CA1281964C - Arthroscopic surgical instrument - Google Patents
Arthroscopic surgical instrumentInfo
- Publication number
- CA1281964C CA1281964C CA000555457A CA555457A CA1281964C CA 1281964 C CA1281964 C CA 1281964C CA 000555457 A CA000555457 A CA 000555457A CA 555457 A CA555457 A CA 555457A CA 1281964 C CA1281964 C CA 1281964C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- cutting
- cutting edge
- aperture
- surgical instrument
- arthroscopic surgical
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 67
- 210000000845 cartilage Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 description 5
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000003127 knee Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000004872 soft tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 3
- 241000237503 Pectinidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000791420 Plica Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002271 resection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000029764 retrograde extension Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020637 scallop Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 210000002303 tibia Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010002091 Anaesthesia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008558 Osteophyte Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037005 anaesthesia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001188 articular cartilage Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001804 debridement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002695 general anesthesia Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000629 knee joint Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005222 synovial tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001694 thigh bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000689 upper leg Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
- A61B17/32—Surgical cutting instruments
- A61B17/320016—Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes
- A61B17/32002—Endoscopic cutting instruments, e.g. arthroscopes, resectoscopes with continuously rotating, oscillating or reciprocating cutting instruments
Abstract
ARTHROSCOPIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
Abstract An arthroscopic surgical instrument consists of an outer stationary member having a distal aperture, the wall of the outer member defining a first cutting edge at the aperture; an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cutting edge arranged to move toward and closely past the first cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion to sever tissue. The instrument further includes a table extension provided at the aperture, projecting outwardly from the general contour of the body of the outer stationary member. The table extension is constructed and arranged to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action. In one embodiment, the internal movable member disposed within the outer member has at least a pair of second cutting edges arranged to move sequentially toward and closely past fixed cutting edge to sever tissue at a shearing point, each second cutting edge defining one or more cutting points arranged longitudinally along the second cutting edge, and a cutting point of one second cutting edge being offset longitudinally from a cutting point of the next following second cutting edge, whereby the sequential second cutting edges have different cutting patterns.
Abstract An arthroscopic surgical instrument consists of an outer stationary member having a distal aperture, the wall of the outer member defining a first cutting edge at the aperture; an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cutting edge arranged to move toward and closely past the first cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion to sever tissue. The instrument further includes a table extension provided at the aperture, projecting outwardly from the general contour of the body of the outer stationary member. The table extension is constructed and arranged to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action. In one embodiment, the internal movable member disposed within the outer member has at least a pair of second cutting edges arranged to move sequentially toward and closely past fixed cutting edge to sever tissue at a shearing point, each second cutting edge defining one or more cutting points arranged longitudinally along the second cutting edge, and a cutting point of one second cutting edge being offset longitudinally from a cutting point of the next following second cutting edge, whereby the sequential second cutting edges have different cutting patterns.
Description
4~
60'112-1699 ARTHROSCOPIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
sack~round of ~he Invention This invention concerns improved arthroscopic surgical instruments.
The effective use of powered instruments for arthroscopically cutting and shaping tissues within a joint dates from an invention which I helped create (ll.S. 4,203,~44, issued ~lay ~0, 1980). Such instruments are now in wide use. As skills have advanced, surgeons have desired more aggressive and faster acting instruments and instruments suitable for an expanded range of tasks. Prior individual instruments, however, have usually been suited for only one or a rather limited number of functions because of the differences in tissue to be removed. These tissues vary from hard to soft, firmly attached to very mobile, and easy to approach to difficult and awkward of access.
Not only is the changing of instruments time consuming, but also each change increases the probability of scuffing or otherwise in~uring healthy tissue as the various arthroscopic instruments are slid in and out of the joint. The present invention provides an arthroscopia instrument capable of removal of a wide variety of tissues. This not only decreases the risk of inadvertent scuffing, ect., but also increases the speed of the procedure. This swiftness can avoid physician fatigue, minimize anesthesia time for the patient, and increase the number of procedures possible with a given operating room facility.
The present invention provides an arthroscopic surgical instrument comprising an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening, sai~ outer stationary member comp.rising a body, and defining, in a wall of said body a~ least one distal aperture, the wall of the outer member ak the aperture defining a first, ~ixed blade surface terminaking in a cutting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cut~iny edge arranged to move toward and closely past said fixed cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion ~o sever tissue, the improvement t~herein a table extension at said aperture projects from the body of said outer stationary memher in retrograde manner with an outward component and a component that defines a surface opposed to the direction of movement of said second cuttin~ edge and constructed to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the aperture is provided in the side wall of the outer member, and the table extension projects outwardly beyond the general outer side surfa~e of the outer member in the vicinity of the aperture, preferably a blade surface that corresponds to the thickness of the side wall of the outer member lies at a retrograde anyle to a radius from the axis of movement of said inner member projected through the first cutting edge and the said table extension lies at a greaker angle to the radius, and preferably the table e~kension projects the outer side surface of the outer member by at least 20% of the thickness of the general æide wall of the outer member; the table extension projects outward by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall, preferably the tahle extension projects ., . , ., . ~ . , .
. ... .
6~L
~rom the blade surface by at lea~t the order of the thickness o~
the general side wall of the outer member; the tab:Le extension proje~ts in a retrograde manner from the blade sur:Eace by at least .20% of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member, preferably the table extension projects from the blade surface by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member; the instrument includes a no~ch provided in the region of intersection between the proximal end of the table extension and the general side wall of the outer member; the outer member is generally circular in transverse cross section and is tapered distally in a region proximal of the aperture; preferably the inner cutter has two cutting edges ~hat provide cutting points arranged in a different pattern so that points on one edge are staggered longitudinally from any point on the other edge, preferably each table extension surface extends outwardly to at least a line projected tangent to the path of a second cutting edge at its midpoint between first cutting edges, and preferably the table extension has an outer surface disposed generally on or within a line projected tangent to outer surface of the outer ~0 member at the radius of the path of travel of the second cutting edge at 90 after the midpoint; and the outer member comprises a tube having a generally cylindrical form, the aperture is provided in the side wall of the tube, and the table having generally cylindrical form, the aperture is provided in the side wall of the tube, and the table extension projects outwardly beyond the cylinder projected through the outer surface of the tube in the vicinity of the aperture, the outer member at opposite sides of `:
.
~2~6~
4 60412-16g9 the aperture defines a pair of first, fixed cutting edges, the first fixed edges extending generally parallel to the axis of the tube, the movable member adapted to move selectively in opposite directions and defining a pair of second cutting edges each adapted to coact with a respective cutting edge of the first pair, and there being a table extension associated with each fixed cutting edge, each of the table extensions projecting generally outwardly from the edge surface with a component of extension in the direction opposed to the direction of cutting movement of the inner member, preferably a line projected between outermost tips of the pair of table extensions lies substantially tangent to the path of travel of the inner cutting edges, preferably the tube has a diameter of 5 millimeters or less and the table extension projects outward from the general contour of the outer surface of the tube by at least 20% of the thickness of ~he general side wall of the tube, and preferably the table extension defines a tissue immobilizing surface.
, According to another aspect of the invention, an arthroscopic surgical instrument instrument comprises an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening and having a distal aperture, th~ wall of the outer member at the aperture defining a first, fixed cu~ting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, the movable member having a~ least a pair of second cutting edges arranged to move sequentially toward and closely past the fixed cutting edg~ to sever tissue at a shearing point and adapted to be power driven for repea~ed, rapid movement of the second cutting edges in the cutting direction, each second cutting edge defining one or more cutting points arranged longitudinally along the second cutting edge, and a cutting point of one second cutting edge being offset longitudinally from a cutting point of the next following second cutting edge, whereby ~he sequential second cutting ~dges have diff~rent cutting patterns.
