CA1210822A - Electrode with membrane separating electrolyte from terminal during storage - Google Patents
Electrode with membrane separating electrolyte from terminal during storageInfo
- Publication number
- CA1210822A CA1210822A CA000418245A CA418245A CA1210822A CA 1210822 A CA1210822 A CA 1210822A CA 000418245 A CA000418245 A CA 000418245A CA 418245 A CA418245 A CA 418245A CA 1210822 A CA1210822 A CA 1210822A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- housing
- membrane
- chamber
- electrode
- electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
- A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
- A61B2562/0209—Special features of electrodes classified in A61B5/24, A61B5/25, A61B5/283, A61B5/291, A61B5/296, A61B5/053
- A61B2562/0215—Silver or silver chloride containing
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
- A61B2562/02—Details of sensors specially adapted for in-vivo measurements
- A61B2562/0209—Special features of electrodes classified in A61B5/24, A61B5/25, A61B5/283, A61B5/291, A61B5/296, A61B5/053
- A61B2562/0217—Electrolyte containing
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE.
To separate electrolyte (70) within a chamber (66) formed beneath a dome-like housing (34) from a signal transmission connec-tor (34) and thus prevent corrosion of the terminal portion (38, 40) exposed to the interior of the chamber by the electrolyte, the interior of the chamber (66) is subdivided into two chambers (166, 266) by enclosing within said chamber a plastic bag (101) or stretching a membrane (102) thereacross, the subdividing means (101, 102) being ruptured upon depression of the contact terminal (34) of the housing; the electrolyte is retained solely within the chamber (266, 266a) separate from the interior portion (38, 40) of the terminal so that the corrosive influence of the electrolyte is presented from attacking the metal of the terminal prior to use of the electrode, and during storage. Preferably, the chamber (166, 166a) to which also the terminal is exposed may retain other liquids which are inert with respect to the electrode, and which, preferably, are also separated from the electrolyte, such as a surfactant (170) to, additionally, permit a wider choice of, respectively, electrolytes and surfactants without unintended leakage of electrolyte through the microporous membrane (76) closing off the housing.
To separate electrolyte (70) within a chamber (66) formed beneath a dome-like housing (34) from a signal transmission connec-tor (34) and thus prevent corrosion of the terminal portion (38, 40) exposed to the interior of the chamber by the electrolyte, the interior of the chamber (66) is subdivided into two chambers (166, 266) by enclosing within said chamber a plastic bag (101) or stretching a membrane (102) thereacross, the subdividing means (101, 102) being ruptured upon depression of the contact terminal (34) of the housing; the electrolyte is retained solely within the chamber (266, 266a) separate from the interior portion (38, 40) of the terminal so that the corrosive influence of the electrolyte is presented from attacking the metal of the terminal prior to use of the electrode, and during storage. Preferably, the chamber (166, 166a) to which also the terminal is exposed may retain other liquids which are inert with respect to the electrode, and which, preferably, are also separated from the electrolyte, such as a surfactant (170) to, additionally, permit a wider choice of, respectively, electrolytes and surfactants without unintended leakage of electrolyte through the microporous membrane (76) closing off the housing.
Description
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Back~ro~md~ Various types o~ biomedical electrodes to transfer current signals between an external circuit and the skin of a person have been proposecl. In order to provide good electrical contact between an electrical terminal, typically a metal element, and the skin of the person, it i5 customary to apply an electrolyte between the connecting points of the electrode and the skin.
This electrolyte may be in the form o a gel. It can be applied directly from a gel tube orr in another form, an electrode element having a fixed electrical contact which, in turn, is an electrical connecting contact with the gel is applied to the person.- The electrolyte can be absorbed, for example, in a sponge which is in contact with the contact button, or can be located in a chamber closed off by a microporous membrane so that the electrolyte, then typically a liquid, can be forced through the pores or openings closing off the chamber, or example ooze through the membrane upon application of pressure thereto.
U.S. Patent 4,215,696, Bremer and Falb, describes a biomedical electrode for pressurized skin contact, and uses and applications thereof, which i~ disposable and includes a vaulted dome-like electrolyte-containing chamber or cavity which is bridged at its open bottom by a highly flexible, conformable and hydrophobic microporcus membraneO
For storage, the membrane is covered with an adhesively secured protective film which is adapted to be stripped preparatory to adhesively securing the electrode to the
Back~ro~md~ Various types o~ biomedical electrodes to transfer current signals between an external circuit and the skin of a person have been proposecl. In order to provide good electrical contact between an electrical terminal, typically a metal element, and the skin of the person, it i5 customary to apply an electrolyte between the connecting points of the electrode and the skin.
This electrolyte may be in the form o a gel. It can be applied directly from a gel tube orr in another form, an electrode element having a fixed electrical contact which, in turn, is an electrical connecting contact with the gel is applied to the person.- The electrolyte can be absorbed, for example, in a sponge which is in contact with the contact button, or can be located in a chamber closed off by a microporous membrane so that the electrolyte, then typically a liquid, can be forced through the pores or openings closing off the chamber, or example ooze through the membrane upon application of pressure thereto.
U.S. Patent 4,215,696, Bremer and Falb, describes a biomedical electrode for pressurized skin contact, and uses and applications thereof, which i~ disposable and includes a vaulted dome-like electrolyte-containing chamber or cavity which is bridged at its open bottom by a highly flexible, conformable and hydrophobic microporcus membraneO
For storage, the membrane is covered with an adhesively secured protective film which is adapted to be stripped preparatory to adhesively securing the electrode to the
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skin of a patient. The electrode material and shape are such that the vaulted housing can be physically distorted upon downward pressure -2a-applied thereto to force electrolyte within the chamber to diffuse through the conditioned microporous membrane into positive and low-electrlcal resistance cont~ct with the skin surface of the patient.
The housing maintains a positive, resilient sustained pressure of Plectrolyte against the skin surface due to the change ~n confi~u-rations of the internal volume of the chamber which contains ~he electrolyte upon deformation thereof, thus contributing to low-lmpedance electrical continuity between the skin of the p~tient or subject and an electrode terminal. Disruptive variations, which are objectionable in many types of electrodes applied to patients and result in change in signal strength, are minimized.
Instantaneous electrical response and rapid stabiliza~ion are en-ll~nced by the electrode in which electrolyte fluid is maintained ln a continuous path through the microporous membrane against the skln.
The electrode described in the aforementioned patent has the additional feature of a ring-like transformation zone which circumscribes the housing at a height intermediate the upper and lower limits t~lereof, to form a mechanical discontinuity and, in ~0 essence, a snap-over or toggle action upon deformat~on of the housing. The zone, additionally, provides for two stable positions of the housing; one in which the housing is essentially dome-like, and another in which the housing is in compressed condition, in which fluid pressure assists electrolyte flow th~ough the micro-porous mem~rane. ThLs second position provides for a stableorientation of the housing with respect to the microporous mem-
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skin of a patient. The electrode material and shape are such that the vaulted housing can be physically distorted upon downward pressure -2a-applied thereto to force electrolyte within the chamber to diffuse through the conditioned microporous membrane into positive and low-electrlcal resistance cont~ct with the skin surface of the patient.
The housing maintains a positive, resilient sustained pressure of Plectrolyte against the skin surface due to the change ~n confi~u-rations of the internal volume of the chamber which contains ~he electrolyte upon deformation thereof, thus contributing to low-lmpedance electrical continuity between the skin of the p~tient or subject and an electrode terminal. Disruptive variations, which are objectionable in many types of electrodes applied to patients and result in change in signal strength, are minimized.
Instantaneous electrical response and rapid stabiliza~ion are en-ll~nced by the electrode in which electrolyte fluid is maintained ln a continuous path through the microporous membrane against the skln.
The electrode described in the aforementioned patent has the additional feature of a ring-like transformation zone which circumscribes the housing at a height intermediate the upper and lower limits t~lereof, to form a mechanical discontinuity and, in ~0 essence, a snap-over or toggle action upon deformat~on of the housing. The zone, additionally, provides for two stable positions of the housing; one in which the housing is essentially dome-like, and another in which the housing is in compressed condition, in which fluid pressure assists electrolyte flow th~ough the micro-porous mem~rane. ThLs second position provides for a stableorientation of the housing with respect to the microporous mem-
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brane and establishes a c~nstant pressure of the electrolyte against the membrane to provide a continuous conductlve path between the body surface of the subject and a terminal of the electrode in con-tact therewith.
The Invention. It is an ob~ect to improve an electrode to be applied to the skin of the user by providing an element which has an enhanced shel~ life, better electrical contact than hereto-for obtainable, and which permits a wider selection of materials for use within the electrode, for example as electroly~e, or as additives enhancing the electrical current trans~er characteristics of the electrode element.
Briefly, in accordance with this invention, the electro~
lyte is confined within the chamber to be out-of-contact or com contact "lunica~:L4ll with an electrode/button having a metal portion therein, ~o that the electrolyte - which ~ypically :Lncludes a sodlum chloride solution or similar salt solutions, - cannot corrode or otherwise attack the metal or conductive metal salts which form the electrical contact Of the electrode.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, the elec-trolyte is retained withln a separate subchamber or con-tainer which9 upon deforma~ion of the housing, ls ruptured to pe-rmit electrode button con~act with ~he electrolyte within the main chamber. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the ch~mber is subdivlded by a thin rupturable or frangible membrane, for example made cf a polypropylene base material which may be formed with weakened, rupturing portions. The membrane can be ~2~0~
attached to the housing, for example at a zone of transition or transformation which can cause toggle or snap-o~er action thereof.
The electrolyte is retained in the main chamber below the membrane, contact button separate from the electrical / . The space between the membrane and the electrical terminal may be used to include a fluld or gel therein which does not attack the electrode, and may in-clude a surfactant e.g. of non-ionic or ionic type, or may contain additional substances/which improve the stability of electrical contact.
1~ In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the housing defines a chamber therein which is closed off at one slde by a microporous or similar porous membrane. The chamber is subdivided internally by enclosing the electrolyte and/or other ~uhs~ances in one or more small bags, for example of plastic, and other material which can be ruptured upon deformation of the housing, for e~ample by squeezing it. The electrolyte, being re-tained in a separate bag within the housing chamber thus is separated from the electrode terminal before rupture. The space between the bag enclosing the electrolyte and the remainder of the housing ~
can be taken up by a fill including, for examplel a surfactant or additiona~ substances to im~rove the stability of electrical con-tact. ~ore than one such bag may be located within the chamberdefined by the housing.
The electrode described in the aEorementioned Patent
brane and establishes a c~nstant pressure of the electrolyte against the membrane to provide a continuous conductlve path between the body surface of the subject and a terminal of the electrode in con-tact therewith.
The Invention. It is an ob~ect to improve an electrode to be applied to the skin of the user by providing an element which has an enhanced shel~ life, better electrical contact than hereto-for obtainable, and which permits a wider selection of materials for use within the electrode, for example as electroly~e, or as additives enhancing the electrical current trans~er characteristics of the electrode element.
Briefly, in accordance with this invention, the electro~
lyte is confined within the chamber to be out-of-contact or com contact "lunica~:L4ll with an electrode/button having a metal portion therein, ~o that the electrolyte - which ~ypically :Lncludes a sodlum chloride solution or similar salt solutions, - cannot corrode or otherwise attack the metal or conductive metal salts which form the electrical contact Of the electrode.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, the elec-trolyte is retained withln a separate subchamber or con-tainer which9 upon deforma~ion of the housing, ls ruptured to pe-rmit electrode button con~act with ~he electrolyte within the main chamber. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the ch~mber is subdivlded by a thin rupturable or frangible membrane, for example made cf a polypropylene base material which may be formed with weakened, rupturing portions. The membrane can be ~2~0~
attached to the housing, for example at a zone of transition or transformation which can cause toggle or snap-o~er action thereof.
The electrolyte is retained in the main chamber below the membrane, contact button separate from the electrical / . The space between the membrane and the electrical terminal may be used to include a fluld or gel therein which does not attack the electrode, and may in-clude a surfactant e.g. of non-ionic or ionic type, or may contain additional substances/which improve the stability of electrical contact.
1~ In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the housing defines a chamber therein which is closed off at one slde by a microporous or similar porous membrane. The chamber is subdivided internally by enclosing the electrolyte and/or other ~uhs~ances in one or more small bags, for example of plastic, and other material which can be ruptured upon deformation of the housing, for e~ample by squeezing it. The electrolyte, being re-tained in a separate bag within the housing chamber thus is separated from the electrode terminal before rupture. The space between the bag enclosing the electrolyte and the remainder of the housing ~
can be taken up by a fill including, for examplel a surfactant or additiona~ substances to im~rove the stability of electrical con-tact. ~ore than one such bag may be located within the chamberdefined by the housing.
The electrode described in the aEorementioned Patent
4,215,696 functions rellably and well; the electrode in accordance ~~5~ ~ ~
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with the present invention is an improvement th~reover and substantially extends the shelf life of the prior electrode, and increases the current typically ionic current carrying capacity thereof, so that the electrode is more flexible and adaptable to multiple applications in addition to monitoring and stress-tes~ing, such as defibrillation, neonatal use, or for testing or other uses, for exampler in an electrocardiogram apparatus~ EEG's, biofeedback and Trancutaneous Electrical Neuro Stimulator ~TENS), with minimum changes. Thus, stocking problems and shelf life problems are reduced since the elec~rolyte and the ccntact materials are clearly separated before use, and brought into contact only ~pon application to the skin o~ a user, so that the output signals which are passed through the electrode will not be affected by prior con-ditions and parameters, such as shelf time, heat, and the like, over which the doctor or other medical perqon using the electrode, has no control. The signals being applied to the electrode will be reliably transferred by the electrode, unaffected by the electrode element itself, e g. during the period of application on a person in the monitoring, stress-testing, clinical ECG, or pacing diagnostic modes, or for defribrillation.
The electrode is suitable ~or clinical diagnos~ic electrQcardiograms (ECG's) as a result of its intrinsi-cally low manufacturing cost, and the linear signal transfer performance sharacteristicsl and its ability to have long 32~
~helf life, coupled with uniformity of performance, high quality and signal pick-up and fidelity. It eliminates the use of separately applied gels, and reduces skin pre-paration requirements.
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The electrode provides the followin~ advantages compared to the currently available disposable pre-gelled sponge ECG electrodes:
a) Shelf life characteristics: In current ~odels of elec trodes, the metal (silver/silver chloride) electrode Gontact button is susceptible to deterioration /as a result of lts contact, during the life of the unit with the salt-based electrolyte gel impre nated in a sponge therein.
The unit of the invention provides for contact between the fastener and the electrolyte only at the time the electrode is applied to the body, thus, reducing the time for deteriorating interaction between the salt-based electrolyte and the silver/silver chlor:Lde to a maxLmtlm of seven days as compared ~ith many months. This inherent design safeguard is particularly important because it is not possible to measure the e~tent to which any single electrode has been subjected to this deterioration process and still retain the inte~rity of the electrode such that it may remain functional.
Sampling techniquPs are only inferential because of the variability inherent in manufacturillg techniques and storage conditions.
b) Separation of components in the electrode: Various additives are separated from either the electrolyte or the fastener until the electrode is ready for application. It is necessary to isolate these additives which may include: surfactants, moisture retaining substances, (humectants), skin penetrants and silver chloride due to the nature of the addi~i~es and thelr purposes.
For example, the sllrfactant improves the permeability of the elec-trolyte, this action is desirable, howe~er,only upon application of the electrode to the body, Rrior to application, I.t may cause leakage of el~ctrolyte. Silver chloride within the electrolyte chamber reduces the complexing of the ~ilver chloride on the contact button during the useful llfe of the electrode~ The electrode isolates the substances in the chamber until the electrode is activated for use.
The performance permits selection of mvre effec~ive and heretofore unusable materials due to incompatibility thereof if in extended time contact.
c) A single integrated electrode system is provided:
- External gels, etc., are no needed, as the electrode con~ains a liquid electrolyte, which is a medium for conducting physiological signals of better quality, subject to less impedance, superior to gels.
lS - Various parameters are effectively balanced;
surfactants, humectants, liquid viscosity, membrane sur-face tension and mechanical pressure in order to introduce the electrolyte into the skin pores, dissolve sebum, help overcome the resistance of the stratum-corneum, and induce other electro-chemical actions to assure a superisr signal !
and reduces or eliminates the need for skin abrasion.
- Shelf life: by separating the silver/silver chloride fastener from the electrolyte during the storage period shelf life is substantially extended.
- Interference rejection: Continued superlor performance is assured even after a series of high voltage interferences caused by defibrillations.
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. !'-, - Ra~ge of applications: Monitoring and stress-testing, besides ECG and other applications, thus, reducing the need for multiple model stocking and the resulting higher inventory cost and possibility for confusion in use.
- Other uses: The separation of various materials into a multi-chamber unit allows for the application of this system to- EEGs, other neurological and physiolosical signals, and transcutaneous drug applica~ion.
- Inspection: Visual check of the electrolyte is possible by making the housing transparent, and permits color-coding of the electrolyte.
- Drying out: Dry out during actual use is reduced.
- Application: Use of gels applied externally at individual locations is eliminated. Gels are messy to use and may come into contact with the adhesive, par-ticularly during emergency applications~ thu~ reducing the adhesion of the electrode to the body and permitting motion or detachment. Likewise, impregnated sponges ~hich are subject to non-uniform concentrations of gel within the sponge mass are eliminated.
~ Sterility: A more sterilç, less irritating surface contact with the skin i~ obtained through the use of~ a membrane which is impervious to bacteria migration; a flange material which allows for air to pass through to the skin surface; and the reduced need for skin abrasion prior to electrode applica~ion.
- Cost: Manufactur~ny costs ar~ low due to the intrinsically simple design and inexpensive production materials. The elec~rode thus is economical for single use, e.g. for clinical diagnostic ECG's.
Drawinqs:
Fig. 1 is a general pictorial representation of the device in the form of an electrode in essentially phantom side view~ in which the electrode housing can be considered to be transparent;
Fig. 2 is a top view of the electrode o FigO 1;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken substantially along lines III~ of Fig. 1, and illus-trating the electrode of the invention prior to its attachment to a body surface, for example the skin o~
lS a patient;
Fig. ~ is a cross-sectional view similar to that illustrated in Fig. 3, and showing the configuration of the electrode after the housing has been forcibly deformed by being pushed downwardly to establish pressure on the electrolyte with and against the body surface of the patient, to which the electrode is secured;
Fig. 5 is a bottom plan view of the electrode;
and Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary ~iew of the zone identified by the circle VI in Fig. 4 and showing, schematically, the configuration of the juncture of the electrode housing with the microporous membrane which bridges the opening at the base of the housing.
