CA1272243A - Method of increasing the useful life of rechargeable lithium batteries - Google Patents
Method of increasing the useful life of rechargeable lithium batteriesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1272243A CA1272243A CA000527932A CA527932A CA1272243A CA 1272243 A CA1272243 A CA 1272243A CA 000527932 A CA000527932 A CA 000527932A CA 527932 A CA527932 A CA 527932A CA 1272243 A CA1272243 A CA 1272243A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- current
- battery
- hertz
- interrupted
- rechargeable lithium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J7/00711—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The cycle life of rechargeable lithium batteries is significantly prolonged by replacing the standard DC charging mode with an interrupted current. The interrupted current is applied to the battery as a charging mode at intervals of 1 millisecond to 9 seconds in a frequency range of about 0.1 to about 10 Hertz.
The cycle life of rechargeable lithium batteries is significantly prolonged by replacing the standard DC charging mode with an interrupted current. The interrupted current is applied to the battery as a charging mode at intervals of 1 millisecond to 9 seconds in a frequency range of about 0.1 to about 10 Hertz.
Description
~'7~3 This invention relates in general to a method of increasing the useful life of rechargeable lithium batteries and in particular to such a method wherein an interrupted current is applied as charging mode to the battery.
Heretofore, a standard DC charging mode has been used as the charging mode for rechargeable lithium batteries. The difficulty with such a charging mode has been the high drop in capacity and shortened cycle life due to internal shorting by lithium penetration through the separator.
The general object of this invention is to provide a method of increasing the useful life of reachargeable lithium batteries. A more particular object of the invention is ~o provide such a method that prolongs the cycle life of rechargeable lithium batteries.
.
' ':"''~`' "'''': ~
..
~'7~
It has now been found that the aforementioned objects can be attained by replacing the standard DC charging mode with an interrupted current (IC) in a frequency range of 0~1 to 10 Hertz.
For example, at the 12 hour rate of charge, 2 ampere-hour (Ah) lithium molybdenum disulfide (Li/MoSl) cells - deliver 100 cycles (charges plus discharges) on the standard DC
charging mode to a 40 percent decrease from initial capacity.
On a 5 Hertz (Hz) IC charging mode at a 50 percent duty cycle la (50 percent on and 50 percent off), the cycle life is extended to 150 cycles. At a 2 Hz, 50 percent duty cycle, the life is further extended to 225 cycles.
For the 2Ah lithium-titanium disulfide 3-cell batteries, 78 cycles are attained on the DC mode to a 40 percent drop in capacity. On 5 ~z, 50 percent duty cycle IC
mode, only 32 cycles are obtained, but on the 2 Hz (50 percent duty cycle) mode, the life is extended to 130 cycles. The beneficial effect of the IC charging mode is due to the improved efficiency of replating lithium ions from the electrolyte onto the anode surface, as well as providing a more active surface morphology of the anode.
Fig. 1 shows the capacity maintenance curves of 2 (Ah) (Li/MoS2 ) C-sized cells subjected to various modes of charge.
, .
: .
~L~7~ 3 Fig. 2 shows the capacity maintenance curves of
Heretofore, a standard DC charging mode has been used as the charging mode for rechargeable lithium batteries. The difficulty with such a charging mode has been the high drop in capacity and shortened cycle life due to internal shorting by lithium penetration through the separator.
The general object of this invention is to provide a method of increasing the useful life of reachargeable lithium batteries. A more particular object of the invention is ~o provide such a method that prolongs the cycle life of rechargeable lithium batteries.
.
' ':"''~`' "'''': ~
..
~'7~
It has now been found that the aforementioned objects can be attained by replacing the standard DC charging mode with an interrupted current (IC) in a frequency range of 0~1 to 10 Hertz.
For example, at the 12 hour rate of charge, 2 ampere-hour (Ah) lithium molybdenum disulfide (Li/MoSl) cells - deliver 100 cycles (charges plus discharges) on the standard DC
charging mode to a 40 percent decrease from initial capacity.
On a 5 Hertz (Hz) IC charging mode at a 50 percent duty cycle la (50 percent on and 50 percent off), the cycle life is extended to 150 cycles. At a 2 Hz, 50 percent duty cycle, the life is further extended to 225 cycles.
For the 2Ah lithium-titanium disulfide 3-cell batteries, 78 cycles are attained on the DC mode to a 40 percent drop in capacity. On 5 ~z, 50 percent duty cycle IC
mode, only 32 cycles are obtained, but on the 2 Hz (50 percent duty cycle) mode, the life is extended to 130 cycles. The beneficial effect of the IC charging mode is due to the improved efficiency of replating lithium ions from the electrolyte onto the anode surface, as well as providing a more active surface morphology of the anode.
Fig. 1 shows the capacity maintenance curves of 2 (Ah) (Li/MoS2 ) C-sized cells subjected to various modes of charge.
, .
: .
~L~7~ 3 Fig. 2 shows the capacity maintenance curves of
2~Ah) prismatic (Li/TiS,) 3-cell batteries sub~ected to the same charging modes as in Fig. 1.
Figs. 3 to 6 show the waveforms of various embodiments of the IC charge versus that of DC (fig 4).
Fig. 7a shows how the pulse duty cycle can be varied.
Figs. 7b & 7c show the combining of anodic pulses with cathodic charging pulses; and Fig. 8 shows the charge/discharge c~rves of the Li~MoS2 and Li/TiS~ unit cells when charged and discharged at the rates used in examples 1 and 2.
Example 1 - Fig. 1 shows the capacity maintenance curves of 2 ampere-hour (Ah) lithium-molybdenum disulfide (Li/MoS~ ) c~si~ed cells subject to various modes of charge.
The cells are charged at an average current of 200 milliamperes (mA) to a voltage cutoff of 2.60 volts per cell and discharged at 400 mA to 1.10 volts per cell. All cycling (charges and discharges) are at room temperature ambient. Cycling is terminated when the cells lose 40 percent of their initial capacity or when a cell develops an internal short by lithium penetration through the separator.
It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the standard DC cycled cells (two cells per variation) deliver approximately 100 cycles. The cells cycled by an IC charger at 5 Hertz frequency and 50 percent duty cycle (100 milliseconds pulse, 100 milliseconds rest) extend the use~ul life to 150 cycles.
~ '` ~ ' - ' ~ . ' : ~
~L~7i~3 Finally, at 2 Hertz IC charge (50 percent duty cycle) the battery/cell life is further extended to 225 cycles - only 190 cycles being shown in the figure to a 25 percent drop in capacity.
Example 2: Fig. ~ shows the capacity maintenance curves of 2 Ahr prismatic lithium - titanium disulfide(Li/TiS~)
Figs. 3 to 6 show the waveforms of various embodiments of the IC charge versus that of DC (fig 4).
Fig. 7a shows how the pulse duty cycle can be varied.
Figs. 7b & 7c show the combining of anodic pulses with cathodic charging pulses; and Fig. 8 shows the charge/discharge c~rves of the Li~MoS2 and Li/TiS~ unit cells when charged and discharged at the rates used in examples 1 and 2.
Example 1 - Fig. 1 shows the capacity maintenance curves of 2 ampere-hour (Ah) lithium-molybdenum disulfide (Li/MoS~ ) c~si~ed cells subject to various modes of charge.
The cells are charged at an average current of 200 milliamperes (mA) to a voltage cutoff of 2.60 volts per cell and discharged at 400 mA to 1.10 volts per cell. All cycling (charges and discharges) are at room temperature ambient. Cycling is terminated when the cells lose 40 percent of their initial capacity or when a cell develops an internal short by lithium penetration through the separator.
It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the standard DC cycled cells (two cells per variation) deliver approximately 100 cycles. The cells cycled by an IC charger at 5 Hertz frequency and 50 percent duty cycle (100 milliseconds pulse, 100 milliseconds rest) extend the use~ul life to 150 cycles.
~ '` ~ ' - ' ~ . ' : ~
~L~7i~3 Finally, at 2 Hertz IC charge (50 percent duty cycle) the battery/cell life is further extended to 225 cycles - only 190 cycles being shown in the figure to a 25 percent drop in capacity.
Example 2: Fig. ~ shows the capacity maintenance curves of 2 Ahr prismatic lithium - titanium disulfide(Li/TiS~)
3-cell batteries subjected to the same charging modes as in Example 1. The batteries are charged at an average current of 200 mA to a voltage cut off of 7.65 volts <2~55 volts per cell and discharged at 400 mA to 5.25 volts <1.75 volts per cell.
All cycling is at room temperature ambient and the failure criteria are the same as Example 1.
It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the DC cycled battery delivers 78 cycles. The battery cycled at 5 Hertz (5~ percent duty cycle) was not significantly better at 82 cycles.
However, the battery cycled at 2 Hertz (50 percent duty cycle) exhibited an extremely useful life of 130 cycles. The differences in the performances of the two systems in examples 1 and 2 are attributed to the differences in the chemistry of the electrolyte and cathodes. Both systems employ lithium hexafluoroarsenate as the lithium salt but the organic solvents plus additives differ: ring-type ethers in the Li/TiS~ system and propylene carbonate plus dimethoxyethane in the Li/MoS~
systems.
Referring to Figs. 3 to 6, there is shown the waveforms of various embodiments of the IC charge mode versus , :
that of DC (Fig. ~). The abscissas designate time in seconds and the ordinates designate the charging current in milliamperes. The 2 Hertz, 50 percent duty cycle i5 employed in Figures 3, 5, and 6~
Figure 3 shows the 2 Hertz waveform used for examples 1 and 2. The DC charge (Fig. 4) is steady at 200 mA, while the IC waveform is at rest for 250 milliseconds (ms) and then peaks at 400 mA for 250 ms to complete the waveform cycle. The IC
current averages to 20~ mA to yield the sam~ effective current ; lO as the DC charge. It is noted that the IC waveform is square-waved; a sinusoidal waveform with the same rest and pulse intervals is equally beneficial to the rechargeable lithium battery. A variation, shown in Fig. 5 is also effective in extending the useful life of the lithium battery;
i.e. when the IC waveform is superimposed on a DC current. In the example shown in Fig. 5, the average curxent is 300 mA; the DC current is 100 mA and the IC peak current is 500 mA.
Figure 6 shows the most preferred embodiment in which the IC mode is superimposed on a constant potential (CP) charger with a limiting initial current. CP chargers are widely used in cars, trucks, ships, aircraft and the like. The desired features of the CP charger are (a) the high initial current (limited to a safe maximum value) significantly reduces the charging time, (b) the CP is-set to the safe upper ~ 5 - . ~ .
~: .
voltage limit of the battery to prevent oxidation o~ the ' cathode and/or electrolyte and (c) as the battery EMF rises and approaches the CP limit, the current gradually reduces to a safe level, low enough to prevent lithium penetration shorts although no lithium penetration symptoms were detected during the evaluation of the constant current IC charging mode.
Further embodiments and variations of the invention are shown in Figures 7a, 7b, and 7c. As shown in Figure 7a, the pulse duty cycle can vary from a fraction of a millisecond to many seconds -10 seconds being a practical upper limit at 0.1 Hertz frequency. Figure 7a illustrates a 2 Hertz waveform with a 25 percent duty cycle, each pulse having an interval of 125 ms and an amplitude of 800 mA (rest interval being 375 ms) to maintain an average current of 200 mA. (dashed line). The disadvantage of high amplitude pulses are: (a) high current densities above 10 mA/cm will disrupt the reversible lithium plating condition, even though the resulting longer rest intervals have a compensating effect, ~b) the charging interrupter becomes more intricate and e~pensive as the simplest device is one with a 50 percent on -50 percent off combination and (c) the resulting higher voltages from the high peak currents generate considerable heat in the battery and charger which must be dissipated which is another added expense.
; ~
~t~ 3 Figures 7b and 7c show the embodiments o~ combining anodic pulses with cathodic charging pulses, a flat anodic DC
current in the case of Figure 7b and a high peaked anodic current in Figure 7c. The advant:age of anodic pulses is that they break down and prevent any possible lithium penetration fronts. Their effectiveness in the 0.1 to 10 Hertz cathode pulse frequency range is between 5 percent and 50 percent of the duty cycle.
Figures 8 shows the charge/discharge curves of the Li/MoS~ and Li/TiS~ unit cells when charged and discharged at the rates used in examples 1 and 2. The charge curves are virtually the same for the DC and IC modes and are identical on discharge. However, on close examination with a sensitive digital volt meter or oscilloscope, it is noted that the IC
charging curve exhibits a small ripple o + several millivolts depending on the charge current, while the-DC curve is flat.
IC is also identified by the oscillating motion of the ammeter on the charger.
Thus, it has been found that IC charging significantly prolongs the useful life of the rechargeable lithium batteries via a lithium ion transport process and uniform lithium replating on the anodes. The optimum frequency range of the IC
charging mode is between 0.10 Hertz and 10 Hertz, depending on the electrolyte and cathode compositions, the charging rate and temperature. IC charging, particularly with superimposed anodic pulses, arrests the rate of lithium metal penetration through the separator which is the primary failure mode of rechargeable lithium batteries.
..
'.
~'7~4~3 It is noted that pulse charging has been applied in the past to other electrochemical systems as for example', the alkaline-zinc, and alkaline-silver systems. However, the pulse frequency is solely dependent on the anode/electrolyte chemistry. For example, 5 Hertz is optimum in the nickel-zinc electrochemical system but fails in the case of the lithium-titanum disulfide system as seen in example 2 of figure 2 of this application. It is necessary to reduce the frequency to 2 Hertz before any beneficial effect can be obtained with the Li/TiSL system. In other words, the optimum pulse frequency of the rechargeable lithium system is significantly lower than that of the alkaline zinc batteries.
I wish it to be understood that I do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction as described for obvious modification will occur to a person skilled in the art~
. . .
All cycling is at room temperature ambient and the failure criteria are the same as Example 1.
It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the DC cycled battery delivers 78 cycles. The battery cycled at 5 Hertz (5~ percent duty cycle) was not significantly better at 82 cycles.
However, the battery cycled at 2 Hertz (50 percent duty cycle) exhibited an extremely useful life of 130 cycles. The differences in the performances of the two systems in examples 1 and 2 are attributed to the differences in the chemistry of the electrolyte and cathodes. Both systems employ lithium hexafluoroarsenate as the lithium salt but the organic solvents plus additives differ: ring-type ethers in the Li/TiS~ system and propylene carbonate plus dimethoxyethane in the Li/MoS~
systems.
Referring to Figs. 3 to 6, there is shown the waveforms of various embodiments of the IC charge mode versus , :
that of DC (Fig. ~). The abscissas designate time in seconds and the ordinates designate the charging current in milliamperes. The 2 Hertz, 50 percent duty cycle i5 employed in Figures 3, 5, and 6~
Figure 3 shows the 2 Hertz waveform used for examples 1 and 2. The DC charge (Fig. 4) is steady at 200 mA, while the IC waveform is at rest for 250 milliseconds (ms) and then peaks at 400 mA for 250 ms to complete the waveform cycle. The IC
current averages to 20~ mA to yield the sam~ effective current ; lO as the DC charge. It is noted that the IC waveform is square-waved; a sinusoidal waveform with the same rest and pulse intervals is equally beneficial to the rechargeable lithium battery. A variation, shown in Fig. 5 is also effective in extending the useful life of the lithium battery;
i.e. when the IC waveform is superimposed on a DC current. In the example shown in Fig. 5, the average curxent is 300 mA; the DC current is 100 mA and the IC peak current is 500 mA.
Figure 6 shows the most preferred embodiment in which the IC mode is superimposed on a constant potential (CP) charger with a limiting initial current. CP chargers are widely used in cars, trucks, ships, aircraft and the like. The desired features of the CP charger are (a) the high initial current (limited to a safe maximum value) significantly reduces the charging time, (b) the CP is-set to the safe upper ~ 5 - . ~ .
~: .
voltage limit of the battery to prevent oxidation o~ the ' cathode and/or electrolyte and (c) as the battery EMF rises and approaches the CP limit, the current gradually reduces to a safe level, low enough to prevent lithium penetration shorts although no lithium penetration symptoms were detected during the evaluation of the constant current IC charging mode.
Further embodiments and variations of the invention are shown in Figures 7a, 7b, and 7c. As shown in Figure 7a, the pulse duty cycle can vary from a fraction of a millisecond to many seconds -10 seconds being a practical upper limit at 0.1 Hertz frequency. Figure 7a illustrates a 2 Hertz waveform with a 25 percent duty cycle, each pulse having an interval of 125 ms and an amplitude of 800 mA (rest interval being 375 ms) to maintain an average current of 200 mA. (dashed line). The disadvantage of high amplitude pulses are: (a) high current densities above 10 mA/cm will disrupt the reversible lithium plating condition, even though the resulting longer rest intervals have a compensating effect, ~b) the charging interrupter becomes more intricate and e~pensive as the simplest device is one with a 50 percent on -50 percent off combination and (c) the resulting higher voltages from the high peak currents generate considerable heat in the battery and charger which must be dissipated which is another added expense.
; ~
~t~ 3 Figures 7b and 7c show the embodiments o~ combining anodic pulses with cathodic charging pulses, a flat anodic DC
current in the case of Figure 7b and a high peaked anodic current in Figure 7c. The advant:age of anodic pulses is that they break down and prevent any possible lithium penetration fronts. Their effectiveness in the 0.1 to 10 Hertz cathode pulse frequency range is between 5 percent and 50 percent of the duty cycle.
Figures 8 shows the charge/discharge curves of the Li/MoS~ and Li/TiS~ unit cells when charged and discharged at the rates used in examples 1 and 2. The charge curves are virtually the same for the DC and IC modes and are identical on discharge. However, on close examination with a sensitive digital volt meter or oscilloscope, it is noted that the IC
charging curve exhibits a small ripple o + several millivolts depending on the charge current, while the-DC curve is flat.
IC is also identified by the oscillating motion of the ammeter on the charger.
Thus, it has been found that IC charging significantly prolongs the useful life of the rechargeable lithium batteries via a lithium ion transport process and uniform lithium replating on the anodes. The optimum frequency range of the IC
charging mode is between 0.10 Hertz and 10 Hertz, depending on the electrolyte and cathode compositions, the charging rate and temperature. IC charging, particularly with superimposed anodic pulses, arrests the rate of lithium metal penetration through the separator which is the primary failure mode of rechargeable lithium batteries.
..
'.
~'7~4~3 It is noted that pulse charging has been applied in the past to other electrochemical systems as for example', the alkaline-zinc, and alkaline-silver systems. However, the pulse frequency is solely dependent on the anode/electrolyte chemistry. For example, 5 Hertz is optimum in the nickel-zinc electrochemical system but fails in the case of the lithium-titanum disulfide system as seen in example 2 of figure 2 of this application. It is necessary to reduce the frequency to 2 Hertz before any beneficial effect can be obtained with the Li/TiSL system. In other words, the optimum pulse frequency of the rechargeable lithium system is significantly lower than that of the alkaline zinc batteries.
I wish it to be understood that I do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction as described for obvious modification will occur to a person skilled in the art~
. . .
Claims (13)
PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Method of significantly prolonging the cycle life of rechargeable lithium batteries comprising applying to the battery as a charging mode a current interrupted at intervals of 1 millisecond to 9 seconds in a frequency range of about 0.1 Hertz, said batteries being charged to a safe voltage limit.
2. Method according to Claim 1, wherein the rechargeable lithium battery is a rechargeable lithium-molybdenum disulfide battery.
3. Method according to Claim 2, wherein the interrupted current is applied at a frequency of about 5 Hertz at a duty cycle of 100 milliseconds pulse, 100 milliseconds rest.
4. Method according to Claim 2, wherein the interrupted current is applied at a frequency of about 2 Hertz at a duty cycle of 250 milliseconds pulse, 250 milliseconds rest.
5. Method according to Claim 2, wherein the interrupted current charging mode is superimposed on a constant potential that does not exceed the safe voltage limit for charging the battery
6. Method according to Claim 1, wherein the rechargeable lithium battery is a rechargeable lithium-titanium disulfide battery.
7. Method according to Claim 6, wherein the interrupted current is applied at a frequency of about 5 Hertz at a duty cycle of 100 milliseconds pulse, 100 milliseconds rest.
8. Method according to Claim 6, wherein the interrupted current is applied at a frequency of about a Hertz at a duty cycle of 250 milliseconds pulse, 250 milliseconds rest.
9. Method according to Claim 6 wherein the interrupted current charging mode is superimposed on a constant potential that does not exceed the safe voltage limit for charging the battery.
10. Method of significantly prolonging the cycle life of a rechargeable lithium-molybdenum disulfide battery comprising applying to the battery as a charging mode a current interrupted at intervals of 1 millisecond to 9 seconds in a frequency range of about 0.1 to about 10 Hertz wherein the interrupted current charging mode is superimposed on a DC current.
11. Method of significantly prolonging the cycle life of a rechargeable lithium-titanium disulfide battery comprising applying to the battery as a charging mode a current interrupted at intervals of 1 millisecond to a seconds in a frequency range of about 0.1 to about 10 Hertz wherein the interrupted current charging mode is superimposed on a DC current.
12. Method according to claim 2 wherein the anodic current interval is between 5 and 50 percent of the interrupted current waveform.
13. Method according to claim 5 wherein the anodic current interval is between 5 and 50 percent of the interrupted current waveform.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US887,142 | 1986-07-09 | ||
| US06/887,142 US4736150A (en) | 1986-07-09 | 1986-07-09 | Method of increasing the useful life of rechargeable lithium batteries |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1272243A true CA1272243A (en) | 1990-07-31 |
Family
ID=25390524
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000527932A Expired - Fee Related CA1272243A (en) | 1986-07-09 | 1987-01-22 | Method of increasing the useful life of rechargeable lithium batteries |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4736150A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1272243A (en) |
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| DE102013105119B4 (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2016-03-03 | H-Tech Ag | Method and device for charging rechargeable cells |
| TWI618330B (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2018-03-11 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | Electronic device, battery module and charging and discharging method |
| WO2019022065A1 (en) * | 2017-07-28 | 2019-01-31 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Charging device and charging method |
| CN109616711A (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2019-04-12 | 国联汽车动力电池研究院有限责任公司 | A kind of pulse formation method for lithium ion battery |
| CN113540573A (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2021-10-22 | 浙江工业大学 | Method for pulse forming lithium battery SEI film |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3563800A (en) * | 1968-06-19 | 1971-02-16 | Leesona Corp | Recharging alkaline/zinc cells |
| US3556849A (en) * | 1968-06-19 | 1971-01-19 | Leesona Corp | Recharging alkaline/zinc cells |
| US4550064A (en) * | 1983-12-08 | 1985-10-29 | California Institute Of Technology | High cycle life secondary lithium battery |
-
1986
- 1986-07-09 US US06/887,142 patent/US4736150A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-01-22 CA CA000527932A patent/CA1272243A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4736150A (en) | 1988-04-05 |
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