In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the outer member at opposite sides of the aperture defines a pair of first, fixed cutting edges, the movable member adapted to move selectively in opposite directions and defining pairs of second cutting edges, each pair of second cutting edges adapted to coact with a respective first cutting edge; and, due to assymetric arrangement of the cutting points, the body of the inner member, in the area of the second cutting edges, is of substantially uniform axial section.
There is thus provided an instrument capable, in a majority of instances, of performiny an entire arthroscopic surgical procedure, including, e.g., articular cartilage debridement, s~novial resection, removal of os~eophytes, plica resections and meniscectomies, normally performed in the past only by use of multiple instruments, with attendant increase in time, trauma, and risk ~f injury to healthy tissue in the joint.
These and other fea~ures and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment, and from the claims.
Preferred Embodiment We first briefly describe the drawings.
Drawing~
Fig. 1 is a much enlarged, somewhat diagrammatic, transverse section of the ou~er member of the surgical instrument of the inven~ion, ~aken across tha distal aperture, with the inner member sho~n in dashed line, while Fig. la is a partial plan view of the outer member taken at the line la-la of Fig. 6;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view, partially in section, of the arthroscopic surgical instrument of the invention with a power unit and handpiece;
Fig. ~ is an enlarged perspective of the distal portion of the outer stationary member of the instrument of Figs. 1 and 2;
Fig. 4 is a plan view of the distal end portion of the outer stationary member of the instrument, while Fig. 5 is a side se tion view thereof, taken a~ the line 5-5 of Fig. 4, and Fig. 6 is an end view thereof, taken at ~he line 6-6 of Fig. 4;
Fig. 7 is a top plan view of the inner, rotatabl~ member of the surgical instrument of the invention, while Fig. 8 is a side view and Fig. 9 is a bottom plan view thereof;
Fig. 10 is a somewhat diagrammatic transverse ! section of the surgical instrument of the inven-tion, taken at the line 10-10 of Fig. ~;
Fig. 11 is a somewhat diagrammatic view of the surgical instrument of the invention being employed for surgery on the meniscal cartilage of the knee;
Figs. 12 through 15 are similarly somewhat diagrammatic views, showing a sequence of tissue removal;
Figs. 16 through 13, similarly somewhat diagrammatic, show the surgical instrumen~ of the invention engaged for surgery upon surfaces of the joint;
Fig. 19 is a somewhat diagrammatic side sec~ion view of the surgical instrument of the invention engaged for cutting tissue along an edgQ; and Figs. 20 and 21 are end and plan views of the distal end of an alternate embodiment of a surgical instrument of the invention.
Structure Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the powered 2~ arthoscopic surgical instrument 10 of the invention consists of an outer stationary member 12, sized for introduction into a joint of the body via a puncture opening through the flesh, and a rotatable inner member 14 coaxial with the outer member and defining a distal shearing element 16 exposed through a distal opening 18 in the side and end surfaces of the outer member.
Disposed along each side edge o~ the aperture 18 are table extensions 20, seen most clearly in Figs. 1 and 2, which project outwardly from the body of ~he outer stationary member, defining retrograde table surfaces 22 ~hat extend beyond a blade surface 23 provided by the projection of thickness, T, o the wall of the outer member, and forming a generally concave opening into ~he instrument.
-8- 6041~-16~9 Referring to Figure 2, the proximal end of instrument 10 is received in powered handpiece 24, e.g., a component of the Universal Surgical System sold by Dyonics, Inc. of ~ndover, Massachusetts, The handpiece 24 is connected proximally to a source of suction 26, which draws a vacuum through a conduit defined through the handpiece 24 and instrument 10, to aperture 18. The aperture provides communication between the interior conduit defined through the instrument and handpiece, and the environment about distal end of the instrument, the vacuum _reated by suction source 26 within the conduit tending to draw uncut tissues into aperture 18, and also evacuating, e.g., particles of tissue removed by instrument 10, as described below.
The proximal end of rotatable inner member 14 is asso-ciated with a reversible rotational drive motor disposed within handpiece 24. A controller/power source 28, connected via cable 30, powers the drive motor in handpiece 14 at a maximum rate of up to about 1400 rpm and footcontrol 32 allows the surgeon to actuate the instrument to rotate in either direction, with his foot, leaving his hands free.
Referring to Figures 4 and 5, -the tubular outer stationary member 12 includes a first, generally cylindrical proximal portion 36 of substantially uniform outer diameter, Dl, e.g. 5.5 mm, or, for use in the region of the posterior horn of the meniscus, 4.0 mm. Distal of cylindrical portion 36 lies a frustoconical portion 38 having a decreasing outer diameter in the distal direction, to diameter, D2, of the distal segment 40 of the instrument, which being less than ,~
~L~8~
g_ diameter, Dl, facilitates manuveuring and positioning of the distal end of the ins-trument ~ithin the confines of a joint. Removal of tissue from within the joint is further facilitated by a flattening of the surace of the outer member immediately proximal of the aperture 18 to form a flat, sloping surface 42 that, in combination with the end surface opening defined by the crescent shape distal end surface 44 defining distal end cutting edge 45 (Fig. 6~, improves access of the cutting aperture of the instrument to tissue to be cut, as will be dascribed below.
The inner surface of the outer member 12 at aperture 18 defines a pair of axially-extending first, fixed cutting edges 46 at opposite sides of the aperture 18, adapted to coact with the cutting edges of cutting element 16 o~ rotatable inner member 14, which we describe below with reference to Figs. 7-9. Table extensions 20, defining retrograde table extension surfaces 22, projec~ yenerally outwardly from the body of the outer member 12 from the blade surfaces 23 at the first, fixed cutting edges 46, as hest seen in Figs. l and lO, by a distance, S, which is at least 20% of the ~hickness, T, of tha sidewall of the outer member. The extension and blade surfaces at the sides of the aperture, in combination, define a substantially concave opening to aperture 18. Immediately proximal of each table extension 20 there is defined a notch 47 in the region of the intersection of the outer member 12 and the proximal ends of the extensions, the purpose of which will be described below. There is thus provided an outer member of construction providing maximum accessibility, in a limited space, to a tissue-shearing aperture, a particular advantage in removing relatively firm tissue at higher speeds of rotation, when the shearing behavior of the inner movable member approaches that of a smooth cylinder, The retrograde extension surfaces defined by table extensions 20 serve to increase the size of the tissue-receiving window offered by the instrument, as the extensions act to capture and immobilize tissue in the area of the coacting cut~ing edges 46, ~6 for enhanced cutting of a variety of character of tissue encountered, e.g., in th~ knee. Referring to ~igs. 1 and la, the table extension 20 extends outwardly beyond a projection, Y, o the outer surface 25 of the outer member 12, preferably by a distance, S, measured along a radius, ~, about ~he axis of ro~ation, X, of the inner member, drawn through the first cutting edge 46. (As mentioned above, S is at least 20% of the general side wall thickness, and preferably is significantly greater than 20%, as shown, within other parameters described ~0 herein.) The angle, A, of the tahle extension surface 22 to the radius, R, through the first cutting point 46, is greater than the angle, B, of the edge surface 23, causing the combined retrograde surface to have a component of projection, P, in the direction opposed to the direction of cutting movement, C, of the inner member 14, and providing a total immobilizing surface of area approximately double that of the edge surface alone. This retrograde relationship is further indicated by dimension, J, a projection from the radius, 3Q Rl, through point G at the intersection of blade surface 23 and extension surface 22. The concave shape of the combined surfaces 22, 23 furth~r serves to enhanc~ thQ definition of first cu~ting edge 4fi. Each table extension 20 extends outwardly to ~erminate in a distal surface 27 lying a~ or beyond a line, D, projected tangent to the path of the second cutting edge 66 of inner member 14 at its midpoint, E, between the first cutting edges 46.
Each table extension 20 has an outer surface 29 which is a continuation of the outer surface 25 of the outer member 12. The outer surfac~s 29 lie on, or within, parallel planes Fl, F2, projec~ed tangent to the opposite sides of th2 outer member, whereby the critical diameter, D2~ of the surgical instrument is not increased by the table extensions, and the instrument may be introduced into the narrow space between the femoral condyl and the tibial plateau, as described below with reference to Fig. 11.
The rotatable cutter element 14 is a ~UbQ
having a parlially closed end, with an asymmetrical cutting arrangement defined in a distal region 16.
Cutting edges 48, 50 are defined about openings 52, 54 on opposite sides of the inner element and extend into the distal end surface 56. Each cutting edge consists of a proximal, first circular opening portion 58, 59, formed, e.g., with ball cutters, through the side wall of the tubular inner element 14, generally into its interior, and a distal second, semicircular opening portion 60, 61, in the side wall of the inner element, and extending hemispherically into the end wall 56 of the element. The radii of the respective distal openings extend proximally to overlap the ad~acent respective proximal openings, and extend distally, beyond the end surface of the cutting element. The axes (Ap, Ap', ~ , ~ ') of the pairs of proximal and distal opening portions are longitudinally staggered from one ano~her in order to provide a r~gion having asymmetrical cutting action with cutting points 62, 64, 66 that are offset longitudinally from each other, and also to provide the body of element 14 with nearly constant transverse cross sectional area along the distal region 16 of the second cutting edges 48, ~0.
Element 14 is thus able to better withstand the relatively high stresses associated with the shearing of thick tissue. The longitudinally staggered cutting point arrangement also serves ~o minimize the risk found with other arthroscopic cutters using a rotating cutting blades having aggressive cu~ting tendencies, i.e., of winding tissue about the blade, dragging h~althy tissue into the instrument, and provides bettQr performance in cutting soft, slippery tissue.
The body of cutter element 14 in the cut~ing region 16, between cutting edges, is tapered distally so that the aperture 18 remains open at nearly all rotational positions of the inner element 14 to perpetually draw target tissue toward the instrument ~0 for cutting and sculpting. Referring to Fig. 10, crescent-shaped scallops 68, 70, defined by the distal end surface 56 of inner element 14, define end cutting edges adapted, in cooperation with outer member distal end cutting edge 45, to cut tissue approached from the dis~al end of the instrument. Scallops 68, 70 serve to produce a smooth, transitional joint surface ~etween sections of tissue removed by distal end cutting and sections removed by side cutting, thus having the highly desirablQ effect of producing a smooth, low friction joint sur~ace upon which the surrounding bones may articulate .
Referring ~o Fig. lo, the rotatable inner element 14 is disposed coa.~ially with and ~ithin outer stationary member 12 ~the relationship is shown diagrammatically, with the end wall of the ou~er member removed for clarity and the inner member sec~ioned on a plane through points 64, 66, i.e., line 10-10 o Fig.
8), As inner element 14 is rotated, second cu~ting edges 48, 50 and cutting points 62, 64, 66 coact with the opposed first, fixed cu~ting edge 46 to shear tissue therebetween, while at the same time, the rotating distal end cutting edges 68, 70 coact with the distal end cu~ting edgQ 45 of the outer member to shear tissue extending into the aperture 18 from the distal end of the instrument. SAs shown most clearly in Figs. 1 and 10, the instrument of the invention is constructed for tissue shearing cutting upon rotation of the inner element in either direction of rotation, as selected by the surgeon.) Referring now to Fig. 11, the distal end of instrument 10 is shown insarted into the joint of knee 71 and positioned for surgical treatment, e.g., by removal of a portion of the menical cartilage 72 lying between condyls 74, 76 of the femur 78 (thigh bone) and the end 80 o~ the tibia 82 (shin bone). The instrument ~S is critically si~ed for insertion into the tight confines of the knee joint, with the dimension, D2, of the instrument unaffected by the table ~xtensions, and the outer member 12 has sufficient strength to resist bending when the surgeon applies force to position the 3Q cutting end, while permitting easy passage of severed tissue-fragments through the instrument and out of the body.
.
Typically, during an operative procedure, the patient is given general anesthesia and appropriate punctures of the patient's flesh are made at selected points about the join~ by a trocarring cannula. Fluid is introduced into one cannula at a slightly increased pressure to distend the joint, and to provide flow through the joint, through the ins~rument 10. This substantial volume of flow, e.g., in excess of lOo cc per minutaJ is provided to ensure that all the tissue severed from the joint is drawn into the instrument and removed from the joint; it also keeps the joint fluid clear for better visual guidance of ths instrument, provided via a fiber optic device inserted into the joint through another cannula. The fiber optic device introduces light to the interior of the joint from a light source and returns a visual image along a separate optical path. (The image can be directed to an eye piece for the surgeon, to recording cameras, or to a television camera which creates a display, which the surgeon watches to control his movements.) By watching the screen and manipulating the instrument, the surgeon positions the instrument for removal of tissue.
Referring now to Figs. 12 et seq., the operation of the surgical instrument of the invention for efficient removal of a variety of different tissues will now ba described.
The extension surface 22 of table extension 20, above blade surface 23 and the first fixed ~utting edge 46, has a component of projection, arrow P, opposed ~o the path, arrow C, of the cutting points 62, 64, 66 of the second, cutting edges 4B, 50 as they pass the first cutting edge 46 in tissue shearing action, Referring to Fig. 12, tissue, shown representatively by rectangular shape ~0, is draw~, by suction from aperture 18 into the path of rotating cutting element 14. In Fig. 13, the second cutting edge 66 has engaged upon the s~lrface of tissue 90 and, by rotation, exerts a drag force upon the tissue toward the shearing nip with fixed edge 46, in a direction substantially normal to immobilizing surface 22. In Fig. 14, the second cut~ing edge has moved toward and passed closely by the fixed cutting edge to shear a fragment 92 from tissue 90. The fragment 92 is being drawn by suction through th~ instrument and ultimately out of the body. The remaining portion of the tissue 90 outside the instrument is forced against the immobilizing surface 22 of the table extension. The tissue is thus immobilized and remains in a position (Fig. 15) which allows it to be drawn into the aper~ure and cut upon a subsequent pass of the cutting edges of el~ment 16. Referring again to ~ig. 14, feeding of the uncut tissue portion into the aperture for cutting in subsequent passes of the second cutting edges is further ~acilitated by the in-feed action of the cylindrical surface 94 of inner cutter element moving past ~he table surface 22, creating an in-rolling nip and urging the tissue into the path of the cutting edge, and by the polished nature of the surfaces ~Z, 23, which facilitates sliding of the tissue toward the nip.
Powered arthroscopic surgical instruments without immobilizing table extensions typically push or bat tissue away from the instrument, e.g., due to drag and o~Aer forces applied to the tissue by the initial 3Q cu~ting action, and as a result produce an irregular series of cuts along ~he tissue surface rather than creating a smooth, continuous, sculpted surface.
Retrograde extensions 20, by immobilizing tissue, permit the instrument lO to be used for cutting and for tissue sculpting, and allow the surgical procedure to be performed in a markedly shorter period of time, with less trauma for the patient, and the combination of the retrograde table extension with the offset cutting points has been found to offer much improved performance in cutting tissue previously found ~ery difficult to remove with powered ins~ruments, e,g., plica, which is similar in nature to fibrous elastic bands.
Healthy tissue, e.g., in the joint, is typically mor~ firm than unhealthy tissue, which tends to be soft. The extensions 20 of the instrument of the invention are adapted to assist the surgeon to cut aggressively when removing unhealthy, degenerated tissue, and to cut less aggressively when removing healthy tissue, e.g., while sculpting or smoothing the surface of a joint. The instrument of the invention cuts tissue over a wide range of cutting speeds, e.g., from about 100 r.p.m. to l,000 r.p.m. and above, the speed selected on the basis of tissue encountered. For example, healthy meniscal cartilage about a tear is cut at high speed; partially degenerate cartilage, which is compliant and rubbery, but still retains its form, is most effectively cut at lower speeds; and totally degenerate cartilage and synovial tissue are cut at high speeds.