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The drawings, Figs~ 1-6, conform essentially to the drawings of the aforementioned referenced Patent 4,215,696, and the same reference numerals used therein are also being used herein.
Detailed Desription. The invention will be described in connection with an electxode. The electrode 20, generallyJ has an inverted essentially dish-shaped plastic housing 24 bounded by an annularly, laterally extending flange or rim 28. Housing 24 has a vaulted, dome-like roof 30. A terminal 34 is sealed to the roof 30 at the apex or center ~hereof. Te~minal 34 extends through the roof 30 and pxovides an electrically conduc-tive path between the exterior of the housing 24 and its interior. The terminal 34, for example, is a two-part button structure of well known and standard configuration.
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Terminal 34 - see Fig. 3 - is a male snap-fastener assembly consisting of a first, inner washer-like disk 38 and a central integrally formed upwardlyextending stud 40 element, and a second outer snap, fastener element formed by a conductive cap 44 and having an upwardly pro~ecting, downwardly open cuter stud to recelve inner stud 40.
Terminal 34 is secured to the roof 30 of the housing 24. For asse~bly, the stud 40 o~ the lower component 38 is inserted upward-ly to extend through the opening 50 at the apex of the roof 30 of the housing into the cooperating socket 46 of the cap 44. Parts 38, 44 are then forcibly pressed or crimped together to establish a mechanLcal lnterlock and to form a fluid-tight ~oint with the Ln~erposed plastlc housing 24.
The effectiveness of the seal between the r~of 30 and the lS llousing Z4 and terminal 34 is insured by forming the upper extre-mity of the plastic housing with an integral, somewha~ thickened ring-like annular bead 54. Bead 54 is pinched on its upper and lower surfaces by the annular flanges of disk and cap 38, 44, and defines a mechanically strengthened, compressible zone.
The integral annular flange 28 at the base 56 of the housing - see Fig. 3 - is formed with a transverse thickness gradient which tapers fro~ a greater thickness at its inner radi~l origin 60 adjacent ~ts juncture with the vaulted housing wall to a lesser thickness at its outel marginal end 64 - Fig. 3 - to provide physical strength, rigidity and stability :Ln conjunction with Pnhanc~d c~nformability o~ the flange 28 to a body surface (not ..~
~2~V~
shown) of the patien~, to which the flange 28 is to be ultimately adhesively secured.
The open face of th~ electrode housing 24 is bridged by a microporous membrane 76. The opening 78 are e~ceedingly small, but large enough to permit fluid passage therethrough. An example of a suit:able plastic membrane is sold by Celanese Plastics Company under the trade mark "CELGAR~" Type 2400, or K-456. The membrane 76 itself may be secured to the housing 24 in various ways.
In a preferred embodimen~, the membrane 76 is bonded ultra-sonically to provide a ring seal 82 - see Fig. 6 - at -the juncture 84 of the housing wall with the horizontally extending ~lange 28. The junction of the flange 28 with housing 2~ is microconvoluted or knurled, a configuration which facilitat~s ultrasonic bonding of the membrane 76 to flange 28 and to insure a positive, fluid tight seal.
To prevent escape o fluid from the chamber defined beneath the housing 24 throu~h the membrane 76 prior to use, a peelable, non permeable strip sheet or film 90 is provided which CoYers and temporarily seals the membrane 76. The cover film is secured to the lower surface of the surrounding annular flange 28 by an inter-posed pressure-sensitive adhesive 94 The same adhesive which is exposed upon stripping of the protective film 30 also is used to anchor the electrode assembly 20 firmly in place on the skin surface of the patient or subjectO
The adhesive used can be of the liquid compa~ible, 82;~
emulsified ~ype because the electrolyte 70 can be liquid, as contrasted with a gel.
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The configuration of the chamber or cavity 66 beneath the housing 24 and above the membrane 76 can be changed, the configura-tion being capable of assuming two stable states. Beference is made both to Figs. 3 and 4, which show the unit in two different positions. As assembled, and prior to actual use of the elec-trode, the housing 24 is vaulted upwardly - see Fig. 3. The housing wall is formed with an offset band or inElection at its circum-ference to provide a ring-like transformation zone 100 which ex-tends annularly about the housing. The zone generally parallels a plane defined by the microporous membrane 76, This transforma-tion zone 100 functions as a mechanical discontinuity or togglejoint condition in the housing wall.
An alternate configuration is to replace the continuous Elan~e 28 with a seyarate flange made of either a woven, non wovell or film material of the same horizontal dimensions and simul-taneously bonding same to the dome portion of the electrode at~oint 84, in a ring seal 82, when membrane 76 is bonded to housing 56 at ~unction seal 82, per Fig. 6; or to continue membrane 76 beyond juncture at 56 and use as the flange. A
speckled application of the adhesive and permeability of the 2~ membra~e pe~mit the skin to breath~.
Use and Operation: With the electrode adhesively secured in place on the skin surface of a subject, application of downward pressure, for example finger pressure to the vaulted roof of the housing at the center terminal 34 causes the dome-like roof of the housing to be displaced downwardly and snap into the stable position shown in ~ig. 4. The flexing zone 100 is then located at the upper edge of the now -toroidal housing. ~his action ini-tially distends themicroporous membrane by an amount equal to twice the volume of the upper dome. The distended me~brane with its resiliency maintains continuous pressure on the electrolyte providing a pressure driving force which assists electrolyte flow th-rough its pores. The mechanical shift of the housing wall is somewhat analogous to a toggle phenomenon9 since the depressed position of the roof of the housing constitutes a new stable ori-entation, and pressure within the cavity i6 maintained as a con-tinuing state.
~ suitable electrolyte 70 for biomedical use is a salt solu-tion, such as sodium chloride, in an aqueous solution. Various types of electrolytes may be used; the referenced Patent 4,215,696 contflLn~ a dlscussion of suitable materials.
In accordance with the presen~ invention, signal variations under otherwise identical conditions from different electrodes can be effectively controlled, and the storage life of the elec-trode units themselves subs~antially increased - theoretically practically indefinitely - by separating the electrolyte from the metal of the contact terminal. The present invention is, in part, ~rounded OD the reallzation that difficulties with use of such electrodes a~e often associated with the corrosive effect of the electrolyte on the metal of the contact button, and specifically on the flange 38. Accordlngly, and in order to avoid such diffi-culties, the contact button and the electrolyte are separated from each 4ther. Referring to Fig. 1: A small plastic bag 1~1 for example ln form of a small capsule, is placed iDto the cavity , . i~.
8~
66 before application of the ~e~brane 76. The plastic bag 101 has a frangible, or easily breakable skin. The cavity 66, thus? is subdivlded into two portions 166, 266, portion 166 being outside ~he bag 101, and portion 266 within bag lOl. The cavityl66 can retain a fluid which is inert with respect to the metal used for the contact or terminal 34; i~ may, for example, contaln a nonionic or an ionic surfactant. Sep~rating the cavity 66 into two independ-ent portions 166 and 266, of which one portion 266 retains the electrolyte 70 and the other is in contact with the metal electrode, substantially increases the scope of possible materials which can be used with the electrode and thus further improves its opernting per~ormance. The potential vagaries of reactions of m~lltiple chemicals in solution over extended shelf life can thus be considered. The :Lsolation of the metal of the connector 38, Fig. 3, ~rom the metal/salt electrolyte solution provides greater range o~ choices for~ metal f the connector, and~electrolyte CODI-position,an important consideration for blending economy and disposability.
The visosity of the electrolyte material within the chamber 266 an be higher than that of the prior art electrode of U~S.
Patent 4,215,696, and diffusion of the electrolyte through the membrane 76 and the microporous openings 78 therethrough more some easily controlled than heretofore possible, since/leskage through the membrane, even with the strip 90 applied, is effectively pre-vented. ~efore rupturing of the plastic baglol , the surfactant or wetting agent which contributes to passage of the electrolyte ~l2~
through the microporous openings 78 of the membrane 76 is sepa-rated therefrom. Further, by control of surface tension and vis-cosity, better penetration of electrolyte through the membrane 765 when desired, can be effec~ed by addition of and under control of the surfactant. The surfactant is inert with respect to the plastic or metal mat~rial of the housing and contact terminal 34 and the plastic material of the bag 101. Separating the surfac-tant and the electrolyte also resul~s in better temperature stability and, of course, consequent additional increase in shelf life and reliability o~ operation under varying storage condi-tions.
Users o present pre-gelled electrodes with their gel in con~act wlth their silver-chlorided connectors have no way of conflrming their degradatlon, metal complexing or electro-chemical interaction over long periods of shelf life; or the consequences of these conditions aggravated by a series of high voltage exposures during a series of defibrillations while the electrode is applied to the patient. Testing them before application does not confirm performance on the patient; once used they cannot be accurately tested. The separation, as described, provides isolation is evi.dent prima facie assurance against these reactions, since an effective/
The ch~ice of the surfactant and the balance thereof with respect to the electrolyte can be sub~ect to wider variations and tQlerances than i~ surfactant and electrolyte are initially mixed and remain mixed prior to use and during use. Initial separation of the ingredients of the combined fluid within the chamber 66, when the plastic bag 101 has been ruptured upon ~, ,j _.
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depression of the contact button - see Fig. 4 - thus pro-~ides advantages beyond those arising from separation of the components alone.
Various types of contact buttons contain silver chloride, for example in the form of coatings. Silver chloride and sodium chloride in the electrolyte interact~
and the sodium chloride tends to corrode or form a complex with the metal of the contact button 34. It is possible, however, to add a measured amount of silver chloride which saturates the electrolyte 70 within the chamber 266 After rupturing of the plastic bag 101, the time that the sodium chloride will be in contact with the metal of the button, that is, during use, which may exten~ to a maximum of seven days in a monitoring application -~or instance to make repetiti~e measurements - will not be sufficiently long to cause corrosive interaction, or to degrade the various components then within or in con-tact with the mixture in the cavity 66, because the salt snlution in which silver chloride has been saturated will not be disposed to leach more silver chloride from the surface 38, nor to complex therewith; and serious chemical interactions will not occur in this short period.
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To facilitate rupture and insure breakage of the bag 66 upon deformation of the housing 24~ the inner flange 38 may be formed with downwardly extending tips, points, or burrs 138 (Figs. 3,4) to provide for pene readily trating break points to/pi~rc~ the frangible bag 101.
In accordance with another embodiment of the lnvention, see Pigs. 3 & 4, the chambers 166, 266 are formed by introducing a separating membrane 102 between the upper portion of the housing and the lower portion to thereby separate the cavity 66 into two portions 166a, 266a. Chamber 165a thus can retain the non ionic or ionic surEactant. or any other substance described ln connec~i.oll wi~h chamber 166, Flg. 1. The separating membrane 102, preferably, i~ made of a polypropylene base wlth additlves, such as glass flbers, mica, talc or mlneral fillers or other materials, which can be sealed to the main housing 24, to be rupturable or friable upon deformation of the houslng 24 from the posltlo~ shown in Fig. 3 to the position shown in Fig. 4. The ruptured ends of the membrane are shown at 102' in Fig. 4. Use of the membrane has the advantage - for example with respect to Fig. 1 - of ease o manu-facture, Preferably, the membrane 102 is connected to the housing 24 by a welding technlque. Ultrasonic bonding of the membrans permlts ready control of the bonding process and ls ideally suited to the three polypropylene elements to be welded. The bottom membrane 76 also is, preferably, welded to the housing, e.g. by ultrasonics. An ultrasonlc bonding process ls preferred since it ls slmple, ~eliable a~d adaptable for use with very thin f~rangible membranes and/or ~embrane~s of the mlcroporous type.
When using the embodiment of Fig. 3 r the upper chamber 166a preferably contains the surfactant which will not affec~ a metal contact button with a silver chloride coating. The upper chamber may also contain sther addi-tives, such as, for example, DMSO (dimethyl-sulfoxide), a skin pene~rant; a sweat inducer and anti-~bacterial agents such as parabens.
It is also possible to combine additives with the electrolyte 70 in chamber 266a, depending upon chemical preferences and compatibility. Enzymes may also be added to the electrolyte and/or within the upper chamber, to obtain better skin contact by penetrating the stratum corneum (dead skin layer) and helping the contact tran~fer of electrical signals between the electrode contact button 34 and the subject or patient, and reduces or eliminates the need for skin abrasion.
Separating the electroly e 70 in chamber 266a from the fill in chamber 166a~ which can include selected components desirable for good signal transfer, thus per-2~ mits extended shelf life while providing electrodes with more con~istently uniform characteristics; additionally, the electrolyte can be so selected that its current carry-ing capability is increased over that heretofore possible in view of the prior limitations due to the corrosive nature of the electrolyte 70. ~he electrode~ thus, are more suitably interchangeable for defibrillation as well as for diagnostic and signal transfer applications for various types of patients.
. '.
-The extending flange or rim 28 of the housing 24, which is made of plastic, pxeferahly is perforated as seen at 110 to provide ::
.
-19a-.
8~:~
skin breathlng holes9 similar to perforations in plastic adhesive strips of small, self-holding bandAges. Thls inhiblts anaerobic bacterial build-up and together with included anti-bacterial material, such as parabens provides a more sterile environment.
The membrane 76 is hydrophobic. By control of surface tension and viscosity of the electrolyte to pass therethrough, the eiec-trolyte can penetrate through the membrane. Adding a surfactant to the electrolyte permits a balance of forces inducing proper penentration and facilitates the passage. Separating the surfac-tant, prior to the time when the electrolyte 70 is to be released through the membrane, by separating the cavity 66 into the two or portlc~s 1669 26S,/166a, 266a, prevents premature seepage through the microporous membrane 76 by the electrolyte 70.
To assist breakage, the membrane 102 is preferably scored or grooved to form break or score llnes 103 (Fig. 3); and has an additive(s) therein, such as glass fibers, mica, talc, mineral fillers or other materials to assure absolute ruptura~ility.
Separating the electrolyte from the electrQdçpermits the use of chemically balanced surfactants of such formulation that, when included in ~he electrolyte formulation, the perfusion of the electrolyte under pressure of the snap-down is assisted. Thus, considering the balance with the pressure,sufficlent electrolyte 10w on and into the skin pores and hair follicles is metered to chemically penetrate the sebum; the signal conducting resistance of the stratum corneum (inert dead-skin insulation layer) - a dif ficulty with the gel electrolytes is reduced, Suitable surfactants SUch as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate have been found which used :
~, with sodium chloride electrolytes will provide a surface tension reduction sufficient ~o provide the proper wetting of the membrane material.
Sep~ration also permits introduction, uporl mixing during use, of substances in the electroly~e formula, which can be chosen to control Lhe flow rate of the electolyte through the membrane or humectants to control evaporation losses while electrode is in use; or agents to reduce the galvanic skin response. The electro-lyte so composed tends to balance with skin moisture conditions to assist in more uniEorm ion conduction under varlable ambients l~ O~ heat, humidity> and skin conditions.
'~he electrolyte 70 ls exposed to the metal of the terminal 34 or just before c~nly after/being placed on the patient. Thus, electrolyte formu-lation need only assure against the chemical reactions with the connector 34 for a maximum of about 7 days - the maximum antici-pated period of the electrode on the patient. Shelf life is nota factor, as in prior art electrodes, where the gel or other elec-trolyte 70 and connector 34 are in contact, or not fully isolated when not in use. The present structure permits use of multiple va~ nce salts such as magnesium chloride providing higher ionic conductivity. Other chemical compounds,might also be used, and because of this flexibility other metals or metal plating com-ponents than silver/silver chloride can be used providing manufacturing economies. Skin compatibility o~ course is essential.
The combination of separation of electrolyte from the terminal with the snap-down housing feature provides the solution to the separation of the electrolyte from the connec~or materlal while ~21-in storage and until put into use on the patient. A scored membrane 102 or plastlc film with a diameter slightly larger than the con-nector, over the connector 34, with the film resting on, and heat-sealed or preferably ultrasonically bonded to the housing, adds very little cost. The material cost is insignificant; the opera-tion can be done after crimping of connector 34 without inherent delay in the processing cycle. Once in place, the electrode is isolated from the connector, thus assuring long undegraded shelf life unchallenged by metal interactions. ~pon application to the patient and snap-down of the housing, the membrane or film 102 ruptures, thus exposing the electrolyte 70 to the connector 34.
~E~er rupture o membrane 102, and once the electrode ls ln the operating mode, the chemical balance of the electrolyte can readily be devlsed, by the right saturation level of silver 1~ chloride in the electrolyte, to dlscourage attac~ on the silver chloride of the contact button 34. This assures optimum, uniform and consistent performance for the short periods of con~act of terminal 34 and electrolyte 70 required for application and use oE the te~mlnal.
More than one bag 101, or membrane 102 may be placed in the chamber 66 defined by the houslne, to separate different substances.
Further, a combina~ion of separating means may be used, for example a bag 101 with a substance included therein can be placed in the chamber 166a or 266a (Figs. 3,4) with a third substance within that bag, separated from the substance, or substances in the respecti~e chamber. If two or more bags 101 are used, then the chamber 66 beneath the housing can be left empty, i.e. contain air, or even be evacuated.
- .~ .. ..
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.
The housing structure need not be designed to have a snap-over or toggle action although, in a preferred form, the housing can be so made. It is sufficient if the houslng is of a material whichcan be deformed, for example by squeezing it, while maintaining its structural integrity to prevent the escape of the contents thereof while, yet, permitting application of sufficient force to break the respective separating element, Eor example the membrane 102, or the bag 101.
Various changes and modifications may be made, and features described in connection with any one of the illustrations may be used witll any of the others, within the scope of the inventive concept, For example, the membrane 76 can be extended to also form the flange 28; or a separate flange element, e.g. in ring or strip form can be recelved to the housing at the joint 82 (Fig. 6) as devised.
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with the present invention is an improvement th~reover and substantially extends the shelf life of the prior electrode, and increases the current typically ionic current carrying capacity thereof, so that the electrode is more flexible and adaptable to multiple applications in addition to monitoring and stress-tes~ing, such as defibrillation, neonatal use, or for testing or other uses, for exampler in an electrocardiogram apparatus~ EEG's, biofeedback and Trancutaneous Electrical Neuro Stimulator ~TENS), with minimum changes. Thus, stocking problems and shelf life problems are reduced since the elec~rolyte and the ccntact materials are clearly separated before use, and brought into contact only ~pon application to the skin o~ a user, so that the output signals which are passed through the electrode will not be affected by prior con-ditions and parameters, such as shelf time, heat, and the like, over which the doctor or other medical perqon using the electrode, has no control. The signals being applied to the electrode will be reliably transferred by the electrode, unaffected by the electrode element itself, e g. during the period of application on a person in the monitoring, stress-testing, clinical ECG, or pacing diagnostic modes, or for defribrillation.
The electrode is suitable ~or clinical diagnos~ic electrQcardiograms (ECG's) as a result of its intrinsi-cally low manufacturing cost, and the linear signal transfer performance sharacteristicsl and its ability to have long 32~
~helf life, coupled with uniformity of performance, high quality and signal pick-up and fidelity. It eliminates the use of separately applied gels, and reduces skin pre-paration requirements.
-6a-~Q~il2~
The electrode provides the followin~ advantages compared to the currently available disposable pre-gelled sponge ECG electrodes:
a) Shelf life characteristics: In current ~odels of elec trodes, the metal (silver/silver chloride) electrode Gontact button is susceptible to deterioration /as a result of lts contact, during the life of the unit with the salt-based electrolyte gel impre nated in a sponge therein.
The unit of the invention provides for contact between the fastener and the electrolyte only at the time the electrode is applied to the body, thus, reducing the time for deteriorating interaction between the salt-based electrolyte and the silver/silver chlor:Lde to a maxLmtlm of seven days as compared ~ith many months. This inherent design safeguard is particularly important because it is not possible to measure the e~tent to which any single electrode has been subjected to this deterioration process and still retain the inte~rity of the electrode such that it may remain functional.
Sampling techniquPs are only inferential because of the variability inherent in manufacturillg techniques and storage conditions.
b) Separation of components in the electrode: Various additives are separated from either the electrolyte or the fastener until the electrode is ready for application. It is necessary to isolate these additives which may include: surfactants, moisture retaining substances, (humectants), skin penetrants and silver chloride due to the nature of the addi~i~es and thelr purposes.
For example, the sllrfactant improves the permeability of the elec-trolyte, this action is desirable, howe~er,only upon application of the electrode to the body, Rrior to application, I.t may cause leakage of el~ctrolyte. Silver chloride within the electrolyte chamber reduces the complexing of the ~ilver chloride on the contact button during the useful llfe of the electrode~ The electrode isolates the substances in the chamber until the electrode is activated for use.
The performance permits selection of mvre effec~ive and heretofore unusable materials due to incompatibility thereof if in extended time contact.
c) A single integrated electrode system is provided:
- External gels, etc., are no needed, as the electrode con~ains a liquid electrolyte, which is a medium for conducting physiological signals of better quality, subject to less impedance, superior to gels.
lS - Various parameters are effectively balanced;
surfactants, humectants, liquid viscosity, membrane sur-face tension and mechanical pressure in order to introduce the electrolyte into the skin pores, dissolve sebum, help overcome the resistance of the stratum-corneum, and induce other electro-chemical actions to assure a superisr signal !
and reduces or eliminates the need for skin abrasion.
- Shelf life: by separating the silver/silver chloride fastener from the electrolyte during the storage period shelf life is substantially extended.
- Interference rejection: Continued superlor performance is assured even after a series of high voltage interferences caused by defibrillations.
. ..
..;
. !'-, - Ra~ge of applications: Monitoring and stress-testing, besides ECG and other applications, thus, reducing the need for multiple model stocking and the resulting higher inventory cost and possibility for confusion in use.
- Other uses: The separation of various materials into a multi-chamber unit allows for the application of this system to- EEGs, other neurological and physiolosical signals, and transcutaneous drug applica~ion.
- Inspection: Visual check of the electrolyte is possible by making the housing transparent, and permits color-coding of the electrolyte.
- Drying out: Dry out during actual use is reduced.
- Application: Use of gels applied externally at individual locations is eliminated. Gels are messy to use and may come into contact with the adhesive, par-ticularly during emergency applications~ thu~ reducing the adhesion of the electrode to the body and permitting motion or detachment. Likewise, impregnated sponges ~hich are subject to non-uniform concentrations of gel within the sponge mass are eliminated.
~ Sterility: A more sterilç, less irritating surface contact with the skin i~ obtained through the use of~ a membrane which is impervious to bacteria migration; a flange material which allows for air to pass through to the skin surface; and the reduced need for skin abrasion prior to electrode applica~ion.
- Cost: Manufactur~ny costs ar~ low due to the intrinsically simple design and inexpensive production materials. The elec~rode thus is economical for single use, e.g. for clinical diagnostic ECG's.
Drawinqs:
Fig. 1 is a general pictorial representation of the device in the form of an electrode in essentially phantom side view~ in which the electrode housing can be considered to be transparent;
Fig. 2 is a top view of the electrode o FigO 1;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken substantially along lines III~ of Fig. 1, and illus-trating the electrode of the invention prior to its attachment to a body surface, for example the skin o~
lS a patient;
Fig. ~ is a cross-sectional view similar to that illustrated in Fig. 3, and showing the configuration of the electrode after the housing has been forcibly deformed by being pushed downwardly to establish pressure on the electrolyte with and against the body surface of the patient, to which the electrode is secured;
Fig. 5 is a bottom plan view of the electrode;
and Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary ~iew of the zone identified by the circle VI in Fig. 4 and showing, schematically, the configuration of the juncture of the electrode housing with the microporous membrane which bridges the opening at the base of the housing.
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The drawings, Figs~ 1-6, conform essentially to the drawings of the aforementioned referenced Patent 4,215,696, and the same reference numerals used therein are also being used herein.
Detailed Desription. The invention will be described in connection with an electxode. The electrode 20, generallyJ has an inverted essentially dish-shaped plastic housing 24 bounded by an annularly, laterally extending flange or rim 28. Housing 24 has a vaulted, dome-like roof 30. A terminal 34 is sealed to the roof 30 at the apex or center ~hereof. Te~minal 34 extends through the roof 30 and pxovides an electrically conduc-tive path between the exterior of the housing 24 and its interior. The terminal 34, for example, is a two-part button structure of well known and standard configuration.
-lOa .
Terminal 34 - see Fig. 3 - is a male snap-fastener assembly consisting of a first, inner washer-like disk 38 and a central integrally formed upwardlyextending stud 40 element, and a second outer snap, fastener element formed by a conductive cap 44 and having an upwardly pro~ecting, downwardly open cuter stud to recelve inner stud 40.
Terminal 34 is secured to the roof 30 of the housing 24. For asse~bly, the stud 40 o~ the lower component 38 is inserted upward-ly to extend through the opening 50 at the apex of the roof 30 of the housing into the cooperating socket 46 of the cap 44. Parts 38, 44 are then forcibly pressed or crimped together to establish a mechanLcal lnterlock and to form a fluid-tight ~oint with the Ln~erposed plastlc housing 24.
The effectiveness of the seal between the r~of 30 and the lS llousing Z4 and terminal 34 is insured by forming the upper extre-mity of the plastic housing with an integral, somewha~ thickened ring-like annular bead 54. Bead 54 is pinched on its upper and lower surfaces by the annular flanges of disk and cap 38, 44, and defines a mechanically strengthened, compressible zone.
The integral annular flange 28 at the base 56 of the housing - see Fig. 3 - is formed with a transverse thickness gradient which tapers fro~ a greater thickness at its inner radi~l origin 60 adjacent ~ts juncture with the vaulted housing wall to a lesser thickness at its outel marginal end 64 - Fig. 3 - to provide physical strength, rigidity and stability :Ln conjunction with Pnhanc~d c~nformability o~ the flange 28 to a body surface (not ..~
~2~V~
shown) of the patien~, to which the flange 28 is to be ultimately adhesively secured.
The open face of th~ electrode housing 24 is bridged by a microporous membrane 76. The opening 78 are e~ceedingly small, but large enough to permit fluid passage therethrough. An example of a suit:able plastic membrane is sold by Celanese Plastics Company under the trade mark "CELGAR~" Type 2400, or K-456. The membrane 76 itself may be secured to the housing 24 in various ways.
In a preferred embodimen~, the membrane 76 is bonded ultra-sonically to provide a ring seal 82 - see Fig. 6 - at -the juncture 84 of the housing wall with the horizontally extending ~lange 28. The junction of the flange 28 with housing 2~ is microconvoluted or knurled, a configuration which facilitat~s ultrasonic bonding of the membrane 76 to flange 28 and to insure a positive, fluid tight seal.
To prevent escape o fluid from the chamber defined beneath the housing 24 throu~h the membrane 76 prior to use, a peelable, non permeable strip sheet or film 90 is provided which CoYers and temporarily seals the membrane 76. The cover film is secured to the lower surface of the surrounding annular flange 28 by an inter-posed pressure-sensitive adhesive 94 The same adhesive which is exposed upon stripping of the protective film 30 also is used to anchor the electrode assembly 20 firmly in place on the skin surface of the patient or subjectO
The adhesive used can be of the liquid compa~ible, 82;~
emulsified ~ype because the electrolyte 70 can be liquid, as contrasted with a gel.
-12a : :
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The configuration of the chamber or cavity 66 beneath the housing 24 and above the membrane 76 can be changed, the configura-tion being capable of assuming two stable states. Beference is made both to Figs. 3 and 4, which show the unit in two different positions. As assembled, and prior to actual use of the elec-trode, the housing 24 is vaulted upwardly - see Fig. 3. The housing wall is formed with an offset band or inElection at its circum-ference to provide a ring-like transformation zone 100 which ex-tends annularly about the housing. The zone generally parallels a plane defined by the microporous membrane 76, This transforma-tion zone 100 functions as a mechanical discontinuity or togglejoint condition in the housing wall.
An alternate configuration is to replace the continuous Elan~e 28 with a seyarate flange made of either a woven, non wovell or film material of the same horizontal dimensions and simul-taneously bonding same to the dome portion of the electrode at~oint 84, in a ring seal 82, when membrane 76 is bonded to housing 56 at ~unction seal 82, per Fig. 6; or to continue membrane 76 beyond juncture at 56 and use as the flange. A
speckled application of the adhesive and permeability of the 2~ membra~e pe~mit the skin to breath~.
Use and Operation: With the electrode adhesively secured in place on the skin surface of a subject, application of downward pressure, for example finger pressure to the vaulted roof of the housing at the center terminal 34 causes the dome-like roof of the housing to be displaced downwardly and snap into the stable position shown in ~ig. 4. The flexing zone 100 is then located at the upper edge of the now -toroidal housing. ~his action ini-tially distends themicroporous membrane by an amount equal to twice the volume of the upper dome. The distended me~brane with its resiliency maintains continuous pressure on the electrolyte providing a pressure driving force which assists electrolyte flow th-rough its pores. The mechanical shift of the housing wall is somewhat analogous to a toggle phenomenon9 since the depressed position of the roof of the housing constitutes a new stable ori-entation, and pressure within the cavity i6 maintained as a con-tinuing state.
~ suitable electrolyte 70 for biomedical use is a salt solu-tion, such as sodium chloride, in an aqueous solution. Various types of electrolytes may be used; the referenced Patent 4,215,696 contflLn~ a dlscussion of suitable materials.
In accordance with the presen~ invention, signal variations under otherwise identical conditions from different electrodes can be effectively controlled, and the storage life of the elec-trode units themselves subs~antially increased - theoretically practically indefinitely - by separating the electrolyte from the metal of the contact terminal. The present invention is, in part, ~rounded OD the reallzation that difficulties with use of such electrodes a~e often associated with the corrosive effect of the electrolyte on the metal of the contact button, and specifically on the flange 38. Accordlngly, and in order to avoid such diffi-culties, the contact button and the electrolyte are separated from each 4ther. Referring to Fig. 1: A small plastic bag 1~1 for example ln form of a small capsule, is placed iDto the cavity , . i~.
8~
66 before application of the ~e~brane 76. The plastic bag 101 has a frangible, or easily breakable skin. The cavity 66, thus? is subdivlded into two portions 166, 266, portion 166 being outside ~he bag 101, and portion 266 within bag lOl. The cavityl66 can retain a fluid which is inert with respect to the metal used for the contact or terminal 34; i~ may, for example, contaln a nonionic or an ionic surfactant. Sep~rating the cavity 66 into two independ-ent portions 166 and 266, of which one portion 266 retains the electrolyte 70 and the other is in contact with the metal electrode, substantially increases the scope of possible materials which can be used with the electrode and thus further improves its opernting per~ormance. The potential vagaries of reactions of m~lltiple chemicals in solution over extended shelf life can thus be considered. The :Lsolation of the metal of the connector 38, Fig. 3, ~rom the metal/salt electrolyte solution provides greater range o~ choices for~ metal f the connector, and~electrolyte CODI-position,an important consideration for blending economy and disposability.
The visosity of the electrolyte material within the chamber 266 an be higher than that of the prior art electrode of U~S.
Patent 4,215,696, and diffusion of the electrolyte through the membrane 76 and the microporous openings 78 therethrough more some easily controlled than heretofore possible, since/leskage through the membrane, even with the strip 90 applied, is effectively pre-vented. ~efore rupturing of the plastic baglol , the surfactant or wetting agent which contributes to passage of the electrolyte ~l2~
through the microporous openings 78 of the membrane 76 is sepa-rated therefrom. Further, by control of surface tension and vis-cosity, better penetration of electrolyte through the membrane 765 when desired, can be effec~ed by addition of and under control of the surfactant. The surfactant is inert with respect to the plastic or metal mat~rial of the housing and contact terminal 34 and the plastic material of the bag 101. Separating the surfac-tant and the electrolyte also resul~s in better temperature stability and, of course, consequent additional increase in shelf life and reliability o~ operation under varying storage condi-tions.
Users o present pre-gelled electrodes with their gel in con~act wlth their silver-chlorided connectors have no way of conflrming their degradatlon, metal complexing or electro-chemical interaction over long periods of shelf life; or the consequences of these conditions aggravated by a series of high voltage exposures during a series of defibrillations while the electrode is applied to the patient. Testing them before application does not confirm performance on the patient; once used they cannot be accurately tested. The separation, as described, provides isolation is evi.dent prima facie assurance against these reactions, since an effective/
The ch~ice of the surfactant and the balance thereof with respect to the electrolyte can be sub~ect to wider variations and tQlerances than i~ surfactant and electrolyte are initially mixed and remain mixed prior to use and during use. Initial separation of the ingredients of the combined fluid within the chamber 66, when the plastic bag 101 has been ruptured upon ~, ,j _.
.
~IL2~ 2~
depression of the contact button - see Fig. 4 - thus pro-~ides advantages beyond those arising from separation of the components alone.
Various types of contact buttons contain silver chloride, for example in the form of coatings. Silver chloride and sodium chloride in the electrolyte interact~
and the sodium chloride tends to corrode or form a complex with the metal of the contact button 34. It is possible, however, to add a measured amount of silver chloride which saturates the electrolyte 70 within the chamber 266 After rupturing of the plastic bag 101, the time that the sodium chloride will be in contact with the metal of the button, that is, during use, which may exten~ to a maximum of seven days in a monitoring application -~or instance to make repetiti~e measurements - will not be sufficiently long to cause corrosive interaction, or to degrade the various components then within or in con-tact with the mixture in the cavity 66, because the salt snlution in which silver chloride has been saturated will not be disposed to leach more silver chloride from the surface 38, nor to complex therewith; and serious chemical interactions will not occur in this short period.
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To facilitate rupture and insure breakage of the bag 66 upon deformation of the housing 24~ the inner flange 38 may be formed with downwardly extending tips, points, or burrs 138 (Figs. 3,4) to provide for pene readily trating break points to/pi~rc~ the frangible bag 101.
In accordance with another embodiment of the lnvention, see Pigs. 3 & 4, the chambers 166, 266 are formed by introducing a separating membrane 102 between the upper portion of the housing and the lower portion to thereby separate the cavity 66 into two portions 166a, 266a. Chamber 165a thus can retain the non ionic or ionic surEactant. or any other substance described ln connec~i.oll wi~h chamber 166, Flg. 1. The separating membrane 102, preferably, i~ made of a polypropylene base wlth additlves, such as glass flbers, mica, talc or mlneral fillers or other materials, which can be sealed to the main housing 24, to be rupturable or friable upon deformation of the houslng 24 from the posltlo~ shown in Fig. 3 to the position shown in Fig. 4. The ruptured ends of the membrane are shown at 102' in Fig. 4. Use of the membrane has the advantage - for example with respect to Fig. 1 - of ease o manu-facture, Preferably, the membrane 102 is connected to the housing 24 by a welding technlque. Ultrasonic bonding of the membrans permlts ready control of the bonding process and ls ideally suited to the three polypropylene elements to be welded. The bottom membrane 76 also is, preferably, welded to the housing, e.g. by ultrasonics. An ultrasonlc bonding process ls preferred since it ls slmple, ~eliable a~d adaptable for use with very thin f~rangible membranes and/or ~embrane~s of the mlcroporous type.
When using the embodiment of Fig. 3 r the upper chamber 166a preferably contains the surfactant which will not affec~ a metal contact button with a silver chloride coating. The upper chamber may also contain sther addi-tives, such as, for example, DMSO (dimethyl-sulfoxide), a skin pene~rant; a sweat inducer and anti-~bacterial agents such as parabens.
It is also possible to combine additives with the electrolyte 70 in chamber 266a, depending upon chemical preferences and compatibility. Enzymes may also be added to the electrolyte and/or within the upper chamber, to obtain better skin contact by penetrating the stratum corneum (dead skin layer) and helping the contact tran~fer of electrical signals between the electrode contact button 34 and the subject or patient, and reduces or eliminates the need for skin abrasion.
Separating the electroly e 70 in chamber 266a from the fill in chamber 166a~ which can include selected components desirable for good signal transfer, thus per-2~ mits extended shelf life while providing electrodes with more con~istently uniform characteristics; additionally, the electrolyte can be so selected that its current carry-ing capability is increased over that heretofore possible in view of the prior limitations due to the corrosive nature of the electrolyte 70. ~he electrode~ thus, are more suitably interchangeable for defibrillation as well as for diagnostic and signal transfer applications for various types of patients.
. '.
-The extending flange or rim 28 of the housing 24, which is made of plastic, pxeferahly is perforated as seen at 110 to provide ::
.
-19a-.
8~:~
skin breathlng holes9 similar to perforations in plastic adhesive strips of small, self-holding bandAges. Thls inhiblts anaerobic bacterial build-up and together with included anti-bacterial material, such as parabens provides a more sterile environment.
The membrane 76 is hydrophobic. By control of surface tension and viscosity of the electrolyte to pass therethrough, the eiec-trolyte can penetrate through the membrane. Adding a surfactant to the electrolyte permits a balance of forces inducing proper penentration and facilitates the passage. Separating the surfac-tant, prior to the time when the electrolyte 70 is to be released through the membrane, by separating the cavity 66 into the two or portlc~s 1669 26S,/166a, 266a, prevents premature seepage through the microporous membrane 76 by the electrolyte 70.
To assist breakage, the membrane 102 is preferably scored or grooved to form break or score llnes 103 (Fig. 3); and has an additive(s) therein, such as glass fibers, mica, talc, mineral fillers or other materials to assure absolute ruptura~ility.
Separating the electrolyte from the electrQdçpermits the use of chemically balanced surfactants of such formulation that, when included in ~he electrolyte formulation, the perfusion of the electrolyte under pressure of the snap-down is assisted. Thus, considering the balance with the pressure,sufficlent electrolyte 10w on and into the skin pores and hair follicles is metered to chemically penetrate the sebum; the signal conducting resistance of the stratum corneum (inert dead-skin insulation layer) - a dif ficulty with the gel electrolytes is reduced, Suitable surfactants SUch as sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate have been found which used :
~, with sodium chloride electrolytes will provide a surface tension reduction sufficient ~o provide the proper wetting of the membrane material.
Sep~ration also permits introduction, uporl mixing during use, of substances in the electroly~e formula, which can be chosen to control Lhe flow rate of the electolyte through the membrane or humectants to control evaporation losses while electrode is in use; or agents to reduce the galvanic skin response. The electro-lyte so composed tends to balance with skin moisture conditions to assist in more uniEorm ion conduction under varlable ambients l~ O~ heat, humidity> and skin conditions.
'~he electrolyte 70 ls exposed to the metal of the terminal 34 or just before c~nly after/being placed on the patient. Thus, electrolyte formu-lation need only assure against the chemical reactions with the connector 34 for a maximum of about 7 days - the maximum antici-pated period of the electrode on the patient. Shelf life is nota factor, as in prior art electrodes, where the gel or other elec-trolyte 70 and connector 34 are in contact, or not fully isolated when not in use. The present structure permits use of multiple va~ nce salts such as magnesium chloride providing higher ionic conductivity. Other chemical compounds,might also be used, and because of this flexibility other metals or metal plating com-ponents than silver/silver chloride can be used providing manufacturing economies. Skin compatibility o~ course is essential.
The combination of separation of electrolyte from the terminal with the snap-down housing feature provides the solution to the separation of the electrolyte from the connec~or materlal while ~21-in storage and until put into use on the patient. A scored membrane 102 or plastlc film with a diameter slightly larger than the con-nector, over the connector 34, with the film resting on, and heat-sealed or preferably ultrasonically bonded to the housing, adds very little cost. The material cost is insignificant; the opera-tion can be done after crimping of connector 34 without inherent delay in the processing cycle. Once in place, the electrode is isolated from the connector, thus assuring long undegraded shelf life unchallenged by metal interactions. ~pon application to the patient and snap-down of the housing, the membrane or film 102 ruptures, thus exposing the electrolyte 70 to the connector 34.
~E~er rupture o membrane 102, and once the electrode ls ln the operating mode, the chemical balance of the electrolyte can readily be devlsed, by the right saturation level of silver 1~ chloride in the electrolyte, to dlscourage attac~ on the silver chloride of the contact button 34. This assures optimum, uniform and consistent performance for the short periods of con~act of terminal 34 and electrolyte 70 required for application and use oE the te~mlnal.
More than one bag 101, or membrane 102 may be placed in the chamber 66 defined by the houslne, to separate different substances.
Further, a combina~ion of separating means may be used, for example a bag 101 with a substance included therein can be placed in the chamber 166a or 266a (Figs. 3,4) with a third substance within that bag, separated from the substance, or substances in the respecti~e chamber. If two or more bags 101 are used, then the chamber 66 beneath the housing can be left empty, i.e. contain air, or even be evacuated.
- .~ .. ..
~2~
.
The housing structure need not be designed to have a snap-over or toggle action although, in a preferred form, the housing can be so made. It is sufficient if the houslng is of a material whichcan be deformed, for example by squeezing it, while maintaining its structural integrity to prevent the escape of the contents thereof while, yet, permitting application of sufficient force to break the respective separating element, Eor example the membrane 102, or the bag 101.
Various changes and modifications may be made, and features described in connection with any one of the illustrations may be used witll any of the others, within the scope of the inventive concept, For example, the membrane 76 can be extended to also form the flange 28; or a separate flange element, e.g. in ring or strip form can be recelved to the housing at the joint 82 (Fig. 6) as devised.
.~
Claims (16)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Long storage life multiple purpose biomedical electrode for use on a subject for transferring electri-cal current between an external circuit and a body surface of the subject having a generally inverted dish or cup-shaped housing of a deformable material, and defining a chamber therein, said housing including a roof, and a base being formed with an opening at the base;
a hydrophobic microporous, inducible fluid-permeable membrane secured to said housing at the base, said membrane covering the opening in said housing and closing the chamber;
a peelable, releasable fluid-impervious protective cover film overlying said membrane;
a liquid-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive means securing said releasable cover film to said base, said protective film being selectively remova-ble to expose said membrane and permit attachment of said electrode to a body surface;
electrically conductive terminal means sealed to and extending through said roof of said housing and providing electrically conductive communication between the exterior of said housing of said electrode and said chamber;
and comprising, in accordance with the invention;
means for subdividing said chamber into a first chamber portion and a second chamber portion, the terminal means having an exposed electrically conductive portion in said first chamber portion, said subdividing means of frangible material subject to rupture upon deformation and displacement of a wall of the housing;
tissue-compatible electrolyte means for conducting electrical current, substantially filling said second chamber portion, said electrolyte means being separated from said exposed electrically conductive portion of the terminal means prior to rupture of the subdividing means, wherein the first chamber portion retains therein at least one material selected from the group consisting of a surfactant, a skin penetrant, a sweat-inducing agent, and an antibacterial agent.
a hydrophobic microporous, inducible fluid-permeable membrane secured to said housing at the base, said membrane covering the opening in said housing and closing the chamber;
a peelable, releasable fluid-impervious protective cover film overlying said membrane;
a liquid-compatible, pressure-sensitive adhesive means securing said releasable cover film to said base, said protective film being selectively remova-ble to expose said membrane and permit attachment of said electrode to a body surface;
electrically conductive terminal means sealed to and extending through said roof of said housing and providing electrically conductive communication between the exterior of said housing of said electrode and said chamber;
and comprising, in accordance with the invention;
means for subdividing said chamber into a first chamber portion and a second chamber portion, the terminal means having an exposed electrically conductive portion in said first chamber portion, said subdividing means of frangible material subject to rupture upon deformation and displacement of a wall of the housing;
tissue-compatible electrolyte means for conducting electrical current, substantially filling said second chamber portion, said electrolyte means being separated from said exposed electrically conductive portion of the terminal means prior to rupture of the subdividing means, wherein the first chamber portion retains therein at least one material selected from the group consisting of a surfactant, a skin penetrant, a sweat-inducing agent, and an antibacterial agent.
2. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein the first chamber portion retains therein a surfactant to reduce surface tension at an interface of said electrolyte means and said microporous membrane, said surfactant and said electrolyte means mixing upon rupture of said subdividing means to facilitate passage of said electrolyte means through said microporous membrane at the viscosity of the electrolyte means and enhancing effective wetting of the body surface at the zone of securement of said electrode thereto after deformation of the housing and upon use of the electrode upon application to a subject.
3. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein said subdividing means comprises a separate frangible plastic bag located within the chamber and subdividing said chamber into said two chamber portions, the volume within said bag forming said second chamber portion.
4. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein said subdividing means comprises a frangible separating membrane, impervious to the electrolyte in the second chamber and subdividing said chamber into said two chamber portions.
5. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein the housing has a dome-shaped roof;
the subdividing means comprises a frangible separating membrane extending across the housing;
and a ring-like transformation zone is provided, circumscribing said housing at a height intermediate upper and lower limits thereof, said transformation zone extending in a plane generally parallel to said fluid-permeable membrane and forming a mechanical discontinuity of the wall of said housing, said dome-shaped roof of said housing being displaceable downwardly in response to pressure applied thereto to deform said housing at said transformation zone.
the subdividing means comprises a frangible separating membrane extending across the housing;
and a ring-like transformation zone is provided, circumscribing said housing at a height intermediate upper and lower limits thereof, said transformation zone extending in a plane generally parallel to said fluid-permeable membrane and forming a mechanical discontinuity of the wall of said housing, said dome-shaped roof of said housing being displaceable downwardly in response to pressure applied thereto to deform said housing at said transformation zone.
6. Electrode according to claim 5, further including an ultrasonically produced ring seal securing said microporous membrane to the house;
and an ultrasonically produced attachment weld securing said frangible membrane to the housing in the region of said ring-like transformation zone.
and an ultrasonically produced attachment weld securing said frangible membrane to the housing in the region of said ring-like transformation zone.
7. Electrode according to claim 5, wherein said frangible membrane comprises a material sealable to the housing, and secured to the housing in the region of said ring-like transformation zone, and break or score lines are formed on the membrane.
8. Electrode according to claim 5, wherein said frangible membrane comprises polypropylene film material.
9. Electrode according to claim 5, wherein said frangible membrane comprises a polypropylene film material and a filler of the material of the group consisting of glass, or fiber, or mica, or talc, or mineral filler.
10. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein said terminal means includes silver, and wherein silver chloride is located in at least one of said chamber portions.
11. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein the housing includes a vaulted, dome-shaped structure and said subdividing means comprises a membrane extending across the structure.
12. Electrode according to claim 1, further including rupturing or penetrating projections on the electrically conductive terminal means extending and projecting inwardly in the direction towards said subdividing means to facilitate rupture of the subdividing means upon deformation of said housing consequent to application of pressure thereto.
13. Electrode according to claim 1, further including a laterally extending annular flange extending outwardly from the base of the housing, said protective film extending over said flange, and said pressure sensitive adhesive means being releasably secured over said flange and said membrane, and forming a unitary element, to permit stripping off of said pressure sensitive adhesive means and adhesively attach the electrode to the surface of the subject with the flange holding the electrode in place, and the microporous membrane being exposed and in contact with the surface of the subject.
14. Electrode according to claim 13, further including breathing openings extending through said flange and said adhesive means.
15. Biomedical transcutaneous application device for transcutaneous application of drugs or the like, comprising a generally cup-shaped housing of a flexible material, including a vaulted, downwardly open dish or cup-like structure;
a microporous membrane sealed to and extending across the housing at a base thereof, and closing off the downwardly open housing for defining a chamber within the housing;
a peelable, releasable, fluid-impervious protective cover film overlying said membrane;
a liquid-compatible, pressure sensitive adhesive means securing said releasable cover film to said base of the housing, said protective film being selectively removable to expose said membrane and permit attachment of said electrode to a body surface;
and comprising, in accordance with the invention, means for subdividing said chamber into a first chamber portion, and a second chamber portion, said subdividing means being of frangible material subject to rupture upon deformation and displacement of a wall of the housing;
at least a first body-affecting substance located in one of the said chamber portions;
and a second substance, differing from said first substance located in the other chamber portion, said substances being separated from each other during storage within said chamber portion but mixing and penetrating through the microporous membrane to affect the skin of the user for transcutaneous application of at least one of said substances thereto.
a microporous membrane sealed to and extending across the housing at a base thereof, and closing off the downwardly open housing for defining a chamber within the housing;
a peelable, releasable, fluid-impervious protective cover film overlying said membrane;
a liquid-compatible, pressure sensitive adhesive means securing said releasable cover film to said base of the housing, said protective film being selectively removable to expose said membrane and permit attachment of said electrode to a body surface;
and comprising, in accordance with the invention, means for subdividing said chamber into a first chamber portion, and a second chamber portion, said subdividing means being of frangible material subject to rupture upon deformation and displacement of a wall of the housing;
at least a first body-affecting substance located in one of the said chamber portions;
and a second substance, differing from said first substance located in the other chamber portion, said substances being separated from each other during storage within said chamber portion but mixing and penetrating through the microporous membrane to affect the skin of the user for transcutaneous application of at least one of said substances thereto.
16. Device according to claim 15, wherein the housing has a dome-shaped roof;
the subdividing means comprises a frangible separating membrane extending across the housing;
and a ring-like transformation zone is provided, circumscribing said housing at a height intermediate upper and lower limits thereof, said transformation zone extending in a plane generally parallel to said fluid-permeable membrane and forming a mechanical discontinuity of the wall of said housing, said vaulted roof of said housing being displaceable downwardly in response to pressure applied thereto to deform said housing at said transformation.
the subdividing means comprises a frangible separating membrane extending across the housing;
and a ring-like transformation zone is provided, circumscribing said housing at a height intermediate upper and lower limits thereof, said transformation zone extending in a plane generally parallel to said fluid-permeable membrane and forming a mechanical discontinuity of the wall of said housing, said vaulted roof of said housing being displaceable downwardly in response to pressure applied thereto to deform said housing at said transformation.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/333,287 US4526176A (en) | 1981-12-22 | 1981-12-22 | Long-life biomedical application device, particularly electrode, and method of transferring electrical current |
| US333,287 | 1981-12-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1210822A true CA1210822A (en) | 1986-09-02 |
Family
ID=23302151
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000418245A Expired CA1210822A (en) | 1981-12-22 | 1982-12-21 | Electrode with membrane separating electrolyte from terminal during storage |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4526176A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0082728A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS58116338A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1210822A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES518494A0 (en) |
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| US4693711A (en) * | 1981-12-22 | 1987-09-15 | Bremer Roger E | Long-life biomedical transcutaneous drug application device and method of transcutaneous application of drugs |
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| US4752285B1 (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1995-08-22 | Univ Utah Res Found | Methods and apparatus for iontophoresis application of medicaments |
| US4886489A (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1989-12-12 | Jacobsen Stephen C | Flow-through methods and apparatus for iontophoresis application of medicaments at a controlled pH |
| US4915685A (en) * | 1986-03-19 | 1990-04-10 | Petelenz Tomasz J | Methods and apparatus for iontophoresis application of medicaments at a controlled ph through ion exchange |
| DE3721595A1 (en) * | 1986-07-05 | 1988-01-14 | Aso Pharmaceutical | FIRST AID LIABILITY |
| US4917676A (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1990-04-17 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | User-activated transdermal therapeutic system |
| US4911707A (en) * | 1987-02-13 | 1990-03-27 | Ciba-Geigy Corporation | Monolithic user-activated transdermal therapeutic system |
| JPH0712351B2 (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1995-02-15 | フクダ電子株式会社 | Method for manufacturing living body induction electrode |
| US5084008A (en) * | 1989-12-22 | 1992-01-28 | Medtronic, Inc. | Iontophoresis electrode |
| EP0521988B1 (en) * | 1990-03-30 | 1995-12-13 | Alza Corporation | Device for iontophoretic drug delivery |
| US5087241A (en) * | 1990-07-24 | 1992-02-11 | Empi, Inc. | Iontophoresis electrode with reservoir and injection site |
| US5160316A (en) * | 1990-09-10 | 1992-11-03 | Henley Julian L | Iontophoretic drug delivery apparatus |
| US5309909A (en) * | 1992-05-22 | 1994-05-10 | Physio-Control Corporation | Combined skin preparation and monitoring electrode |
| AT248U1 (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1995-06-26 | Lang Leonhard Dr Lang Leonhard | ELECTRODE TO STICK ON THE SKIN |
| US6163720A (en) * | 1997-12-18 | 2000-12-19 | Alza Corporation | Layered rate controlling membranes for use in an electrotransport device |
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| JP2008522745A (en) * | 2004-12-09 | 2008-07-03 | フレキシブル メディカル システムズ， エルエルシー | Apparatus and method for continuous real-time tracking biomolecule sampling, analysis, and delivery |
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| US11219390B2 (en) | 2015-08-03 | 2022-01-11 | Georgetown University | Apparatus and method for delivery of antimicrobial during a transdermal sampling and delivery process |
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| JP2021504079A (en) | 2017-11-26 | 2021-02-15 | ケースメド エンジニアリング，エルエルシー | Handheld applicator |
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| US3187745A (en) * | 1961-08-01 | 1965-06-08 | Melpar Inc | Electrodes |
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| US3973557A (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1976-08-10 | Allison Kenneth C | Electrode |
| US4079731A (en) * | 1975-07-03 | 1978-03-21 | Cardiolink Electrodes, Ltd. | Medical electrodes |
| US4117841A (en) * | 1977-02-07 | 1978-10-03 | Anthony Perrotta | Medicated bandage pocket |
| US4215696A (en) * | 1978-03-20 | 1980-08-05 | Graphic Controls Corporation | Biomedical electrode with pressurized skin contact |
| SU724144A1 (en) * | 1978-10-16 | 1980-03-30 | Институт Медико-Биологических Проблем Министерства Здравоохранения Ссср | Electrode device |
| US4270544A (en) * | 1979-05-21 | 1981-06-02 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Medical electrode having improved adherence characteristics |
-
1981
- 1981-12-22 US US06/333,287 patent/US4526176A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1982
- 1982-12-21 CA CA000418245A patent/CA1210822A/en not_active Expired
- 1982-12-22 EP EP82306856A patent/EP0082728A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1982-12-22 ES ES518494A patent/ES518494A0/en active Granted
- 1982-12-22 JP JP57225770A patent/JPS58116338A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4526176A (en) | 1985-07-02 |
| ES8405277A1 (en) | 1984-06-01 |
| EP0082728A3 (en) | 1984-09-26 |
| JPS58116338A (en) | 1983-07-11 |
| EP0082728A2 (en) | 1983-06-29 |
| ES518494A0 (en) | 1984-06-01 |
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