Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even a fee for Free Galery foreign students Free Galery enrolling at Free Galery a university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible for the monthly study allowance and loan most Free Galery nationals are.
Several other European countries, such Free Galery as Free Galery England Free Galery and Germany, Free Galery have had a history of some forms of free education, as well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam introduced reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were removed later in the 1980s by the Bob Hawke Labor government. Students and radicals Free Galery played an important part in forcing the Whitlam government to implement the free education system as well as opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Sri Lanka education is given Free Galery free from the primary level up to the tertiary level. Free Galery In Jamaica following the general election on September 3rd 2008, the Free Galery new Prime Minster declared free tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside the Nordic countries, free education Free Galery usually comes to students Free Galery in the form of scholarship and grants, if they Free Galery cover all or most of students' expenses while at school. Patrons for grants and scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, etc. They Free Galery may have economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Ireland has free education at Free Galery all Free Galery levels, including college and university which is also free.
reedom is a very broad Free Galery concept that has been given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies and schools of thought. The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the object of a social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is a philosophical and Free Galery psychological question. Both forms of freedom come Free Galery together in each individual Free Galery as Free Galery the internal and external values mesh together in a Free Galery dynamic compromise and power struggle; Free Galery the society fighting Free Galery for power in defining the values of individuals Free Galery and the individual fighting for societal acceptance Free Galery and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
In philosophy, freedom often ties in with the question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have argued that all Free Galery human beings are always free - Jean-Paul Free Galery Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that humans are "condemned to be free" - because they always have a choice Free Galery even an external authority can only Free Galery threaten Free Galery punishment after an action, not physically prevent a person from carrying out an action. At the other end of the spectrum, determinism claims that the future is pre-determined and freedom is an illusion.
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between Free Galery "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from Free Galery oppression and freedom to Free Galery develop one's potential. Both these Free Galery types of freedom are Free Galery in fact reflected Free Galery in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom Free Galery as the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking Free Galery submission, or without Free Galery forceful inequality. The achievement of this Free Galery form of freedom depends Free Galery upon a combination Free Galery of the resistance of the individual Free Galery (or group) and one's Free Galery (their) environment; if one is in jail or even Free Galery limited by a lack of resources, this person is Free Galery free within their Free Galery power and environment, but not free to Free Galery defy reality. Natural laws restrict this Free Galery form of freedom; for instance, no one is free to fly Free Galery (though we Free Galery may or may Free Galery not be free to attempt to do so). Isaiah Berlin Free Galery appears to call Free Galery this kind of freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of obstacles put in the way of my action (especially by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive Free Norton freedom", which refers to one's power to make choices Atkins Diet Free leading to action.
Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified Free Galery without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with Free Adult Video Clip Archive restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the Free Galery program (the "source code") Free Galery must be made available. The source code may be either accompanied by Free Galery a notice granting the Free Galery above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less commonly, the source code can be Free Galery released into public domain. The free software movement was launched in 1983 to Free Galery make Free Galery these freedoms available to every computer user.
From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms for free software came into use. "Open source software" Free Galery is the most common such alternative term. Others include "software libre", "free, libre and open-source software" ("FLOSS"), and "free and open source software" ("FOSS"). The antonym of free software is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" which is proprietary software made available free of charge. Users usually cannot study, Free Galery modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in Free Galery common with free software is the permission to use the software.
Since free software Free Galery may be freely redistributed, Free Galery it generally is available at little or no cost. Free software business Free Galery models are usually based on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some Free Galery business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as Free Galery those that depend on a user having no choice but to pay for a licence Free Galery in order to Free Galery lawfully use a software product.
Free software is a huge international effort, producing software used by individuals, large organizations, and governmental administrations. Free software has a Free Galery very high market Free Galery penetration in server-side Free Galery Internet applications such as Free Galery the Apache web server, MySQL database, and PHP scripting Free Galery language. Free Galery Completely free computing environments are available as large packages of basic system software such as the many Linux Free Galery distributions and FreeBSD. Free Galery Free software developers have also created free versions of almost all commonly used desktop applications Free Galery such as web browsers, office Free Galery productivity suites, and multimedia players. It is important to note, however, that in many Free Galery categories, free software for individual workstation or home Free Galery users has only a fraction of the market share of their proprietary competitors. Most free software is distributed online without charge, or off-line at the marginal cost of distribution, but this is not required, and people may sell copies for any price.
The economic viability of free software has been recognised by large corporations such as IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Many companies Free Galery whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software Free Galery for their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Also, some Free Galery non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those Free Galery used in free software development for their research and development: scientists, for example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning Free Galery to be developed with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see the Free Galery OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free Free Galery culture movement have also been largely influenced by the free software movement. |