Referring to Fig. 16, the extensions 20 of outer member 12 are arranged relative to the inner cutter member 14, (not shown), so that a line, H, between the outer tips of the extensions lies generally tangent to the path, C, of the cutting points 62, ~4, 66 of the second cutting edges 48, 50 (cut~ing poin~ 62, aligned axially with ~utting point 64, is seen in Figs~
7-9). In Fig. 16, the table extensions 20 are engaged upon a region of generally unhealthy tissue loo, and, because of the softness o~ the unhealthy tissue, have sunk into the tissue to a depth, M, below the tissue surface 101~ The rotating cutting element, with each rotation, penetrates into the tissue to depth, M, removing the soft, unhealthy tissue relatively aggressively. In contrast, in Fig. 17, the table extensions are engaged upon more healthy tissue 102 and sink below the surface 103 only to depth, N, much less than M, and cutting, shaving or scupting, proceeds much less aggressively.
In Fig. 18, the table extensions are engaged upon the surface 10~ of relatively hard tissue 105 to provide lateral stability during removal of a nodule or ridge 106 to smooth the surface. Nodules of the type shown typically consist of bone covered by soft tissue.
In the past, the surgeon t~pically removed the soft tissue with a powered blade cutting instrument to expose 2Q the bone for removal with an abrading instrument. The exchange of instruments, necessitated by thP likelihood of clogging the abrading element if it is used to remove softer tissue, is avoided with the instrument of the invention which removes the soft tissue and bone effectively and in one operation.
Referring to Fig. 19, the cutting instrument 10 of the invention is shown in use for cutting tissue 110 along an edge 112. The instrument is positioned in a manner to engage the edge of the tissue in notch 47 3Q immediately proximal of the ~able extension 20, and generally against the distal end cutting edge 45 of the instrument. The notch 47 allows the instrument t~ be ~2~
positioned for cutting with the instrument axis closer to the edge ~han would be possible with instruments o~
other construction, thus providing for smoother and more efficient cutting and sculpting along an edge.
The instrument of the invention thus provides the physician with a single instrument that is adapted to perform debriding and sculpting of tissues within the confines of a human joint in order to reduce the trauma to the surrounding tissues inherent in removing and introducing multiple instruments during a procedure.
Although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it is understood that a person skilled in the art could make alterations and modifications without departing from tha true spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the position of line H relative to line C (Fig. 16) may be adjusted dependent upon the predominant nature of the procedure to be performed, e,g., H may be moved radially outwardly for smoothing osteophytes, or inwardly for more agressive cutting. The table extension may be employed with cutter instruments having inner cutter members of other configurations, e.g., auger or helical blades extending the length of the outer member or joined proximal of aperture 18 to a shaft or inner tube.
The instrument may have a table extension along only one side of the aperture 18. A single ~able extension could project outwardly to a greater degree than the table extensions of an ins~rument having extension~ at both sides of the apertur~ while providing 3~ an instrument capable of passing through a cannula of the same diameter. Such an instrument would psrhaps offer some advantageous features over the preferred instrument described, but at the expense of reduced versatility.
The hody of the outer member may have a contour other than cylindrical, e.q., it may be more rectangular. Also, the instrumen~ as shown in the drawiny has a flat distal surface 44, but other distal tip end shapes are contemplated, e.g., spherical, bullet-shape, or full-radius.
Referring to Figs. 20 and 21, the cutter instrument especially suited for end on cutting of, e.g., meniscal cartilage 107, may be provided with two apertures 118, 118' on opposite sides of the distal end of the instrument. There may be provided table extensions 120 a~ one side only of each aperture, e.g., if an auger or other inner member 114 (Fig. 21 only) capabla of cutting in only one direction is provided, or with extensions at both sides of each aperture, as shown. (To provide additional strength and effective cutting, the extent o~ the arcs of the apertures may be reducPd, placing the first cutting points 146 closer - together, and the distal end portions 113 of the outer ~o member 112 may extend radially inwardly~
It will be understood that the forgoing is by way of example and that the invention may take other embodiments.
60'112-1699 ARTHROSCOPIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT
sack~round of ~he Invention This invention concerns improved arthroscopic surgical instruments.
The effective use of powered instruments for arthroscopically cutting and shaping tissues within a joint dates from an invention which I helped create (ll.S. 4,203,~44, issued ~lay ~0, 1980). Such instruments are now in wide use. As skills have advanced, surgeons have desired more aggressive and faster acting instruments and instruments suitable for an expanded range of tasks. Prior individual instruments, however, have usually been suited for only one or a rather limited number of functions because of the differences in tissue to be removed. These tissues vary from hard to soft, firmly attached to very mobile, and easy to approach to difficult and awkward of access.
Not only is the changing of instruments time consuming, but also each change increases the probability of scuffing or otherwise in~uring healthy tissue as the various arthroscopic instruments are slid in and out of the joint. The present invention provides an arthroscopia instrument capable of removal of a wide variety of tissues. This not only decreases the risk of inadvertent scuffing, ect., but also increases the speed of the procedure. This swiftness can avoid physician fatigue, minimize anesthesia time for the patient, and increase the number of procedures possible with a given operating room facility.
The present invention provides an arthroscopic surgical instrument comprising an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening, sai~ outer stationary member comp.rising a body, and defining, in a wall of said body a~ least one distal aperture, the wall of the outer member ak the aperture defining a first, ~ixed blade surface terminaking in a cutting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cut~iny edge arranged to move toward and closely past said fixed cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion ~o sever tissue, the improvement t~herein a table extension at said aperture projects from the body of said outer stationary memher in retrograde manner with an outward component and a component that defines a surface opposed to the direction of movement of said second cuttin~ edge and constructed to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the aperture is provided in the side wall of the outer member, and the table extension projects outwardly beyond the general outer side surfa~e of the outer member in the vicinity of the aperture, preferably a blade surface that corresponds to the thickness of the side wall of the outer member lies at a retrograde anyle to a radius from the axis of movement of said inner member projected through the first cutting edge and the said table extension lies at a greaker angle to the radius, and preferably the table e~kension projects the outer side surface of the outer member by at least 20% of the thickness of the general æide wall of the outer member; the table extension projects outward by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall, preferably the tahle extension projects ., . , ., . ~ . , .
. ... .
6~L
~rom the blade surface by at lea~t the order of the thickness o~
the general side wall of the outer member; the tab:Le extension proje~ts in a retrograde manner from the blade sur:Eace by at least .20% of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member, preferably the table extension projects from the blade surface by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member; the instrument includes a no~ch provided in the region of intersection between the proximal end of the table extension and the general side wall of the outer member; the outer member is generally circular in transverse cross section and is tapered distally in a region proximal of the aperture; preferably the inner cutter has two cutting edges ~hat provide cutting points arranged in a different pattern so that points on one edge are staggered longitudinally from any point on the other edge, preferably each table extension surface extends outwardly to at least a line projected tangent to the path of a second cutting edge at its midpoint between first cutting edges, and preferably the table extension has an outer surface disposed generally on or within a line projected tangent to outer surface of the outer ~0 member at the radius of the path of travel of the second cutting edge at 90 after the midpoint; and the outer member comprises a tube having a generally cylindrical form, the aperture is provided in the side wall of the tube, and the table having generally cylindrical form, the aperture is provided in the side wall of the tube, and the table extension projects outwardly beyond the cylinder projected through the outer surface of the tube in the vicinity of the aperture, the outer member at opposite sides of `:
.
~2~6~
4 60412-16g9 the aperture defines a pair of first, fixed cutting edges, the first fixed edges extending generally parallel to the axis of the tube, the movable member adapted to move selectively in opposite directions and defining a pair of second cutting edges each adapted to coact with a respective cutting edge of the first pair, and there being a table extension associated with each fixed cutting edge, each of the table extensions projecting generally outwardly from the edge surface with a component of extension in the direction opposed to the direction of cutting movement of the inner member, preferably a line projected between outermost tips of the pair of table extensions lies substantially tangent to the path of travel of the inner cutting edges, preferably the tube has a diameter of 5 millimeters or less and the table extension projects outward from the general contour of the outer surface of the tube by at least 20% of the thickness of ~he general side wall of the tube, and preferably the table extension defines a tissue immobilizing surface.
, According to another aspect of the invention, an arthroscopic surgical instrument instrument comprises an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening and having a distal aperture, th~ wall of the outer member at the aperture defining a first, fixed cu~ting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, the movable member having a~ least a pair of second cutting edges arranged to move sequentially toward and closely past the fixed cutting edg~ to sever tissue at a shearing point and adapted to be power driven for repea~ed, rapid movement of the second cutting edges in the cutting direction, each second cutting edge defining one or more cutting points arranged longitudinally along the second cutting edge, and a cutting point of one second cutting edge being offset longitudinally from a cutting point of the next following second cutting edge, whereby ~he sequential second cutting ~dges have diff~rent cutting patterns.
In preferred embodiments of this aspect of the invention, the outer member at opposite sides of the aperture defines a pair of first, fixed cutting edges, the movable member adapted to move selectively in opposite directions and defining pairs of second cutting edges, each pair of second cutting edges adapted to coact with a respective first cutting edge; and, due to assymetric arrangement of the cutting points, the body of the inner member, in the area of the second cutting edges, is of substantially uniform axial section.
There is thus provided an instrument capable, in a majority of instances, of performiny an entire arthroscopic surgical procedure, including, e.g., articular cartilage debridement, s~novial resection, removal of os~eophytes, plica resections and meniscectomies, normally performed in the past only by use of multiple instruments, with attendant increase in time, trauma, and risk ~f injury to healthy tissue in the joint.
These and other fea~ures and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment, and from the claims.
Preferred Embodiment We first briefly describe the drawings.
Drawing~
Fig. 1 is a much enlarged, somewhat diagrammatic, transverse section of the ou~er member of the surgical instrument of the inven~ion, ~aken across tha distal aperture, with the inner member sho~n in dashed line, while Fig. la is a partial plan view of the outer member taken at the line la-la of Fig. 6;
Fig. 2 is a perspective view, partially in section, of the arthroscopic surgical instrument of the invention with a power unit and handpiece;
Fig. ~ is an enlarged perspective of the distal portion of the outer stationary member of the instrument of Figs. 1 and 2;
Fig. 4 is a plan view of the distal end portion of the outer stationary member of the instrument, while Fig. 5 is a side se tion view thereof, taken a~ the line 5-5 of Fig. 4, and Fig. 6 is an end view thereof, taken at ~he line 6-6 of Fig. 4;
Fig. 7 is a top plan view of the inner, rotatabl~ member of the surgical instrument of the invention, while Fig. 8 is a side view and Fig. 9 is a bottom plan view thereof;
Fig. 10 is a somewhat diagrammatic transverse ! section of the surgical instrument of the inven-tion, taken at the line 10-10 of Fig. ~;
Fig. 11 is a somewhat diagrammatic view of the surgical instrument of the invention being employed for surgery on the meniscal cartilage of the knee;
Figs. 12 through 15 are similarly somewhat diagrammatic views, showing a sequence of tissue removal;
Figs. 16 through 13, similarly somewhat diagrammatic, show the surgical instrumen~ of the invention engaged for surgery upon surfaces of the joint;
Fig. 19 is a somewhat diagrammatic side sec~ion view of the surgical instrument of the invention engaged for cutting tissue along an edgQ; and Figs. 20 and 21 are end and plan views of the distal end of an alternate embodiment of a surgical instrument of the invention.
Structure Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the powered 2~ arthoscopic surgical instrument 10 of the invention consists of an outer stationary member 12, sized for introduction into a joint of the body via a puncture opening through the flesh, and a rotatable inner member 14 coaxial with the outer member and defining a distal shearing element 16 exposed through a distal opening 18 in the side and end surfaces of the outer member.
Disposed along each side edge o~ the aperture 18 are table extensions 20, seen most clearly in Figs. 1 and 2, which project outwardly from the body of ~he outer stationary member, defining retrograde table surfaces 22 ~hat extend beyond a blade surface 23 provided by the projection of thickness, T, o the wall of the outer member, and forming a generally concave opening into ~he instrument.
-8- 6041~-16~9 Referring to Figure 2, the proximal end of instrument 10 is received in powered handpiece 24, e.g., a component of the Universal Surgical System sold by Dyonics, Inc. of ~ndover, Massachusetts, The handpiece 24 is connected proximally to a source of suction 26, which draws a vacuum through a conduit defined through the handpiece 24 and instrument 10, to aperture 18. The aperture provides communication between the interior conduit defined through the instrument and handpiece, and the environment about distal end of the instrument, the vacuum _reated by suction source 26 within the conduit tending to draw uncut tissues into aperture 18, and also evacuating, e.g., particles of tissue removed by instrument 10, as described below.
The proximal end of rotatable inner member 14 is asso-ciated with a reversible rotational drive motor disposed within handpiece 24. A controller/power source 28, connected via cable 30, powers the drive motor in handpiece 14 at a maximum rate of up to about 1400 rpm and footcontrol 32 allows the surgeon to actuate the instrument to rotate in either direction, with his foot, leaving his hands free.
Referring to Figures 4 and 5, -the tubular outer stationary member 12 includes a first, generally cylindrical proximal portion 36 of substantially uniform outer diameter, Dl, e.g. 5.5 mm, or, for use in the region of the posterior horn of the meniscus, 4.0 mm. Distal of cylindrical portion 36 lies a frustoconical portion 38 having a decreasing outer diameter in the distal direction, to diameter, D2, of the distal segment 40 of the instrument, which being less than ,~
~L~8~
g_ diameter, Dl, facilitates manuveuring and positioning of the distal end of the ins-trument ~ithin the confines of a joint. Removal of tissue from within the joint is further facilitated by a flattening of the surace of the outer member immediately proximal of the aperture 18 to form a flat, sloping surface 42 that, in combination with the end surface opening defined by the crescent shape distal end surface 44 defining distal end cutting edge 45 (Fig. 6~, improves access of the cutting aperture of the instrument to tissue to be cut, as will be dascribed below.
The inner surface of the outer member 12 at aperture 18 defines a pair of axially-extending first, fixed cutting edges 46 at opposite sides of the aperture 18, adapted to coact with the cutting edges of cutting element 16 o~ rotatable inner member 14, which we describe below with reference to Figs. 7-9. Table extensions 20, defining retrograde table extension surfaces 22, projec~ yenerally outwardly from the body of the outer member 12 from the blade surfaces 23 at the first, fixed cutting edges 46, as hest seen in Figs. l and lO, by a distance, S, which is at least 20% of the ~hickness, T, of tha sidewall of the outer member. The extension and blade surfaces at the sides of the aperture, in combination, define a substantially concave opening to aperture 18. Immediately proximal of each table extension 20 there is defined a notch 47 in the region of the intersection of the outer member 12 and the proximal ends of the extensions, the purpose of which will be described below. There is thus provided an outer member of construction providing maximum accessibility, in a limited space, to a tissue-shearing aperture, a particular advantage in removing relatively firm tissue at higher speeds of rotation, when the shearing behavior of the inner movable member approaches that of a smooth cylinder, The retrograde extension surfaces defined by table extensions 20 serve to increase the size of the tissue-receiving window offered by the instrument, as the extensions act to capture and immobilize tissue in the area of the coacting cut~ing edges 46, ~6 for enhanced cutting of a variety of character of tissue encountered, e.g., in th~ knee. Referring to ~igs. 1 and la, the table extension 20 extends outwardly beyond a projection, Y, o the outer surface 25 of the outer member 12, preferably by a distance, S, measured along a radius, ~, about ~he axis of ro~ation, X, of the inner member, drawn through the first cutting edge 46. (As mentioned above, S is at least 20% of the general side wall thickness, and preferably is significantly greater than 20%, as shown, within other parameters described ~0 herein.) The angle, A, of the tahle extension surface 22 to the radius, R, through the first cutting point 46, is greater than the angle, B, of the edge surface 23, causing the combined retrograde surface to have a component of projection, P, in the direction opposed to the direction of cutting movement, C, of the inner member 14, and providing a total immobilizing surface of area approximately double that of the edge surface alone. This retrograde relationship is further indicated by dimension, J, a projection from the radius, 3Q Rl, through point G at the intersection of blade surface 23 and extension surface 22. The concave shape of the combined surfaces 22, 23 furth~r serves to enhanc~ thQ definition of first cu~ting edge 4fi. Each table extension 20 extends outwardly to ~erminate in a distal surface 27 lying a~ or beyond a line, D, projected tangent to the path of the second cutting edge 66 of inner member 14 at its midpoint, E, between the first cutting edges 46.
Each table extension 20 has an outer surface 29 which is a continuation of the outer surface 25 of the outer member 12. The outer surfac~s 29 lie on, or within, parallel planes Fl, F2, projec~ed tangent to the opposite sides of th2 outer member, whereby the critical diameter, D2~ of the surgical instrument is not increased by the table extensions, and the instrument may be introduced into the narrow space between the femoral condyl and the tibial plateau, as described below with reference to Fig. 11.
The rotatable cutter element 14 is a ~UbQ
having a parlially closed end, with an asymmetrical cutting arrangement defined in a distal region 16.
Cutting edges 48, 50 are defined about openings 52, 54 on opposite sides of the inner element and extend into the distal end surface 56. Each cutting edge consists of a proximal, first circular opening portion 58, 59, formed, e.g., with ball cutters, through the side wall of the tubular inner element 14, generally into its interior, and a distal second, semicircular opening portion 60, 61, in the side wall of the inner element, and extending hemispherically into the end wall 56 of the element. The radii of the respective distal openings extend proximally to overlap the ad~acent respective proximal openings, and extend distally, beyond the end surface of the cutting element. The axes (Ap, Ap', ~ , ~ ') of the pairs of proximal and distal opening portions are longitudinally staggered from one ano~her in order to provide a r~gion having asymmetrical cutting action with cutting points 62, 64, 66 that are offset longitudinally from each other, and also to provide the body of element 14 with nearly constant transverse cross sectional area along the distal region 16 of the second cutting edges 48, ~0.
Element 14 is thus able to better withstand the relatively high stresses associated with the shearing of thick tissue. The longitudinally staggered cutting point arrangement also serves ~o minimize the risk found with other arthroscopic cutters using a rotating cutting blades having aggressive cu~ting tendencies, i.e., of winding tissue about the blade, dragging h~althy tissue into the instrument, and provides bettQr performance in cutting soft, slippery tissue.
The body of cutter element 14 in the cut~ing region 16, between cutting edges, is tapered distally so that the aperture 18 remains open at nearly all rotational positions of the inner element 14 to perpetually draw target tissue toward the instrument ~0 for cutting and sculpting. Referring to Fig. 10, crescent-shaped scallops 68, 70, defined by the distal end surface 56 of inner element 14, define end cutting edges adapted, in cooperation with outer member distal end cutting edge 45, to cut tissue approached from the dis~al end of the instrument. Scallops 68, 70 serve to produce a smooth, transitional joint surface ~etween sections of tissue removed by distal end cutting and sections removed by side cutting, thus having the highly desirablQ effect of producing a smooth, low friction joint sur~ace upon which the surrounding bones may articulate .
Referring ~o Fig. lo, the rotatable inner element 14 is disposed coa.~ially with and ~ithin outer stationary member 12 ~the relationship is shown diagrammatically, with the end wall of the ou~er member removed for clarity and the inner member sec~ioned on a plane through points 64, 66, i.e., line 10-10 o Fig.
8), As inner element 14 is rotated, second cu~ting edges 48, 50 and cutting points 62, 64, 66 coact with the opposed first, fixed cu~ting edge 46 to shear tissue therebetween, while at the same time, the rotating distal end cutting edges 68, 70 coact with the distal end cu~ting edgQ 45 of the outer member to shear tissue extending into the aperture 18 from the distal end of the instrument. SAs shown most clearly in Figs. 1 and 10, the instrument of the invention is constructed for tissue shearing cutting upon rotation of the inner element in either direction of rotation, as selected by the surgeon.) Referring now to Fig. 11, the distal end of instrument 10 is shown insarted into the joint of knee 71 and positioned for surgical treatment, e.g., by removal of a portion of the menical cartilage 72 lying between condyls 74, 76 of the femur 78 (thigh bone) and the end 80 o~ the tibia 82 (shin bone). The instrument ~S is critically si~ed for insertion into the tight confines of the knee joint, with the dimension, D2, of the instrument unaffected by the table ~xtensions, and the outer member 12 has sufficient strength to resist bending when the surgeon applies force to position the 3Q cutting end, while permitting easy passage of severed tissue-fragments through the instrument and out of the body.
.
Typically, during an operative procedure, the patient is given general anesthesia and appropriate punctures of the patient's flesh are made at selected points about the join~ by a trocarring cannula. Fluid is introduced into one cannula at a slightly increased pressure to distend the joint, and to provide flow through the joint, through the ins~rument 10. This substantial volume of flow, e.g., in excess of lOo cc per minutaJ is provided to ensure that all the tissue severed from the joint is drawn into the instrument and removed from the joint; it also keeps the joint fluid clear for better visual guidance of ths instrument, provided via a fiber optic device inserted into the joint through another cannula. The fiber optic device introduces light to the interior of the joint from a light source and returns a visual image along a separate optical path. (The image can be directed to an eye piece for the surgeon, to recording cameras, or to a television camera which creates a display, which the surgeon watches to control his movements.) By watching the screen and manipulating the instrument, the surgeon positions the instrument for removal of tissue.
Referring now to Figs. 12 et seq., the operation of the surgical instrument of the invention for efficient removal of a variety of different tissues will now ba described.
The extension surface 22 of table extension 20, above blade surface 23 and the first fixed ~utting edge 46, has a component of projection, arrow P, opposed ~o the path, arrow C, of the cutting points 62, 64, 66 of the second, cutting edges 4B, 50 as they pass the first cutting edge 46 in tissue shearing action, Referring to Fig. 12, tissue, shown representatively by rectangular shape ~0, is draw~, by suction from aperture 18 into the path of rotating cutting element 14. In Fig. 13, the second cutting edge 66 has engaged upon the s~lrface of tissue 90 and, by rotation, exerts a drag force upon the tissue toward the shearing nip with fixed edge 46, in a direction substantially normal to immobilizing surface 22. In Fig. 14, the second cut~ing edge has moved toward and passed closely by the fixed cutting edge to shear a fragment 92 from tissue 90. The fragment 92 is being drawn by suction through th~ instrument and ultimately out of the body. The remaining portion of the tissue 90 outside the instrument is forced against the immobilizing surface 22 of the table extension. The tissue is thus immobilized and remains in a position (Fig. 15) which allows it to be drawn into the aper~ure and cut upon a subsequent pass of the cutting edges of el~ment 16. Referring again to ~ig. 14, feeding of the uncut tissue portion into the aperture for cutting in subsequent passes of the second cutting edges is further ~acilitated by the in-feed action of the cylindrical surface 94 of inner cutter element moving past ~he table surface 22, creating an in-rolling nip and urging the tissue into the path of the cutting edge, and by the polished nature of the surfaces ~Z, 23, which facilitates sliding of the tissue toward the nip.
Powered arthroscopic surgical instruments without immobilizing table extensions typically push or bat tissue away from the instrument, e.g., due to drag and o~Aer forces applied to the tissue by the initial 3Q cu~ting action, and as a result produce an irregular series of cuts along ~he tissue surface rather than creating a smooth, continuous, sculpted surface.
Retrograde extensions 20, by immobilizing tissue, permit the instrument lO to be used for cutting and for tissue sculpting, and allow the surgical procedure to be performed in a markedly shorter period of time, with less trauma for the patient, and the combination of the retrograde table extension with the offset cutting points has been found to offer much improved performance in cutting tissue previously found ~ery difficult to remove with powered ins~ruments, e,g., plica, which is similar in nature to fibrous elastic bands.
Healthy tissue, e.g., in the joint, is typically mor~ firm than unhealthy tissue, which tends to be soft. The extensions 20 of the instrument of the invention are adapted to assist the surgeon to cut aggressively when removing unhealthy, degenerated tissue, and to cut less aggressively when removing healthy tissue, e.g., while sculpting or smoothing the surface of a joint. The instrument of the invention cuts tissue over a wide range of cutting speeds, e.g., from about 100 r.p.m. to l,000 r.p.m. and above, the speed selected on the basis of tissue encountered. For example, healthy meniscal cartilage about a tear is cut at high speed; partially degenerate cartilage, which is compliant and rubbery, but still retains its form, is most effectively cut at lower speeds; and totally degenerate cartilage and synovial tissue are cut at high speeds.
Referring to Fig. 16, the extensions 20 of outer member 12 are arranged relative to the inner cutter member 14, (not shown), so that a line, H, between the outer tips of the extensions lies generally tangent to the path, C, of the cutting points 62, ~4, 66 of the second cutting edges 48, 50 (cut~ing poin~ 62, aligned axially with ~utting point 64, is seen in Figs~
7-9). In Fig. 16, the table extensions 20 are engaged upon a region of generally unhealthy tissue loo, and, because of the softness o~ the unhealthy tissue, have sunk into the tissue to a depth, M, below the tissue surface 101~ The rotating cutting element, with each rotation, penetrates into the tissue to depth, M, removing the soft, unhealthy tissue relatively aggressively. In contrast, in Fig. 17, the table extensions are engaged upon more healthy tissue 102 and sink below the surface 103 only to depth, N, much less than M, and cutting, shaving or scupting, proceeds much less aggressively.
In Fig. 18, the table extensions are engaged upon the surface 10~ of relatively hard tissue 105 to provide lateral stability during removal of a nodule or ridge 106 to smooth the surface. Nodules of the type shown typically consist of bone covered by soft tissue.
In the past, the surgeon t~pically removed the soft tissue with a powered blade cutting instrument to expose 2Q the bone for removal with an abrading instrument. The exchange of instruments, necessitated by thP likelihood of clogging the abrading element if it is used to remove softer tissue, is avoided with the instrument of the invention which removes the soft tissue and bone effectively and in one operation.
Referring to Fig. 19, the cutting instrument 10 of the invention is shown in use for cutting tissue 110 along an edge 112. The instrument is positioned in a manner to engage the edge of the tissue in notch 47 3Q immediately proximal of the ~able extension 20, and generally against the distal end cutting edge 45 of the instrument. The notch 47 allows the instrument t~ be ~2~
positioned for cutting with the instrument axis closer to the edge ~han would be possible with instruments o~
other construction, thus providing for smoother and more efficient cutting and sculpting along an edge.
The instrument of the invention thus provides the physician with a single instrument that is adapted to perform debriding and sculpting of tissues within the confines of a human joint in order to reduce the trauma to the surrounding tissues inherent in removing and introducing multiple instruments during a procedure.
Although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment, it is understood that a person skilled in the art could make alterations and modifications without departing from tha true spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the position of line H relative to line C (Fig. 16) may be adjusted dependent upon the predominant nature of the procedure to be performed, e,g., H may be moved radially outwardly for smoothing osteophytes, or inwardly for more agressive cutting. The table extension may be employed with cutter instruments having inner cutter members of other configurations, e.g., auger or helical blades extending the length of the outer member or joined proximal of aperture 18 to a shaft or inner tube.
The instrument may have a table extension along only one side of the aperture 18. A single ~able extension could project outwardly to a greater degree than the table extensions of an ins~rument having extension~ at both sides of the apertur~ while providing 3~ an instrument capable of passing through a cannula of the same diameter. Such an instrument would psrhaps offer some advantageous features over the preferred instrument described, but at the expense of reduced versatility.
The hody of the outer member may have a contour other than cylindrical, e.q., it may be more rectangular. Also, the instrumen~ as shown in the drawiny has a flat distal surface 44, but other distal tip end shapes are contemplated, e.g., spherical, bullet-shape, or full-radius.
Referring to Figs. 20 and 21, the cutter instrument especially suited for end on cutting of, e.g., meniscal cartilage 107, may be provided with two apertures 118, 118' on opposite sides of the distal end of the instrument. There may be provided table extensions 120 a~ one side only of each aperture, e.g., if an auger or other inner member 114 (Fig. 21 only) capabla of cutting in only one direction is provided, or with extensions at both sides of each aperture, as shown. (To provide additional strength and effective cutting, the extent o~ the arcs of the apertures may be reducPd, placing the first cutting points 146 closer - together, and the distal end portions 113 of the outer ~o member 112 may extend radially inwardly~
It will be understood that the forgoing is by way of example and that the invention may take other embodiments.
Claims (34)
1. In an arthroscopic surgical instrument comprising an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening, said outer stationary member comprising a body having an outer surface of regular general contour, and said outer stationary member defining, in a side wall of said body, at least one distal aperture, the wall of the outer member at opposite sides of the aperture defining a pair of first, fixed blade surfaces terminating in a pair of first cutting edges an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven selectively in opposite directions and having a pair of second cutting edges each arranged and adapted to move toward and closely past a respective first cutting edge of the first pair of fixed cutting edges in rapid, repetitive fashion to sever tissue, the improvement wherein a table extension is associated with each of the first cutting edges at said aperture, each said extension projecting outwardly form the regular general contour of the outer side surface of the body of said outer stationary member in the vicinity of said aperture, each said extension defining a surface opposed to the direction of movement of a said second cutting edge, each said extension constructed and arranged to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action.
2. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 1 wherein a blade surface that corresponds to the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member lies at a retrograde angle to a radius from the axis of movement of said inner member projected through said first cutting edge and said table extension lies at a greater angle to said radius.
3. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 1 wherein said table extension projects outward from the regular general contour of the outer side surface of said outer member by at least 20% of the thickness of the general side wall of said outer member.
4. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 2 or 3 wherein said inner cutter has two cutting edges that provide cutting points arranged in a different pattern so that points on one edge are staggered longitudinally from any point on the other edge.
5. The arthroscopic cutter of claim 2 or 3 wherein each said table extension surface extends outwardly to at least a line projected tangent to the path of a said second cutting edge at its midpoint between said first cutting edges.
6. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 2 or 3 wherein said table extension has an outer surface disposed generally on or within a line projected tangent to outer surface of said outer member at the radius of the path of travel of said second cutting edge at 90° after said midpoint.
7. In a arthroscopic surgical instrument comprising an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening, said outer stationary member comprising a body having an outer surface of regular general contour, and said outer stationary member defining, in a wall of said body, at least one distal aperture, the wall of the outer member at the aperture defining a first, fixed blade surface terminating in a cutting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cutting edge arranged to move toward and closely past said fixed cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion to sever tissue, the improvement wherein said aperture is defined in a general side wall of said outer member, a table extension in the vicinity of said aperture projects outwardly beyond the regular general contour of the outer side surface of the body of said outer stationary member, said extension defining a surface opposed to the direction of movement of said second cutting edge, said extension constructed and arranged to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action, and a notch is provided in the region of intersection between the proximal end of said table extension and the general side wall of the outer member.
8. In an arthroscopic surgical instrument comprising an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening, said outer stationary member comprising a body having an outer surface of regular general contour, and said outer stationary member defining, in a wall of said body, at least one distal aperture, the wall of the outer member at the aperture defining a first, fixed blade surface terminating in a cutting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cutting edge arranged to move toward and closely past said fixed cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion to sever tissue, the improvement wherein said aperture if defined in a general side wall of said outer member, and a table extension in a vicinity of said aperture projects outwardly beyond the regular general contour of the outer side surface of the body of said outer stationary member by at least the order of the thickness of said general side wall, said extension defining a surface opposed to the direction of movement of said second cutting edge, and said extension constructed and arranged to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action, and the outer member being generally circular in transverse cross section and tapered distally in a region proximal of said aperture.
9. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 8 wherein said table extension projects outwardly from the general contour of the outer surface of said outer member by a least 20% of the thickness of the general side wall of said outer member.
10. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 7, 8 or 1 wherein said cutter defines two said apertures, and comprises at least one said table extension at each said aperture.
11. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 7, 8 or 1 wherein said outer member comprises a tube having a generally cylindrical form.
12. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 7, 8 or 1 wherein said table extension defines a tissue immobilizing surface.
13. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 7, 8 or 1 wherein said outer member comprises a tube having a generally cylindrical form, said aperture is provided in the side wall of said tube, and said table extension projects outwardly beyond the cylinder projected through the outer surface of said tube in the vicinity of said aperture, said outer member at opposite sides of said aperture defines a pair of first, fixed cutting edges, said first fixed edges extending generally parallel to the axis of the tube, said movable member adapted to move selectively in opposite directions and defining a pair of second cutting edges each adapted to coact with a respective cutting edge of the first pair, and there being a said table extension associated with each of said fixed cutting edges, each of said table extensions projecting generally outwardly from the edge surface with a component of extension in the direction opposed to the direction of cutting movement of said inner member.
14. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 13 wherein a line projected between outermost tips of said pair of table extensions lies substantially tangent to the path of travel of said inner cutting edges.
15. The cutter instrument of claim 13 wherein said tube has a diameter of 5 millimeters or less and said table extension projects outward from the general contour of the outer surface of said tube by at least 20% of the thickness of the general side wall of said tube.
16. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 13 wherein said table extension defines a tissue immobilizing surface.
17. An arthroscopic surgical instrument comprises an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening and having a distal aperture, the wall of the outer member at the aperture defining a first fixed cutting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, said movable member having at least a pair of second cutting edges arranged to move sequentially in a first cutting direction toward and closely past said fixed cutting edge to severed tissue at a shearing point and adapted to be power driven for repeated, rapid movement of the second cutting edges in said first cutting direction, each said second cutting edge defining one or more cutting points arranged longitudinally along said second cutting edge, and a cutting point of one said second cutting edge being offset longitudinally form a cutting point of the next following second cutting edge, whereby said sequential second cutting edges have different cutting patterns.
18. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 17 wherein said outer member at opposite sides of said aperture defines a pair of first, fixed cutting edges, said movable member adapted to move selectively in opposite directions and defining pairs of second cutting edges, each pair of second cutting edges adapted to coact with a respective first cutting edge.
19. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 17 wherein, due to assymetric arrangement of said cutting points, the body of said inner member, in the area of said second cutting edges, is of substantially uniform axial section.
20. In an arthroscopic surgical instrument comprising an outer stationary member sized to enter a joint through a puncture opening, said outer stationary member comprising a body, and defining, in a wall of said body at least one distal aperture, the wall of the outer member at the aperture defining a first, fixed blade surface terminating in a cutting edge, an internal movable member disposed within the outer member, adapted to be power driven and having a second cutting edge arranged to move toward and closely past said fixed cutting edge in rapid, repetitive fashion to sever tissue, the improvement wherein a table extension at said aperture projects from the body of said outer stationary member in retrograde manner with an outward component and a component that defines a surface opposed to the direction of movement of said second cutting edge and constructed to engage tissue against which the operator urges the instrument, in a manner to improve the repetitive cutting action.
21. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 20 wherein said body is disposed along an axis and said surface of said table extension is disposed parallel to said axis.
22. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 20 or 21 wherein said aperture is defined in a general side wall of said outer member, and said table extension projects from the outer surface of said outer member in the vicinity of said aperture.
23. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 22 wherein a blade surface that corresponds to the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member lies at a retrograde angle to a radius from the axis of movement of said inner member projected through said first cutting edge and said table extension lies at a greater angle to said radius.
24. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 22 wherein said table extension projects from the outer side surface of said outer member by at least 20% of the thickness of the general side wall of said outer member.
25. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 24 wherein said table extension projects outwardly by at least the order of the thickness of said general side wall.
26. The arthroscopic surgical cutter of claim 25 wherein said table extension projects from the blade surface by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member.
27. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 24 wherein said table extension projects in a retrograde manner from the blade surface by at least 20% of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member.
28. The arthroscopic surgical cutter of claim 25 wherein said table extension projects from the blade surface by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member.
29. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 22 wherein said table extension projects outward by at least the order of the thickness of said general side wall.
30. The arthroscopic surgical cutter of claim 29 wherein said table extension projects from the blade surface at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member.
31. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 22 wherein said table extension projects in a retrograde manner from the blade surface by at least 20% of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member.
32. The arthroscopic surgical cutter of claim 31 wherein said table extension projects from the blade surface by at least the order of the thickness of the general side wall of the outer member.
33. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 21 wherein said outer member comprises a tube having a generally cylindrical form.
34. The arthroscopic surgical instrument of claim 21 wherein said table extension defines a tissue immobilizing surface.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/948,315 US4834729A (en) | 1986-12-30 | 1986-12-30 | Arthroscopic surgical instrument |
| US948,315 | 1986-12-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1281964C true CA1281964C (en) | 1991-03-26 |
Family
ID=25487642
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000555457A Expired - Lifetime CA1281964C (en) | 1986-12-30 | 1987-12-29 | Arthroscopic surgical instrument |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4834729A (en) |
| EP (2) | EP0276478B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2522508B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1281964C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3751710T2 (en) |
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-
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- 1987-12-29 EP EP87119235A patent/EP0276478B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-12-29 DE DE3751710T patent/DE3751710T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-12-29 CA CA000555457A patent/CA1281964C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-12-29 EP EP92107397A patent/EP0500146B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-12-29 DE DE3751318T patent/DE3751318T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1988
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0500146A2 (en) | 1992-08-26 |
| US4834729A (en) | 1989-05-30 |
| JPS63197445A (en) | 1988-08-16 |
| EP0276478B1 (en) | 1995-05-24 |
| EP0500146B1 (en) | 1996-02-14 |
| EP0500146A3 (en) | 1993-02-03 |
| DE3751318T2 (en) | 1995-11-02 |
| DE3751710D1 (en) | 1996-03-28 |
| DE3751318D1 (en) | 1995-06-29 |
| JP2522508B2 (en) | 1996-08-07 |
| DE3751710T2 (en) | 1996-09-12 |
| EP0276478A1 (en) | 1988-08-03 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |