CA1272615A

CA1272615A - Method and apparatus for measuring internal body temperature utilizing infrared emissions

Info

Publication number: CA1272615A
Application number: CA000493509A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Gary J. O'hara; David B. Phillips
Original assignee: Intelligent Medical Systems Inc
Current assignee: Sherwood Medical Co
Priority date: 1984-10-23
Filing date: 1985-10-22
Publication date: 1990-08-14
Anticipated expiration: 2007-08-14
Also published as: US4602642A; EP0180368B1; JPS61117422A; ATE51075T1; EP0180368A3; HK53695A; DE3576561D1; EP0180368A2

Abstract

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING INTERNAL
BODY TEMPERATURE UTILIZING INFRARED EMISSIONS

ABSTRACT

A hand held probe unit has an infrared sensitive thermopile mounted in a metal housing kept at a constant reference temperature by a regulator circuit. A
waveguide tube, surrounded by a thermally insulative probe, directs infrared emissions to the thermopile.
The thermopile and regulator circuit of the probe unit are electrically connected to processing circuitry in a chopper unit. Prior to taking a patient's temperature, the probe unit is mated with the chopper unit so that the thermopile detects infrared emissions from a reference target which is also kept at a constant reference temperature by another regulator circuit. The processing circuitry repeatedly acquires the output level of the thermopile and stores calibration data. The probe unit is then removed from the chopper unit, the probe is covered with an IR transparent, disposable speculum, and is inserted in the patient's external ear canal. The processing circuitry then determines the patient's core temperature by comparing the stored calibration data to the maximum output of the thermopile during a succession of ear canal samplings.

Description

s METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING INTERNAL
BODY TEMPERATURE UTILIZING INFRARED EMISSIONS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to medical instru-mentation, and more particularly, to a system for mea-suring the core temperature of the human body by de-tecting and analyzing infrared emissions in the external ear canal of a patient.
The diagnosis and treatment of many body ailments depends upon an accurate r0ading of the internal or core temperature of a patient's body, and in some instances, upon a comparison to a previous body temperature read-ing. For many years, the most common way of taking apatient's temperature involved the utilization of a Mer-cury thermometer. This approach has a number of drawbacks.

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First of all, such thermometers are normally made of glass. They must be inserted and maintained in the patient's rnouth or rectum for several minutes. This is often discomforting to the patient. Furthermore, such therMometers can break, resulting in serious lacerations or mercury poisoning. In addition, Mercury thermomet~rs are difficult to read, must be sterilized, and must be "shaken down" vigorously to place the Mercury at the bottom end prior to use.
Because of the above drawbacks of conventional Mercury thermometers, electronic thermometers were developed and are now in widespread use. Typically, such electronic thermometers have a probe connected by wires to a remo-te unit containing an electronic circuit. The probe is sheathed in a protective, disposable cover before being inserted into the patient's mouth or rectum. Using predictive techniques, the patient's temperature reading is taken in a significantly shorter time period, for example thirty seconds, compared to the several minutes requlred for conventional Mercury thermometers. Such electronic thermometers normally have meters or other displays which enable the operator to determine the temperature much more readily than reading the position of the terminal end of a column of Mercury in a g~ass tube.
Also, the electronic thermometers in some instances provide more accurate temperature readings than Mercury thermometers.
Furthermore, the protective sleeves are disposable, thus allowing the same thermometer to be used over and over witho~t autoclaving or other sterili~ation.

7;~15 The tympanic membrane is generally considered by the medical community to be superior to oral, rectal or axillary sites for taking a patient's temperature.
This is because the tympanic membrane is more representative of the ~ody's internal or core temperature and more responsive to changes in the core temperature.
Heretofore, efforts to provide a method and apparatus for measuring the body temperature via the external ear canal have not been successful. U. S. Patent No. 3,282,106 of Barnes suggests the concept of an infrared thermometer that may be placed in the ear cavity to measure body temperature. Mowever, that patent contains only two very simple elevation views of a proposed outer configuration of the device and only one brief paragraph after tile ~igure description indicating that the device contaiDs a portable radiometer, an infrared detector such as a thermocouple or a thermistor, a focusing lens of germanium or silicon, an internally polished conical shield and a meter. A detailed description of the precise manner of making these components and reading the ~ody temperature is not given. To applicants' knowledge, the device of the aforementioned Barnes patent has never successively been actually reduced to practice.
Infrared sensing devices have been commercially available for measuring the skin temperature of a patient.
However, a patient's skin temperature varies over a much wider ran~e thcln his or her internal body temperature and is not generally used by physicians in -the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. Furthermore, these devices are large and cumbersome and not suited for detecting infrared emissions in the external ear canal.
U . S . Patent ~o. 3,581,570 discloses a tympanic ~emperature sensing device which has positioning means to establish a fixed relationship between the eardrum and a radiometer. The radiolneter is a thermister, bolometer or thermocouple. The circuit consists of merely an amplifier and a calibrated galvanometer. A polyethylene shield fits over the probe portion to protect the radiometer.
Attempts have also been made to determine a patient's body temperature via the external ear canal using devices other than infrared sensors. For example, U. S. Patent No. 3,054,397 discloses the concept of inserting a thermoelectric probe which may contain a thermocouple or a thermistor into the ear until it touches the tissues, for example the eardrum. This type of measurement is not practical for every day hospital or clinical use because of danger of injury to the eardrum. It also may expose the patient to considerable anxiety if not pain.
U. S. Patent No. 3,491,596 discloses the concept of placing a probe containing a field effect transistor into the ear canal to measure the radiated energy. In one embodiment, a heater element is used to preheat the field effect transistor to the approximate temperature ' to be sensed to reduce the response time.

lX7~ 15 U. S. Patent No. 3,626,757 describes an ear thermometer which contains a probe which must make contact with the tympanum. This device is too invasive and slow in response for routine hospital use.
U. S. Patent No. 4,191,197 discloses a touch free tympanic thermometer in which heated air having a temperature value close to body temperature is blown against the eardrum. The actual body temperature is determined by measuring the temperature of the returning air. Clearly, this device would have serious accuracy limitations.
Another tympanic thermometer which is commercially available is the MON-A-THERMTMModel6~00. It uses a thermocouple as the sensing transducer. Contact with the tympanic membrane is required which is painful and potentially hazardous to thè patient. The device also requires two to three minutes to arrive at the temperature.
Also of possible interest in this field are U. S.
Patent Nos. 3,156,117 and 3,781,837.
SUMMARY OF T~E INVENTION
Accordingly, it is the primary object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for measuring the internal temperature of a patient's body by sensing infrared emissions in the external ear canal.
It is another object to provide such a method and apparatus which does not require physical contact with the tympanic membrane.

I' is another object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for measuring the internal temperature of a patient's body which re-quires substantially less time than required by conven-tional Mercury Thermometers or electronic predictive-type thermometers.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for measuring the inter-nal temperature of a patient's body which requires less patient cooperation than conventional methods and which can be performed on sleeping, comatose, or otherwise in-capacated patients.
The illustrated embodiment of our invention com-prises three different units which cooperate both mechanically and electrically. A probe unit is grasped by the operator's hand to take a patient's temperature.
The probe unit is connected by a cord to a base or chopper unit held in the operator's other hand. The probe and chopper units are physically mated between temperature readings for recalibration. The mated probe/chopper unit combination seats in a stationary charger unit when not in use.
The probe unit has a handle and a head assembly terminating in a probe which is inserted into the exter-nal ear canal. The head assembly contains an infraredsensitive thermopile detector embedded in a metal housing.

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The housing is heated to a precise ear canal temperature, e.g. 98 F., by resistors energized by a probe controller circuit and regulated through a thermistor. A tubular metal waveguide forms the actual probe whose forward end is inserted into the ear canal. The rearward end of the waveguide is seated in the temperature controlled metal housing such that there is an air gap between the waveguide and the thermopile. The probe unit further includes an amplifier for boosting the thermopile output, an LED "reading complete" indicator, and a SCAN switch which is depressed by the operator to indicate that the waveguide of the probe has been placed in the ear canal.
The chopper unit includes an external housing configured to mate with the probe unit so that its waveguide is received in a receptacle. A permanent magnet in the probe unit closes a reed switch in the chopper unit to indicate that the two units are mated A target is mounted in the receptacle in the field of view of the probe unit infrared detection components.
The target is heated to a predetermined reference temperature, e.g. also 98 F., by resistors energized by a chopper controller circuit and regulated through a thermistor. The chopper unit further includes a function keypad and digital processing circuitry for 1~7~

calibratinc3 the system and determining the internal body temperature based on the output of the thermopile when the wavec3uide is in the ear canal. An LCD on the chopper unit displays function and ternperature information.
The charger uni-t is configured to mate with the joined probe and chopper units. The charger unit has an AC/DC power supply which induces current in the chopper unit to charge its batteries through inductor coils.
In operation, when the probe unit is cradled in the chopper unit, the digital processing circuitry continuously sarnples the keypad for function initiation and calibrates the thermopile against the target.
Calibration is accomplished by determining the target temperature through its associated thermistor, determininy and storing the thermopile output level associated with that temperature, and then repeating - the same ~teps for a requisite minimurn time period to insure stability. The user then removes the probe unit from the chopper unit and places an infrared transparent disposable speculum over the waveguide tip.
The protected tip is then partially inserted into the patient's ear canal. The SCAN button is then depressed.
The digital processing circuitry repeatedly examines the thermopile output and determines the body's internal 7~

g temperature. In so doing, the thermopile output level ls compared -to the stored calibration level. The internal body temperature which has been determined is displayed on the I,CD. When the probe unit is therafter rejoined with the chopper unit, the calibration process is repeated.
BRIEF DFSCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a top plan view of the mated probe and chopper units of the yreferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 2 is an elevation view taken from the left hand side of Figure 1 and illustrating in phantom lines the probe head assembly and chopper target, a plurality of disposable speculums stored in the chopper unit, and the outline of a printed circuit board mounted in the chopper unit.
Figure 3 is an elevation view taken from the bottom or rear end of Figure 1.
Figure 4 is a side elevation view of one form of the charger unit of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 5 is an enlarged view of the liquid crystal display of the chopper unit of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 6 is a side elevation view of a portion of the probe unit of the preferred embodiment of our system - 25 illustratinq the manner in which its speculum shielded probe is inserted into the external canal of a patient in order to take his or her temperature.

Figure 7 is an enlarged, exploded side elevation view illustrating from left to right the chopper target, disposable speculum and infrared probe head assembly components of the preferred embodiment of our system.
The parts illustrated in Figure 7 each have a round cross section and their hollow internal cavities are defined by phantom lines.
Figure 8a is a block diagram of the electronics of the probe unit of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 8b is a block diagram of the electronics of the chopper unit of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 8c is a block diagram of the electronics of the charger unit of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the circuit which is utilized twice in the preferred embodiment of our system, once as the probe controller and once as the chopper controller.

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Figure 10 is a flow diagram of the main loop of the control progra.~ of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 11 is a flow diagram of the chop alyorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 12 is a flow diagram of the thermopile temperature acquisition algorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 13 is a flow diagram of the surface algorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 14 is a flow diagram of the special functions mode algorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment of our system.
Figure 15 is a flow diagram of the algorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment of our system which accomplishes l-point offset calibration of the chopper.
Figure 16 is a flow diagram of the algorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment of our system which accomplishes 2-point calibration of the thermopile or chopper.
Figure 17 is a flow diagram of the tympanic algorithm of the control program of the preferred embodiment o-' our system.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

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7~1S `"`--Referring to Figure 1, the preferred embodiment of our system includes a probe unit 20 which mechanically mates with a chopper unit 22. Internal electronics of the probe and chopper units are electrically connected through a cord 24 which attaches to the rearward ends of the unlts. The probe unit 20 has a cylindrical handle 26 adapted to be grasped by the hand of the user.
A head assembly 28 (Figures 2 and 6) extends from the forward end of the handle at an angle with respect thereto.
The head assembly 28 terminates in a probe 30 (Figures 2 and 6) which is covered by a disposable plastic speculum 32 (Figure 7). The shielded probe is inserted into the external ear canal 34 (Figure 6) of a patient in taking his or her temperature.
Referring to Figures 1-3, the chopper unit 22 has a generally rectangular, box-like outer configuration.
An upwardly opening elongate recess 36 extends along the top of the chopper unit 22 adjacent one side edge thereof.
The recess 36 receives and aligns the cylindrical handle 26 of the probe unit 20 so that the head assembly 28 thereof is inserted into a receptacle communicating with the recess 36. This positions the head assembly 28 as illustrated in Figure 2 so that the forward terminal end of the probe 30 is adjacent a heated target 38 mounted at the bottom of the receptacle.

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Anoth~r upwardly opening rectangular cavity 40 (Figure 1) forllled in the top of the chopper unit 22 holds a plurality of disposable speculums 32 as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The speculums are covered by a transparent door 42 (Figure 1) which is hinged along one side edge to allow access to the speculums. A printed circuit board 44 (Figure 2~ is mounted within the chopper unit 22 and serves as a carrier for the electrorlics illustrated in Eigure 8b.
A permanent magnet 46 (Figure 8a) closes a reed switch 48 (Figure 8) in the chopper unit to indicate that the two units are mated. The permanent magnet 46 and the reed switch ~8 are mounted at locations within the probe handle and chopper housing, respectively, so that they are physically adjacent when the probe handle is cradled in the chopper unit as illustrated in Figures 1-3.
The chopper unit 22 further includes a function key pad having keys 50 (Figure l) and a liquid crystal display 52 (~igures 1 and 5). This display indicates measured temperature and certain other functions of the system as describe~ hereafter in greater detail. The probe unit 20 also has an LED 54 (Figure l and 3) which is illuminated to indic~te that a temperature reading has been completed.
A manually actuable SCAN key 56 on the handle of the probe unit is depressed by the user's thumb to indicate that the probe 30 has been inserted into the patient's ear canal and thereby initiate sensing of infrared emissions therein.
Referring to Figure 4, the charger unit 58 of the preferred embodiment of our system includes a rectangular 1~'7;~
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outer housing with the pc~er supply circuitry of Figure 8c mounted therein. A cord 60 connects the ~ er supply to a standard 115 v~lt AC power source 62 such as a conventional wall outlet. The charger unit 58 is configurcd to rlechanically mate with the joined probe and chopper units. When this is done, a penTIanent magnet 64 (Figure 8c) within the charger unit closes a reed switch 66 (Figure 8b) in the chopper unit 22 to provide a signal indicative of the mated relationship. DC' current from the charger unit 58 is induced in the chopper unit 22 through a connectorless arrangement. Specifically, a first coil 68 (Figure 8c) and a second coil 70 (Figure 8b) are positioned within the charger unit housing and chopper unit housing, res~ectively, so that when these units are mated the coils will be closely adjacent to each other, although physically separated by the housing material and a slight air gap. A capacitor 72 (Figure 8b) is connected across the coil 70. One side of the coil 70 is colmected through a diode 73 for charging a set of batteries 74 IFigures 3 and 8b) mounted within the chopper unit beneath the probe recess 36. The charging circuit (Figure 8c) includes a transformer 76 and a rectifier bridge 78. The transformer steps the 120 volt AC line current dcwn to twelve volts. The twelve volt AC current is rectified by the bridge 78 and filtered by a capacitor Cl. The resulting nominal twelve volts DC
is used to supply Ul which is an inverter with hystersis. This inverter Ul has a feedback through a resistor Rl, a capacitor C2 and a potentiometer R2 to cause oscillation at the resonant frequency of the coil 70 and capacitor 72 (Figure 8b). The square wave output of the inverter Ul is fed to a ~1 Ql (Figure 8c) that drives a coil Ll, driving through current limitors in the form of a resistor R3 and a capacitor C3. The potentiometer R2 is used to "tune" the circuit to provide the optimum current out to the battery.

As illustrated in Figure 6, the probe 30 covered by the speculurn 32 is inserted into the ear canal approximately one-quarter of an inch for approximately one to two seconds to measure the ternperature of the tympanic membrane 80 and the ear canal 34. The speculum presents a clean, sanitary surface to the patient and also keeps the probe tip free of ear wax and hair. The speculum 32 has a frontal, circular membrane 82 (Figure 7) which is substantially -transparent to infrared radiation in the seven to ten micron wavelerlg~h. As illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, preferably the body 84 of the speculum 32 has a generally frusto-conical shape and has a hollow interior. The thickness of the speculum body 84 is substantially greater than that of the frontal membrane 82 in order to provide an adequate degree of structural rigidity. Preferably, the frontal membrane 8~ and body 84 of the speculum are made of a pliant plastic material which is substantially transparent to infrared radiation in the desired frequency range. Polyethylene or polypropylene may be used, for example. The body 84 of the speculum is configured and dimensioned so that it will squeeze over the frontal portion of the probe 30.
The pliancy of the speculum allows it to deform somewhat upon insertion into the ear canal for added comfort.
The probe 30 (Figure 7) is preferably made of a material with very low thermal conductivity, such as a PVC plastic. The probe has a hollow cylindrical base portion 86, an intermediate tubular portion 88 and a cylindrical tip portion 90.

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Besides the prohe 30 the head assembly 28 (Fiyure 2) of the probe unit further includes a thermopile detector 92 which is embedded into a cvlindrical metal housing 94.
A metal tube 96 has its rearward end secured to the center of the cylindrical housing 94 and acts as a waveguide for the infrared emisslon~ which pass through the frontal membrane 82 of the speculum, through the center of the tube 96 to the frontal sensing region of the thermopile 92.
One suitable thermopile is the Model 2M commercially available from ~exter Research located in Michigan. The cylindrical housing 94 is preferably made of metal such as aluminum and has a central cylindrical bore 98 for receiving the cylindrical outer case of the thermopile 92.
The ~hermopile is preferably seated in thermal grease to insure thermal conductivity between the thermopile and the metal housing 94. A central aperture 100 also-formed in the metal housing 94 permits infrared radiation transmitted through the interior of the waveguide tube 96 to impinge upon the frontal sensor region of the thermopile 92. The tube 96 is preferably made of brass and its interior walls are preferably plated with gold.
Preferabl~ there is a small air gap, for example .002 inches between the rearward end of the waveguide tube 96 and the frontal sensor region of the thermopile 92. The tube 96 extends through the intermediate tubular portion 88 of the probe 30. There is also preferably a small air gap between the exterior surfaces of the waveguide tube 96 and the interior surfaces of the tubular portion 88 of the probe 30. The metal housing 94 which serves as a mounting for the thermopile 92 fits within the cylindrical base portion 86 of the probe.
A cylindrical backplate 102 (Figure 7) overlies the rearward surface of the thermopile 92 and also fits within the cylindrical base portion 86 of the probe 30.
The backplate 102 has a central hole 104 through which the leads 106 of the thermopile extend.
The metal thermopile housing 94 (Figure 7) is heated to a predetermined precise temperature by resistors which are energized and controlled through the circuit of Figure 9 as hereafter described in greater detail. The resistors 108 fit snugly within holes 110 drilled through opposite sides of the thermopile housing. The resistors may also be packed in thermal grease to insure thermal conductivity between the thermopile housing and the resistors. The temperature of the thermopile housing is precisely controlled through a thermistor 112 (Figure 7) which fits within a hole 114 drilled in the thermopile housing 94. The thermistor may be similarly packed in thermal grease. The thermistor forms part of the regulating circuit of Figure 9 hereafter described in greater detail.
The forward projecting leads of the resistors 108 (Figure 7) are connected in an annular groove (not illustrated) formed in the frontal surface of the thermopile 1;~7~ S
` ._ ., , housing 94. The rearward leads of the resistors 108 as well as the leads of the thermistor 112 also extend 'through holes (not illustrated) in the cylindrical backplate 102.
The construction of the target 38 (Figure 2) is illustrated in detail in Figure 7. It includes a cylindrical member 116 preferably made of metal such as aluminum. The frontal side or the target member 116 has a central, outwardly opening cylindrical cavity 118 formed therein.
Preferably t,he target member surfaces, including the surfaces of the cavity 118, have a black anodized finish which has an emissivity very near that of skin, i.e. .99 in the infrared wavelength of interest. A phir of heating resistors 120 are snugly mounted within holes 122 which extend through opposite sides of the target member 116.
An annular groove (not illustrated) extends around the frontal surface of the target member 116, outside of the cavity 118 and the forward leads of the resistors 120 extend in the groove and are connected in series. A
thermistor 124 snugly fits within a hole 126 in the target member 116. The resistors 120 and the thermis-tor 124 are also preferably packed in thermal grease to insure thermal conductivity with the aluminum target member 116. The target is heated to a precise predetermined temperature, such as 98F. This temperature is precisely controlled by a circuit of the type illustrated in Figure 9 which is identical to the separate circuit which controls the temperature of the thermopile housing 94.

The target 38 is situated in the chopper unit 22 such t:hat the field of view of the thermopile is within the cavity 118 of the target when the probe unit is mated with the chopper unit as illustra-ted in Figure 2.
In other words, when the probe and chopper units are so mated, the forward end of ~he waveguide tube 96 (Figure 7) is positioned within, but does not touch, the walls of the cavity 118 of the target member 116. The bottom wall of the cavity 118 is preferably concave. Of course, before the probe unit is seated in the chopper unit, the speculum 32 is removed from the probe. The speculum 32 is illustrated in Figure 7 rnerely to show its dimensional relationship with the probe 30.
The chopper target 38 is heated to a predetermined target reference temperature, e.g. 98F. The thermopile is thereby cali~rated to a temperature near the core body temperature.
This approach yields higher accuracy than if the target were allowed to fluctuate with the ambient room temperature. Since the target is close to the body temperature, any changes in the gain of the thermopile 92 or its associated circuitry hereafter described will result in less error. Linearizatlon of the output of the thermopile need not be as precise to attain high accuracy in the desired 95F. to 102F. range.
Referring to Figure 8a, the electronics of the probe unit 20 are illustrated in functional block form. The thermistor 92 in the probe head assembly is connected ..

7 ~ 5 to an amplifier 128 which boosts the thermopile output to a voltage level suitable for inputing to the A/D con-verter 130 (Figure 8b) in the chopper unit 22 through analog switch 132. Leads 134, 136 and 138 (Figure 8a) from tha LED 54, SCAN switch 56 and amplifier 128, re-spective, are connected via cord 24 to leads 140, 142 and 144, respectively, of the chopper unit circuitry illustrated in Figure 8b. A probe controller circuit 146 (Figure 8a) is used to maintain the thermopile housing 94 at a precise, predetermined ear canal refer-ence temperature, preferably 98F. There are two prin-cipal reasons for heating the probe head assembly 28 to such a precise reference temperature. First of all, when the probe 30 is inserted into the external ear canal there is much less heat flow out of the ear canal than if the probe were at a cooler ambient temperature.
Thus, there is much less error in the system due to "drawdown". Secondly, the thermopile 92 is a relative device which measures the energy level emitted by a tar-get relative to the temperature of the reference. The thermopile therefore must be compensated for changes in the reference temperature. Furthermore, the output of the thermopile is not linear with temperature but be-haves according to the following equation:
E = K(T2 - Tl)4 where E is the thermopile output;
K is a constant related to the sensitivity of the optical detector system;
T2 is the target temperature; and, Tl is the reference temperature.

By keeping the thermopile temperature constant, no compensation for absolutc reference temperature or changes in gain due to non-linearity have to be made.
Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of one circuit suitable for use as the probe controller circuit 146.
The output of the thermistor 112 is app]ied to pin 6 of an amplifier UlD which amplifies the siynal and provides an output on pin 7. This output is further amplified through amplifier UlA using resistors R1 and R3 for gain control and resistor R2 as an offset. The output of amplifier ~lD is also fed into amplifier UlB and is referenced against the input on pin 10. The input on pin 10 is the voltage that represents the desired reference ternperature. If the temperature is too high, the - resistance of the thermistor 112 decreases. This causes a signal on pin 7 of the amplifier UlD to be more positive.
This positive input into the amplifier UlB through pin 9 causes the signal on pin 8 to go more negative and decreases the current in the heater resistors 108.
The absolute value of the desired thermopile housing reference temperature is represented by the voltage from the arm of a potentiometer R15 (Figure 9).
This means that the supply voltage must be very stable.
The supply voltage comes from an amplifier UlC. The reference is a Zener diode VR1 and the supply current to the reference is supplied through resistor R10. The l~-f~

amplifier UlC amplifies the voltage by the ratio of resistors R]1 and R12. Since it is possible for the output of the amplifier UlC to be low, a diode DX and a resistor RX are used to "start" the circuit.
When a linear device such as a transistor is used to drive a heater element, the control device may have as much as one-half of the power lost in it. This might occur, for e~ample, when there is an equal voltage across both the control device and the load. If a pulse with a variable duty cycle is used to drive the heater, there is very little loss in the driver because it has no current through it, or it has no voltage across it, and thus no power.
In the circuit of Figure 9, the analog output of the control amplifier UlB is used to control what is basically a voltage controlled multivibrator. The control voltage from the amplifier UlB goes through resistors R6 and R7 to the gate of a field effect transistor Q2 that has the load connected to its drain. A transistor Q1 has a large value resistor R9, for example one megohm, connected from its base to its collector, and is used to start the switch cycle. When the field effect transistor Q2 begins to conduct enough current to change the voltage across the resistor R1 which is the load resistor, this voltage is coupled through a capacitor C2 and a resistor R5 to drive the transistor Q1. Since the transistor Q1 is already conducting or near conducting, it will drive Q1 with the 7~

output from the collector of Q2, and Q2 will in turn drive the transi.s-tor Ql so that both transistors are fully on. ~hen a capacitor C4 and a resistor R8 have discharged a capacitor to the point that the transistor Ql will no longer hold a transistor Q2 on, the drain of the transistor Q2 will go positive and turn the transistor Ql off. A diode CR2 is used to restore the charge on the capacitor C~. When the drain of the transi~tor Q2 is low, the diode CRl pulls the positive voltage on a capacitor C3 to near ground. Then, when the transistor Q2 is off, the time constant provided by the resistor R6 and the . capacitor C3 starts the cycle again. The diode CR3 is used to hold the gate of the transistor Q2 low and inhibit operation when the output of the control amplifier UlB
is low.
Figure 8b illustrates the eircuitry of the ehopper unit 22 in block diagram form. The thermistor 124 and the heating resistors 120 in the target 38 are connected to a ehopper eontroller cireuit 148. One suitable eireuit for the ehopper eontroller is illustrated in Figure 9. In the preferred embodiment of our system, the cireuit of Figure 9 is used twiee, once in the probe controller and the second ti.me in the chopper controller. In one case the thermistor 112 and resistors 108 are the input and control deviees, respeetively. In the other case, the thermistor 124 and the resistors 120 are the input and . ~7~

control devices, respectively. The probe controller circuit 146 and the chopper controller circuit 148 both function in the same manner. As previously indicated, the chopper controller circuit is used to heat, regulate and maintain the aluminum target member 116 to a predetermined reference temperature, preferably 98F.
This permits the thermopile in the probe unit to be calibrated to a temperature near the core body temperature.
As already indicated, this approach yields higher accuracy than if the target were allowed to fluctuate with the ambient room temperature.
Referring still to ~igure 8b, the circuitry of the chopper unit 22 further includes an amplifier 150 which is connected to the chopper controller circuit 148 and 1~ has an output corresponding to the chopper target temperature. This output is inputted to a microcomputer 152 through the analog switch 132 and the A/D converter 130. The A/D converter 130 has a voltage reference 154.
By way of example, the microcomp~ter may be MOTOROLATMtype 146805G having 2K bytes of ROM and 128 bytes of RAM. The aforementioned microcomputer is preferably operated with a 2MHz crystal 156. By way of example, the A/D converter 130 may be a 13 bit INTERSIL ICL7 109 device. The analog switch 132 may be a type CD4053 analog multiplexer which switches anyone of the following three analog inputs under the control of the microcomputer 152: thermopile --25~-signal on lead 144, chopper target signal on lead 158 and a battery condition on lead 160.
The microcomputer 152 (Figure 8b) drives the display 52 through a driver circuit 162. By way of example, this circuit may be a type of COP472 chip.
The keys 50 are in -the form of a three position pad which is connected to the microcomputer 152 and is used to select one of four functions. The display 52 (Figure 5) is used to indicate the ~o~lowing information to the user: 1) MODE: surface or tympanic; 2) UNITS: Fahrenheit or Centigrade; 3) the temperature in degrees and -tenths of a degree; 4) a low battery condition; 5) a SECURITY
indicator which alerts the user that a security feature of the system has been armed; and 6) a "v~-OK" signa]
which indicates that the system is operating properly and is ready to take a patient's ternperature.
- The key pad 50 and SCAN key 56 may be manually actuated to select one of the following functions:
1) "SCAN", if the system is in the "tympanic"
mode selected by actuating one of the other buttons, depression of the SCAN key indicates that the probe has heen introduced into the external ear canal and the tympanic algorithm hereafter described should be executed. If the "S~RFACE" mode has been selected by depressing one of the other keys, depression of the SCAN key indicates that real time temperature should .

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be displayed until the SCAN key is released: 2) "C/F"
- successive depressions of this key alternately chan~e the unit of measurement between Centigrade and Fahrenheit;
3) "TYMP" - depression of this key places the system in its tympanic mode; and ~) "SURF" - depression of this key places the system in its surface mode.
Sirnultaneous depression of -the "TYMP" and "C/F"
keys p]aces the system into the calibration mode which is used when the system is assembled at the factory.
The microcomputer 152 is connected to an EEPROM 164 (Figure 8b) which is used to store calibration data. This device is a 16 x 16 bit electrically erasable programmable read only memory. By way of example, this part may be a type NMC9306 chip.
The microcomputer 152 is also connected to an audio indicator 166 (Figure 8b) which may take the form of a piezoelectric buzzer. This buzzer alerts the user when 1) any key is depressed; 2) the tympanic a]gorithm is completed and 3) during various situations when an alarm

2~ is required. The reed switch 66 provides a signal to the microcomputer 152 via security input line 168 to protect against unauthorized removal of the mated probe/chopper units from the charger unit 58. When the security system is armed, the user must press a plurality of the keys 50 in a certain sequence to disarm the system, otherwise the system will not operate to provide temperature measurements and the audio alarm will be sounded.

The circuitry of the chopper unit illustrated in Figure 8b further includes a step-up circu,it 170 which boosts the ba-ttery vol-tage from a nominal 2.4 volts to a nomlnal, 7 volts, a voltage regulator 172 which regulates this voltage to approximately 5 volts, and a voltage converter 17~ which converts the 5 volts to -5 volts.
A control program stored in the ROM of the microcomputer 152 is used to control and carry out -the functions of the system hereafter described in greater detail. Figures 10-17 are flow diagrams of the various aspects of the control program which enable it to perform the system functions.
The sequence of events which takes place in order for the system to determine a patient's core temperature from infrared emissions in his or her external ear canal is as follows: 1) calibration through chopping during the time that the probe and chopper units are mated;
- 2) removal of the probe unit from the chopper unit;

3) insertion of the probe into a sanitary speculum;

4) positioning of the speculum-covered probe in the external ear canal; 5) tympanic algorhithm execution and display; 6) removal of the'probe from the external ear canal and discarding of the speculum; and 7) re-mating of the probe and chopper units and re-initiation of recalibration through chopping.

15 ~-Prior to taking a patient's temperature, the probe unit is cradled in the chopper unit. During this time, the microcomputer continuously samples the key pad, checks the battery condition, and calibrates the thermopile against the chopper reference target. The procedure to calibrate or chop involves the following. First, the microcomputer determines the chopper target temperature.
- Then the microcomputer determines the thermopile output level which corresponds to that temperature. Finally, the microcomputer determines whether the probe unit has been chopping for a requisite minimum time period to insure stability. The calibration or chopping which has just been described is a regular system function which is performed each time the probe unit is replaced on the chopper unit. This is to be distinguished from factory calibration in which the reference temperatures of the probe controller and chopper controller are established and calibration data is programmed into the EEPROM. This factory calibration is set forth in the flow diagrams of Figures 15 and 16.
In the standard calibration or chopping mode, the microcomputer repeatedly determines the digital equivalent of the thermopile output whil~ the thermopile is sensing infrared radiations from the chopper target. The chopper controller circuit 148 maintains the temperature of the target at a very precise referenc8 temperature, preferably 98F., with a high degree of accuracy. Therefore, the ti~

microcomp~ter, in the standard calibration mode, is acquiring the digital representation of the thermopile output level for a known temperature, i.e. 98F. ~ach time this digital equivalent is acquired, it is stored.
The user then removes the probe unit from the chopper unit and the microcomputer unit detects this by sensing of the opening of the reed switch 48 (Figure 8b).
If the requisite, preprogrammed minimum time period for chopping has not been met, the microcomputer sounds the audio alarm 166 and the user must replace the probe unit onto the chopper unit. If the requisite minimum time period for chopping has elapsed, the microcomputer starts acquiring the thermopile output level at the rate of approximately seven times per second and stores the maximum reading.
The manner of acquiring a thermopile temperature is as follows. The output level of the thermopile while looking at the target to be measured is acquired. From this the output level stored during the last chop is subtracted. The difference is multiplied by the gain of the thermopile to arrive at a temperature difference of the target relative to the chopper target. To this number is added the chopper target temperature taken during the last chop.
Before an actual tympanic temperature reading is taken, a disposable speculum is inserted over the tip of the probe. The user then inserts the speculum covered probe into the external ear canal using moderate pres-sure. The user then actuates the SCAN key to alert the microcomputer that the tympanic alqorithm should com-mence. This step must be accomplished within ten sec-onds of removal of the probe unit from the chopper unit.If not completed within ten seconds, the microcomputer will sound the audio alarm. The probe unit must then be replaced on the chopper unit to allow adequate recali-bration before the system will again be in condition for taking a tympanic membrane temperature reading. This ten second time limit prevents excessive drift while the probe unit is removed from the chopper.
Subsequent to the aforementioned actuation of the SCAN key, a number of thermopile temperature acquisi-lS tions are performed lasting for a period of approxi-mately one second. The maximum reading from the be-ginning of the removal of the probe unit from the chop-per unit is displayed as the tympanic temperature.
After the readings have been completed, the LED 56 (Figure 1) on the probe handle is illuminated and the audio indicator is energized to signal completion of the temperature reading process. The LED illumination and audio signal are discontinued.
Once the tympanic algorithm execution and measured temperature display have been completed, the speculum-covered probe is removed from the external ear canal. The speculum is removed and disposed of and the probe unit is ~ ;~7~:6~

replaced in the chopper unit. The system then goes through its standard calibration process again until the next function is initiated by depression of one or more of the keys 50 or removal of the probe unit.
Having described a preferred embodiment of our system it should be understood that modifications and adaptations therof will occur to persons skilled in the art. Therefore, the protection afforded our invention should only be limited in accordance with the scope of the following claims.

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OF PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A method of measuring body temperature comprising the steps of preheating a probe assembly to a predetermined ear canal reference temperature, the probe assembly including an infrared sensing device;

calibrating an output signal of the infrared sensing device to a predetermined substantially constant target reference;

inserting a portion of the preheated probe assembly into an ear canal of a patient;

acquiring the output signal of the infrared sensing device;

processing the output signal to determine an internal body temperature; and providing an indication of the internal body temperature to a user.

2. A method of measuring the temperature of a soure Of infrared emissions by the use of a sensor responsive to impinge-ment thereon of infrared radiation comprising, placing in juxtaposition the sensor and a constant temperature target such that infrared emissions from said target impinge upon the sensor;
repeatedly storing first digital signals representative of the response of said sensor to radiation from said target; removing the target and sensor from said juxtaposition and placing the sensor and the source in juxtaposition such that infrared emissions from the source impinge upon the sensor; then, repeatedly storing s~cond digital signals representative of the response of the sensor to radiation from said source; comparing stored second and first signals; and determining the temperature of the source based on the relationship of a stored second signal to a stored first signal.

3. In combination, an infrared sensor;

a housing supporting and thermally coupled to the infrared sensor;

means thermally coupled to the housing for maintaining the sensor at a predetermined reference temperature;

a waveguide thermally coupled to the housing and sized for insertion into a human external ear canal for directing infrared radiation to the sensor; and a probe surrounding the waveguide except for a forward end thereof, the probe sized for insertion into the external ear canal and being made of a material for minimizing conductive heat flow between the ear canal and waveguide.

4. Apparatus for measuring the core body temperature of a living subject comprising, a sensor of infrared radiation; probe means including a tubular waveguide having an inner end adjacent said sensor and having an outer end remote from said sensor, the outer end of said probe means being adapted for insertion into a body opening of a living subject to receive through the outer end of the waveguide infrared radiation from the interior of the body opening, which radiation is guided toward said sensor for impingement thereon; and thermostatically controlled means for maintaining the environment of said sensor at a predetermined temperature.

5. Apparatus for measuring the core body temperature of a living subject comprising, a sensor of infrared radiation; probe means including a tubular waveguide having an inner end adjacent said sensor and having an outer end remote from said sensor; the outer end of said probe means being adapted for insertion into a body opening of a living subject to receive through the outer end of the waveguide infrared radiation from the interior of the body opening, which radiation is guided toward said sensor for impingement thereon; and thermostatically controlled means maintained at a predetermined temperature and adjacent which the outer end of said probe means and waveguide are selectively positionable for control of the temperature thereof.

6. In combination, a radiation sensor; probe means including a tubular waveguide having an inner end adjacent said sensor and having an outer end remote from said sensor, the outer end of said probe means being adapted for insertion into a body opening of a living subject to receive through the outer end of the waveguide radiation from the interior of the body opening, which radiation is guided toward said sensor for impingement thereon;
and a generally cup-shaped member of pliant material removably telescopically disposed on said probe means, said member having a radiation transparent imperforate transverse wall portion extending across said open outer end of said waveguide and through which radiation can enter the waveguide.

7. In combination, an infrared radiation responsive sensor;
calibratable means connected to said sensor for determining the temperature of a source of infrared radiation impinging on said sensor based on the response of the sensor to such radiation;
target means maintained at a predetermined substantially constant reference temperature, said sensor and target means being selectively positionable in juxtaposition such that infrared radiation emitted by the target means impinges on said sensor;
and means for calibrating said calibratable temperature determin-ing means against said reference temperature when said sensor and target means are in said juxtaposition.

8. A system for measuring the internal temperature of a patient's body comprising:

means for sensing the level of infrared radiation emitted in an ear canal of the patient and for producing an output signal representative of the sensed level.

means having a portion insertable into the ear canal for directing infrared radiation emitted therein to the sensing means;

means for thermostatically maintaining the environment of the sensing means at a predetermined substantially constant ear canal reference temperature; and means for determining the internal body temperature based upon the output signal.

9. A system for measuring the internal body temperature of a patient comprising:

a case having a portion configured to be grasped by a user's hand;

an infrared sensor mounted in the case adjacent a forward end thereof and which produces an output signal representative of the amount of infrared radiation detected;

a substantially constant temperature reference source, said case being selectively positionable adjacent said source so that infrared emissions therefrom impinge upon the sensor to cause the latter to generate a first output signal;

probe means connected to the forward end of the case for insertion into an ear canal of the patient for positioning the infrared sensor to receive infrared radiation emitted in the ear canal in response to which the sensor generates a second output signal;

chopper means for storing said first and second output signals;

processing means connected to the infrared sensor and chopper means for determining the internal body temperature of the patient by comparing the second output signal to the first output signal; and means connected to said processing means for indicating the internal body temperature to the user.