH, K~agen~urt, ~nd the part;c~es of uhich have an avera~e diameter ~f 40 micronx and thicknesse~ of 2 to 4 mi~ron~
Comparative tes~s were conduc~ed wieh t~o grinding belts which ~ere identical in ter~s of the backing formed by a stitch-bonded fabric, the finigh and the appl;cation of the a~rasive grain~, and ~hich dif~ered onty in that one ~as finished on the back in the ~onven-tional way, wh~reas the other ~as equipped with a back finish accor~ing to the ;nveneion~ ~h;s ~as composed of 5~ parts by weight a~ phenol resin and 100 parts by ~e;~ht of latex d;spersion Yith a ~olids content a~ 25 ~arts and 20 parts of n~;caceous ;ron ore MlOX of the db~mentioned grading. ~he app~;cation qu~ntity 3nounted to 25 ~/mZ ~dry). It ~as Possible eo see w;th the naked eye that ehe fiber-strand intersPaces of the back ~f the grind;ng belt ~ere f;lled to a yreater extent ;n the gr;nding b~lt finished arcvrding to the invent;on, the layer thickness on the ~i~er st~ands or stitching threa~ being ex~re~elY small. The ~o ~e~t~ were used for the gr;nding of chipboards under condit;or1s c~nven-tionally p~acticed, and a pressure ~hoe ~arrying a felt ~3~7~
layer on the b~e sjde and on it a gr~ph;te layer for~ing the glid;ng surface of the back o~ ~he band was used in a known wiy for genera~ing the grinding pressure~ rhe ess~n~ial res~lts of these comparat ve tests are shown ;n Figure~ 3 to S.
In Figure ~, the ahra~;on ot the ~raphite ;s plotted in grams ag~in~t the grind;ng time in hours spec;ficalLy ;n an unbroken line for the ~onven~ional belt an~ a broken line fof the belt according to the invention. It i~ ~hown that ~he abrasion ;s substan-tial~y hi~her in the convent;onaL belt and also increases further considerably after the first half hour o~
operation whereas in the bett accord;ng to the invention the abrasion is reduced to less than two th;rds and virtuaLly no further abras;on occurs after the first half hour ~f operation.
Even more str;king is the reductivn achieved accordin~ to the invent;on ;n the feLt ~bras;on ac~ord;ng to Figure 4 in which the mass decrease of the felt is plotted ;n grams against the oper~tln~ time in hours.
In particular~ it ;s redu~ed to lecs than haLf the con-ventional felt loss This corresponds to the red~tion in the coefficient of ~;ction against th~ operatin9 time which is sho~n in F;gure 5~ ~hereas~ ;n the convent;onal belt this increases again after a min;~um reached after approximately one hour of operation in the belt accordin~ to the invent;on it ;s reduce~ to an increasing e~tent It was found that accordin~ly it was also possible to reduce the temPerature at a ~liding surface Wherea~ it rose to ~pproximately Z40c in the conven eional belt it ~;~ not even reach 200C in the belt accordin~ to the invention The rigidity of the belt according to the inven-tion wa~ considerablY higher than that of th~
conven~ional be~t.
s , . . ..
In flexible grinding tools, it is often desirable to ensure that the backing has a high strength towards fulling and bending stresses. It is known that, in backings based on fiber material, for example fabric~ this property can be improved by using a hardening back finish which is applied in the liquid state and which partially penetrates into the fiber or thread interspaces and partially remains as a layer on the back of the backing. It should have a high inherent strength in view of its reinforcing function and its capacity for resistance to the mechanical stresses of a grinding machine. Those finishes which are comparatively hard in the hardened state are therefore usually used. In contrast to this, substances remaining relatively soft are employed for the so-called core finish which is introduced into the fiber material before the application of the back finish and grain-side finish, in order to prevent the penetration of the side finishes and protect the fibers against possibly aggressive and embrittling influences of the side finishes.
Furthermore, the aim to be achieved by applying the back finish is to smooth the rear of the backing which is generally uneven or rough according to the textile structure.
However, it is impossible with conventional finishes to eliminate the unevenness of the back completely, since, after the harfening of the finish, the surface structure of the backing exhibits more or less large height differences in ~`
~31~7~ ~
the surface of the layer ~ormed by the finish. There are types of sheet-like textile material which have an especially uneven back. These include stitch-bonded fabrics with ~iber strands which lie on their back and which are connected by means of a stitch-bonding thread. The fiber strands appear as elevations with intermediate depressions. The stitching threads projecting above the fiber strands attain an even greater height. Thus, in a product available on the market, the distanca between the under-side of the yarn and the highest point of the stitch-bonding thread can be of the order of 0.3 to 0.5 mm, with a center spacing of the fiber strands of 1.8 mm. In the grinning zone, the grinding belt is supported on the supporting structure of the gxinding machine at its points which are the highest on its back. If the supporting structure is formed by stationary supporting elements over which the grinding belt slides, the uneven form of the back of the grinding belt can have a highly abrasive effect, especially when the supporting elements are equipped with graphitic sliding coverings which, tensioned by means of pressure bars, are intended to prevent friction between the back of the grinding belt and the pressure-bar surface.
Attempts have heen made to reduce the roughness of the rear of the backing by means of a nonwoven coating (W0 8//02306), but this involves a very high outlay.
The invention reduces the wearing effect of the back of the grinding tool on the supporting structure of the grinding machine and improves the mechanical properties of the grinding tool.
According to the invention, the back finish contains a plate-like mineral ingredient.
The ingredient reinforces the layer containing it and thereby increases the resistance of the tool. Whereas it has been necessary hitherto to influence this resistance by a suitable choice of the hardness, layer thickness and depth of penetration of the back finish, ~ 3 1 4 1 1 0 these parameters can now be chosen with greater freedom.
Th;s applies espec;ally to those parameters ~hich relate to the above-explajn~d ~earing property of the ~ool.
To that extent, the ;nvention i5 base~ on th~ f;nding that, on the one hand, the hitherto conventional hard consistencies of the back fin;sh have an adverse influence on the uearing propert;es of the tool and, on the other hand, a soft consist~ncy of the back finish re~u~es the wear caused by the tool baçk.
The softness of the hardened back finish refers primar;ly to the Shore hardness which should not be hi~her than 90 Shore A~ ~referably no h;gh~r than 8S Shore A and further prefer~bly no higher than 80 Shore A~ hardness rangRs of be~ween 60 and ao Shore A have proven appropriate. It must ~e assume~ that not only the hardness as such but aLso the h;gher wearing capacity of the back finish caused thereby is respons;ble tor the effect accordin~ to the ;n~ention. Softness within the meaning of ~he invention ~ilL th~re~ore also preferab~y rèfer to a relative~y high weariny capacity~
~ck eleva~ions which could other~ise have an abrasive ef~ect àre ehus re~oved more quickly, and pl~ne or softly rounded support;ng surfaces form at these points. Th;s appl;es esPeCially to the points which are r~ise~ 3S a result of stitch-bonding threads Lying undernea~h. It does nat matter if, after th~ wear of the ba~k finish~
the stitch~bonding threads are exposed at these points, especially sincs after a short period of oper~tion they ~re penetrated by a s~iding agent, for example graphite dust, ~hich ;~ abraded by the suppor~in~ eL~ments. A
Plura~;ty of fiber bundles of the stitch-bond;ng threads ~hich ara penetrated by the sl;d;ng agen~ can, ~s 3 ~hole, form a ~ow~fri~t;on sliding ~nd conta~t surfase ot the gr;nding belt ln relat;on to the suppore;ng element.
Although it ;s known ~US-A-3,1b6,3a8) to use poly~er reinforcin~ p~rtlcles in a backing composed of a ~oo~-f;ber n~n~oven, this proposal neverth~less bQars no`relat;on to the ~e~ring proper~ies of a ~rinding-belt baGk and a back finish~
;. . .
~ 3 ~
- 4 ~
The softness or ~e~ring caparity of the b3ck finish is appropriat~ly selected so that the highest b~ck points ar~ substan~ially removed, to form sur~ace portions havin~ a ~oo~ sliding prope~ty, ~ter approxi-~atel~ one tenth of the inte~ded lifetime of the ~rindin~
belt. In products curr~ntly on the ~rke~, this corres-ponds to ~ per;od of time of approximately half ~n hour~
The re;nfor~ing effe~t of the plate-l;ke ~articl~5 is the grea~er, the more ~hey are ~anged parallel to the tool e~tension An ~dvarlta~eous em~odiment of the invention is therefore distinguished ;n that, in the alignment of the par~icle~, the directional comPonent parallel to the tanl extension p~edom;nates. Th;s can also be favorable in ~erms of the sliding and wearin~
propert;es of the tool~ A multiple mutual overl~pping of a~jacerlt particles also contri~utes to the reinforce-ment. ~his ~pplies especially when the particles are bedded close to the rear sur~ace of the ~ecking and are also at only a short d;stance from one another~ Accor-ding to the inven~ion, such a state c~n b~ achieve~ by ensurin~ that, at least in a produc~ion ~hase in vhich the beLt 3dvance hori70nt~lly or slightly inclined, the f ;nish is of .such low viscosity that the particl~s are concent~ate~ near the rear surface of the backing. In an advantageous extreme case, the p~rticles f~r~ a layer sedimented on the rear of the b~king, ~hilst that part of the back f;nish loc~ted near~r its free surf~ce is substantially free of or clearly ~ore defi~ient in partiGles. The a~vantages of this construction are, on the one hand, the ;mpro~ed reinforcing ~ffect ~f the part;cles, and, on the other hand, ~hat they a~e l~cking in the outermost zone of the finish criticaL for the s~;ting properties and can th~refore be seleGted without taking into account their slidin~ proPerties- In order to sink the particles into thQ re~r surface of the backing, ;t is advantayeous that they have a high specific weight, for e~ample of the order of 5 g/cm3.
Although the claim~ ~nd th~ descriPt;on mention an ingredient, this is not intended to repreSeht a ; ~
., ~
!, .
~314~ ~ ~
restriction ~o only one type of p~r~icle~ On the contrary, di~ferent substances can ~ogether form the ingredient.
The quantity of ingredient appl;e~ to the back of the backing will be a~ least 3 g/m$ Z, preferably more than 8 g/mS2. At ~he same ~ime, the proportion of in~red;ent ;n t~e hardened back fin;~h wiLl be at Least appr~ximately Z% by ~eight, pr~fe~ably more th3n 8% by weight, for exalnPle 1$X by weight.
Advantageously, the ingred;ent con~ains la~inar ~ystalLine particles which should also have a preferred ~lignment in the sliding direction.
Micaceous iron ore h~s proven outst~n~;n9 for the purpose~ ~ther types of m;~a c~n also be used, aPprop~iately in conjunction ~ith a comParativelY soft ~inder.
Wh;~e, according to the inven~;~n, the sliding properties are improve~, the energy transmission from the driving pu~ley or dr;ving rolLer to the grincling belt is not impaire~.
All ~inde~s suitable tor lamination can be used~
~speci~Lly synthe~ic resin~ and pl~stic d;spers;ons or mixtures of such subst~nces. aac~ finishe~ composed of pheno~-resin/~atex mixtures have pr~ven successful. ~he comparatively soft back f;n;sh accordiny to the ;nvent;~n preferabl~ contains~ as a binder cornponent, in the not yet hardened state phenol ~esin ~n~ an acrylate copolymer d;spersion in d w~ight ratio of 1:2. Heavy and/or` easily sli~a~le ancl/or surface-stable p~rt;cles wh;ch connect firmLy to the surrounding bin~er come under primary con-~;~eration as the ;ngredient~ In this respect to ~;cdceous ;~on ore~ ;~ ap~ropriate in combination with further ;ngredients or fill~rs, has proven advan~ageous, esPecia~ly with the use of a graphite press-shoe surface as a sUPport;n9 eLement.
~ he inven~ion is exPlained ;n de~ail below with reference to the draw;ng. In this:
~ 3 ~ i3 F;gure 1 shows a perspectlve partially sectionat v;ew of a cu~out fro~ the grin~ing tool accord;ng to th~ invention on ~n enlarge~
scale~
Figure ~ sho~s a part section A~ o~ ~ ~ur~her enLar~ed scale, and Fiyure 3 to 5 sho~ diagrams for compar;ng the operating mode of ~he gr;nding too~ ac~ording to ~he invention with the s~ate of the art.
The grinding tool accord;n~ ~o fi~ure 1 comprises a text;le ba~king composed of a cross-~hreld ~ructure 1 and a ~ongitudjnal-thread structure 2 wh;~h are join~d together by means of stitch~bonding thre~ds 3 as a st;tch-bonded fabr;c The textile laye~ is intr;nsi~aLly reinforced by means of a core f;nis~l not sho~n in the dr~w;ng, carries un the front side a grain tayQr 4 bo~nd by means of a ba~i~ binder l~yer 5 ~nd a coverin~ binder layer 6 an~ on the back is e~u;pped with a ~ack ~;nish uhich ;s shown onLy ;n the left-har~d half ot Fi~ure 1.
Depress;ons 8 filled with the back-~in1sh mas~ 7 form bet~een the con~a~t plane of the fiber ~trands 1 and ~ and the highest points of the ~titch-bondin~
threa~s 3 Advantageouslyt the back finish is designed in such a ~ay th~t it has a su~stantially l~rger thick-ness 9 ;n the intersPaces 8 than ae the elevate~ points of the fi~er strands ~ and stitch;ng threads 3 The surplus is scra~ed off by means of a doctor ~lade dur;ng the applicat;on, so that the h;ghest points of the thread are co~ered by the back fin;sh 7 only sliyhtly or not at all As a res~lt of sedi~entation, the p~rticles con-~entrate a lit~le n~ar the backing ;n ehe region 12, while the region 13 near the surfac~ ;s more deficient in in~redient. ~ certain loss of substa~ce in the layer 7 formed by the b~ck fini~h subsequentLy occurs part;~
during ~ryin~ and p~rt;ally as ~ result of the drawing of binder ;nto the text;le layer, so that ~he layer 7 f~llCi a little ;nto th~ depr~s~ions 8 and th~ corrugated structure of the backin~ emerges. ~eve~theless, the interspaces are filled ~o a ~re~ter extent than is custom~ry in ~he state of the ~rt. This too has an ad~antageous e-f~ect on ~he r;g;~ity of the produce. The h;ghest points o~ the threads 3 ei~her ~lready protrude free of coating after prod~ceion or lose the thin coating located on them at the latest afte~ a short period o-f operati~n, as ~ result of ~ar along ehe lin~ nd then form suPport;ny-surface eLements 10 for the bearing of those grinding mach;ne s~ructures ~hich exert pressure on the grind;ng belt from the rear. In a successfully tested example, the tqxt;le mater;al used for the barking was ~ stitch-bonded fabric, the stitching threads o~
~h;ch appear ~t r~guLar ;neerv~ls in the back ;n such a way that every such surface eLe~ent 10 oGcurs on a grid of 1~7 x 1 1 mm.
The micaceous ;ron ore ~h;ch h~s pro~en apprapriate in conne~tion ~ith the inventiOn is the pr~du~t which is sold under the erademark MIOX of Messrs.
K~rntner Montanindustrie GmbH, K~agen~urt, ~nd the part;c~es of uhich have an avera~e diameter ~f 40 micronx and thicknesse~ of 2 to 4 mi~ron~
Comparative tes~s were conduc~ed wieh t~o grinding belts which ~ere identical in ter~s of the backing formed by a stitch-bonded fabric, the finigh and the appl;cation of the a~rasive grain~, and ~hich dif~ered onty in that one ~as finished on the back in the ~onven-tional way, wh~reas the other ~as equipped with a back finish accor~ing to the ;nveneion~ ~h;s ~as composed of 5~ parts by weight a~ phenol resin and 100 parts by ~e;~ht of latex d;spersion Yith a ~olids content a~ 25 ~arts and 20 parts of n~;caceous ;ron ore MlOX of the db~mentioned grading. ~he app~;cation qu~ntity 3nounted to 25 ~/mZ ~dry). It ~as Possible eo see w;th the naked eye that ehe fiber-strand intersPaces of the back ~f the grind;ng belt ~ere f;lled to a yreater extent ;n the gr;nding b~lt finished arcvrding to the invent;on, the layer thickness on the ~i~er st~ands or stitching threa~ being ex~re~elY small. The ~o ~e~t~ were used for the gr;nding of chipboards under condit;or1s c~nven-tionally p~acticed, and a pressure ~hoe ~arrying a felt ~3~7~
layer on the b~e sjde and on it a gr~ph;te layer for~ing the glid;ng surface of the back o~ ~he band was used in a known wiy for genera~ing the grinding pressure~ rhe ess~n~ial res~lts of these comparat ve tests are shown ;n Figure~ 3 to S.
In Figure ~, the ahra~;on ot the ~raphite ;s plotted in grams ag~in~t the grind;ng time in hours spec;ficalLy ;n an unbroken line for the ~onven~ional belt an~ a broken line fof the belt according to the invention. It i~ ~hown that ~he abrasion ;s substan-tial~y hi~her in the convent;onaL belt and also increases further considerably after the first half hour o~
operation whereas in the bett accord;ng to the invention the abrasion is reduced to less than two th;rds and virtuaLly no further abras;on occurs after the first half hour ~f operation.
Even more str;king is the reductivn achieved accordin~ to the invent;on ;n the feLt ~bras;on ac~ord;ng to Figure 4 in which the mass decrease of the felt is plotted ;n grams against the oper~tln~ time in hours.
In particular~ it ;s redu~ed to lecs than haLf the con-ventional felt loss This corresponds to the red~tion in the coefficient of ~;ction against th~ operatin9 time which is sho~n in F;gure 5~ ~hereas~ ;n the convent;onal belt this increases again after a min;~um reached after approximately one hour of operation in the belt accordin~ to the invent;on it ;s reduce~ to an increasing e~tent It was found that accordin~ly it was also possible to reduce the temPerature at a ~liding surface Wherea~ it rose to ~pproximately Z40c in the conven eional belt it ~;~ not even reach 200C in the belt accordin~ to the invention The rigidity of the belt according to the inven-tion wa~ considerablY higher than that of th~
conven~ional be~t.
s , . . ..
Claims (31)
1. A flexible grinding tool, especially a grinding belt, with a flexible backing which caries a back finish, wherein the latter contains an ingredient composed of predominantly plate-like mineral particles.
2. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the particles of the ingredient in the back finish have a predominant directional component parallel to the belt surface.
3. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 2, wherein there is multiple mutual overlapping of adjacent particles.
4. A grinding tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the back finish contains a quantity of the ingredient of at least 3 g/m2.
5. A grinding tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the proportion of the ingredient in the hardened back finish is at least 2% by weight.
6. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ingredient is formed by laminar crystalline particles.
7. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 6, wherein the ingredient is a micaceous iron ore.
8. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hardness of the back finish is no higher than 90 Shore A.
9. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 8, wherein the hardness is no higher than 85 Shore A.
10. A grinding tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 or 6 to 9, wherein the concentration of the ingredient in the finish is higher near the backing surface carrying the finish than near the free surface of the finish.
11. A process for producing a flexible grinding tool as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 or 6 to 9, in which a back finish is applied in a liquid state to the back of a backing and is allowed to harden, wherein the finish contains a plate-like mineral ingredient of relatively high specific weight and, at least during part of the
12. A flexible grinding tool such as a grinding belt comprising:
a grain layer containing an abrasive on a binder, and a flexible backing layer which has a front side that bears on the binder and a rear side which carries a finish that contains an ingredient composed of predominantly plate-like mineral particles.
a grain layer containing an abrasive on a binder, and a flexible backing layer which has a front side that bears on the binder and a rear side which carries a finish that contains an ingredient composed of predominantly plate-like mineral particles.
13. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the particles of the ingredient in the back finish have a predominant directional component parallel to the grain layer.
14. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 13, wherein there is a multiple mutual overlapping of adjacent particles.
15. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the back finish contains a quantity of the ingredient of at least 3 g/m2.
16. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the proportion of the ingredient in the hardened back finish is at least 2% by weight.
17. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the ingredient is formed by laminar crystalline particles.
18. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 17, wherein the ingredient is a micaceous iron ore.
19. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the hardness of the back finish is no higher than 90 Shore A.
20. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 19, wherein the hardness is no higher than 85 Shore A.
21. A grinding tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein the concentration of the ingredient in the finish is higher in the portion of the finish facing the grain layer than in the portion of the finish facing away from the grain layer.
22. In a grinding belt having an abrasive layer including a first binder and a textile backing layer including a front side facing the abrasive layer and a rear side having a back finish, the improvement wherein the back finish covers substantially all of the textile and contains an ingredient composed predominantly of plate-like mineral particles carried in a second binder.
23. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 22, wherein the particles of the ingredient in the back finish have a predominant directional component parallel to the abrasive layer.
24. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 23, wherein there is multiple mutual overlapping of adjacent particles.
25. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 22, wherein the back finish contains a quantity of the ingredient of at least 3 g/m/sup 2/.
26. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 22, wherein the proportion of the ingredient in the hardened back finish is at least 2% by weight.
27. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 22, wherein the ingredient is formed by laminar crystalline particles.
28. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 26, wherein the ingredient is a micaceous iron ore.
29. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 22, wherein the hardness of the back finish is no higher than 90 Shore A.
30. A grinding belt as claimed in claim 22, wherein the concentration of the ingredient in the finish is higher in the portion of the finish facing the grain layer than in the portion of the finish facing away from the grain layer.
31. A process for producing a flexible backing layer for a flexible grinding tool such as a grinding belt, the tool having a grain layer containing an abrasive on a binder and the flexible backing layer having front side for bearing on the binder and a rear side that carries a finish, comprising:
applying the finish as a liquid containing an ingredient composed predominantly of plate-like mineral particles to the rear side of the backing layer, and orienting the backing layer substantially horizontally with the front side facing downward; whereby the plate-like ingredients concentrate within the finish toward the front side of the backing layer while the finish hardens.
applying the finish as a liquid containing an ingredient composed predominantly of plate-like mineral particles to the rear side of the backing layer, and orienting the backing layer substantially horizontally with the front side facing downward; whereby the plate-like ingredients concentrate within the finish toward the front side of the backing layer while the finish hardens.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3808426A DE3808426C2 (en) | 1988-03-14 | 1988-03-14 | Flexible grinding tool and process for its manufacture |
| DEP3808426.0 | 1988-03-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1314710C true CA1314710C (en) | 1993-03-23 |
Family
ID=6349670
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000593635A Expired - Fee Related CA1314710C (en) | 1988-03-14 | 1989-03-14 | Flexible grinding tool |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4960442A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0333035B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE63076T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU607058B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1314710C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3808426C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2022732T5 (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4925457B1 (en) * | 1989-01-30 | 1995-09-26 | Ultimate Abrasive Syst Inc | Method for making an abrasive tool |
| US6406576B1 (en) | 1991-12-20 | 2002-06-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making coated abrasive belt with an endless, seamless backing |
| BR9206806A (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1995-10-31 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Abrasive coated and abrasive coated |
| US6406577B1 (en) | 1991-12-20 | 2002-06-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making abrasive belt with an endless, seamless backing |
| US5681612A (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1997-10-28 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coated abrasives and methods of preparation |
| WO1995022438A1 (en) * | 1994-02-22 | 1995-08-24 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method for making an endless coated abrasive article and the product thereof |
| US5578096A (en) * | 1995-08-10 | 1996-11-26 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Method for making a spliceless coated abrasive belt and the product thereof |
| US20020146963A1 (en) * | 2001-02-08 | 2002-10-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Composition containing graphite |
| US20030186630A1 (en) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-02 | Lam Research Corporation | Reinforced chemical mechanical planarization belt |
| US7497768B2 (en) * | 2005-08-11 | 2009-03-03 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Flexible abrasive article and method of making |
| US11890723B2 (en) * | 2015-05-08 | 2024-02-06 | Mirka Ltd | Abrasive belt grinding product |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB900867A (en) * | 1959-07-27 | 1962-07-11 | George Conrad Riegger | Sandpaper |
| US3163968A (en) * | 1962-12-31 | 1965-01-05 | Roscoe E Nafus | Graphite coated abrasive belts |
| US3942959A (en) * | 1967-12-22 | 1976-03-09 | Fabriksaktiebolaget Eka | Multilayered flexible abrasive containing a layer of electroconductive material |
| US4038047A (en) * | 1969-04-14 | 1977-07-26 | Norton Company | Method of making a flexible resilient abrasive |
| US3906684A (en) * | 1971-05-20 | 1975-09-23 | Norton Co | Abrasive articles and their method of manufacture |
| US4163647A (en) * | 1971-06-23 | 1979-08-07 | Norton Company | Method for producing coated abrasives |
| US3992178A (en) * | 1973-04-17 | 1976-11-16 | Fabrika Ab Eka | Flexible coated abrasive with graphite outer layer |
| CA1031967A (en) * | 1973-11-07 | 1978-05-30 | Jarvis M. Mcgarvey | Endless abrasive belt, and laminated patch splice therefor |
| US4111667A (en) * | 1977-04-15 | 1978-09-05 | Norton Company | Woven polyester backed flexible coated abrasive having microballoons in backsize |
| US4225321A (en) * | 1978-01-09 | 1980-09-30 | The Carborundum Company | Heat set and destretched polyester backing material in coated abrasive manufacture |
| EP0013486B1 (en) * | 1978-12-12 | 1983-08-03 | Interface Developments Limited | Flexible abrasive member and method of making same |
| US4255164A (en) * | 1979-04-30 | 1981-03-10 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Fining sheet and method of making and using the same |
| DE2918103C2 (en) * | 1979-05-04 | 1985-12-05 | Sia Schweizer Schmirgel- & Schleifindustrie Ag, Frauenfeld | Method for applying a base binder and apparatus for carrying out the same |
| US4543106A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1985-09-24 | Carborundum Abrasives Company | Coated abrasive product containing hollow microspheres beneath the abrasive grain |
| WO1986002306A1 (en) * | 1984-10-09 | 1986-04-24 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Coated abrasive sheet material with improved backing |
| JPS62246476A (en) * | 1986-04-18 | 1987-10-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Manufacture of polishing tape |
-
1988
- 1988-03-14 DE DE3808426A patent/DE3808426C2/en not_active Revoked
-
1989
- 1989-03-09 DE DE8989104191T patent/DE58900099D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-03-09 AT AT89104191T patent/ATE63076T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-03-09 ES ES89104191T patent/ES2022732T5/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-09 EP EP89104191A patent/EP0333035B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-14 CA CA000593635A patent/CA1314710C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-03-14 US US07/323,314 patent/US4960442A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-03-14 AU AU31312/89A patent/AU607058B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU3131289A (en) | 1989-09-14 |
| EP0333035A1 (en) | 1989-09-20 |
| DE3808426C2 (en) | 1995-01-26 |
| ATE63076T1 (en) | 1991-05-15 |
| EP0333035B1 (en) | 1991-05-02 |
| ES2022732T5 (en) | 1999-11-01 |
| DE58900099D1 (en) | 1991-06-06 |
| ES2022732B3 (en) | 1991-12-01 |
| DE3808426A1 (en) | 1989-09-28 |
| AU607058B2 (en) | 1991-02-21 |
| US4960442A (en) | 1990-10-02 |
| EP0333035B2 (en) | 1999-06-23 |
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