CA1195128A - Replacement of mains - Google Patents
Replacement of mainsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1195128A CA1195128A CA000433942A CA433942A CA1195128A CA 1195128 A CA1195128 A CA 1195128A CA 000433942 A CA000433942 A CA 000433942A CA 433942 A CA433942 A CA 433942A CA 1195128 A CA1195128 A CA 1195128A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- main
- mole
- existing
- new
- liner
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/28—Enlarging drilled holes, e.g. by counterboring
- E21B7/30—Enlarging drilled holes, e.g. by counterboring without earth removal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L55/00—Devices or appurtenances for use in, or in connection with, pipes or pipe systems
- F16L55/16—Devices for covering leaks in pipes or hoses, e.g. hose-menders
- F16L55/162—Devices for covering leaks in pipes or hoses, e.g. hose-menders from inside the pipe
- F16L55/165—Devices for covering leaks in pipes or hoses, e.g. hose-menders from inside the pipe a pipe or flexible liner being inserted in the damaged section
- F16L55/1658—Devices for covering leaks in pipes or hoses, e.g. hose-menders from inside the pipe a pipe or flexible liner being inserted in the damaged section the old pipe being ruptured prior to insertion of a new pipe
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T225/00—Severing by tearing or breaking
- Y10T225/30—Breaking or tearing apparatus
- Y10T225/371—Movable breaking tool
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
- Y10T29/53652—Tube and coextensive core
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T83/00—Cutting
- Y10T83/384—By tool inside hollow work
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present invention relates to the replacement of an existing main, particularly an existing cast iron gas main, with a new main utilizing a device in the form of a mole.
The mole 1, which is of steel, is adapted to be inserted into and moved along the existing main 8. The mole 1 has a front portion comprising a head 2 and a cylindrical body portion 3 and a rear portion having clamping means 4 for clamping a new main 13. The head 2 has a cutting face 5 for engaging the internal wall of the exiting main 8 so as to cause the wall to fracture as the mole 1 moves therealong. Th new main 13 which in use is clamped to the mole 1 is towed along behind the mole 1 to replace the fractured old main 8. In one embodiment of the invention (Figure 1) the cutting face 5 comprises three or more cutting edges 6 formed by grinding of high tensile steel cutters 7 which are located in keyways in the head 2. In another embodiment of the invention (Figure 4) the cutting face 25 may comprise three or more pivotally mounted cutting blades 26 which are pivotally mounted at their forward ends 27 to the wall of the head 23. The blades 26 are caused to pivot radially outwardly from their closed position to engage the pipe wall 45 and fracture it as the mole moves along the pipe towing the new main 43 therewith.
In still another embodiment of the invention, (Figure 10) only one 58 of the blades is pivotally mounted at its forward end 59 to the mole 51, the other blade 56, 57 being fixed. In this embodiment, the mole 51 is driven through the existing main 94 by means of a pneumatically actuated hammer 80 (Figure 8) engaging percussively with an internal wall of the mole formed by an internal bore 82.
The pivotal blade 58 pivots under the action of an associated piston 64 which is hydraulically actuated by fluid supplied from a hose 103 by way of a channel 70. The blade 58 is normally closed but is pivotted to fracture any circumferentially located obstruction located in the main 94 and serving to inhibit the movement of the mole 51 therethrough.
The present invention relates to the replacement of an existing main, particularly an existing cast iron gas main, with a new main utilizing a device in the form of a mole.
The mole 1, which is of steel, is adapted to be inserted into and moved along the existing main 8. The mole 1 has a front portion comprising a head 2 and a cylindrical body portion 3 and a rear portion having clamping means 4 for clamping a new main 13. The head 2 has a cutting face 5 for engaging the internal wall of the exiting main 8 so as to cause the wall to fracture as the mole 1 moves therealong. Th new main 13 which in use is clamped to the mole 1 is towed along behind the mole 1 to replace the fractured old main 8. In one embodiment of the invention (Figure 1) the cutting face 5 comprises three or more cutting edges 6 formed by grinding of high tensile steel cutters 7 which are located in keyways in the head 2. In another embodiment of the invention (Figure 4) the cutting face 25 may comprise three or more pivotally mounted cutting blades 26 which are pivotally mounted at their forward ends 27 to the wall of the head 23. The blades 26 are caused to pivot radially outwardly from their closed position to engage the pipe wall 45 and fracture it as the mole moves along the pipe towing the new main 43 therewith.
In still another embodiment of the invention, (Figure 10) only one 58 of the blades is pivotally mounted at its forward end 59 to the mole 51, the other blade 56, 57 being fixed. In this embodiment, the mole 51 is driven through the existing main 94 by means of a pneumatically actuated hammer 80 (Figure 8) engaging percussively with an internal wall of the mole formed by an internal bore 82.
The pivotal blade 58 pivots under the action of an associated piston 64 which is hydraulically actuated by fluid supplied from a hose 103 by way of a channel 70. The blade 58 is normally closed but is pivotted to fracture any circumferentially located obstruction located in the main 94 and serving to inhibit the movement of the mole 51 therethrough.
Description
5~
The prese~t in~ention relates to the replacement or the preparatior for replacs~ent of an existing maia, partloularly an existing cast iron gas ma1n~ wlth a re~
maia and ls particularly con~erned with a method ard a devi.ce ~or enabling this replacement to be carried out.
Mains have to be replaced for a number of r~asons, ~or ~nstanee9 the existiDg main may be in poor condition or the existing mai~ may not be o~ su~ficient ~apacity. t.o acco~odate a ~odiPled load.
The usual m~ans of replacing a gas main involves the use Or costly and labour intensive total excavation of the surroundiag ground. Alternatively, if total excavatlon is a~oided and the ne~ main is merely inserted into the exi3ting main, lt will, by necesslty, be of smaller lnternal diameter than the existing ma~n and thus will be of ~aller gas carrying capaclty.
It i~ an ob~ect of the present inve~tion to enable an exirting ~ain to be replaced or prepared ~or replacement by a rew main wlthout any oP the above disa~a~tages.
~ coQrdia~ to one a~pect of the prese~t in~ention, t~ere is provlded a method ~or replacing or pre~a7ing for roplacemeat aa e~lst1ng ~ain with a new~main, the method ., ;3 comprising fracturing the existinq main into a multiplicity of fragmænts and maintaininq sufficient clearance through the fractured main for movement therethrouqh of a new main or a liner for the fractured main, the liner to serve as a protective sleeve for the new main when the new main is subsequently moved into the liner.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for replacing an existing cast iron main with a new main. The method comprises fracturing the existing main and maintaining sufficient clearance through the fractured main for movement therethrough of an assembly for replacing the existing main.
In a fu~ther aspect of the invention there is provided a me-thod for replacing an existing main with a new main using a mole of the type having a front end which tapers radially inwardly towards the front of the mole to define a surface for engagement with the internal wall of the existing main. The method comprises attaching to the rear end of the mole a tubular assem~ly including at least a portion if the replacement structure, inserting -the mole into the existing main with the front end o~ the ~ole leading and driving the mole along the existing main so that the front end of the mole engages with and sequentlally fractures the internal wall of the existing main ahead of the assembly while the mole maintains sufficien-t cleaxance through the fractured main for simultaneous movement of the assembly therealong.
3S~3 - 2a -In one embodlment oP the lnventioD the new maln i8 pre31eeved with the llner before the new main is moved through the Practured main.
Sultably the exist~ng main is continuously ~ractured ahead of the moving new main or liner.
Conve~iently the internal dla~eter Or the new main is equal to or greater than the internal diameter of the exl 9 ting main.
Pre~erably the cleara~ce provides a bore whose dia~eter is greater than the external diameter oP the exl~ting mainO
Suitably the clearance pro~ldes a bore ~hose diameter i8 greater than the external diameter oP the new main vr the llner.
A~oordlr.~ to another a~ct of the pre ent ~nve~tion a de~lee i9 provided ~or repla~in~ or prepariDg for ~.
35~
replacement an existing main with a mew main, the devic~
comprising a mole for insertion into and movement alony the existinq main, the mole having a front portion for engaging the internal wall of the existinq main and arranged to cause the wall to fracture and a rear porion provided with means for clamping ~o the mole the new main or a liner for the existin~ main so that the mole tows ~he new main or the liner through the fractured main as the mole moves therethrou~h.
Preferably the front portion CQmpriSeS a head portion provided with a cutting face and a body portion of at least the same diameter as the largest diameter of the head portiou.
Suitably the forward end Or the mole is adapted for co~ne tion to a cable of a ~lnch.
In one embodiment of the invention the cutting face oomprises edees on the head portlon of the mole which edges are adapted to engage and fractur~ the wall o~ the existlng mai~ as tbe mole moves therethrough.
ln this case the cutting face preferably tapers radlally i~ardly in the dlr~ction of the fronk end Or khe ~ole~
s~
The cutting edges may compri9e blades, at least one o~ which is movable radizlly outwardly from the mole 'co enBage and rracture the wall Or the existing main.
Preferably the cuttlng ed~es lie in an axial plane o~
the mole.
Ideally the or each movable blade is pivotally mounted on the mole.
In thls case mQvable means located withi~ the mole may be provided to engage the movable blade or blades to cause the movable blade or blades to pivot.
, ,,_ .
In one embodiment of the invention, each blade is pi~otally movable and the mole has an internal bore defined i~ part by portions of the blades and the movable means is looated ~ithin the boreO
Pre~erably the movable means comprises an hydraulically acutated ram.
- In a~other embodi~ent o~ the in~ention, only one blade is pivotally movable and the movable means comprises an hydraulically actuated piston.
In thi~ oa~e the mole ~ay be provlded ~ith a duct for supp1ylng hydraulic ~luid to the pi~ton, the duct extending ~ ~ ~35~
. . _ lnto the ~ole ~rom itQ forward end.
To impart moYement to the mole, means sr~ preferbly located ~ithin the mole for driving the mole through the exi~tirg main.
.
Suitably the driving ~eans co pr~ses a pneumatically actuated hammer for engaging the mole to dri~e it percusslvely through the exi~ting main.
Conveniently the hammer is located within a bore in the mole.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with rePerence to the accompanying drawings in which:-Figure 1 is a side view of a fir~t embodiment of the mole~ho~n in use, Figure 2 i~ an end view of the mole cutting face shown in Fi~ure 1 a~d ha~ing ~our cutting edges, Figure 3 18 and end view of the mole cuttl~g face shown in ~igure 1 and having three cutting edge~, Pi&ure 4 i a ~lde view partly in 3ec~tion o~ a seco~d c~bodi~e~t o~ the mole ~hown at the commencement of i5~
operation, Figure 5 i3 a ~iew of the mole shown in Figure ~ during operation, Figure 6 i9 an end v~ew of the mole cutting face shown in Flgures 4 and 5 and having three cutters showr in hidden detail and ure ~ i~ an er,d view o~ the mole cutting face shown in Figures 4 and 5 and having four cutters shown in hidden detail.
Figure 8 is a side view of a third embodiment of the mole shown in use and broken away in part to reveal internal detail ?
Figure 9 i9 a vlew along the lines IX IX of Flgure 8 and Flgure 10 is a clo~e up view o~ the rront of the mole partly in 9sction.
Rererrlng to the F'$gures 1 to 3, Figure 1 shows a steel ~ole 1 having a front portion consistlng of a head portlon 2 and a cyllndrlcal body portion 3 a~d a rear poreion ha~lng cla~pirg means 4 ~or clamping a new ~ain.
s~
The head portion 2 has a cutting face 5 comprlsing three or ~ore cutting edges 6 formed by grlnding high tensile ~teel cutter~ 7 (four clltters are shown in ~igure~
1 and 2). Tbe cutters 7 are housed in KeywayR (not shown) ln the head portlon 2, whlch is in the form of a cyllnder tapering towarda the rront end of the ~ole, the cutters 7 being attached to the he2d portion 2 by means of bolt~ (not shown) BO that the cutterq 7 are r2moYable fro~ the head portion 2. The cutting face 5 tapers radially inwardly in the direction of the forward end of the mole 1, that is~
the radii of the cutting edges 6 decrease towards the forward end of the mole 1 30 as to enable the cutting face 5 to exert a c~ontinuously increasing cutting action on the existlng main 8 as the mole 1 moves therethrough.
._ ~
The cutting face 5 terminates at rearward points 9 on the ~ead portion 2, ~hlch points 9 are concentrically aligned with the perlphery o~ Sh~ body portion 3 and the key~ays are ~rranged on the head portion 2 ~o that the cutters 7 and their cutting ed~s~ ~ in poqltioo on the mole 1 lie in an a~lal plane of the mole 1.
The front end of the head portion 2 1~ proYided with a houslng 10 cast into the head portion 2 and pro~ided with an eye 11 to ~nable the ~ole 1 to be co~nected to a steel winch cable ~not shown).
Th rear port~on Or ~h~ ~ole 1 i~ proYlded wlth a clamping ~eans 4 in the form of a sleeve 12 secured to the body portion 3 and being o~ ~lightly ~maller external diameter than that of the ~ody portion 3. The ~lPeve 12, in u~e, receives the end of the new main 13 which i~ Or a fle~ible material ~uch as plastics. The end Or the new main 13 is ~irst ~urrounded by a protective plastics sleeve 14 and the main 13 and ~leeve 14 are pushed into th~
clamping ~leeve 12. This is arranged to have an internal dlameter approximately equal to the external diameter o~
the new ~ain 13 so that thls fits securely within and is tightly gripped and clamped by the clamping sleeve 12.
The cutters 7 are arranged to be spaced equianguarly arourd the axis o~ the cutting face 5 as shown in Figures 2 and 3 and the taper oP the cutting ~ace 5 prevents the mole 1 from twisting and turning on lts horizontal axis thereby preventing undue strain on the ne~ main and associated pneumatlc ~eedlines (not shown).
In u~e. the ground at either end of the exi ting cast iron main ~ is excavated to expose those ends. The steel cable of a motorlsed winch is ~ed thr~ugh tbe ~ain 8 fram one end and is secured to the shackle housing 10 via the eye 110 The ne~ plaqtic maln 13 and its heath 14 are then cla~ped to the cla~ping slee~e 12. The new pla tic~ main 13 Ga~ be of the same or ~lightly larger internal dia~et~r tha~ the exl tiag cast iron main B~ The ~ead p~rtion 2 of :
the mole 1 i8 then inserted int~ th~ existir~g ca3t iron mal~ a until the cutting edges 6 engage the end Or the ~ain 8 a~ ~own in-Figure 1.
The eable is then wound onto the winch ~o as to pull tbe ~ole 1 through the existing m~in 8. At the ~ame time the rear portion 12 is acted upon by a pneumatic h~mmer (not ^~howr.) to driYe the mole 1 into the main 8. The combined t~n~lon and pneumatic pressure cau3e the mole 1 to move along the ~ain 8 so that the sutting edges 7 engag.e the internal wa~ of the main 8 and cause the wali to fracture due to their intense localised pressure on the wall as the mole 1 moves therethrough. The cylindrical body 3 widens out the internal diameter of the fractured main 8 siDoe, in use, the body 3 i~ sele~ted to have a diameter greater than that of the orginal internal diameter o~ the main 8. Tbe body 3 also prevsnt~ debrls from the fraotured main and earth ~rom falling into the pathway crea~ted Por the new main. A~ the mole1 proceeds along the ~ow fractured main 8 it tows the new ~ain 13 and it~
a3s~ciated 3heath 1ll with it~ the internal diameter of the new mai~ 13 bel.ng equal to or 31ightly larger than that of the exi~tl~g maln B~ Wh~n the new main 13 i3 finally in po~ition, the new ~ain 13 and it3 3heath 14 are removed from the clamping ~leeve 12~
A~ a ~eneral rule the outer dia~e,ter of th~ body portlon 3 o~ the mole 1 i~ arran~ed to be about 1/8"
~ ~ ~5~2~
o greater than the outer diameter o~ the existing ~ain and the outer dlameter of the clamping sleeve 12 19 about 1/8"
le38 ln diameter than that of the cyllndrical body portlon 3 of the mole 1.
Referring to Figures 4 to 7, Figure 4 shows a steel ~ole 21 ha~ing a ~ront portion consiQting of a head portion 22 and a body portion 23 and a rear portion having a clamplng means 24 ~or clamping a new main.
The head portion 22 has a cutting face 25 comprising three or more pivotally mounted cutting blades 26 (~our are present on the mole shown in Figures 4 and 5). ~he blades 26 are disposed in elongated axially directed slots (not shown) in the wall of the head portion23 and are pivotally ~ounted at their forward ends 27 to the wall of the head portion 23.
Rererring to Figures 6 and 7 the blades 26 are arranBed to be ~paced equiangularly around the a~i3 of the rut~ing raceO Each blade 26 ha~ a cutt~ng edge 28 formed by two ~loplng ~ldes 29, two parallsl sides 30 adjoini~g the sloping sides 29 and a concave ~ide 31 distal ~rom the euttlng edge 28 between the parallel sides 30.
Referrlng to Figures 4 and 5 the concaYe ide 31 slope~ a~ay ~rom the cutting edge 28 in a dlrection ~ ~ ~5.~
forwardly of the mole 1.
The body-portlon 23 ha~ a cylindrical rear portion 32, a ~ru~tocoaical portlon 33 taperlng forwardly of the mole and a cyllndrical front portion 34 ad~oining the 810t ror~ing walls (not ~hown) of the head portion ~3.
The body portion 23 is provided with a circular centr~lly located through going bore 35 (see Figure 5) ~hich merges ~ith a passageway 36 formed by the concave side~ 31 of the blades 26 and the internal concave shaped wall~ (not shown) of the head portion slot forming walls.
The passageway 36 merges wlth a circular centrally located through-going bore 37 located near the for~ard end of the head portion ~3 beyond the pivotted ends 27 of the blades 26. The bore 27 is provided with a conical terminatlon 38.
The bore 35 and passageway 36 hvu~e an hydraullcally operated cylindrical ram 39 which is capable of movement within th~ bore 35 and pa~sageway36. The front of the ram 39 i9 engaged at all times with the concave sid4s 31 of the blade~ 26~ When the blades 26 are in the closed posltio~
sho~ in Flg~re 4 the cuttlng edges 28 are axially allgned with the front portion 34 o~ the body portion 23. The ooncave ~ides 31 of the blades 2$ ext~nd ~urther radlally l~to the pas~a~ewa~ 36 than do the iuter~al conoave sh~ped ~alls of the head portlon slot fo~mln~ wall.Q (not shown) 90 E19 ~C0 per1Dlt 'che b~ ade^~ 26 to pl~ot outwardly fro~ the s~
clo~ed position ln Flgure 4 to the open position in Figure 5 a~ the ram 39 i3 mo~ed for~ardly along the pasqageway 36 ~d e~counters the radially lnward slope of the conc~Ye sides 31.
The front end Or the head portion 22 is provided with a housi~ 40 and an eye 41 similar to that shown ln the mol~ of Figure 1 and for similar purposeQ.
The rear portion Or mole 21 is provided with a claDping means 24 in the for~ of a clamping sl~eve 42 ~lmilar to that shown in the mole in Figure 1. As in that mole, the clamping sleeve 42 is ~ecured to the body portioD
23 and i9 of slightly smaller diameter than the rear portion 32 of the body portion 23. The new plastlcs main 43 a~d its protecti~e sheath 4l1 are se~ured and cla~ped to th`e olamplng ~lçeve 42 in exactly the samP manner a~
pre~lously de~crlbed ~or the mole shown in Figure 1~
In use, as wlth the mole described ln Fig~re 1, the grou~d aS e~ther end of the existi~g ca~t lron malr 45 is ~avated to expo~e those erds. The steel cablç o~ a motori~ed ~lnch l~ fsd through the main45 ~rom one eDd and i~ ~ecured to the houslng 40 ~ia th~ eye ~1. The nPW
plastle~ ~ain 43 a~d its sheath 4 ~re then clamped to the ~lampl~g qlee~e 42. The ne~ pla~ticq ~ain43 can be o~ the sa~e or ~lightly larger internal dlamet~r khan Ihe existing ~ 5 cast iron main 45. The head portion 22 of the mole 21 i3 t~en inserted into the existing main 45 untll a portion at least o~ t~ cutting blades 26 lie adjacent the internal ~all of the exlsting main115 as sho~,ln in F~gure 4. The ram 3~ is actuated hydraulically to move for~rlardly ~ithin the pa~sa~eway 36 to cause the blades 26 to pivot about their ends 27 to engage and fracture the cast iron main 45 by the inten~e localised pressure of the~r cutt~ng edges 28 upon the internal wall of the main 45 as shown in Figure 5.
A~ter a portion of the main 45 has ben cracked open the ram 39 i~ wlthdrawn-to the position shown in Figure 4 so that the blades 26 return to the closed position of Figure ~.
The ~inch cable (not ~hown)ls then wound onto the winch so a~ to pull the mole 21 through the existing main 45 by an amount not exceeding the length of the blade~ 26. A next portlo~ o~ the existing main 45 15 then fractured by the ~ethod ~ust descr1bed and the mole 21 is then pulled thr~u~h th~ mai~ 45 by a further amount not e~ceeding the l~ngt~ of blades 26~ Th~s process is repeated until the entir~ length of the e~i~ting main 45 has been fracturedO
hs the mole21 moves through the fractured main45 the body portion 23 ~ldens out the internal dlamet~r Or the Practured main 45 since~ ln use, the reaP portion 32 of the bDdy portion 23 is aelected to have a diameter greater than that c,f the origlnal internal diamet r of the cast iron 45~
The body portlon 23 also pre~ents debris fr~m the 35~
~ractured maln 45 and earth ~rom ralling into the pathway ~reated ~or the new main 43. As the mole 21 proceeds along the fractured main 45, it tows the new main 43 with it the iDternal diameter of She new main 43 being the same or slightly larg~r than that of the existing main 45. When the new main43 is finally in positiont the ne~ main 43 and its sheath 44 are removed from the clamping sleeve 42.
Ra~erring to Figure 8, the steel mole 51 comprises a Pront portion consisting of a head 52 t2pering generally conically towards its front end and a cylindrical rear portion 53 incorporating clamping means 54 for clamping a cylindrlcal liner ~or the new main.
As shown more clearly in Figures 9 and 10 the head portion 52 has a outting Pace 55 comprislng three blades 56, 57 and 58 dlsposed in elongated axially directed slots in the wall o~ the head 52. Two lower bladss 56 and 57 (sho~n ln Figure 9) are welded or bolted rigidly in the slots ~o that they are ~i~ed.
The other upper blade 58, ~hich is wider and thicker th~n the lower blades, i~ piYotally mounted at its for-~ard end 59 to the w~ll of the head portion 52.
The upper blade 58 pi~ot~ on a pin 60 extending throu~h portions (not sho~n) Or the head 52 3~ the mole 51,
The prese~t in~ention relates to the replacement or the preparatior for replacs~ent of an existing maia, partloularly an existing cast iron gas ma1n~ wlth a re~
maia and ls particularly con~erned with a method ard a devi.ce ~or enabling this replacement to be carried out.
Mains have to be replaced for a number of r~asons, ~or ~nstanee9 the existiDg main may be in poor condition or the existing mai~ may not be o~ su~ficient ~apacity. t.o acco~odate a ~odiPled load.
The usual m~ans of replacing a gas main involves the use Or costly and labour intensive total excavation of the surroundiag ground. Alternatively, if total excavatlon is a~oided and the ne~ main is merely inserted into the exi3ting main, lt will, by necesslty, be of smaller lnternal diameter than the existing ma~n and thus will be of ~aller gas carrying capaclty.
It i~ an ob~ect of the present inve~tion to enable an exirting ~ain to be replaced or prepared ~or replacement by a rew main wlthout any oP the above disa~a~tages.
~ coQrdia~ to one a~pect of the prese~t in~ention, t~ere is provlded a method ~or replacing or pre~a7ing for roplacemeat aa e~lst1ng ~ain with a new~main, the method ., ;3 comprising fracturing the existinq main into a multiplicity of fragmænts and maintaininq sufficient clearance through the fractured main for movement therethrouqh of a new main or a liner for the fractured main, the liner to serve as a protective sleeve for the new main when the new main is subsequently moved into the liner.
In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method for replacing an existing cast iron main with a new main. The method comprises fracturing the existing main and maintaining sufficient clearance through the fractured main for movement therethrough of an assembly for replacing the existing main.
In a fu~ther aspect of the invention there is provided a me-thod for replacing an existing main with a new main using a mole of the type having a front end which tapers radially inwardly towards the front of the mole to define a surface for engagement with the internal wall of the existing main. The method comprises attaching to the rear end of the mole a tubular assem~ly including at least a portion if the replacement structure, inserting -the mole into the existing main with the front end o~ the ~ole leading and driving the mole along the existing main so that the front end of the mole engages with and sequentlally fractures the internal wall of the existing main ahead of the assembly while the mole maintains sufficien-t cleaxance through the fractured main for simultaneous movement of the assembly therealong.
3S~3 - 2a -In one embodlment oP the lnventioD the new maln i8 pre31eeved with the llner before the new main is moved through the Practured main.
Sultably the exist~ng main is continuously ~ractured ahead of the moving new main or liner.
Conve~iently the internal dla~eter Or the new main is equal to or greater than the internal diameter of the exl 9 ting main.
Pre~erably the cleara~ce provides a bore whose dia~eter is greater than the external diameter oP the exl~ting mainO
Suitably the clearance pro~ldes a bore ~hose diameter i8 greater than the external diameter oP the new main vr the llner.
A~oordlr.~ to another a~ct of the pre ent ~nve~tion a de~lee i9 provided ~or repla~in~ or prepariDg for ~.
35~
replacement an existing main with a mew main, the devic~
comprising a mole for insertion into and movement alony the existinq main, the mole having a front portion for engaging the internal wall of the existinq main and arranged to cause the wall to fracture and a rear porion provided with means for clamping ~o the mole the new main or a liner for the existin~ main so that the mole tows ~he new main or the liner through the fractured main as the mole moves therethrou~h.
Preferably the front portion CQmpriSeS a head portion provided with a cutting face and a body portion of at least the same diameter as the largest diameter of the head portiou.
Suitably the forward end Or the mole is adapted for co~ne tion to a cable of a ~lnch.
In one embodiment of the invention the cutting face oomprises edees on the head portlon of the mole which edges are adapted to engage and fractur~ the wall o~ the existlng mai~ as tbe mole moves therethrough.
ln this case the cutting face preferably tapers radlally i~ardly in the dlr~ction of the fronk end Or khe ~ole~
s~
The cutting edges may compri9e blades, at least one o~ which is movable radizlly outwardly from the mole 'co enBage and rracture the wall Or the existing main.
Preferably the cuttlng ed~es lie in an axial plane o~
the mole.
Ideally the or each movable blade is pivotally mounted on the mole.
In thls case mQvable means located withi~ the mole may be provided to engage the movable blade or blades to cause the movable blade or blades to pivot.
, ,,_ .
In one embodiment of the invention, each blade is pi~otally movable and the mole has an internal bore defined i~ part by portions of the blades and the movable means is looated ~ithin the boreO
Pre~erably the movable means comprises an hydraulically acutated ram.
- In a~other embodi~ent o~ the in~ention, only one blade is pivotally movable and the movable means comprises an hydraulically actuated piston.
In thi~ oa~e the mole ~ay be provlded ~ith a duct for supp1ylng hydraulic ~luid to the pi~ton, the duct extending ~ ~ ~35~
. . _ lnto the ~ole ~rom itQ forward end.
To impart moYement to the mole, means sr~ preferbly located ~ithin the mole for driving the mole through the exi~tirg main.
.
Suitably the driving ~eans co pr~ses a pneumatically actuated hammer for engaging the mole to dri~e it percusslvely through the exi~ting main.
Conveniently the hammer is located within a bore in the mole.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with rePerence to the accompanying drawings in which:-Figure 1 is a side view of a fir~t embodiment of the mole~ho~n in use, Figure 2 i~ an end view of the mole cutting face shown in Fi~ure 1 a~d ha~ing ~our cutting edges, Figure 3 18 and end view of the mole cuttl~g face shown in ~igure 1 and having three cutting edge~, Pi&ure 4 i a ~lde view partly in 3ec~tion o~ a seco~d c~bodi~e~t o~ the mole ~hown at the commencement of i5~
operation, Figure 5 i3 a ~iew of the mole shown in Figure ~ during operation, Figure 6 i9 an end v~ew of the mole cutting face shown in Flgures 4 and 5 and having three cutters showr in hidden detail and ure ~ i~ an er,d view o~ the mole cutting face shown in Figures 4 and 5 and having four cutters shown in hidden detail.
Figure 8 is a side view of a third embodiment of the mole shown in use and broken away in part to reveal internal detail ?
Figure 9 i9 a vlew along the lines IX IX of Flgure 8 and Flgure 10 is a clo~e up view o~ the rront of the mole partly in 9sction.
Rererrlng to the F'$gures 1 to 3, Figure 1 shows a steel ~ole 1 having a front portion consistlng of a head portlon 2 and a cyllndrlcal body portion 3 a~d a rear poreion ha~lng cla~pirg means 4 ~or clamping a new ~ain.
s~
The head portion 2 has a cutting face 5 comprlsing three or ~ore cutting edges 6 formed by grlnding high tensile ~teel cutter~ 7 (four clltters are shown in ~igure~
1 and 2). Tbe cutters 7 are housed in KeywayR (not shown) ln the head portlon 2, whlch is in the form of a cyllnder tapering towarda the rront end of the ~ole, the cutters 7 being attached to the he2d portion 2 by means of bolt~ (not shown) BO that the cutterq 7 are r2moYable fro~ the head portion 2. The cutting face 5 tapers radially inwardly in the direction of the forward end of the mole 1, that is~
the radii of the cutting edges 6 decrease towards the forward end of the mole 1 30 as to enable the cutting face 5 to exert a c~ontinuously increasing cutting action on the existlng main 8 as the mole 1 moves therethrough.
._ ~
The cutting face 5 terminates at rearward points 9 on the ~ead portion 2, ~hlch points 9 are concentrically aligned with the perlphery o~ Sh~ body portion 3 and the key~ays are ~rranged on the head portion 2 ~o that the cutters 7 and their cutting ed~s~ ~ in poqltioo on the mole 1 lie in an a~lal plane of the mole 1.
The front end of the head portion 2 1~ proYided with a houslng 10 cast into the head portion 2 and pro~ided with an eye 11 to ~nable the ~ole 1 to be co~nected to a steel winch cable ~not shown).
Th rear port~on Or ~h~ ~ole 1 i~ proYlded wlth a clamping ~eans 4 in the form of a sleeve 12 secured to the body portion 3 and being o~ ~lightly ~maller external diameter than that of the ~ody portion 3. The ~lPeve 12, in u~e, receives the end of the new main 13 which i~ Or a fle~ible material ~uch as plastics. The end Or the new main 13 is ~irst ~urrounded by a protective plastics sleeve 14 and the main 13 and ~leeve 14 are pushed into th~
clamping ~leeve 12. This is arranged to have an internal dlameter approximately equal to the external diameter o~
the new ~ain 13 so that thls fits securely within and is tightly gripped and clamped by the clamping sleeve 12.
The cutters 7 are arranged to be spaced equianguarly arourd the axis o~ the cutting face 5 as shown in Figures 2 and 3 and the taper oP the cutting ~ace 5 prevents the mole 1 from twisting and turning on lts horizontal axis thereby preventing undue strain on the ne~ main and associated pneumatlc ~eedlines (not shown).
In u~e. the ground at either end of the exi ting cast iron main ~ is excavated to expose those ends. The steel cable of a motorlsed winch is ~ed thr~ugh tbe ~ain 8 fram one end and is secured to the shackle housing 10 via the eye 110 The ne~ plaqtic maln 13 and its heath 14 are then cla~ped to the cla~ping slee~e 12. The new pla tic~ main 13 Ga~ be of the same or ~lightly larger internal dia~et~r tha~ the exl tiag cast iron main B~ The ~ead p~rtion 2 of :
the mole 1 i8 then inserted int~ th~ existir~g ca3t iron mal~ a until the cutting edges 6 engage the end Or the ~ain 8 a~ ~own in-Figure 1.
The eable is then wound onto the winch ~o as to pull tbe ~ole 1 through the existing m~in 8. At the ~ame time the rear portion 12 is acted upon by a pneumatic h~mmer (not ^~howr.) to driYe the mole 1 into the main 8. The combined t~n~lon and pneumatic pressure cau3e the mole 1 to move along the ~ain 8 so that the sutting edges 7 engag.e the internal wa~ of the main 8 and cause the wali to fracture due to their intense localised pressure on the wall as the mole 1 moves therethrough. The cylindrical body 3 widens out the internal diameter of the fractured main 8 siDoe, in use, the body 3 i~ sele~ted to have a diameter greater than that of the orginal internal diameter o~ the main 8. Tbe body 3 also prevsnt~ debrls from the fraotured main and earth ~rom falling into the pathway crea~ted Por the new main. A~ the mole1 proceeds along the ~ow fractured main 8 it tows the new ~ain 13 and it~
a3s~ciated 3heath 1ll with it~ the internal diameter of the new mai~ 13 bel.ng equal to or 31ightly larger than that of the exi~tl~g maln B~ Wh~n the new main 13 i3 finally in po~ition, the new ~ain 13 and it3 3heath 14 are removed from the clamping ~leeve 12~
A~ a ~eneral rule the outer dia~e,ter of th~ body portlon 3 o~ the mole 1 i~ arran~ed to be about 1/8"
~ ~ ~5~2~
o greater than the outer diameter o~ the existing ~ain and the outer dlameter of the clamping sleeve 12 19 about 1/8"
le38 ln diameter than that of the cyllndrical body portlon 3 of the mole 1.
Referring to Figures 4 to 7, Figure 4 shows a steel ~ole 21 ha~ing a ~ront portion consiQting of a head portion 22 and a body portion 23 and a rear portion having a clamplng means 24 ~or clamping a new main.
The head portion 22 has a cutting face 25 comprising three or more pivotally mounted cutting blades 26 (~our are present on the mole shown in Figures 4 and 5). ~he blades 26 are disposed in elongated axially directed slots (not shown) in the wall of the head portion23 and are pivotally ~ounted at their forward ends 27 to the wall of the head portion 23.
Rererring to Figures 6 and 7 the blades 26 are arranBed to be ~paced equiangularly around the a~i3 of the rut~ing raceO Each blade 26 ha~ a cutt~ng edge 28 formed by two ~loplng ~ldes 29, two parallsl sides 30 adjoini~g the sloping sides 29 and a concave ~ide 31 distal ~rom the euttlng edge 28 between the parallel sides 30.
Referrlng to Figures 4 and 5 the concaYe ide 31 slope~ a~ay ~rom the cutting edge 28 in a dlrection ~ ~ ~5.~
forwardly of the mole 1.
The body-portlon 23 ha~ a cylindrical rear portion 32, a ~ru~tocoaical portlon 33 taperlng forwardly of the mole and a cyllndrical front portion 34 ad~oining the 810t ror~ing walls (not ~hown) of the head portion ~3.
The body portion 23 is provided with a circular centr~lly located through going bore 35 (see Figure 5) ~hich merges ~ith a passageway 36 formed by the concave side~ 31 of the blades 26 and the internal concave shaped wall~ (not shown) of the head portion slot forming walls.
The passageway 36 merges wlth a circular centrally located through-going bore 37 located near the for~ard end of the head portion ~3 beyond the pivotted ends 27 of the blades 26. The bore 27 is provided with a conical terminatlon 38.
The bore 35 and passageway 36 hvu~e an hydraullcally operated cylindrical ram 39 which is capable of movement within th~ bore 35 and pa~sageway36. The front of the ram 39 i9 engaged at all times with the concave sid4s 31 of the blade~ 26~ When the blades 26 are in the closed posltio~
sho~ in Flg~re 4 the cuttlng edges 28 are axially allgned with the front portion 34 o~ the body portion 23. The ooncave ~ides 31 of the blades 2$ ext~nd ~urther radlally l~to the pas~a~ewa~ 36 than do the iuter~al conoave sh~ped ~alls of the head portlon slot fo~mln~ wall.Q (not shown) 90 E19 ~C0 per1Dlt 'che b~ ade^~ 26 to pl~ot outwardly fro~ the s~
clo~ed position ln Flgure 4 to the open position in Figure 5 a~ the ram 39 i3 mo~ed for~ardly along the pasqageway 36 ~d e~counters the radially lnward slope of the conc~Ye sides 31.
The front end Or the head portion 22 is provided with a housi~ 40 and an eye 41 similar to that shown ln the mol~ of Figure 1 and for similar purposeQ.
The rear portion Or mole 21 is provided with a claDping means 24 in the for~ of a clamping sl~eve 42 ~lmilar to that shown in the mole in Figure 1. As in that mole, the clamping sleeve 42 is ~ecured to the body portioD
23 and i9 of slightly smaller diameter than the rear portion 32 of the body portion 23. The new plastlcs main 43 a~d its protecti~e sheath 4l1 are se~ured and cla~ped to th`e olamplng ~lçeve 42 in exactly the samP manner a~
pre~lously de~crlbed ~or the mole shown in Figure 1~
In use, as wlth the mole described ln Fig~re 1, the grou~d aS e~ther end of the existi~g ca~t lron malr 45 is ~avated to expo~e those erds. The steel cablç o~ a motori~ed ~lnch l~ fsd through the main45 ~rom one eDd and i~ ~ecured to the houslng 40 ~ia th~ eye ~1. The nPW
plastle~ ~ain 43 a~d its sheath 4 ~re then clamped to the ~lampl~g qlee~e 42. The ne~ pla~ticq ~ain43 can be o~ the sa~e or ~lightly larger internal dlamet~r khan Ihe existing ~ 5 cast iron main 45. The head portion 22 of the mole 21 i3 t~en inserted into the existing main 45 untll a portion at least o~ t~ cutting blades 26 lie adjacent the internal ~all of the exlsting main115 as sho~,ln in F~gure 4. The ram 3~ is actuated hydraulically to move for~rlardly ~ithin the pa~sa~eway 36 to cause the blades 26 to pivot about their ends 27 to engage and fracture the cast iron main 45 by the inten~e localised pressure of the~r cutt~ng edges 28 upon the internal wall of the main 45 as shown in Figure 5.
A~ter a portion of the main 45 has ben cracked open the ram 39 i~ wlthdrawn-to the position shown in Figure 4 so that the blades 26 return to the closed position of Figure ~.
The ~inch cable (not ~hown)ls then wound onto the winch so a~ to pull the mole 21 through the existing main 45 by an amount not exceeding the length of the blade~ 26. A next portlo~ o~ the existing main 45 15 then fractured by the ~ethod ~ust descr1bed and the mole 21 is then pulled thr~u~h th~ mai~ 45 by a further amount not e~ceeding the l~ngt~ of blades 26~ Th~s process is repeated until the entir~ length of the e~i~ting main 45 has been fracturedO
hs the mole21 moves through the fractured main45 the body portion 23 ~ldens out the internal dlamet~r Or the Practured main 45 since~ ln use, the reaP portion 32 of the bDdy portion 23 is aelected to have a diameter greater than that c,f the origlnal internal diamet r of the cast iron 45~
The body portlon 23 also pre~ents debris fr~m the 35~
~ractured maln 45 and earth ~rom ralling into the pathway ~reated ~or the new main 43. As the mole 21 proceeds along the fractured main 45, it tows the new main 43 with it the iDternal diameter of She new main 43 being the same or slightly larg~r than that of the existing main 45. When the new main43 is finally in positiont the ne~ main 43 and its sheath 44 are removed from the clamping sleeve 42.
Ra~erring to Figure 8, the steel mole 51 comprises a Pront portion consisting of a head 52 t2pering generally conically towards its front end and a cylindrical rear portion 53 incorporating clamping means 54 for clamping a cylindrlcal liner ~or the new main.
As shown more clearly in Figures 9 and 10 the head portion 52 has a outting Pace 55 comprislng three blades 56, 57 and 58 dlsposed in elongated axially directed slots in the wall o~ the head 52. Two lower bladss 56 and 57 (sho~n ln Figure 9) are welded or bolted rigidly in the slots ~o that they are ~i~ed.
The other upper blade 58, ~hich is wider and thicker th~n the lower blades, i~ piYotally mounted at its for-~ard end 59 to the w~ll of the head portion 52.
The upper blade 58 pi~ot~ on a pin 60 extending throu~h portions (not sho~n) Or the head 52 3~ the mole 51,
2~
the portlons forming a recess (not shown) to accommodate ~o~emerlt of the ~orward end 59 of the blade 58.
As shown in Figure 9, the blades 56 to 58 are spaced eq~iangularly around the axis of the cutting ~ace which tapers forwardly to th~ front end of the mole 51. Each blade 56 to 58 has a cutting edge 60 ~ormed by two sloping 3ides 61 and a ba3e 62 distal from the cutting edge 63 and Pormed between parallel sides 63.
Referring to Figures 9 and 10 the head 52 of the mole 51 houses an hydraulically actuated piston 64 slidable within a cylindrical bore h5 within the head 2. The bore has a smaller diameter lower bore portion 66 communicating with a wider diameter ~pper bore portion 67.
The wall of the bore portlon 67 is screw threaded ~or recei~ing an externally threaded stop ring 680 The stop rl~g 6a ~erves to limit the extent o~ upward movement o~
the piston 64 wher. it engages ~ith a lowermost ~top collar 69 ~ecured to the periphery o~ the pi~ton 64.
~ s ~hown ln Figues 8 and 10 the head 52 i5 ~rovided ~ith a hydraulic ~luid ch~nnel 70 which at one end co~municate3 with the bore 65 below the pi~ton 64 and ter~inates in a threaded bore 71 o~ wider diameter at the frort end o~ the head 52. The t~readed bore 71 ~er~es to recelYe the threaded co~nector Qf' a hydraulic ho~e co~pllng 72, ~6 ~ hlle not ~hown, the front end of head 52 i3 reces~ed laterally on two sides to receive and engage the crosa-pieces 73 of two adJacent T-shaped cable connecting plate~
74 (only ore plate 74 shown in the drawings). The plate3 74 are connected to each other and to the front end of the head 52 by a pair of connecting pins 75 and 76 which exte~d through the cross-pieces 73 of the plates-74 via the front end of the head portion 52. The uprights 77 o~ the connecting plates 74 extend forwardly of the mole 51 and are connected together by a p$n 78 ~hich also forms a connecting point for the cable 79 o~ a winch (not shown)~
~. .
ReferriQg to Figure 8, the rear 53 of the mole 51 comprise~ a generally hollow cylinder adjoining the conlcally taperi~g mole head 52. The mole 51 forms a housing for a pneumatioally actuated hammer device 80.
Th~ hammer 80 ha~ head portion 81 projecting lnto an internal bore 82 ~ormed in the head 52 oP th0 mole 51, the rear 83 of the hammer 80 bein6 axially di3po ed ~ith clParance in the cylindrical rear portion 53 of the mole 51.
The head portion 81 oP the hammer 80 compri~0~ a forwardly ~o-nically tapering portion 84 terminating i~ a ~ylindrl¢~l end B5. The dia~eter of the end 85 i3 le~s 5~
tkan the dlameter of the ad~oining end of the conlcally tapering portion 84 ~o that there i~ an annular ~houlder 85 for~ed bet~een the portion 84 and the hammer end 85.
A~ shown in Figure 8 the portion 8ll and the end 85 of tbe ha~mer head 81 are, in u~e, able to cooperatively engage in corresponding portion3 of the internal bore 82, thcse portion~ also ~orming an annular ~houlder ~or cowoperation wlth She annular shoulder 86 in the hammer head 81. A rear part of the hammer head portion 84 is disposed axlally ~ith clearance in a hTider forwardly con~cally tapering portion 90 of the lnternal bore 82, the portion 84 terminating within t~e rear 53 Or the mole 51.
.. ~., .
The rear 83 of the hammer 80 comprises a cylindrical portion 91 terminatlng ln a rear~ardly tapering conicai porSion 92 which is provided ~ith a coupling (~ot shown) ~or an alr bo~e 93D
In u3e, compres3~d air ~upplied to the hammer 80 through She hose 93 cau~es the hammer 80 to reciprocate in the eo~ventloral manner to drive the mole 51 through the exi~tin~ ~ain 94 by the percus~ive actLon of the hammer he d 81 upo~ the correspondlng co-operatine portioDs o~ the lrternal bore 82 of t~e ~ole 51.
The msan~ 54 for ~lamplng the llner ~5 to She ~ole 51 comprises a steel ring 96 for engaging the rear &~d of th~
liner 95, a loop2d cable 97 connected to the ring 96, a teDsioning cable 98 connected to the cable ~7, a clamping c~p 99 for engaging the far end o~ the liner 95 and a locking device 100 for locking the cable 98 immo~ably against the cup 99.
The sSeel ring 96 is secured as by welding within and to the iDternal ~all of the rear portion 53 of the mole 51.
The ri~g 96 is ~ormed with holes (not shown) to enable the end~ of the looped steel cable 97 to be secured thereto.
The clamping cup 99 which is also of steel is adapted to receiYe ~nd locate the far end of the liner 95 and is apertured (not shown~ for the passage therethrough of khP
air hose 93 and of the tensioning cable 98.
The tensioning cable ~8 which is also of steel, is coupled by a conventional hitch 101 at one end So the looped cable 97 and is connected via its other end to a winch (not shown~.
The locking device 100 comprises a cl ~pi~g block which has an axial bore therethrough for permiktlng the block tG be slidable on the tensloning cable 98 and s~rewa 102 ~or cla~ping the block to the cable 98.
In U3e 0~ the mole 51, as ~ith th0 ~ol~ previo~sly described the ground at either end o~ the existing cast iron main 94 i9 exca~ated to expose the ends of the ~ain 94. The ~teel cable 79 of a ~otorlsed winch is then fed throu~h the maln 94 from one end and is secured to mole 51 located at the other end of the ~ain 103. The cable 79 is connected to the clamping plates 74 by way of the clamping p.Ln 780 Next the hydraulic hose 103 i~ fed through the Ba~e end of the main 94 as the cable 79 and is coupled to the ~luld bore 71 in the mole head 52 by way of the hose coupling 72.
.
In the next stage, the liner 95 iB clamped to the mol.e 51. Initially; ~he looped cable 97 is secured to the ring 96 and the cable 97 is then secured to the tensioning cable .._ .
98 which has the clamp block 100. The liner 95 is then pushed up the cylindrical portivn 53 oP the mole 51 until one end oP the liner 95 engages with the ring 36. The clamping cup 99 is then 31id along the tensioning cable 98 and the alr hose 93 until the other end of the liner ~5 l located ~ithin and engages with the cup 99. The ten~ioning cable 98 is then tensioned by coiling it oDto the winch and after the tension in the cable 98 is dee~ed to be su~iclent, the clamping block 100 is slid als~g the cable 98 untll it engages with the base of the cup 99 as ~hown in Figure 8~
The A~rew~ 102 ane then ~crewed lnto engagement with the ten~ioning cable 98 to clamp it aecurely against the , clamplng cup 99. The liner 95 i 3 then clamped compressively between the clamplng cup 99 and the ring 96.
The tensioning cable 98 is now released from the winch.
As shown in Figures 8 and 10 the internal diameter Or the liner 95 is greater than the internal diameter of the existi~g ca~t iron main 94.
The head portion 52 o~ the mole 51 is then in~erted i~to the cast iron maln 103 until the cutting edges 6D a.f the blades 56, 57 and 58 engage the end of the main 103 as ~hown in the drawingsO The pneumatic hammer 80 is actuated by supplying compressed air to its rear end by way of the air bo~e 93 30 that the hammer 80 percussi~ely drives the mole 51 through the main 94.
Simultaneously the mole 51 is drawn through the main 94 by the cabie 79 ~hich serves to guide the mole 51 axially through the main ~4.
A~ the mole 51 mo~e throueh the main 103 the cutting edges 60 e~gage the lrternal wall of the main 94 and cause it to fracture. Since the cyllndrical portion 53 of the - ~ole 51 ha~ a ~reater esternal diameter than the internal diameter o~ the mai~ 94, the internal diameter oP the Practured ~a1n 94 is widened out. The body 53 of the mole 5i al~o serves to provide clearanee for'the passage of the liner 95 therethrough and prevents debri from the fractured ~ain a~d earth from falling into the pathway created for the liner 95.
Should the mole 51 encounter an obstruction in the mair, 949 such as a flarge which narrow3 the internal diameter o~ the main 94, the movable blade 58 iB pivotted outwardly to fracture the obstruction ~nd provide a clearanoe for the liner. In this case hydraulic fluid is pu~ped to the plston 64 via the hose 103, duct ~0 and the cy1irder bore 65. The fluid pressure is relax~d i~mediately after the obstructlon has been fractured 90 that the piston 64 relaxes and tbe blade 58 returns to its closed position. The hose 103 i3 of course moved simultaneously forward with the mole 51.
The liner 95 is pushed through and out of the main 103 after complete fracture thereof to expose the c1amping cup 99 ad block 100.
Finslly the mole 51 together ~ith the assoclated clampi~g means 53 are removed from the liner 95~ Th ~ew ~al~ (rot shown) may then be pu~hed manually or otherwise through the llner 95 which therefore ~orms a protective alee~e ~or the rew mai~.
The ~e~ main may be o~ any con,ve~lent pla~tics materlal ~u~h as polyethylene or pvc while the llner is o~
s~
2~
a much tougher wear rs3istant plastics material.
the portlons forming a recess (not shown) to accommodate ~o~emerlt of the ~orward end 59 of the blade 58.
As shown in Figure 9, the blades 56 to 58 are spaced eq~iangularly around the axis of the cutting ~ace which tapers forwardly to th~ front end of the mole 51. Each blade 56 to 58 has a cutting edge 60 ~ormed by two sloping 3ides 61 and a ba3e 62 distal from the cutting edge 63 and Pormed between parallel sides 63.
Referring to Figures 9 and 10 the head 52 of the mole 51 houses an hydraulically actuated piston 64 slidable within a cylindrical bore h5 within the head 2. The bore has a smaller diameter lower bore portion 66 communicating with a wider diameter ~pper bore portion 67.
The wall of the bore portlon 67 is screw threaded ~or recei~ing an externally threaded stop ring 680 The stop rl~g 6a ~erves to limit the extent o~ upward movement o~
the piston 64 wher. it engages ~ith a lowermost ~top collar 69 ~ecured to the periphery o~ the pi~ton 64.
~ s ~hown ln Figues 8 and 10 the head 52 i5 ~rovided ~ith a hydraulic ~luid ch~nnel 70 which at one end co~municate3 with the bore 65 below the pi~ton 64 and ter~inates in a threaded bore 71 o~ wider diameter at the frort end o~ the head 52. The t~readed bore 71 ~er~es to recelYe the threaded co~nector Qf' a hydraulic ho~e co~pllng 72, ~6 ~ hlle not ~hown, the front end of head 52 i3 reces~ed laterally on two sides to receive and engage the crosa-pieces 73 of two adJacent T-shaped cable connecting plate~
74 (only ore plate 74 shown in the drawings). The plate3 74 are connected to each other and to the front end of the head 52 by a pair of connecting pins 75 and 76 which exte~d through the cross-pieces 73 of the plates-74 via the front end of the head portion 52. The uprights 77 o~ the connecting plates 74 extend forwardly of the mole 51 and are connected together by a p$n 78 ~hich also forms a connecting point for the cable 79 o~ a winch (not shown)~
~. .
ReferriQg to Figure 8, the rear 53 of the mole 51 comprise~ a generally hollow cylinder adjoining the conlcally taperi~g mole head 52. The mole 51 forms a housing for a pneumatioally actuated hammer device 80.
Th~ hammer 80 ha~ head portion 81 projecting lnto an internal bore 82 ~ormed in the head 52 oP th0 mole 51, the rear 83 of the hammer 80 bein6 axially di3po ed ~ith clParance in the cylindrical rear portion 53 of the mole 51.
The head portion 81 oP the hammer 80 compri~0~ a forwardly ~o-nically tapering portion 84 terminating i~ a ~ylindrl¢~l end B5. The dia~eter of the end 85 i3 le~s 5~
tkan the dlameter of the ad~oining end of the conlcally tapering portion 84 ~o that there i~ an annular ~houlder 85 for~ed bet~een the portion 84 and the hammer end 85.
A~ shown in Figure 8 the portion 8ll and the end 85 of tbe ha~mer head 81 are, in u~e, able to cooperatively engage in corresponding portion3 of the internal bore 82, thcse portion~ also ~orming an annular ~houlder ~or cowoperation wlth She annular shoulder 86 in the hammer head 81. A rear part of the hammer head portion 84 is disposed axlally ~ith clearance in a hTider forwardly con~cally tapering portion 90 of the lnternal bore 82, the portion 84 terminating within t~e rear 53 Or the mole 51.
.. ~., .
The rear 83 of the hammer 80 comprises a cylindrical portion 91 terminatlng ln a rear~ardly tapering conicai porSion 92 which is provided ~ith a coupling (~ot shown) ~or an alr bo~e 93D
In u3e, compres3~d air ~upplied to the hammer 80 through She hose 93 cau~es the hammer 80 to reciprocate in the eo~ventloral manner to drive the mole 51 through the exi~tin~ ~ain 94 by the percus~ive actLon of the hammer he d 81 upo~ the correspondlng co-operatine portioDs o~ the lrternal bore 82 of t~e ~ole 51.
The msan~ 54 for ~lamplng the llner ~5 to She ~ole 51 comprises a steel ring 96 for engaging the rear &~d of th~
liner 95, a loop2d cable 97 connected to the ring 96, a teDsioning cable 98 connected to the cable ~7, a clamping c~p 99 for engaging the far end o~ the liner 95 and a locking device 100 for locking the cable 98 immo~ably against the cup 99.
The sSeel ring 96 is secured as by welding within and to the iDternal ~all of the rear portion 53 of the mole 51.
The ri~g 96 is ~ormed with holes (not shown) to enable the end~ of the looped steel cable 97 to be secured thereto.
The clamping cup 99 which is also of steel is adapted to receiYe ~nd locate the far end of the liner 95 and is apertured (not shown~ for the passage therethrough of khP
air hose 93 and of the tensioning cable 98.
The tensioning cable ~8 which is also of steel, is coupled by a conventional hitch 101 at one end So the looped cable 97 and is connected via its other end to a winch (not shown~.
The locking device 100 comprises a cl ~pi~g block which has an axial bore therethrough for permiktlng the block tG be slidable on the tensloning cable 98 and s~rewa 102 ~or cla~ping the block to the cable 98.
In U3e 0~ the mole 51, as ~ith th0 ~ol~ previo~sly described the ground at either end o~ the existing cast iron main 94 i9 exca~ated to expose the ends of the ~ain 94. The ~teel cable 79 of a ~otorlsed winch is then fed throu~h the maln 94 from one end and is secured to mole 51 located at the other end of the ~ain 103. The cable 79 is connected to the clamping plates 74 by way of the clamping p.Ln 780 Next the hydraulic hose 103 i~ fed through the Ba~e end of the main 94 as the cable 79 and is coupled to the ~luld bore 71 in the mole head 52 by way of the hose coupling 72.
.
In the next stage, the liner 95 iB clamped to the mol.e 51. Initially; ~he looped cable 97 is secured to the ring 96 and the cable 97 is then secured to the tensioning cable .._ .
98 which has the clamp block 100. The liner 95 is then pushed up the cylindrical portivn 53 oP the mole 51 until one end oP the liner 95 engages with the ring 36. The clamping cup 99 is then 31id along the tensioning cable 98 and the alr hose 93 until the other end of the liner ~5 l located ~ithin and engages with the cup 99. The ten~ioning cable 98 is then tensioned by coiling it oDto the winch and after the tension in the cable 98 is dee~ed to be su~iclent, the clamping block 100 is slid als~g the cable 98 untll it engages with the base of the cup 99 as ~hown in Figure 8~
The A~rew~ 102 ane then ~crewed lnto engagement with the ten~ioning cable 98 to clamp it aecurely against the , clamplng cup 99. The liner 95 i 3 then clamped compressively between the clamplng cup 99 and the ring 96.
The tensioning cable 98 is now released from the winch.
As shown in Figures 8 and 10 the internal diameter Or the liner 95 is greater than the internal diameter of the existi~g ca~t iron main 94.
The head portion 52 o~ the mole 51 is then in~erted i~to the cast iron maln 103 until the cutting edges 6D a.f the blades 56, 57 and 58 engage the end of the main 103 as ~hown in the drawingsO The pneumatic hammer 80 is actuated by supplying compressed air to its rear end by way of the air bo~e 93 30 that the hammer 80 percussi~ely drives the mole 51 through the main 94.
Simultaneously the mole 51 is drawn through the main 94 by the cabie 79 ~hich serves to guide the mole 51 axially through the main ~4.
A~ the mole 51 mo~e throueh the main 103 the cutting edges 60 e~gage the lrternal wall of the main 94 and cause it to fracture. Since the cyllndrical portion 53 of the - ~ole 51 ha~ a ~reater esternal diameter than the internal diameter o~ the mai~ 94, the internal diameter oP the Practured ~a1n 94 is widened out. The body 53 of the mole 5i al~o serves to provide clearanee for'the passage of the liner 95 therethrough and prevents debri from the fractured ~ain a~d earth from falling into the pathway created for the liner 95.
Should the mole 51 encounter an obstruction in the mair, 949 such as a flarge which narrow3 the internal diameter o~ the main 94, the movable blade 58 iB pivotted outwardly to fracture the obstruction ~nd provide a clearanoe for the liner. In this case hydraulic fluid is pu~ped to the plston 64 via the hose 103, duct ~0 and the cy1irder bore 65. The fluid pressure is relax~d i~mediately after the obstructlon has been fractured 90 that the piston 64 relaxes and tbe blade 58 returns to its closed position. The hose 103 i3 of course moved simultaneously forward with the mole 51.
The liner 95 is pushed through and out of the main 103 after complete fracture thereof to expose the c1amping cup 99 ad block 100.
Finslly the mole 51 together ~ith the assoclated clampi~g means 53 are removed from the liner 95~ Th ~ew ~al~ (rot shown) may then be pu~hed manually or otherwise through the llner 95 which therefore ~orms a protective alee~e ~or the rew mai~.
The ~e~ main may be o~ any con,ve~lent pla~tics materlal ~u~h as polyethylene or pvc while the llner is o~
s~
2~
a much tougher wear rs3istant plastics material.
Claims (16)
1. A method for replacing an existing main with a new main, the method comprising fracturing the existing maim and maintaining sufficient clearance through the fractured main for the movement therethrough of a tubular liner for the exiting main and subsequently moving the new main into the liner.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 for replacing an existing cast iron main with a tubular replacement assembly, the method comprising continuously fracturing the cast iron main ahead of the moving assembly while maintaining sufficient clearance through the fractured main for the moving assembly.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 in which the existing main is continuously fractured ahead of the moving liner.
4. A method as claimed in Claim 1 in which the existing main is of cast iron.
5. A method as claimed in Claim 2 in which the assembly is the new main.
6. A method as claimed in Claim 2 in which the assembly is a tubular liner and the new main is subsequently moved into the liner.
7. A method as claimed in any of Claims 1, 5 or 6 in which the internal diameter of the new main is at least as great as the internal diameter of the existing main.
8. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 in which the clearance provides a bore whose diameter is greater than the external diameter of the exiting main.
9. A method as claimed in any of Claim 1, 5 or 6 in which the clearance provides a bore, the diameter of which is greater than the external diameter of the new main.
10. A method for replacing an existing main with a new main using a mole of the type having a front end which tapers radially inwardly towards the front of the mole to define a surface for engagement with the internal wall of the existing main, the method comprising attaching to the rear end of the mole a tubular assembly including at least a portion of the replacement structure, inserting the mole into the existing main with the front end of the mole leading and driving the mole along the existing main so that the front end of the mole engages with an sequentially fractures the internal wall of the existing main ahead of the assembly while the mole maintains sufficient clearance through the fractured main for simultaneous movement of the assembly therealong.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 10 in which the assembly is the new main.
12. A method as claimed in Claim 10 in which the tubular assembly is n new liner and the new main is subsequently moved into the liner.
13. A method as claimed in Claim 11 or Claim 12 in which the internal diameter of the new main is at least at great a 6 the internal diameter of the exiting main
14. A method as claimed in Claim 10 in which the clearance provided a bore, the diameter of which is greater than the external diameter of the existing main.
15. A method as claimed in Claim 11 or Claim 12 in which the clearance provides a bore, the diameter of which is greater than the external diameter of the new main.
16. A method as claimed in Claim 10 in which the mole is driven percussively along the existing main.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8038655 | 1980-12-02 | ||
| GB8038655 | 1980-12-02 | ||
| CA000391293A CA1191356A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1981-12-01 | Replacement of mains |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000391293A Division CA1191356A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1981-12-01 | Replacement of mains |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1195128A true CA1195128A (en) | 1985-10-15 |
Family
ID=10517720
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000391293A Expired CA1191356A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1981-12-01 | Replacement of mains |
| CA000433942A Expired CA1195128A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1983-08-04 | Replacement of mains |
| CA000475722A Expired CA1204294A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1985-03-04 | Replacement of mains |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000391293A Expired CA1191356A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1981-12-01 | Replacement of mains |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000475722A Expired CA1204294A (en) | 1980-12-02 | 1985-03-04 | Replacement of mains |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (3) | US4505302A (en) |
| EP (2) | EP0094694B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6027873B2 (en) |
| CA (3) | CA1191356A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3176812D1 (en) |
| GB (5) | GB2092701B (en) |
| IE (3) | IE52282B1 (en) |
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| USD1018244S1 (en) * | 2022-02-07 | 2024-03-19 | The Charles Machine Works, Inc. | Pipe slitter |
| US11867338B1 (en) * | 2023-04-19 | 2024-01-09 | Danny Warren Consulting, LLC | Method and system for encapsulating in-ground asbestos concrete pipe |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD93068A (en) * | ||||
| US652367A (en) * | 1899-11-17 | 1900-06-26 | Thomas Law | Tool for slitting and cutting off well-casings. |
| US928361A (en) * | 1905-04-14 | 1909-07-20 | Sidney Manthorp Cockburn | Boiler-tube cleaner. |
| US1001205A (en) * | 1910-10-01 | 1911-08-22 | Frank M Lovell | Well-casing slitter and perforator. |
| US1519882A (en) * | 1924-04-02 | 1924-12-16 | Stewart Roderick | Ripping tool |
| US1717588A (en) * | 1924-05-13 | 1929-06-18 | Philadelphia Bronze Bearing An | Method of lining tubes |
| US1638494A (en) * | 1925-02-11 | 1927-08-09 | Rush C Lewis | Casing puller and cutter |
| US1618368A (en) * | 1925-11-12 | 1927-02-22 | Thomas S Dietle | Casing ripper |
| GB263436A (en) * | 1926-08-23 | 1926-12-30 | Mathias Bock | Improvements in or relating to metal pipes |
| US2163384A (en) * | 1936-05-15 | 1939-06-20 | Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co | Flue cleaner |
| US2502711A (en) * | 1944-11-02 | 1950-04-04 | Thomas J Evans | Pipe-cutting tool |
| US2638165A (en) * | 1948-01-24 | 1953-05-12 | Louis D Barber | Well perforator |
| US2947253A (en) * | 1954-09-01 | 1960-08-02 | Borg Warner | Perforator |
| US2834106A (en) * | 1956-11-19 | 1958-05-13 | Diamond Alkali Co | Apparatus for splitting tubes |
| US3005493A (en) * | 1958-03-25 | 1961-10-24 | Baker Oil Tools Inc | Well bore milling apparatus |
| US3073389A (en) * | 1959-02-24 | 1963-01-15 | Thelma L Conner | Pipe cutter and milling tool |
| US3181302A (en) * | 1959-08-28 | 1965-05-04 | William R Lindsay | Pipe splitier and spreader |
| US3023040A (en) * | 1959-12-03 | 1962-02-27 | William E Cawley | Coupler for tool and cable |
| US2983042A (en) * | 1959-12-03 | 1961-05-09 | Charles E Frantz | Tube splitting apparatus |
| US3511734A (en) * | 1963-11-01 | 1970-05-12 | Cee Bee Mfg Co Inc | Method of lining concrete pipe |
| IL33199A (en) * | 1968-11-04 | 1972-10-29 | Mills D | Pipe relining method and apparatus |
| US3543377A (en) * | 1968-12-30 | 1970-12-01 | Raymond Muir Bremner | Vibratory towing head |
| IT983823B (en) * | 1973-04-13 | 1974-11-11 | Saipem Spa | EQUIPMENT CALLED SELF-LOCKING CAP FOR THE HERMETIC CLOSURE AND RECOVERY OF PIPES PLACED ON HIGH BOTTOMS |
| US3894402A (en) * | 1974-07-19 | 1975-07-15 | Martin D Cherrington | Apparatus and method for emplacing a conduit along an underground arcuate path |
| GB1501582A (en) * | 1975-05-31 | 1978-02-15 | Jenne & Strahm Ag | Boring tools |
| US3996758A (en) * | 1975-07-14 | 1976-12-14 | Tidril Corporation | Method for placement of production casing under obstacle |
| US4003122A (en) * | 1975-12-29 | 1977-01-18 | Francesville Drain Tile Corporation | Apparatus and method for applying filter to a drainage tubing |
| US4118940A (en) * | 1977-08-23 | 1978-10-10 | Beane Frank Thomas | Drain line and method of installing |
| FR2475805A1 (en) * | 1980-02-11 | 1981-08-14 | Europ Accumulateurs | Cutter for tubular sleeves in lead battery plate mfr. - has parallel cutting blades mounted parallel to axis of rod to cut longitudinal sections from sleeve |
| DE3176812D1 (en) * | 1980-12-02 | 1988-08-25 | British Gas Corp | MAINS INSERTION |
-
1981
- 1981-11-26 DE DE8383105111T patent/DE3176812D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-11-26 EP EP83105111A patent/EP0094694B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1981-11-26 DE DE8181305588T patent/DE3176344D1/en not_active Expired
- 1981-11-26 EP EP81305588A patent/EP0053480B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1981-12-01 CA CA000391293A patent/CA1191356A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-12-01 GB GB8136173A patent/GB2092701B/en not_active Expired
- 1981-12-02 IE IE1596/86A patent/IE52282B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-12-02 IE IE1595/86A patent/IE52281B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-12-02 IE IE2829/81A patent/IE52280B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-12-02 JP JP56194335A patent/JPS6027873B2/en not_active Expired
-
1983
- 1983-01-21 US US06/460,005 patent/US4505302A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1983-08-02 GB GB838320837A patent/GB8320837D0/en active Pending
- 1983-08-04 CA CA000433942A patent/CA1195128A/en not_active Expired
- 1983-08-30 GB GB08323180A patent/GB2124325B/en not_active Expired
-
1984
- 1984-12-07 GB GB848430977A patent/GB8430977D0/en active Pending
-
1985
- 1985-02-26 GB GB08504952A patent/GB2152624B/en not_active Expired
- 1985-03-04 CA CA000475722A patent/CA1204294A/en not_active Expired
-
1986
- 1986-08-04 US US06/892,321 patent/US4738565A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-08-04 US US06/892,322 patent/US4720211A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5653555A (en) | 1995-05-19 | 1997-08-05 | Inliner, U.S.A. | Multiple resin system for rehabilitating pipe |
| US5699838A (en) | 1995-05-22 | 1997-12-23 | Inliner, U.S.A. | Apparatus for vacuum impregnation of a flexible, hollow tube |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0094694A3 (en) | 1984-08-01 |
| EP0053480A1 (en) | 1982-06-09 |
| US4505302A (en) | 1985-03-19 |
| DE3176812D1 (en) | 1988-08-25 |
| IE52280B1 (en) | 1987-09-02 |
| EP0094694B2 (en) | 1993-07-14 |
| GB2152624B (en) | 1986-05-29 |
| GB8430977D0 (en) | 1985-01-16 |
| GB2092701B (en) | 1986-02-05 |
| GB2092701A (en) | 1982-08-18 |
| EP0094694B1 (en) | 1988-07-20 |
| CA1191356A (en) | 1985-08-06 |
| JPS6027873B2 (en) | 1985-07-01 |
| JPS57120789A (en) | 1982-07-27 |
| EP0053480B1 (en) | 1987-08-05 |
| IE812829L (en) | 1982-06-02 |
| EP0053480B2 (en) | 1992-07-29 |
| IE811596L (en) | 1982-01-16 |
| GB8504952D0 (en) | 1985-03-27 |
| US4738565A (en) | 1988-04-19 |
| GB8320837D0 (en) | 1983-09-01 |
| DE3176344D1 (en) | 1987-09-10 |
| GB2124325A (en) | 1984-02-15 |
| IE52281B1 (en) | 1987-09-02 |
| IE52282B1 (en) | 1987-09-02 |
| GB8323180D0 (en) | 1983-09-28 |
| CA1204294A (en) | 1986-05-13 |
| EP0094694A2 (en) | 1983-11-23 |
| US4720211A (en) | 1988-01-19 |
| GB2124325B (en) | 1986-01-29 |
| GB2152624A (en) | 1985-08-07 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |