| Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free all Atkins Diet Free the way Atkins Diet Free up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there Atkins Diet Free is not even a fee for foreign students enrolling at a university (exchange or not), although they Atkins Diet Free may not Atkins Diet Free be Atkins Diet Free eligible for the monthly study allowance and loan most nationals are.
Several other European countries, such as England and Germany, have had a history of some forms of free education, as well as Australia. In the Atkins Diet Free 1970s the Australian Atkins Diet Free Labor Party led by Prime Minister Gough Atkins Diet Free Whitlam introduced Atkins Diet Free reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were removed later in the 1980s Atkins Diet Free by the Atkins Diet Free Bob Hawke Atkins Diet Free Labor government. Atkins Diet Free Students and radicals played an important part in Atkins Diet Free forcing the Whitlam Atkins Diet Free government to implement the free Atkins Diet Free education system as well as opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Atkins Diet Free Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up Atkins Diet Free to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following the Atkins Diet Free general election on September 3rd 2008, the new Prime Minster declared free tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside the Nordic countries, free education usually comes to students in the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover all or most of students' expenses while at school. Patrons for Atkins Diet Free grants and scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), Atkins Diet Free advocacy initiatives, etc. They may have economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Ireland has free education Atkins Diet Free at all levels, including college and university which is also free.
reedom is a very broad concept that has been given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies and schools of thought. The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the object of a social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is a philosophical and psychological question. Both forms of freedom come together in each individual as the internal and external Atkins Diet Free values mesh together in a dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals Atkins Diet Free and the individual fighting for societal acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
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In philosophy, freedom often ties in with the Atkins Diet Free question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have argued that all human beings are always free - Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously claimed Atkins Diet Free that humans are "condemned to be free" - because they Atkins Diet Free always have a choice even an external authority can only threaten punishment after an action, not physically prevent a person from carrying out an action. Atkins Diet Free At the other Atkins Diet Free end of the spectrum, determinism claims that Atkins Diet Free the future is pre-determined and freedom Atkins Diet Free is an illusion.
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew Atkins Diet Free an important distinction between "freedom from" (negative Atkins Diet Free freedom) and "freedom to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and freedom to develop one's potential. Both these types of freedom are in fact reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom as Atkins Diet Free the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking submission, or without forceful Atkins Diet Free inequality. The achievement of Atkins Diet Free this form of freedom depends upon a combination of the resistance of the individual (or group) and one's (their) environment; if one is in jail or even limited by a lack of resources, this person is free within their power and environment, but not free to defy reality. Natural laws restrict this form of freedom; for instance, no one Atkins Diet Free is free to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt to Atkins Diet Free do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind of Atkins Diet Free freedom "negative freedom" Atkins Diet Free - an absence of obstacles put in the way of my action (especially by Atkins Diet Free other people). He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", which refers to one's power to make Atkins Diet Free choices leading to action.
Free Atkins Diet Free software Atkins Diet Free is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be Atkins Diet Free copied and redistributed Atkins Diet Free in modified Atkins Diet Free or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also Atkins Diet Free do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program (the Atkins Diet Free "source code") must be made available. Atkins Diet Free The source code may be either accompanied by a notice granting the above Atkins Diet Free permissions (a free software Atkins Diet Free licence), or, much less commonly, the source code can be Atkins Diet Free released into public domain. The free software movement was launched in 1983 to Atkins Diet Free make these freedoms Atkins Diet Free available to every computer Atkins Diet Free user.
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From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms for free software came into use. "Open source software" is the most common such alternative term. Others include "software libre", "free, libre and open-source software" ("FLOSS"), and "free and open Atkins Diet Free source software" ("FOSS"). The antonym of free software is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" which is proprietary software made available free Atkins Diet Free of Atkins Diet Free charge. Users usually cannot study, modify, or redistribute Atkins Diet Free freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with free software is the permission to use the software.
Since free software may be freely redistributed, it Atkins Diet Free generally Atkins Diet Free is available at little or no cost. Free software business models are usually based Atkins Diet Free on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. Atkins Diet Free At the same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that Atkins Diet Free depend on a user having no choice but to pay for a licence in order to Atkins Diet Free lawfully use a software product.
Free software is Atkins Diet Free a huge international effort, producing software used by individuals, large organizations, and governmental Atkins Diet Free administrations. Free software has a very high market penetration in server-side Internet applications such as the Apache web server, MySQL database, and PHP scripting language. Completely Atkins Diet Free free computing environments are available as large packages of basic system software such as the many Linux Free Norton distributions and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions of almost Atkins Diet Free all commonly used desktop applications Atkins Diet Free such as web browsers, office productivity suites, and Atkins Diet Free multimedia Atkins Diet Free players. It is important to note, however, that in many categories, free software Atkins Diet Free for Atkins Diet Free individual workstation or home users Atkins Diet Free has only a Atkins Diet Free fraction of Atkins Diet Free the market share of Atkins Diet Free their proprietary competitors. Most free software is distributed online without charge, or off-line at the Atkins Diet Free marginal cost of distribution, but this is not required, and people may sell copies for any price.
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The economic Atkins Diet Free viability of free software has been recognised by large corporations such Atkins Diet Free as IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Atkins Diet Free Microsystems. Many companies whose core business Atkins Diet Free is not in the Atkins Diet Free IT Atkins Diet Free sector choose free Atkins Diet Free software for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment Atkins Diet Free and ability to freely customize the application packages. Also, some non-software industries are beginning to use Atkins Diet Free techniques similar Atkins Diet Free to those used in free software Atkins Diet Free development for their research and development: scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement have also been Atkins Diet Free largely Atkins Diet Free influenced by the free software movement. |
